1.
Portland, Oregon
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Portland is a port and the largest city in the U. S. state of Oregon and the seat of Multnomah County. It is in the Willamette Valley region of the Pacific Northwest, at the confluence of the Willamette, the city covers 145 square miles and had an estimated population of 632,309 in 2015, making it the 26th most populous city in the United States. Approximately 2,389,228 people live in the Portland metropolitan statistical area and its Combined Statistical Area ranks 17th with a population of 3,022,178. Roughly 60% of Oregons population resides within the Portland metropolitan area, named after Portland, Maine, the Oregon settlement began to be populated in the 1830s near the end of the Oregon Trail. Its water access provided convenient transportation of goods, and the industry was a major force in the citys early economy. At the turn of the 20th century, the city had a reputation as one of the most dangerous cities in the world. After the citys economy experienced a boom during World War II. Beginning in the 1960s, Portland became noted for its liberal political values, and the city has earned a reputation as a bastion of counterculture. According to a 2009 Pew Research Center study, Portland ranks as the eighth most popular American city, the city operates with a commission-based government guided by a mayor and four commissioners as well as Metro, the only directly elected metropolitan planning organization in the United States. The city government is notable for its planning and investment in public transportation. Its climate is marked by warm, dry summers and cool and this climate is ideal for growing roses, and Portland has been called the City of Roses for over a century. Keep Portland Weird is a slogan for the city. During the prehistoric period, the land that would become Portland was flooded after the collapse of glacial dams from Lake Missoula and these massive floods occurred during the last ice age and filled the Willamette Valley with 300 to 400 feet of water. The Chinook people occupying the land which would become Portland were first documented by Meriwether Lewis, before its European settlement, the Portland Basin of the lower Columbia River and Willamette River valleys had been one of the most densely populated regions on the Pacific Coast. Large numbers of settlers began arriving in the Willamette Valley in the 1830s via the Oregon Trail. In the early 1840s a new settlement began emerging ten miles from the mouth of the Willamette River and this community was initially referred to as Stumptown and The Clearing because of the many trees cut down to allow for its growth. In 1843 William Overton saw potential in the new settlement but lacked the funds to file a land claim. For 25 cents Overton agreed to half of the 640-acre site with Asa Lovejoy of Boston
2.
Oregon
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Oregon is a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. Oregon is bordered on the west by the Pacific Ocean, on the north by Washington, on the south by California, on the east by Idaho, the Columbia River delineates much of Oregons northern boundary, and the Snake River delineates much of the eastern boundary. The parallel 42° north delineates the boundary with California and Nevada. Oregon was inhabited by indigenous tribes before Western traders, explorers. An autonomous government was formed in the Oregon Country in 1843 before the Oregon Territory was created in 1848, Oregon became the 33rd state on February 14,1859. Today, at 98,000 square miles, Oregon is the ninth largest and, with a population of 4 million, the capital of Oregon is Salem, the second most populous of its cities, with 164,549 residents. Portland is Oregons most populous city, with 632,309 residents, Portlands metro population of 2,389,228 ranks the 23rd largest metro in the nation. The Willamette Valley in western Oregon is the states most densely populated area, the tall conifers, mainly Douglas fir, along Oregons rainy west coast contrast with the lighter-timbered and fire-prone pine and juniper forests covering portions to the east. Abundant alders in the west fix nitrogen for the conifers, stretching east from central Oregon are semi-arid shrublands, prairies, deserts, steppes, and meadows. At 11,249 feet, Mount Hood is the states highest point, Oregons only national park, Crater Lake National Park, comprises the caldera surrounding Crater Lake, the deepest lake in the United States. The state is home to the single largest organism in the world, Armillaria ostoyae. Because of its landscapes and waterways, Oregons economy is largely powered by various forms of agriculture, fishing. It is also the top timber-producer of the lower 48 states, Technology is another one of the states major economic forces, which began in the 1970s with the establishment of the Silicon Forest and the expansion of Tektronix and Intel. Sportswear company Nike, Inc. headquartered in Beaverton, is the states largest public corporation with a revenue of $30.6 billion. The earliest evidence of the name Oregon has Spanish origins and this chronicle is the first topographical and linguistic source with respect to the place name Oregon. There are also two other sources with Spanish origins such as the name Oregano which grows in the part of the region. Another early use of the name, spelled Ouragon, was in a 1765 petition by Major Robert Rogers to the Kingdom of Great Britain, the term referred to the then-mythical River of the West. By 1778 the spelling had shifted to Oregon, in his 1765 petition, Rogers wrote, The rout. is from the Great Lakes towards the Head of the Mississippi, and from thence to the River called by the Indians Ouragon
3.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
4.
