1.
Portland, Oregon
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Portland is a port and the largest city in the U. S. state of Oregon and the seat of Multnomah County. It is in the Willamette Valley region of the Pacific Northwest, at the confluence of the Willamette, the city covers 145 square miles and had an estimated population of 632,309 in 2015, making it the 26th most populous city in the United States. Approximately 2,389,228 people live in the Portland metropolitan statistical area and its Combined Statistical Area ranks 17th with a population of 3,022,178. Roughly 60% of Oregons population resides within the Portland metropolitan area, named after Portland, Maine, the Oregon settlement began to be populated in the 1830s near the end of the Oregon Trail. Its water access provided convenient transportation of goods, and the industry was a major force in the citys early economy. At the turn of the 20th century, the city had a reputation as one of the most dangerous cities in the world. After the citys economy experienced a boom during World War II. Beginning in the 1960s, Portland became noted for its liberal political values, and the city has earned a reputation as a bastion of counterculture. According to a 2009 Pew Research Center study, Portland ranks as the eighth most popular American city, the city operates with a commission-based government guided by a mayor and four commissioners as well as Metro, the only directly elected metropolitan planning organization in the United States. The city government is notable for its planning and investment in public transportation. Its climate is marked by warm, dry summers and cool and this climate is ideal for growing roses, and Portland has been called the City of Roses for over a century. Keep Portland Weird is a slogan for the city. During the prehistoric period, the land that would become Portland was flooded after the collapse of glacial dams from Lake Missoula and these massive floods occurred during the last ice age and filled the Willamette Valley with 300 to 400 feet of water. The Chinook people occupying the land which would become Portland were first documented by Meriwether Lewis, before its European settlement, the Portland Basin of the lower Columbia River and Willamette River valleys had been one of the most densely populated regions on the Pacific Coast. Large numbers of settlers began arriving in the Willamette Valley in the 1830s via the Oregon Trail. In the early 1840s a new settlement began emerging ten miles from the mouth of the Willamette River and this community was initially referred to as Stumptown and The Clearing because of the many trees cut down to allow for its growth. In 1843 William Overton saw potential in the new settlement but lacked the funds to file a land claim. For 25 cents Overton agreed to half of the 640-acre site with Asa Lovejoy of Boston
2.
Oregon
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Oregon is a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. Oregon is bordered on the west by the Pacific Ocean, on the north by Washington, on the south by California, on the east by Idaho, the Columbia River delineates much of Oregons northern boundary, and the Snake River delineates much of the eastern boundary. The parallel 42° north delineates the boundary with California and Nevada. Oregon was inhabited by indigenous tribes before Western traders, explorers. An autonomous government was formed in the Oregon Country in 1843 before the Oregon Territory was created in 1848, Oregon became the 33rd state on February 14,1859. Today, at 98,000 square miles, Oregon is the ninth largest and, with a population of 4 million, the capital of Oregon is Salem, the second most populous of its cities, with 164,549 residents. Portland is Oregons most populous city, with 632,309 residents, Portlands metro population of 2,389,228 ranks the 23rd largest metro in the nation. The Willamette Valley in western Oregon is the states most densely populated area, the tall conifers, mainly Douglas fir, along Oregons rainy west coast contrast with the lighter-timbered and fire-prone pine and juniper forests covering portions to the east. Abundant alders in the west fix nitrogen for the conifers, stretching east from central Oregon are semi-arid shrublands, prairies, deserts, steppes, and meadows. At 11,249 feet, Mount Hood is the states highest point, Oregons only national park, Crater Lake National Park, comprises the caldera surrounding Crater Lake, the deepest lake in the United States. The state is home to the single largest organism in the world, Armillaria ostoyae. Because of its landscapes and waterways, Oregons economy is largely powered by various forms of agriculture, fishing. It is also the top timber-producer of the lower 48 states, Technology is another one of the states major economic forces, which began in the 1970s with the establishment of the Silicon Forest and the expansion of Tektronix and Intel. Sportswear company Nike, Inc. headquartered in Beaverton, is the states largest public corporation with a revenue of $30.6 billion. The earliest evidence of the name Oregon has Spanish origins and this chronicle is the first topographical and linguistic source with respect to the place name Oregon. There are also two other sources with Spanish origins such as the name Oregano which grows in the part of the region. Another early use of the name, spelled Ouragon, was in a 1765 petition by Major Robert Rogers to the Kingdom of Great Britain, the term referred to the then-mythical River of the West. By 1778 the spelling had shifted to Oregon, in his 1765 petition, Rogers wrote, The rout. is from the Great Lakes towards the Head of the Mississippi, and from thence to the River called by the Indians Ouragon
3.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
4.
Government of Portland, Oregon
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The Government of Portland, Oregon, a city in the U. S. state of Oregon, is based on a city commission government system. Elected officials include a Mayor, a City Council, and a City Auditor, the mayor and commissioners are responsible for legislative policy and oversee the various bureaus that oversee the day-to-day operation of the city. The auditor is responsible for ensuring that the government operates in good faith, Portland began using a commission form of government in 1913 following a public vote on May 3 of that year. Each elected official serves a term, without term limits. Current City Commissioners are, Chloe Eudaly, Nick Fish, Amanda Fritz, Dan Saltzman, the Auditor is Mary Hull Caballero. The Portland Charter was the subject of much debate circa 1911–1912. C, Benbow, which drafted the Benbow Charter. The city council appointed a committee to draft a compromise charter and this charter, along with the Short Charter, were defeated in referenda. The following year, the city council submitted another charter to the people, the city commission government form consequently came into use in 1913, with H. Russell Albee being the first mayor under the new system. In May 2007, Portland citizens rejected a measure which would have changed city government from a commission form to a strong mayor system. Similar changes have been proposed and rejected several times over the years, neil Goldschmidt, who went on to serve as Mayor, U. S. Secretary of Transportation, and Governor. Mildred Schwab Congressman Earl Blumenauer served on the Council before his election to the House and he has also reopened his private law practice, notably representing Warner Pacific College. Erik Sten Randy Leonard Steve Novick City Council seats, as well as the City Auditor, are non-partisan, elected positions, each carries a four-year term. Two candidates availed themselves of this system in 2006, incumbent Erik Sten, who won the election, and Amanda Fritz. The November 2010 elections saw Portlanders rescind their support for this publicly financed election system, public transit within the city is primarily the responsibility of TriMet, not the city government, but the Portland Streetcar and Portland Aerial Tram are exceptions, both are owned by the city. The city also pays 15% of the trams operating cost. The city contracts with TriMet to provide operators and maintenance staff for the streetcar system, PSI subcontractor Shiels Obletz Johnsen provides the systems Chief Operating Officer and Community Relations Manager. Six positions are directly by city employees, General Manager, Manager of Operations and Safety, Manager of Maintenance, Assistant Manager of Maintenance. Portland is the county seat of Multnomah County, and the core of Metro, both of these government entities have a strong impact on Portland policy
5.
Michael Graves
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Michael Graves was an American architect. His recognition grew through designing domestic products sold by premium Italian housewares maker Alessi and he was a representative of New Urbanism and New Classical Architecture and formerly designed postmodern buildings, and was recognized as a major influence in all three movements. Graves was born in Indianapolis, Indiana and he attended Broad Ripple High School, receiving his diploma in 1952. He earned a degree from the University of Cincinnati where he also became a member of the Sigma Chi fraternity. He earned a degree in architecture from Harvard University in 1959. Graves won the Rome Prize in 1960 and spent the two years at the American Academy in Rome. From 2003, Graves was paralyzed from the waist down as a result of a spinal cord infection and he died at his home in Princeton, New Jersey on March 12,2015 at the age of 80. From 1964 until the end of his life, Graves was an architect in practice in Princeton. He directed the firm Michael Graves & Associates, which has offices in Princeton, in contrast to his later career, Graves spent much of the 1970s designing modernist residences, such as the Snyderman House in Fort Wayne, Indiana. For most of his career, however, Graves shifted away from modernism toward postmodernism, one of his most famous works, the Portland Building, which opened in 1982 in Portland, Oregon, is regarded as the first major built example of postmodern architecture. The celebrated but controversial building, composed of offices, is subject to an ongoing preservation debate. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2011, Graves subsequently received a number of major commissions. Some of his most notable completed buildings include the Humana Building, the Denver Public Library, in the 1980s, he also designed an expansion for the Whitney Museum of American Art in New York City, but the highly contested design went unbuilt due to local opposition. Graves also received recognition for his renovation of his personal residence in Princeton. In 1985, Graves designed a stainless steel teakettle featuring a red whistle shaped like a bird for the Italian company Alessi, Graves designed the scaffolding used for the restoration of the Washington Monument in Washington DC. During that assignment, which Target Corp sponsored, he met a Target executive who appreciated his product design and he began designing consumer products for the mass market and Target sold his products through their stores. By 2009, however, he noted the house doesnt have a wow factor, the partnership went from less than a dozen objects in 1997 to more than 2,000 when the partnership with Target ended in 2012. By 2013, concerned about Targets partnerships with other designers with less-successful outcomes, when a former Target executive became CEO of J. C. Penney, Graves products began being sold exclusively through J. C. Penney
6.