Government of Portland, Oregon
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The Government of Portland, Oregon, a city in the U. S. state of Oregon, is based on a city commission government system. Elected officials include a Mayor, a City Council, and a City Auditor, the mayor and commissioners are responsible for legislative policy and oversee the various bureaus that oversee the day-to-day operation of the city. The auditor is responsible for ensuring that the government operates in good faith, Portland began using a commission form of government in 1913 following a public vote on May 3 of that year. Each elected official serves a term, without term limits. Current City Commissioners are, Chloe Eudaly, Nick Fish, Amanda Fritz, Dan Saltzman, the Auditor is Mary Hull Caballero. The Portland Charter was the subject of much debate circa 1911–1912. C, Benbow, which drafted the Benbow Charter. The city council appointed a committee to draft a compromise charter and this charter, along with the Short Charter, were defeated in referenda. The following year, the city council submitted another charter to the people, the city commission government form consequently came into use in 1913, with H. Russell Albee being the first mayor under the new system. In May 2007, Portland citizens rejected a measure which would have changed city government from a commission form to a strong mayor system. Similar changes have been proposed and rejected several times over the years, neil Goldschmidt, who went on to serve as Mayor, U. S. Secretary of Transportation, and Governor. Mildred Schwab Congressman Earl Blumenauer served on the Council before his election to the House and he has also reopened his private law practice, notably representing Warner Pacific College. Erik Sten Randy Leonard Steve Novick City Council seats, as well as the City Auditor, are non-partisan, elected positions, each carries a four-year term. Two candidates availed themselves of this system in 2006, incumbent Erik Sten, who won the election, and Amanda Fritz. The November 2010 elections saw Portlanders rescind their support for this publicly financed election system, public transit within the city is primarily the responsibility of TriMet, not the city government, but the Portland Streetcar and Portland Aerial Tram are exceptions, both are owned by the city. The city also pays 15% of the trams operating cost. The city contracts with TriMet to provide operators and maintenance staff for the streetcar system, PSI subcontractor Shiels Obletz Johnsen provides the systems Chief Operating Officer and Community Relations Manager. Six positions are directly by city employees, General Manager, Manager of Operations and Safety, Manager of Maintenance, Assistant Manager of Maintenance. Portland is the county seat of Multnomah County, and the core of Metro, both of these government entities have a strong impact on Portland policy
5.
Michael Graves
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Michael Graves was an American architect. His recognition grew through designing domestic products sold by premium Italian housewares maker Alessi and he was a representative of New Urbanism and New Classical Architecture and formerly designed postmodern buildings, and was recognized as a major influence in all three movements. Graves was born in Indianapolis, Indiana and he attended Broad Ripple High School, receiving his diploma in 1952. He earned a degree from the University of Cincinnati where he also became a member of the Sigma Chi fraternity. He earned a degree in architecture from Harvard University in 1959. Graves won the Rome Prize in 1960 and spent the two years at the American Academy in Rome. From 2003, Graves was paralyzed from the waist down as a result of a spinal cord infection and he died at his home in Princeton, New Jersey on March 12,2015 at the age of 80. From 1964 until the end of his life, Graves was an architect in practice in Princeton. He directed the firm Michael Graves & Associates, which has offices in Princeton, in contrast to his later career, Graves spent much of the 1970s designing modernist residences, such as the Snyderman House in Fort Wayne, Indiana. For most of his career, however, Graves shifted away from modernism toward postmodernism, one of his most famous works, the Portland Building, which opened in 1982 in Portland, Oregon, is regarded as the first major built example of postmodern architecture. The celebrated but controversial building, composed of offices, is subject to an ongoing preservation debate. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2011, Graves subsequently received a number of major commissions. Some of his most notable completed buildings include the Humana Building, the Denver Public Library, in the 1980s, he also designed an expansion for the Whitney Museum of American Art in New York City, but the highly contested design went unbuilt due to local opposition. Graves also received recognition for his renovation of his personal residence in Princeton. In 1985, Graves designed a stainless steel teakettle featuring a red whistle shaped like a bird for the Italian company Alessi, Graves designed the scaffolding used for the restoration of the Washington Monument in Washington DC. During that assignment, which Target Corp sponsored, he met a Target executive who appreciated his product design and he began designing consumer products for the mass market and Target sold his products through their stores. By 2009, however, he noted the house doesnt have a wow factor, the partnership went from less than a dozen objects in 1997 to more than 2,000 when the partnership with Target ended in 2012. By 2013, concerned about Targets partnerships with other designers with less-successful outcomes, when a former Target executive became CEO of J. C. Penney, Graves products began being sold exclusively through J. C. Penney
6.
Emery Roth
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His sons continued in the family enterprise, largely expanding the firm under the name Emery Roth & Sons. Born in Sečovce, Austria-Hungary to a Jewish family, he emigrated to the United States at the age of 13 after his family fell into poverty upon his fathers death. He began his apprenticeship as a draftsman in the Chicago offices of Burnham & Root. At the Exposition Roth also designed one of his first solo projects, there he met Richard Morris Hunt, who was impressed with his skills and invited Roth to work in his office in New York. Following Hunts premature death in 1895, Roth moved to the office of Ogden Codman, Jr. a designer, in 1938, Roth included his sons Julian and Richard as partners. Julian specialized in construction costs and building materials and technology, while Richard was named the principal architect. In the 1950s and 1960s Emery Roth & Sons became the most influential firm in New York and contributed substantially in changing the appearance of Midtown. In that particular period of time Emery Roth & Sons designed dozens of office buildings, mostly with curtain wall facades. Beginning in the mid-1960s, the firm was hired as associate architects in large-scale projects like the Pan Am Building, the World Trade Center. In the early 1960s, Richard Roths son, Richard Roth, Jr. became the generation to join the firm, eventually rising to chief architect CEO. As the firm expanded and diversified over six decades, it remained a business through the 1990s. In 1988 Richard Roth Jrs daughter Robyn Roth-Moise joined the firm as comptroller, Richard Roth Jrs son Richard Lee Roth joined the firm in 1982 and became the chief specification writer for Emery Roth & Sons. Both retired from the firm when Richard Roth Jr retired and was replaced as the companys CEO in 1993 by Robert Sobel, but only three years later, in 1996, the firm ceased to operate, apparently because of financial distress. Emerys great-grandson Richard Lee Roth currently works in the architectural profession and resides in South Florida. P
7.
Hoffman Construction Company
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Hoffman Construction Company is a privately held construction firm based in Portland in the U. S. state of Oregon. Founded in 1922, it is the largest construction company in Oregon, Hoffman is also the largest private company in the Portland area. Lee Hoffman moved to Portland in the 1870s with his family and worked constructing bridges and other projects until his death, after his accidental death on July 21,1895, his wife Julia removed to Boston, Massachusetts, with their children, including Lee Hawley Hoffman. Lee Hawley entered Harvard College in 1902, but the family returned to Oregon partly in 1903, Lee Hawley graduated with a degree in architecture from Harvard in 1906, and the family returned to Portland that year, living in their home on NW 23rd Street. The Hoffmans still owned various real estate in Portland due to the success of Lee Hoffman’s earlier construction businesses, Lee Hawley began working for Morris H. Whitehouse’s architectural firm in 1908, with the firm later also consisting of Edgar M. Lazarus and J. André Fouilhoux. Hoffman then married Caroline Couch Burns on June 9,1910, over time, Hoffman began to focus more on projects for Wauna Land Company and less on his architectural work, leaving the firm by 1917. He started working as a contractor in 1919, and by the end of 1921 had the firm of Hoffman & Rasmussen, the current company was founded in 1922 by Hoffman. The company started out building primarily apartment buildings and industrial structures in Portland, One of the company’s first prominent projects was building the Terminal Sales Building in 1926. The next year Hoffman completed the Public Services Building, which was the tallest building in the city upon completion and that year they also built the new Heathman Hotel, the Portland Theater, and an office building all on the same block on Broadway in downtown Portland. In 1928, Hoffman constructed the 12-story Buyer’s Building in just over six months, Hoffman expand to Seattle in 1929 with the construction of a 12-story apartment building at 1223 Spring Street. The firm also built Cushman Dam No.2 that year near Shelton, Washington, for Tacoma Power, after the onset of the Great Depression, projects for the firm mostly dried up. Hoffman went from 32 contracts in 1929 to just ten in 1932, the last big project was a joint venture on expanding the Meier & Frank Building in Portland in 1930, with the next large project not coming until ten years later. In 1932, the firm moved its offices into the Ladd Carriage House, during the Depression, much of the company’s work shifted to