Emery Roth
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His sons continued in the family enterprise, largely expanding the firm under the name Emery Roth & Sons. Born in Sečovce, Austria-Hungary to a Jewish family, he emigrated to the United States at the age of 13 after his family fell into poverty upon his fathers death. He began his apprenticeship as a draftsman in the Chicago offices of Burnham & Root. At the Exposition Roth also designed one of his first solo projects, there he met Richard Morris Hunt, who was impressed with his skills and invited Roth to work in his office in New York. Following Hunts premature death in 1895, Roth moved to the office of Ogden Codman, Jr. a designer, in 1938, Roth included his sons Julian and Richard as partners. Julian specialized in construction costs and building materials and technology, while Richard was named the principal architect. In the 1950s and 1960s Emery Roth & Sons became the most influential firm in New York and contributed substantially in changing the appearance of Midtown. In that particular period of time Emery Roth & Sons designed dozens of office buildings, mostly with curtain wall facades. Beginning in the mid-1960s, the firm was hired as associate architects in large-scale projects like the Pan Am Building, the World Trade Center. In the early 1960s, Richard Roths son, Richard Roth, Jr. became the generation to join the firm, eventually rising to chief architect CEO. As the firm expanded and diversified over six decades, it remained a business through the 1990s. In 1988 Richard Roth Jrs daughter Robyn Roth-Moise joined the firm as comptroller, Richard Roth Jrs son Richard Lee Roth joined the firm in 1982 and became the chief specification writer for Emery Roth & Sons. Both retired from the firm when Richard Roth Jr retired and was replaced as the companys CEO in 1993 by Robert Sobel, but only three years later, in 1996, the firm ceased to operate, apparently because of financial distress. Emerys great-grandson Richard Lee Roth currently works in the architectural profession and resides in South Florida. P
7.
Hoffman Construction Company
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Hoffman Construction Company is a privately held construction firm based in Portland in the U. S. state of Oregon. Founded in 1922, it is the largest construction company in Oregon, Hoffman is also the largest private company in the Portland area. Lee Hoffman moved to Portland in the 1870s with his family and worked constructing bridges and other projects until his death, after his accidental death on July 21,1895, his wife Julia removed to Boston, Massachusetts, with their children, including Lee Hawley Hoffman. Lee Hawley entered Harvard College in 1902, but the family returned to Oregon partly in 1903, Lee Hawley graduated with a degree in architecture from Harvard in 1906, and the family returned to Portland that year, living in their home on NW 23rd Street. The Hoffmans still owned various real estate in Portland due to the success of Lee Hoffman’s earlier construction businesses, Lee Hawley began working for Morris H. Whitehouse’s architectural firm in 1908, with the firm later also consisting of Edgar M. Lazarus and J. André Fouilhoux. Hoffman then married Caroline Couch Burns on June 9,1910, over time, Hoffman began to focus more on projects for Wauna Land Company and less on his architectural work, leaving the firm by 1917. He started working as a contractor in 1919, and by the end of 1921 had the firm of Hoffman & Rasmussen, the current company was founded in 1922 by Hoffman. The company started out building primarily apartment buildings and industrial structures in Portland, One of the company’s first prominent projects was building the Terminal Sales Building in 1926. The next year Hoffman completed the Public Services Building, which was the tallest building in the city upon completion and that year they also built the new Heathman Hotel, the Portland Theater, and an office building all on the same block on Broadway in downtown Portland. In 1928, Hoffman constructed the 12-story Buyer’s Building in just over six months, Hoffman expand to Seattle in 1929 with the construction of a 12-story apartment building at 1223 Spring Street. The firm also built Cushman Dam No.2 that year near Shelton, Washington, for Tacoma Power, after the onset of the Great Depression, projects for the firm mostly dried up. Hoffman went from 32 contracts in 1929 to just ten in 1932, the last big project was a joint venture on expanding the Meier & Frank Building in Portland in 1930, with the next large project not coming until ten years later. In 1932, the firm moved its offices into the Ladd Carriage House, during the Depression, much of the company’s work shifted to government contracts, such as post offices in Oregon, Washington, and Idaho. Those included large ones in Salem, Longview, and Marshfield, Hoffman also built the Portland Art Museum in 1931 and its 1938 expansion, as well as a new library at Willamette University in Salem. They also built the hospital at the Cushman Indian School in Tacoma, Washington, in 1941. In all, Hoffman did $49 million in work for the government during World War II, including work at Camp Abbot, Camp Adair, Umatilla Army Depot. Other wartime construction included a rolling mill near Spokane, McCaw General Hospital in Walla Walla. After the war, the firm began a relationship with Crown Zellerbach Corporation in which Hoffman remodeled Crown’s pulp and paper mills in West Linn
8.
National Register of Historic Places
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The National Register of Historic Places is the United States federal governments official list of districts, sites, buildings, structures, and objects deemed worthy of preservation. The passage of the National Historic Preservation Act in 1966 established the National Register, of the more than one million properties on the National Register,80,000 are listed individually. The remainder are contributing resources within historic districts, each year approximately 30,000 properties are added to the National Register as part of districts or by individual listings. For most of its history the National Register has been administered by the National Park Service and its goals are to help property owners and interest groups, such as the National Trust for Historic Preservation, coordinate, identify, and protect historic sites in the United States. While National Register listings are mostly symbolic, their recognition of significance provides some financial incentive to owners of listed properties, protection of the property is not guaranteed. During the nomination process, the property is evaluated in terms of the four criteria for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places, the application of those criteria has been the subject of criticism by academics of history and preservation, as well as the public and politicians. Occasionally, historic sites outside the proper, but associated with the United States are also listed. Properties can be nominated in a variety of forms, including individual properties, historic districts, the Register categorizes general listings into one of five types of properties, district, site, structure, building, or object. National Register Historic Districts are defined geographical areas consisting of contributing and non-contributing properties, some properties are added automatically to the National Register when they become administered by the National Park Service. These include National Historic Landmarks, National Historic Sites, National Historical Parks, National Military Parks/Battlefields, National Memorials, on October 15,1966, the Historic Preservation Act created the National Register of Historic Places and the corresponding State Historic Preservation Offices. Initially, the National Register consisted of the National Historic Landmarks designated before the Registers creation, approval of the act, which was amended in 1980 and 1992, represented the first time the United States had a broad-based historic preservation policy. To administer the newly created National Register of Historic Places, the National Park Service of the U. S. Department of the Interior, hartzog, Jr. established an administrative division named the Office of Archeology and Historic Preservation. Hartzog charged OAHP with creating the National Register program mandated by the 1966 law, ernest Connally was the Offices first director. Within OAHP new divisions were created to deal with the National Register, the first official Keeper of the Register was William J. Murtagh, an architectural historian. During the Registers earliest years in the late 1960s and early 1970s, organization was lax and SHPOs were small, understaffed, and underfunded. A few years later in 1979, the NPS history programs affiliated with both the U. S. National Parks system and the National Register were categorized formally into two Assistant Directorates. Established were the Assistant Directorate for Archeology and Historic Preservation and the Assistant Directorate for Park Historic Preservation, from 1978 until 1981, the main agency for the National Register was the Heritage Conservation and Recreation Service of the United States Department of the Interior. In February 1983, the two assistant directorates were merged to promote efficiency and recognize the interdependency of their programs, jerry L. Rogers was selected to direct this newly merged associate directorate
9.
Downtown Portland, Oregon
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Downtown Portland, the city center of Portland, Oregon, United States, is located on the west bank of the Willamette River. It is in the corner of the southwest section of the city. The downtown neighborhood is defined to extend west from the Willamette to Interstate 405, Portlands downtown features narrow streets—64 feet wide—and square, compact blocks 200 feet on a side, to create more corner lots that were expected to be more valuable. The small blocks also made downtown Portland pleasant to walk through, the 264-foot long combined blocks divide one mile of road into exactly 20 separate blocks. By comparison, Seattles blocks are 240 by 320 feet, by the early 1970s, parts of Portlands central city had been in decay for some time. New suburban shopping malls in the cities of Beaverton, Tigard. Unlike many downtown revitalization efforts around the United States at this time, downtown, which had been a virtual ghost town after regular business hours, became more of an all-hours shopping, dining, and business venue. During the two starting in 1990, downtown Portland dominated city development, with 500,000 square feet more development there than on the east side. Downtown development has not been without criticism, downtown also has numerous surface parking lots, which contradict the citys efforts to promote higher density and create the storefronts needed for a vibrant downtown. Portland is sometimes known as Bridgetown, due to the number of bridges cross its two rivers. There are nine bridges entering downtown and immediately adjacent areas. S, most streets in downtown Portland are one-way. Naito Parkway is the farthest east, while most of the end by I-405 to the west. Interstate 5 runs on the bank of the river, crossing over on the Marquam Bridge. U. S. Route 26 connects downtown Portland to the Oregon Coast, downtown is also served by several forms of public transportation. The southern part of downtown and the West End are also served by the Portland Streetcar system, operating from South Waterfront north into the Pearl and Northwest Portland districts. The system currently has two routes, measuring 7.2 miles end to end, and connects in South Waterfront with the Tram to Oregon Health & Science University. The five tallest are, Wells Fargo Center, rises to 166 meters and was constructed in 1972 U. S
10.
Portland City Hall (Oregon)
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Portland City Hall is the headquarters of city government of Portland, Oregon, United States. The four-story Italian Renaissance-style building houses the offices of the City Council, which consists of the mayor and four commissioners, City Hall is also home to the City Council chambers, located in the rotunda on the east side of the structure. Completed in 1895, the building was added to the National Register of Historic Places on November 21,1974, City Hall has gone through several renovations, with the most recent overhaul gutting the interior to upgrade it to modern seismic and safety standards. The original was built for $600,000, while the 1996 to 1998 renovation cost $29 million, located in downtown Portland, City Hall sits on an entire city block along Fourth and Fifth avenues at Madison and Jefferson Streets. To the south is the Wells Fargo Center, and to the north is the Portland Building, Terry Schrunk Plaza is across Fourth Avenue to the east. In addition to more than 87,000 square feet of interior space, the main entrance is located on Fourth Avenue, though for a time it was located on the Fifth Avenue side. The 1895-to-present City Hall replaced a building at Second and Ash streets. In 1869, the Oregon Episcopal School was founded in downtown Portland, the city hired Henry J. Hefty to design the building, his design was a huge ostentatious structure that appeared to be modeled on the Kremlin. The city purchased the block in 1890 for $100,000, and construction began in 1892, but was halted due to dissatisfaction with the design. After the foundation and basement of the building had been built and this board terminated Hefty and hired the architectural firm of Whidden and Lewis to design a new building. Ion Lewis and William Whidden were originally from Boston, but were in Portland for the Portland Hotel project, and Whidden had been employed with McKim, Mead, the board also persuaded the state legislature to authorize an additional $500,000 in bonds to complete the project. Whidden & Lewis designed a structure in a neo-Renaissance style that included a clock tower. Designed to be located in the portion of the building. Due to costs, the tower was never built. A domed cupola also designed by Whidden and Lewis was never built, the original building design was praised for the details and symmetry. In 1893, construction at the site was restarted, the contractors were Rocheford, Gould and Gladden from Omaha, Nebraska. City Hall was built with un-reinforced masonry walls and slurry concrete floors to save on costs, Construction on the new structure was finished in 1895, and the city offices were moved into the building in late January 1895. The first city council meeting held in the new building took place on February 6, once completed, the building was one of the first large buildings in the Pacific Northwest to have electric wiring, have centralized heating, include public elevators, or be considered fireproof
11.
Postmodern architecture
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The movement was given a doctrine by the architect and architectural theorist Robert Venturi in his 1966 book Complexity and Contradiction in Architecture. The style flourished from the 1980s through the 1990s, particularly in the work of Venturi, Philip Johnson, Charles Moore, in the late 1990s it divided into a multitude of new tendencies, including high-tech architecture, neo-classicism and deconstructivism. The architect and architectural historian Robert Venturi led the attack in 1966 in his book, Complexity, … I welcome the problems and exploit the uncertainties. … I like elements which are rather than pure, compromising rather than clean. … I am for messy vitality over obvious unity, … I prefer both-and to either-or, black and white, and sometimes gray, to black or white. … An architecture of complexity and contradiction must embody the difficult unity of inclusion rather than the easy unity of exclusion, Venturis second book, Learning from Las Vegas, co-authored with his wife, Denise Scott Brown, and Steven Izenour, further developed his argument against modernism. He urged architects take into consideration and to celebrate the architecture in a place. He argued that ornamental and decorative elements accommodate existing needs for variety, Rossi insisted that cities be rebuilt in ways that preserved their historical fabric and local traditions. Similar ideas were and projects were put forward at the Venice Biennale in 1980, the call for a post-modern style was joined by Christian de Portzamparc in France and Ricardo Bofill in Spain, and in Japan by Arata Isozaki. Robert Venturi was both a prominent theorist of postmodernism and an architect who buildings illustrated his ideas, after studying at the American Academy in Rome, he worked in the offices of the modernists Eero Saarinen Louis Kahn until 1958, and then became a professor architecture at Yale University. One of his first buildings was the Guild House in Philadelphia and these two houses became symbols of the postmodern movement. He went on to design, in the 1960s and 1970s, Michael Graves designed two of the most prominent buildings in the postmodern style, the Portland Building and the Denver Public Library. The building has since added to the National Register of Historic Places. The most famous work of architect Charles Moore is the Piazza dItalia in New Orleans, drawing upon the Spanish Revival architecture of the city hall, Moore designed the Beverly Hills Civic Center in a mixture of Spanish Revival, Art Deco and Post-Modern styles. It includes courtyards, colonnades, promenades, and buildings, with open and semi-enclosed spaces, stairways and balconies. Philip Johnson began his career as a pure modernist, in 1935 he co-authored the famous catalog of the Museum of Modern Art exposition on the International Style, and studied with Walter Gropius and Marcel Breuer at Harvard. His Glass House in New Canaan, Connecticut, inspired b a similar house by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe became an icon of the modernist movement and he worked with Mies on another iconic modernist project, the Seagrams Building in New York City. However, his buildings in the 1970, such as IDS Center in Minneapolis and Pennzoil Place in Houston were massive, sober
12.
Philip Johnson
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In 1978 he was awarded an American Institute of Architects Gold Medal and in 1979 the first Pritzker Architecture Prize. Johnson was born in Cleveland, Ohio on July 8,1906 and he was descended from the Jansen family of New Amsterdam, and included among his ancestors the Huguenot Jacques Cortelyou, who laid out the first town plan of New Amsterdam for Peter Stuyvesant. In 1928 he met Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, who was at the time designing the German Pavilion for the 1929 Barcelona International Exposition. The meeting formed the basis for a relationship of both collaboration and competition In 1930, Johnson joined the architecture department of the Museum of Modern Art in New York. There he arranged for American visits by Gropius and Le Corbusier, in 1932, working with Hitchcock and Alfred H. Barr, Jr. and Henry-Russell Hitchcock, he organized the first exhibition on Modern architecture at the Museum of Modern Art in 1932. The show and their published book International Style, Modern Architecture Since 1922 played an important part in introducing modern architecture to the American public. When the rise of the Nazis in Germany forced the modernists Marcel Breuer and Mies van der Rohe to leave Germany, in 1936, in the depths of the Great Depression, he left the Museum of Modern Art for a brief venture into journalism and politics. In his 1994 biography of Johnson, Schultze wrote, In politics he proved to be a model of futility and he was never much of a political threat to anyone, still less an effective doer of either political good or political evil. In 1941, at the age of 35, Johnson abandoned politics and journalism and enrolled in the Harvard Graduate School of Design, in 1941, Johnson designed and actually built his first building, a house still existing at 9 Ash Street in Cambridge, Massachusetts. The house, strongly influenced by Mies van der Rohe, has a wall around the lot which merges with the structure, after the United States entered World War II in December 1941, Johnson enlisted in the Army. He spent his service during the war in the United States. In 1946, after he completed his service, Johnson returned to the Museum of Modern Art as a curator. At the same time, he began working to establish his architectural practice and he built a small house, in th style of Mies, in Saaponack, Long Island in 1946. This was followed by one of this most famous buildings, which he built for himself, the Glass House in New Canaan, Connecticut, completed in 1949, which has become a landmark of modern architecture. Johnson had curated an exhibit of Mies van der Rohes at the Museum of Modern Art in 1947, the house is a 56 foot by 32 foot glass rectangle, sited at the edge of a crest on Johnsons estate overlooking a pond. The buildings sides are glass and charcoal-painted steel, the floor, of brick, is not flush with the ground, the interior is an open space divided by low walnut cabinets, a brick cylinder contains the bathroom and is the only object to reach floor to ceiling. The New York Times described it in 2005 as one of the 20th centurys greatest residential structures, Johnson continued to add to the Glass House estate during each period of his career. After completing the Glass House, he completed two more houses in New Canaan in a similar to that of Mies, the Hodgson House
13.
550 Madison Avenue
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550 Madison Avenue, is an iconic postmodern 647-foot-tall, 37-story highrise skyscraper located at 550 Madison Avenue in Manhattan. Designed by Philip Johnson, it was formerly the headquarters of Sony Corporation of America, the tower was purchased by the Olayan and Chelsfield for $1.4 billion in 2016. The building was designed by architect Philip Johnson and partner John Burgee and was completed in 1984 and it is close - in concept - to the 1982 Humana Building by Michael Graves. It became immediately controversial for its top, but enjoyed for its spectacular arched entrance way. With these ornamental additions, the building challenged architectural modernisms demand for stark functionalism, the effect the building had on the public at large has been described as legitimizing the postmodern architecture movement on the world stage. The firm was granted an additional 43,000 sq ft, about two floors worth, as a bonus for creating a 14,000 sq ft covered arcade along Madison Avenue that would include seating and retail kiosks. After AT&T moved out of the building, the statue was relocated to a spot outside of its Basking Ridge operational headquarters in 1992, in 1984, the company indicated that it would not build the museum that it had originally committed to build in exchange for bonus zoning. The change of heart came as part of following the court-ordered divestiture of the Regional Bell Operating Companies. In the face of opposition from the city, AT&T acquiesced to construction of a three-story exhibition space in an annex located adjoining the pedestrian walkway behind the building. AT&T had been granted a tax break of $42 million, under the condition that the company would keep its headquarters at 550 Madison Avenue and not rent out the space to other tenants. Having decreased in size substantially, AT&T signed a 20-year lease agreement on 550 Madison with Sony and relocated its headquarters to 32 Sixth Avenue, Sony was granted an option to purchase the building. AT&T returned $14.5 million to New York City to compensate it for tax abatements made as part of a 1987 renegotiation, in exchange, the company would expand the glass-enclosed pedestrian walkway with the addition of planters and public seating. Rents on the floors had averaged about $34 per square foot at the time, Sony connected the two buildings using fiber optic cables that were run under Madison Avenue and installed microwave communications equipment on the top of the 555 building. A cash-strapped AT&T sold the building to Sony in 2002 for $236 million and it used to be open on Tuesdays through Saturdays. Sony used to describe the free exhibits as a technology and entertainment museum for all ages, during 2008, the museums third and fourth floors underwent renovations that were completed in fall 2008. Sony Wonder replaced Infoquest Center, a permanent telecommunications exhibition that had built by AT&T. Sony permanently closed the lab on January 29,2016, in December 2012, bidding started on the building and in January 2013 Sony announced plans to sell the building to the Chetrit Group for $1.1 billion -- $685 million more than it had paid for it. Sony leased back its offices there through 2016, when it moved its headquarters south to 11 Madison Avenue, the Chetrit Group planned to redevelop the building as a combination of condominiums and a hotel
14.