government contracts, such as post offices in Oregon, Washington, and Idaho. Those included large ones in Salem, Longview, and Marshfield, Hoffman also built the Portland Art Museum in 1931 and its 1938 expansion, as well as a new library at Willamette University in Salem. They also built the hospital at the Cushman Indian School in Tacoma, Washington, in 1941. In all, Hoffman did $49 million in work for the government during World War II, including work at Camp Abbot, Camp Adair, Umatilla Army Depot. Other wartime construction included a rolling mill near Spokane, McCaw General Hospital in Walla Walla. After the war, the firm began a relationship with Crown Zellerbach Corporation in which Hoffman remodeled Crown’s pulp and paper mills in West Linn
8.
National Register of Historic Places
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The National Register of Historic Places is the United States federal governments official list of districts, sites, buildings, structures, and objects deemed worthy of preservation. The passage of the National Historic Preservation Act in 1966 established the National Register, of the more than one million properties on the National Register,80,000 are listed individually. The remainder are contributing resources within historic districts, each year approximately 30,000 properties are added to the National Register as part of districts or by individual listings. For most of its history the National Register has been administered by the National Park Service and its goals are to help property owners and interest groups, such as the National Trust for Historic Preservation, coordinate, identify, and protect historic sites in the United States. While National Register listings are mostly symbolic, their recognition of significance provides some financial incentive to owners of listed properties, protection of the property is not guaranteed. During the nomination process, the property is evaluated in terms of the four criteria for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places, the application of those criteria has been the subject of criticism by academics of history and preservation, as well as the public and politicians. Occasionally, historic sites outside the proper, but associated with the United States are also listed. Properties can be nominated in a variety of forms, including individual properties, historic districts, the Register categorizes general listings into one of five types of properties, district, site, structure, building, or object. National Register Historic Districts are defined geographical areas consisting of contributing and non-contributing properties, some properties are added automatically to the National Register when they become administered by the National Park Service. These include National Historic Landmarks, National Historic Sites, National Historical Parks, National Military Parks/Battlefields, National Memorials, on October 15,1966, the Historic Preservation Act created the National Register of Historic Places and the corresponding State Historic Preservation Offices. Initially, the National Register consisted of the National Historic Landmarks designated before the Registers creation, approval of the act, which was amended in 1980 and 1992, represented the first time the United States had a broad-based historic preservation policy. To administer the newly created National Register of Historic Places, the National Park Service of the U. S. Department of the Interior, hartzog, Jr. established an administrative division named the Office of Archeology and Historic Preservation. Hartzog charged OAHP with creating the National Register program mandated by the 1966 law, ernest Connally was the Offices first director. Within OAHP new divisions were created to deal with the National Register, the first official Keeper of the Register was William J. Murtagh, an architectural historian. During the Registers earliest years in the late 1960s and early 1970s, organization was lax and SHPOs were small, understaffed, and underfunded. A few years later in 1979, the NPS history programs affiliated with both the U. S. National Parks system and the National Register were categorized formally into two Assistant Directorates. Established were the Assistant Directorate for Archeology and Historic Preservation and the Assistant Directorate for Park Historic Preservation, from 1978 until 1981, the main agency for the National Register was the Heritage Conservation and Recreation Service of the United States Department of the Interior. In February 1983, the two assistant directorates were merged to promote efficiency and recognize the interdependency of their programs, jerry L. Rogers was selected to direct this newly merged associate directorate
9.