Modern architecture
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Modern architecture or modernist architecture is a term applied to a group of styles of architecture which emerged in the first half of the 20th century and became dominant after World War II. The revolution in materials came first, with the use of cast iron, plate glass, the cast plate glass process was invented in 1848, allowing the manufacture of very large windows. The Crystal Palace by Joseph Paxton at the Great Exhibition of 1851 was an example of iron and plate glass construction, followed in 1864 by the first glass. These developments together led to the first steel-framed skyscraper, the ten-story Home Insurance Building in Chicago, the iron frame construction of the Eiffel Tower, then the tallest structure in the world, captured the imagination of millions of visitors to the 1889 Paris Universal Exposition. French industrialist François Coignet was the first to use iron-reinforced concrete, in 1853 Coignet built the first iron reinforced concrete structure, a four story house in the suburbs of Paris. Another important technology for the new architecture was electric light, which reduced the inherent danger of fires caused by gas in the 19th century. This break with the past was particularly urged by the architectural theorist, for each function its material, for each material its form and its ornament. This book influenced a generation of architects, including Louis Sullivan, Victor Horta, Hector Guimard, at the end of the 19th century, a few architects began to challenge the traditional Beaux Arts and Neoclassical styles that dominated architecture in Europe and the United States. The Glasgow School of Art 1896-99) designed by Charles Rennie MacIntosh, had a facade dominated by large bays of windows. The Art Nouveau style was launched in the 1890s by Victor Horta in Belgium and Hector Guimard in France, it introduced new styles of decoration, based on vegetal and floral forms. In 1903-1904 in Paris Auguste Perret and Henri Sauvage began to use reinforced concrete, previously used for industrial structures. Between 1910 and 1913, Auguste Perret built the Théâtre des Champs-Élysées, because of the concrete construction, no columns blocked the spectators view of the stage. Otto Wagner, in Vienna, was another pioneer of the new style, in his book Moderne Arkchtekture he had called for a more rationalist style of architecture, based on modern life. Wagner declared his intention to express the function of the building in its exterior, the reinforced concrete exterior was covered with plaques of marble attached with bolts of polished aluminum. The interior was purely functional and spare, an open space of steel, glass. The Viennese architect Adolf Loos also began removing any ornament from his buildings and his Steiner House, in Vienna, was an example of what he called rationalist architecture, it had a simple stucco rectangual facade with square windows and no ornament. The fame of the new movement, which known as the Vienna Secession spread beyond Austria. Josef Hoffmann, a student of Wagner, constructed a landmark of early modernist architecture and this residence, built of brick covered with Norwegian marble, was composed of geometric blocks, wings and a tower
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Gunnar Birkerts
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Gunnar Birkerts is a Latvian-American architect who, for most of his career, was based in the metropolitan area of Detroit, Michigan. S. Gunnar Birkerts was raised in Latvia but fled ahead of the advancing Russian army toward the end of the Second World War and he graduated from the Technische Hochschule, Stuttgart, Germany, in 1949. Birkerts came to the United States and worked initially for Perkins and Will, then for Eero Saarinen, Birkerts initially practiced in the partnership Birkerts and Straub, after that partnership broke up the firm became Gunnar Birkerts and Associates. Birkerts joined the faculty at the University of Michigan in 1959, the ACSA honored Birkerts with the ACSA Distinguished Professor Award in 1989-90. Gunnar Birkerts was selected as a Fellow of the American Institute of Architects in 1970, Birkerts now maintains an architectural office in Wellesley, Massachusetts. His son is noted literary critic Sven Birkerts, Gunnar Birkerts is noted for designing the new building of National Library of Latvia in Riga. Birkerts is a professor at The University of Illinois and was the Architect-In-Residence at the American Academy in Rome. He is a member of the Latvian Union of Architects, honorary member of the Latvian Academy of Sciences, edita, Tokyo 1982 Gunnar Birkerts & Associates, IBM Information Systems Center, Sterling Forest, N. Y. 1972, Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis, Minnesota,1973, EDITA, Tokyo 1974 Gunnar Birkerts Architects, Inc. Gunnar Birkerts papers 1930-2002, at the Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan Biography
16.
Detroit Institute of Arts
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The Detroit Institute of Arts, located in Midtown Detroit, Michigan, has one of the largest and most significant art collections in the United States. With over 100 galleries, it covers 658,000 square feet with a renovation and expansion project completed in 2007 that added 58,000 square feet. The DIA collection is regarded as among the top six museums in the United States with a collection which spans the globe from ancient Egyptian and European works to contemporary art. Its art collection is valued in billions of dollars, up to $8.1 billion according to a 2014 appraisal. The DIA campus is located in Midtown Detroits Cultural Center Historic District, the museum building is highly regarded by architects. The original building, designed by Paul Philippe Cret, is flanked by north and south wings with the marble as the main exterior material for the entire structure. The campus is part of the citys Cultural Center Historic District listed in the National Register of Historic Places, the museums first painting was donated in 1883 and its collection consists of over 65,000 works. With about 677,500 visitors annually for 2015, the DIA is among the most visited art museums in the world, the museum contains 100 galleries of art from around the world. Diego Riveras Detroit Industry cycle of frescoes span the upper and lower levels to surround the central grand marble court of the museum, the armor collection of William Randolph Hearst lines the main hall entry way to the grand court. The collection of American art at the DIA is one of the most impressive, works by American artists began to be collected immediately following the museums founding in 1883. Williams, Anne Wilson, Andrew Wyeth, and James McNeill Whistler, the museum includes works by Vincent van Gogh including a self-portrait. The self-portrait of Vincent van Gogh and The Window by Henri Matisse were purchased in 1922 and were the first paintings by two artists to enter an American public collection. Non-German artists in the Expressionist movement include Oskar Kokoschka, Wassily Kandinsky, Chaim Soutine, the Nut Gatherers by William-Adolphe Bouguereau is, by some accounts, the most popular painting in the collection. In December 2010, the museum debuted a new permanent gallery with collections of hand, shadow. The museum plans to feature puppet related events and rotation of exhibits drawn from its puppet collections, artists’ Take on Detroit, Projects for the Tricentennial This exhibit celebrates Detroit’s 300th year anniversary by creating 10 projects that represent the city. The installations created by 15 artists include video and still photography, text and sound, Degas and the Dance This exhibit includes more than 100 pieces of work created by Edgar Degas. These pieces include model stage sets, costume designs, and photographs of the dancers from the 19th-century Parisian ballet. This exhibit includes work from Joshua Johnson, Robert Scott Duncanson, Henry Ossawa Tanner, Augusta Savage, Benny Andrews, Betye Saar, Richard Hunt, Sam Gilliam, and Lorna Simpson
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Frank Ivancie
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Francis James Frank Ivancie is an American businessman and politician who served as mayor of Portland, Oregon, from 1980 to 1985. Prior to his term as mayor, Ivancie served for fourteen years on the Portland City Council, since his retirement from elected office, Ivancie has remained active in community affairs, occasionally lending his support to political causes. Frank Ivancie was born in Marble, Minnesota and his father was an immigrant from Ljubljana, Slovenia. He graduated from the University of Minnesota with a degree in sociology. He subsequently moved to Oregon, where he earned a degree in education from the University of Oregon. During World War II, he served in the U. S. Army Air Corps, after the war, Ivancie began working as a teacher in Burns, Oregon. He moved to Washington County, in the Portland metropolitan area, to take a position as principal of Orenco School, in Orenco, Oregon. After a period in the 1950s working in England as principal of an American school run by the Department of Defense, Ivancie returned to Oregon and he left teaching in 1956 when hired as executive assistant to then-mayor-elect Terry Schrunk. Ivancie was first elected to the Portland City Council in 1966 and he took office on January 4,1967. He was re-elected to the Council several times, in 1970,1974, in 1976, Ivancie launched his first campaign for mayor, running against one-term incumbent Neil Goldschmidt. Billboards were erected proclaiming If Ivancie were mayor, youd be home now, unfortunately for Ivancie, the primary beneficiaries of the proposed freeway project were suburban commuters who were ineligible to vote for the mayor of Portland. City residents were in opposition to the freeway, and Goldschmidt handily won re-election. Ivancie then ran for mayor again in 1980 against McCready—a candidate who had neither the populist appeal of Goldschmidt nor the powerful backing of Ivancie—and defeated her in the primary election, the primary election that year occurred on May 20,1980. He was sworn in as mayor on November 24,1980, Ivancies tenure as mayor was scandal-free, however, his conservative politics and pro-business positions were frequently controversial in Portland, a city with strong progressive leanings. Ivancie opposed the development of the popular Pioneer Courthouse Square, on the grounds that the square would become a place for transients. He oversaw the construction of the Portland Building and advocated construction of wells to back up the Bull Run Watershed—the citys primary source of drinking water, much of the construction of the first MAX Light Rail line occurred during his tenure. In 1983, a coalition of activists in the city, disenchanted with Ivancies politics. This was a proposition that local political observers considered unlikely to succeed, given Ivancies strong political connections with business interests, The Oregonian
18.
Portlandia (statue)
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Portlandia is a sculpture by Raymond Kaskey located above the entrance of the Portland Building, in downtown Portland, Oregon, at 1120 SW 5th Avenue. It is the second-largest copper repoussé statue in the United States, the statue is based on the design of the city seal. It depicts a woman dressed in clothes, holding a trident in the left hand. The statue is above street level and faces a relatively narrow, an accompanying plaque contains a poem by Portland resident Ronald Talney. Portlandia was a product of Portlands Public Art Program, Kaskey was paid $228,000 in public funds and reportedly an additional $100,000 in private donations. Raymond Kaskey and Michael Lasell built sections of the statue in a Maryland suburb of Washington, D. C. and it was assembled at a barge-building facility, Gunderson, Inc. It was installed on October 6,1985, after being floated up the Willamette River on a barge, the statue is 34 feet 10 inches high and weighs 6.5 short tons. If standing, the woman would be about 50 feet tall and it has been claimed that Portlandias relatively low profile results from sculptor Kaskeys close guarding of his intellectual property. Unlike the Statue of Liberty, Portlandia may not be reproduced for any purpose without permission from the artist. The rights to the image of Portlandia remain Kaskeys sole property, the statue appears in the title sequence of the TV series Portlandia, the result of lengthy negotiations with Kaskey that required the statue not be used in a disparaging way
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Green roof
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A green roof or living roof is a roof of a building that is partially or completely covered with vegetation and a growing medium, planted over a waterproofing membrane. It may also include additional layers such as a barrier and drainage. Container gardens on roofs, where plants are maintained in pots, are not generally considered to be true green roofs, rooftop ponds are another form of green roofs which are used to treat greywater. They effectively utilize the natural functions of plants to filter water, the term green roof may also be used to indicate roofs that use some form of green technology, such as a cool roof, a roof with solar thermal collectors or photovoltaic panels. See the PDF at for more information, Green roofs not only retain rainwater, but also moderate the temperature of the water and act as natural filters for any of the water that happens to run off. Many green roofs are installed to comply with regulations and government fees. In areas with combined systems, heavy storms can overload the wastewater system and cause it to flood. Green roofs decrease the amount of runoff and slow the rate of runoff from the roof. It has been found that they can retain up to 75% of rainwater, gradually releasing it back into the atmosphere via condensation and transpiration, combating the urban heat island effect is another reason for creating a green roof. Traditional building materials soak up the radiation and re-emit it as heat. On Chicagos City Hall, by contrast, which features a roof, roof temperatures on a hot day are typically 1. 4–4.4 °C cooler than they are on traditionally roofed buildings nearby. Green roofs are becoming common in Chicago, as well as in Atlanta, Portland, and other United States cities, Green roofs are a type of low impact development. In the case of Chicago, the city has passed codes offering incentives to builders who put green roofs on their buildings. Following this and other studies, it has now estimated that if all the roofs in a major city were greened. Green roofs also provide habitats for plants, insects, and animals that otherwise have limited space in cities. Even in high-rise urban settings as tall as 19 stories, it has found that green roofs can attract beneficial insects, birds. Rooftop greenery complements wild areas by providing stepping stones for songbirds, migratory birds, an additional environmental benefit of greens roofs is the ability to sequester carbon. Carbon is the component of plant matter and is naturally absorbed by plant tissue
20.
Oregon State University
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Oregon State University is a coeducational, public research university in the northwest United States, located in Corvallis, Oregon. The university offers more than 200 undergraduate degree programs along with numerous graduate and it is also the largest university in the state, with a total enrollment exceeding 28,000. More than 230,000 people have graduated from OSU since its founding. S, OSU is one of 73 land-grant universities in the United States. The school is also a sea-grant, space-grant, and sun-grant institution, OSU received $308.9 million in research grants and contracts for the 2015 fiscal year, which is more research funding than all other public universities in Oregon combined. The universitys roots date back to 1856, when it was established as the areas first community school for primary and preparatory education, throughout the universitys history, the name changed eleven times. Like other early established land-grant colleges and universities, the majority of changes occurred through the 1920s. Generally, name changes were made to align a school with the largest available federal grants in agriculture research. Corvallis area Freemasons played an important role in developing the early school, the school offered its first college-level curriculum in 1865, under the administration of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South. On August 22,1868, official articles of incorporation were filed for Corvallis College, October 27,1868, is known as OSU Charter Day. The Oregon Legislative Assembly designated Corvallis College as the college of the state of Oregon. Acceptance of this grant required the college to comply with the requirements set forth in the First Morrill Act, the school was then authorized to grant the Bachelor of Arts, Bachelor of Science and Master of Arts degrees. The first graduating class was in 1870, granting Bachelor of Arts degrees, the Oregon Unification Bill was passed in 1929 by the Legislative Assembly, which placed the school under the oversight of the newly formed Oregon State Board of Higher Education. A doctoral in education was first offered in the early 1930s and this year also saw the creation of the first summer session. The growing diversity in degree programs led to name change in 1937. The universitys current title, Oregon State University, was adopted on March 6,1961, in 2007, Scott Reed was named the Vice Provost for Outreach and Engagement as OSU Extension Service and OSU Ecampus were aligned under this new division. Ecampus delivers OSU degree programs and courses online and at a distance to students worldwide, Research has played a central role in the universitys overall operations for much of its history. Most of OSUs research continues at the Corvallis campus, but a number of endeavors are underway at various locations throughout the state. Current research facilities, beyond the campus, include the Seafood Laboratory in Astoria, CEOAS is now co-leading the largest ocean science project in U. S. history, the Ocean Observatories Initiative
21.
Sedum spathulifolium
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Sedum spathulifolium is a species of flowering plant in the stonecrop family known by the common names broadleaf stonecrop and Colorado stonecrop. It is native to western North America from British Columbia to southern California and it is quite variable and usually divided into at least two subtaxa. In general, it is a succulent plant producing mats of basal rosettes from a system of rhizomes, the basal leaves are 1 or 2 centimeters long. They are sometimes coated in a waxy, powdery looking exudate, the inflorescence is a short, erect array of many small flowers with yellow petals. The specific epithet refers to the spade-shaped leaves. This plant is useful as groundcover, and tolerates light shade. Numerous cultivars have been selected for use, of which Cape Blanco has gained the Royal Horticultural Societys Award of Garden Merit. C
22.
Portland Water Bureau
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The Portland Water Bureau is the municipal water department for the city of Portland in the U. S. state of Oregon. As of 2015, Nick Fish is the city commissioner in charge of the bureau, budgeted departmental revenues for fiscal year 2015–16 included about $157 million for charges for services. Laying claim to 640 acres of riverfront land, they founded what in 1851 became the city of Portland. Relying entirely on water from wells until the mid-1850s, Portland residents became concerned when polluted drainage from the growing number of houses began to contaminate the wells. In 1856, Pioneer Water Works, a company, got permission from Portlands government to pipe water from Caruthers Creek to some of these homes. Based on water-quality surveys and engineering studies, the Portland Fire, to issue bonds to finance the project, it needed state approval. In the face of protests about dirty water, the legislature relented. The Water Committee was also created because of the rivalry between Joseph Simon and John H. Mitchell. Simon was attempting to isolate the power of the Mitchell faction, the 15-member committee was made up of the most prominent businessmen in Portland, and was led by Henry Failing. It was derisively named the Oligarchy of 15 by a 6-1 vote of the Portland City Council, while Failing was the official leader through 1897, William S. Ladd was the dominant spirit, and meetings were always held at his Ladd & Tilton Bank. Ladd also supplied an initial $20,000 needed for the system, the committee bought the infrastructure of the Portland Water Company in 1886 and began a search for a superior water source, which led them to the Bull Run Watershed in 1887. A committee meeting in early 1887 selected Bull Run with only Simeon Reed opposing the development, isaac W. Smith an engineer and surveyor, was commissioned to inspect any viable water supply in the region. After considering options including Oswego Lake and the Clackamas River, Smith settled on the Bull Run River as the most likely prospect, a five-month survey trip led Smith to conclude that a gravity-flow system could deliver clean water from the river to Portland. The committee and Judge Matthew Deady drafted a bill to finance the $500,000 cost and it was vetoed by Governor Sylvester Pennoyer in early 1889, which led Deady to state in view of his impracticable, cranky nature and conduct he ought to be called Sylpester Annoyer. Most landowners along the Bull Run stream agreed to sell their rights for nominal fees, one exception was a civil engineer who, based on his own investigations, had bought land and water rights along the river in hopes of re-selling them to the city. After much negotiating, he relinquished his rights in 1888, in 1891, the Oregon Legislature authorized the city to sell bonds to pay for the Bull Run project, which began delivering water to Portland in 1895. When the Bull Run water first arrived in Portland in January 1895, after tasting his glass of Bull Run water he commented that it had neither body nor flavor, he much preferred the old Willamette. To protect the supply from contamination, the committee sought federal help in reducing logging and tree-clearing in the watershed
23.