Downtown Portland, Oregon
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Downtown Portland, the city center of Portland, Oregon, United States, is located on the west bank of the Willamette River. It is in the corner of the southwest section of the city. The downtown neighborhood is defined to extend west from the Willamette to Interstate 405, Portlands downtown features narrow streets—64 feet wide—and square, compact blocks 200 feet on a side, to create more corner lots that were expected to be more valuable. The small blocks also made downtown Portland pleasant to walk through, the 264-foot long combined blocks divide one mile of road into exactly 20 separate blocks. By comparison, Seattles blocks are 240 by 320 feet, by the early 1970s, parts of Portlands central city had been in decay for some time. New suburban shopping malls in the cities of Beaverton, Tigard. Unlike many downtown revitalization efforts around the United States at this time, downtown, which had been a virtual ghost town after regular business hours, became more of an all-hours shopping, dining, and business venue. During the two starting in 1990, downtown Portland dominated city development, with 500,000 square feet more development there than on the east side. Downtown development has not been without criticism, downtown also has numerous surface parking lots, which contradict the citys efforts to promote higher density and create the storefronts needed for a vibrant downtown. Portland is sometimes known as Bridgetown, due to the number of bridges cross its two rivers. There are nine bridges entering downtown and immediately adjacent areas. S, most streets in downtown Portland are one-way. Naito Parkway is the farthest east, while most of the end by I-405 to the west. Interstate 5 runs on the bank of the river, crossing over on the Marquam Bridge. U. S. Route 26 connects downtown Portland to the Oregon Coast, downtown is also served by several forms of public transportation. The southern part of downtown and the West End are also served by the Portland Streetcar system, operating from South Waterfront north into the Pearl and Northwest Portland districts. The system currently has two routes, measuring 7.2 miles end to end, and connects in South Waterfront with the Tram to Oregon Health & Science University. The five tallest are, Wells Fargo Center, rises to 166 meters and was constructed in 1972 U. S
10.
Portland City Hall (Oregon)
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Portland City Hall is the headquarters of city government of Portland, Oregon, United States. The four-story Italian Renaissance-style building houses the offices of the City Council, which consists of the mayor and four commissioners, City Hall is also home to the City Council chambers, located in the rotunda on the east side of the structure. Completed in 1895, the building was added to the National Register of Historic Places on November 21,1974, City Hall has gone through several renovations, with the most recent overhaul gutting the interior to upgrade it to modern seismic and safety standards. The original was built for $600,000, while the 1996 to 1998 renovation cost $29 million, located in downtown Portland, City Hall sits on an entire city block along Fourth and Fifth avenues at Madison and Jefferson Streets. To the south is the Wells Fargo Center, and to the north is the Portland Building, Terry Schrunk Plaza is across Fourth Avenue to the east. In addition to more than 87,000 square feet of interior space, the main entrance is located on Fourth Avenue, though for a time it was located on the Fifth Avenue side. The 1895-to-present City Hall replaced a building at Second and Ash streets. In 1869, the Oregon Episcopal School was founded in downtown Portland, the city hired Henry J. Hefty to design the building, his design was a huge ostentatious structure that appeared to be modeled on the Kremlin. The city purchased the block in 1890 for $100,000, and construction began in 1892, but was halted due to dissatisfaction with the design. After the foundation and basement of the building had been built and this board terminated Hefty and hired the architectural firm of Whidden and Lewis to design a new building. Ion Lewis and William Whidden were originally from Boston, but were in Portland for the Portland Hotel project, and Whidden had been employed with McKim, Mead, the board also persuaded the state legislature to authorize an additional $500,000 in bonds to complete the project. Whidden & Lewis designed a structure in a neo-Renaissance style that included a clock tower. Designed to be located in the portion of the building. Due to costs, the tower was never built. A domed cupola also designed by Whidden and Lewis was never built, the original building design was praised for the details and symmetry. In 1893, construction at the site was restarted, the contractors were Rocheford, Gould and Gladden from Omaha, Nebraska. City Hall was built with un-reinforced masonry walls and slurry concrete floors to save on costs, Construction on the new structure was finished in 1895, and the city offices were moved into the building in late January 1895. The first city council meeting held in the new building took place on February 6, once completed, the building was one of the first large buildings in the Pacific Northwest to have electric wiring, have centralized heating, include public elevators, or be considered fireproof