American Institute of Architects
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The American Institute of Architects is a professional organization for architects in the United States. The AIA also works with members of the design and construction team to help coordinate the building industry. The AIA is currently headed by Robert Ivy, FAIA as EVP/Chief Executive Officer and Thomas V. Vonier, wells, with Richard Upjohn serving as the first president. They met on February 23,1857 and decided to invite 16 other prominent architects to join them, including Alexander Jackson Davis, Thomas U. Prior to their establishment of the AIA, anyone could claim to be an architect and they drafted a constitution and bylaws by March 10,1857, under the name New York Society of Architects. Walter, of Philadelphia, later suggested the name be changed to American Institute of Architects, the members signed the new constitution on April 15,1857, having filed a certificate of incorporation two days earlier. As of 2008, AIA has more than 300 chapters, the AIA is headquartered at 1735 New York Avenue, NW in Washington, D. C. A design competition was held in the mid-1960s to select an architect for a new AIA headquarters in Washington, mitchell/Giurgola won the design competition but failed to get approval of the design concept from the United States Commission of Fine Arts. The firm resigned the commission and helped select The Architects Collaborative to redesign the building, the design, led by TAC principals Norman Fletcher and Howard Elkus, was ultimately approved in 1970 and completed in 1973. More than 90,000 licensed architects and associated professionals are members, AIA members adhere to a code of ethics and professional conduct intended to assure clients, the public, and colleagues of an architects dedication to the highest standards in professional practice. There are five levels of membership in the AIA, Architect members are licensed to practice architecture in the United States, international associate members hold an architecture license or the equivalent from a licensing authority outside the United States. Emeritus members have been AIA members for 15 successive years and are at least 65 years of age or are incapacitated, allied membership is a partnership with the AIA and the American Architectural Foundation. The AIA’s most prestigious honor is the designation of a member as a Fellow of the American Institute of Architects and this membership is awarded to members who have made contributions of national significance to the profession. Slightly more than 2,600, or 2% of all members, have elevated to the AIA College of Fellows. Foreign architects of prominence may be elected to the College as Honorary Fellows of the AIA, the AIA is governed by a Board of Directors and has a staff of over 200 full-time employees. Although the AIA functions as an organization, at its heart are some 300 local. The components are spread throughout the United States, United Kingdom, Europe, Japan, by speaking with a united voice, AIA architects influence government practices that affect the practice of the profession and the quality of American life. The AIA monitors legislative and regulatory actions and uses the power of its membership to participate in decisionmaking by federal, state
24.
The Oregonian
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The Oregonian is a daily newspaper based in Portland, Oregon, owned by Advance Publications. It is the oldest continuously published newspaper on the U. S. west coast, founded as a weekly by Thomas J. Dryer on December 4,1850, and published daily since 1861. It is the largest newspaper in Oregon and the second largest in the Pacific Northwest by circulation, the Sunday edition is published under the title The Sunday Oregonian. The Oregonian received the 2001 Pulitzer Prize for Public Service, the gold medal annually awarded by the organization. The papers staff or individual writers have received seven other Pulitzer Prizes, chief among these pioneer community organizers seeking establishment of a Portland press were Col. W. W. Chapman and prominent local businessman Henry W. Corbett. There the pair met Thomas J. Dryers press was transported to Portland, each weekly issue consisted of four pages, printed six columns wide. Little attention was paid to current news events, with the bulk of the papers content devoted to political themes, a loud and bitter rivalry between the competing news organs ensued. Henry Pittock became the owner in 1861 as compensation for unpaid wages, pittocks goal was to focus more on news than the bully pulpit established by Dryer. From 1866 to 1872 Harvey W. Scott was the editor, Henry W. Corbett bought the paper from a cash-poor Pittock in October 1872 and placed William Lair Hill as editor. Scott, fired by Corbett for supporting Ben Holladays candidates, became editor of Holladays rival Bulletin newspaper, the paper went bankrupt around 1874, Holladay having lost $200,000 in the process. Corbett sold The Oregonian back to Pittock in 1877, marking a return of Scott to the editorial helm. A part-owner of the paper, Scott would remain as editor-in-chief until shortly before his death in 1910, in 1881, the first Sunday Oregonian was published. The paper became known as the voice of business-oriented Republicans, as evidenced by consistent endorsement of Republican candidates for president in every election before 1992. The new building was, the same as its predecessor, called the Oregonian Building and it contained about 100,000 square feet of floor space, including the basement but not the tower. The newspaper did not move again until 1948, the 1892 building was demolished in 1950. Following the death of Harvey Scott in 1910, the papers editor-in-chief was Edgar B, piper, who had previously been managing editor. Piper remained editor until his death in 1928, in 1922, The Morning Oregonian launched KGW, Oregons first commercial radio station. Five years later, KGW affiliated with NBC, the newspaper purchased a second station, KEX, in 1933, from NBC subsidiary Northwest Broadcasting Co
25.
Pioneer Courthouse Square
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Pioneer Courthouse Square, also known as Portlands living room, is a public space occupying a full 40, 000-square-foot city block in the center of downtown Portland, Oregon, United States. Opened in 1984, the square is bounded by Southwest Morrison Street on the north, Southwest 6th Avenue on the east, Southwest Yamhill Street on the south, the square is named after the Pioneer Courthouse, an 1875 federal building occupying the block directly east of the square. The block itself dates to 1856, when the city purchased land included the site as the location for Central School. The school was moved in 1883 when plans were made for a hotel on the site in response to the arrival of the Northern Pacific Railway. After delays due to a recession, the eight-story Portland Hotel was completed on the site in 1890, the hotel was the center of the citys social activity for the first half of the 20th century. In 1951, the hotel was torn down and a parking lot was built. An original archway and gatework from the hotel were part of the squares design and are found today on the south side of the square. An 800-car parking garage was proposed to the Portland Planning Commission in January 1969, in the early 1970s, a comprehensive downtown plan proposed that the site become dedicated public space. By early 1980, a competition was announced, seeking proposals for what was to become Pioneer Courthouse Square. Out of 162 submissions, five finalists emerged, from firms based in New York City, Philadelphia, San Francisco/Los Angeles, Boston, willard Martins group literally painted their design on the parking lot occupying the block, and their plan was accepted. Their design received an Architectural Design Citation from Progressive Architecture magazine in 1981, funding problems surfaced after the design was completed. Former Governor Tom McCall, who by then was a commentator, was indignant. To learn that a few power brokers have decreed that the result of the nationwide design rivalry is meaningless, the squares construction required $3 million for land acquisition and $4.3 million for the structures and amenities, a large enough amount that the opposition nearly doomed the project. Martin, together with architects and volunteers, drew attention to the delays from the opposition by painting a stylized blueprint of the proposal on the site itself. The square opened on April 6,1984, with a celebration that attracted more than 10,000 people. The square is owned by the city of Portland and is a city park, by October 1988, when the squares fountain was turned over to the Portland Water Bureau, it already needed repairs. The Oregonian called it a leaker with corroding drain lines, repair work was undertaken in 1995, during which the purple tiles that had originally surfaced the fountain were replaced with granite veneer. The fountain received another overhaul in 2006, but without any change to its appearance, in 1989, a Starbucks coffeehouse opened at the northwest corner of the square, replacing a series of failed restaurants at the same location
26.
Pietro Belluschi
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Pietro Belluschi was an Italian-born American architect, a leader of the Modern Movement in architecture, and was responsible for the design of over 1,000 buildings. Born in Italy, Belluschis architectural career began as a draftsman in a Portland, Oregon and he achieved a national reputation within about 20 years, largely for his 1947 aluminum-clad Equitable Building. He won the 1972 AIA Gold Medal, pietro Belluschi was born in Ancona, Italy, in 1899. He grew up in Italy and served in the Italian armed forces during World War I when Italy was allied with Great Britain, France, serving in the army he fought against the Austrians at the battles of Caporetto and Vittorio Veneto. After the war, Belluschi studied at the University of Rome and he moved to the United States in 1923, despite speaking no English, and finished his education—as an exchange student on a scholarship—at Cornell University with a second degree in civil engineering. Instead of returning to Italy, he worked briefly as an engineer in Idaho earning $5 per day. He remained in the U. S. as friends in Italy had cautioned him to not return home because of the rise to power of Benito Mussolini, at Doyles office, Belluschi rose rapidly, soon becoming chief designer. After Doyle died in 1928, the firm took him into partnership in 1933, by 1943, Belluschi had assumed control of the firm by buying out all the other partners and was practicing under his own name. In 1951, Belluschi became Dean of the architecture and planning school at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, when he accepted the position of dean and moved to Massachusetts, he transferred his office in Portland to the architecture firm Skidmore, Owings and Merrill. The move reduced his income from $150,000 to a salary of $15,000. Belluschis churches and residences differed from his commercial works, Belluschi was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1952. In 1953, he was elected into the National Academy of Design as an Associate member and he served as a presidential appointee on the U. S. Commission of Fine Arts from 1950 to 1955 and he was a Fellow in the American Institute of Architects, and was awarded the AIA Gold Medal, the highest award given by the institute, in 1972. He was awarded the National Medal of Arts by the National Endowment for the Arts in 1991 for his lifetime achievements, Belluschi was on the jury that selected the winning design for the Vietnam Veterans Memorial in Washington, D. C. After leaving MIT in 1965, he continued to work, Belluschi would design and consult on both buildings and issues surrounding urban planning. Pietro Belluschi was married first to Helen Hemmila on December 1,1934, after her death in 1962, he married in 1965 Marjorie or Margaret. Pietro Belluschi died in Portland on February 14,1994
27.
Travel + Leisure
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Travel + Leisure is a travel magazine based in New York City, New York. Published 12 times a year, it has 4.8 million readers and it is owned and published by Time Inc. Its main competitors are Condé Nast Traveler and National Geographic Traveler, initially published in 1937 as U. S. Camera and Travel, it later assumed the name Travel + Leisure in 1971. The predecessor titles focused on photography, but the name change signaled a shift toward travel coverage in general. The magazine specializes in leisure travel and often features articles written by novelists, poets, artists, designers and it is known for its travel photography and covers featuring models lounging in upscale environments. Its Worlds Best Awards, a reader survey rating destinations. Other annual features include the T+L500, a list of the worlds top 500 hotels, and Americas Favorite Cities, the magazines Web site publishes original Web content and destination guides. Travel + Leisure Magazine was purchased from American Express Publishing by Time Inc. on October 1,2013, the Official Travel + Leisure website The Official Travel + Leisure Southeast Asia website
28.
Architecture of Portland, Oregon
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Portland architecture includes a number of notable buildings, a wide range of styles, and a few notable pioneering architects. Although these restrictions limit project size, they contribute to Portlands reputation for urban planning. Many older buildings have preserved and re-used, including many glazed terra-cotta buildings. Portland is a leader in architecture and is known for its focus on urban planning. As of 2009, Portland has the second highest number of LEED-accredited green buildings of any city in the U. S. second only to Chicago. Well-known architect Pietro Belluschi began his career in Portland with the firm of A. E. Doyle. Other notable architects and firms who have worked in Portland are Skidmore, Owings and Merrill, Michael Graves, Cass Gilbert, Rapp and Rapp, kohn Pedersen Fox, Frank Lloyd Wright, Richard Neutra, Zimmer Gunsul Frasca Architects and Brad Cloepfil of Allied Works. The Benson Hotel, an elegant, restored historic hotel, Pietro Belluschis Equitable Building was the first aluminum-clad building and the first to be completely sealed with an air-conditioned environment. Framework, when completed will be the tallest timber building in North America, Lloyd Center mall, Oregons largest mall, opened in the summer of 1960. The Meier & Frank Building – Meier & Franks full-block, glazed terra-cotta flagship department store, the Moda Center, home of the Portland Trail Blazers. The Oregon Convention Centers twin spires are a prominent feature on the eastside skyline, the Pioneer Courthouse, the oldest federal building in the Pacific Northwest and the second-oldest west of the Mississippi River. The Pittock Mansion is a popular tourist attraction, the Portland Building, by Michael Graves, the first major post-modern building constructed in the U. S. The Seward Hotel, better known as the Governor Hotel, now part of the Sentinel Hotel, union Station, an active Florentine-style train station with a 150 ft. clock tower. A classic example of construction is the Grand Stable and Carriage Building
29.
Public Service Building (Portland, Oregon)
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The Public Service Building is a historic 67.06 m, 15-story office building in downtown Portland, Oregon, United States. The building and its parking garage have been listed on the National Register of Historic Places as the Public Service Building. It was built to house the offices of the Portland Gas and Coke Company, the buildings name reflects the fact that these utilities were public services. A space in the Public Service Building fronting the corner of Salmon, the north and south wings of the building were originally two stories tall, but were built up to their present height of 12 stories in 1957. Considered a skyscraper, once complete, the Public Service Building became the tallest building in Portland and it was overtaken by the Hilton Portland Hotel in August 1962, when that building reached 229 feet. The main power plant for the city was located in the basement. The space is now used to house the main power feeds. The Public Service Building was the third of three similarly Italianate buildings built in Portland by the firm of local architect A. E. Doyle. The projects primary designer, Charles K. Greene, worked on the other Italianate Doyle-commissioned buildings in Portland, the smaller Bank of California Building, green initiated the design of this structure, but left Portland before the building was complete. Pietro Belluschi then completed the project, the first three floors of the Public Service Building are faced with gray terra-cotta, and the upper floors in gray brick. The cornices and details are also terra-cotta, the building has a stylized wave motif that can be seen along its moldings. The original roof, like its buildings, was clad in red clay tile. Pietro Belluschis touch can be seen in the lobby, where he designed elevator doors that represented the utility company tenants. Taking advantage of its being the tallest building in town, the utility companies added neon signs atop the roof, POWER, HEAT, GAS, at some point all four sides of this sign said PACIFIC POWER. A. E. Doyle died in January 1928, only three weeks after the Public Service Building opened, renovations to the Public Service Building took place in 1957,1973, and 1999. The 1957 renovation raised the height of the wings to 12 floors. In 1973, the signs and original roofs were removed. The 1999 renovations focused on reducing energy costs with new technology, the building was sold in 1993 to the Goodman Family, also owners of parking garages and lots in Portland, for $3 million
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Emporis
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Emporis GmbH is a real estate data mining company with headquarters in Hamburg, Germany. The company collects and publishes data and photographs of buildings worldwide, Emporis offers a variety of information on its public database, Emporis. com, located at www. emporis. com. Emporis is frequently cited by media sources as an authority on building data. Emporis previously focused exclusively on high-rise buildings and skyscrapers, which it defines as buildings between 35 and 100 metres tall and at least 100 metres tall, respectively, today, the database has expanded to include low-rise buildings and other structures. Michael Wutzke started a website about skyscrapers in Frankfurt in 1996, in 2000 he started skyscrapers. com which was folded into Emporis in 2003. In 2004, Stephan R. Boehm assumed the role of Chairman, Wutzke was Chief Technology Officer and managing director until 2010, when he left the company. In 2007 venture capital firm Neuhaus Partners and KfW Bankengruppe invested several million Euro in the company, effective January 1,2009, the company moved its headquarters from Darmstadt to Frankfurt. In 2011, the company moved from Frankfurt to Hamburg, in 2000 a group of Emporis senior editors began presenting the Emporis Skyscraper Award. Eligible buildings are selected from a list of all buildings in the world at least 100 meters tall which were completed that year
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SkyscraperPage
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SkyscraperPage is an internet forum for skyscraper hobbyists and enthusiasts that tracks existing and proposed skyscrapers around the world. SkyscraperPage. com drawings have appeared in National Geographics website, Wired, Condé Nast, The Globe and they are based in Victoria, British Columbia. The site has a database of scale-model illustration skyscrapers and other major macro-engineering projects, the scale of the drawings are one pixel per meter. The images are created using pixel art, using these diagrams, skyscrapers and other tall structures from any cities can be compared. General information is given about each structure, such as the location, the year built, if available. In 2008, the site had over 22,000 custom made drawings of skyscrapers, there were 600 artists signed up with the site, about half of whom were active. List of Internet forums List of tallest buildings in the world
32.
National Park Service
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It was created on August 25,1916, by Congress through the National Park Service Organic Act and is an agency of the United States Department of the Interior. As of 2014, the NPS employs 21,651 employees who oversee 417 units, the National Park Service celebrated its centennial in 2016. National parks and national monuments in the United States were originally individually managed under the auspices of the Department of the Interior, the movement for an independent agency to oversee these federal lands was spearheaded by business magnate and conservationist Stephen Mather, as well as J. Horace McFarland. With the help of journalist Robert Sterling Yard, Mather ran a publicity campaign for the Department of the Interior and they wrote numerous articles that praised the scenic and historic qualities of the parks and their possibilities for educational, inspirational, and recreational benefits. This campaign resulted in the creation of a National Park Service, Mather became the first director of the newly formed NPS. On March 3,1933, President Herbert Hoover signed the Reorganization Act of 1933, the act would allow the President to reorganize the executive branch of the United States government. It wasnt until later that summer when the new President, Franklin D. Roosevelt, President Roosevelt agreed and issued two Executive orders to make it happen. In 1951, Conrad Wirth became director of the National Park Service, the demand for parks after the end of the World War II had left the parks overburdened with demands that could not be met. In 1952, with the support of President Dwight D. Eisenhower, he began Mission 66, New parks were added to preserve unique resources and existing park facilities were upgraded and expanded. In 1966, as the Park Service turned 50 years old, emphasis began to turn from just saving great and wonderful scenery, Director George Hartzog began the process with the creation of the National Lakeshores and then National Recreation Areas. Since its inception in 1916, the National Park Service has managed each of the United States national parks, Yellowstone National Park was the first national park in the United States. In 1872, there was no government to manage it. Yosemite National Park began as a park, the land for the park was donated by the federal government to the state of California in 1864 for perpetual conservation. Yosemite was later returned to federal ownership, at first, each national park was managed independently, with varying degrees of success. In Yellowstone, the staff was replaced by the U. S. Army in 1886. Due to the irregularities in managing these national treasures, Stephen Mather petitioned the government to improve the situation. In response, Secretary of the Interior Franklin K. Lane challenged him to lobby for creating a new agency, Mather was successful with the ratification of the National Park Service Organic Act in 1916. Later, the agency was given authority over other protected areas, the National Park System includes all properties managed by the National Park Service
33.
Portland Tribune
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The Portland Tribune is a free newspaper published twice weekly, each Tuesday and Thursday, in Portland, Oregon, United States. The Tribune has twice been chosen as the nations best non-daily paper, launched in 2001, the paper was published twice-weekly until 2008, when it was reduced to weekly, and returned to twice-weekly publication in 2014. Pamplin, Jr. announced his intention to found the paper in the summer of 2000, at the time, it was a rare example of the expansion of print news, in a time when many cities were seeing newspapers merge or go out of business. But its launch preceded a significant national downturn in advertising sales, eleven months after its launch, the Tribune cut back on home deliveries. The newspaper was losing money faster than anticipated after its first year. By late 2006, its staff had been reduced to 27. On May 5,2008, the paper announced it would switch effective immediately to a print format. In July 2009, difficult conditions led to the layoff of two reporters and the resignation of its managing editor, resulting in a newsroom staff of 14. In March 2014, the Portland Tribune resumed twice-weekly publication of its print edition, with reinstatement of a Tuesday edition, the paper deals almost exclusively with issues local to Portland and the U. S. state of Oregon. The paper is known for its coverage of local high school, college and professional sports teams, with concentration on the NBA, Pac-10, Big Sky Conference. A business section was added to the print edition in 2014, along with other coverage expansion, including health and fitness content, the Tribune sponsors the annual Portland Regional Spelling Bee for middle school students. The champion participates in the Scripps National Spelling Bee in Washington, D. C
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The Seattle Times
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The Seattle Times is a newspaper serving Seattle, Washington, United States. It is the daily newspaper in the state of Washington and has the largest Sunday circulation in the Pacific Northwest. It has been Seattles only major daily print newspaper since the demise of the version of the rival Seattle Post-Intelligencer in 2009. The Seattle Times originated as the Seattle Press-Times, a newspaper founded in 1891 with a daily circulation of 3,500. Renamed the Seattle Daily Times, it doubled its circulation within half a year, by 1915, circulation stood at 70,000. The newspaper moved to the Times Square Building at 5th Avenue and it built a new headquarters, the Seattle Times Building, north of Denny Way in 1930. The paper moved to its current headquarters at 1000 Denny Way in 2011, the Seattle Times switched from afternoon delivery to mornings on March 6,2000, citing that the move would help them avoid the fate of other defunct afternoon newspapers. This placed the Times in direct competition with its JOA partner, nine years later, the P-I became an online-only publication. The Times is one of the few remaining major city dailies in the United States independently operated and owned by a local family. The Seattle Times Company, while owning and operating the Times, the McClatchy Company owns 49.5 percent of voting common stock in the Seattle Times Company, formerly held by Knight Ridder until 2006. The Times reporting has received 10 Pulitzer Prizes, most recently for its news coverage of the 2014 landslide that killed 43 people in Oso. It has a reputation for its investigative journalism, in particular. In February 2002, The Seattle Times ran a subheadline American outshines Kwan, many Asian Americans felt insulted by the Times actions even after the newspaper apologized, because Michelle Kwan is also American. The newspapers management said the ads were aimed at demonstrating how effective advertising with The Times can be, the advertisements in favor of McKenna represent an $80,000 independent expenditure, making the newspaper the third largest contributor to his campaign. More than 100 staffers signed a letter of protest sent to Seattle Times Publisher Frank Blethen, the two papers maintained their own identities with separate news and editorial departments. The Times announced its intention to cancel the Joint Operating Agreement in 2003, hearst sued, arguing that a force majeure clause prevented the Times from claiming losses as reason to end the JOA when they result from extraordinary events. While a district judge ruled in Hearsts favor, the Times won on appeal, hearst continued to argue that the Times fabricated its loss in 2002. The two papers announced an end to their dispute on April 16,2007 and this arrangement JOA was terminated when the Post-Intelligencer ceased publication, its final printed edition was March 17,2009
35.
Willamette Week
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Willamette Week is an alternative weekly newspaper and a website published in Portland, Oregon, United States, since 1974. It features reports on news, politics, sports, business. Willamette Week is the weekly newspaper to have had one of its reporters, Nigel Jaquiss. It is also the first newspaper to have won a Pulitzer for a story first published online, Willamette Week was founded in 1974 by Ronald A. Buel, who served as its first publisher. It was later owned by the Eugene Register-Guard, which sold it in the fall of 1983 to Richard H. Meeker and Mark Zusman, who took the positions of publisher and editor, respectively. Meeker had been one of the papers first reporters, starting in 1974, Meeker and Zusman formed City of Roses Newspaper Company to publish WW and a sister publication, Fresh Weekly, a free guide to local arts and entertainment. WW had a circulation at that time, with about 12,000 subscribers. In June 2015, Richard Meeker stepped down as Willamette Weeks publisher, after more than 31 years in the position, editor Mark Zusman succeeded him as publisher, while also retaining the editorship. Meeker planned to continue working for the City of Roses Newspaper Company, prior to his death in 2010, cartoonist John Callahans long-running comic Callahan appeared weekly in the paper. Since 1984, the paper has been free, it generates over 80% of its revenue through display advertising and its pre-tax profit is around 5%, a third to a half of what large mass-media companies require. Notable stories first reported by WW include, In 2009, reporting that then-City Commissioner Sam Adams engaged in a relationship with a legislative intern. Rumors of a relationship between the two men had circulated during Adams campaign for mayor, but Adams denied any sexual relationship, only after Willamette Week contacted Adams for comment on an upcoming story did he admit publicly that there had been a sexual relationship. However, he stipulated that there had no relationship between them until after Breedlove turned 18. Adams said hed previously lied about the relationship in order to avoid feeding negative stereotypes of gay men as somehow predatory, Smith, a Republican, had been a fierce opponent of illegal immigration and had voted against an amnesty bill. Two months later, Smith lost a bid, credited in part to Willamette Weeks story. Making public Neil Goldschmidts long-concealed sexual misconduct with a 14-year-old girl, Goldschmidt, a former Oregon governor, was mayor of Portland at the time of the abuse. That interview ran prior to Willamette Weeks report appearing in print, however, the alternative weekly did finally get the scoop, breaking the Goldschmidt story first on its website. Nigel Jaquiss won the 2005 Pulitzer Prize for investigative reporting for his work on that story, in 2014 and 2015, WW published a series of stories about then Governor John Kitzhaber and his fiancee, Cylvia Hayes, and allegations of pay for play
36.
Oregon Field Guide
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Oregon Field Guide is a weekly television program produced by Oregon Public Broadcasting focusing on recreation, the outdoors, and environmental issues in the state of Oregon. The show has part of the Oregon zeitgeist. Steve Amen is the shows host and executive producer, produced with deep narratives rather than short segments,13 half-hour and one full-hour episodes are shown per year. Oregon Field Guide started as a partnership between Oregon Public Broadcasting and the Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife, the pilot first aired in 1989. The program became the production of OPB with the series premier in 1990. Using the information from this story, Amen also produced an award-winning Frontline episode, titled To The Last Fish, Oregon Field Guide was kept during major state budget cuts in 2003 that affected OPB. In that year, the budget was $300,000. Most stories are narrated by the lead producer/reporter, though Steve Amen has also narrated reports produced by others, Jim Newman produced over 250 Oregon Field Guide segments, and was brought on when Amen got the greenlight on the series. In 1998, the show was the most-watched local TV series in the PBS system, past producers/reporters include Jim Newman, Steve Lobel, Eric Cain, Jessica Martin and Jeff Douglas. Oregon Field Guide and its crew have won more than 25 regional Emmys in its first 26 seasons, the awards are for everything from best Environmental Program, Topical Documentary, Audio, Informational Special to Community Service. Patton received an award for his reporting in the episode Marmot Dam, Oregon Field Guide showed us things this panel had never heard of. More important, this program did what documentaries do best and they made a point to stay after everybody else left. By doing that, they were able to report beyond the headlines and were able to prove everybody wrong, the show has won eight Regional Emmys. The latter report also received a mention in the Public Affairs category of the Pacific Mountain Networks Best of the West awards in that year. Oregon Field Guide has filmed while diving in Spirit Lake, titled Ecological Mysteries of Spirit Lake and it showed the rebirth of the lake after the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens. The unfiltered and pure water of the Bull Run watershed, has featured in two seasons. It has also covered near-extinct bighorn sheep and mountain unicycling, the Silent Invasion was an OPB documentary production studying the threats posed by invasive species in the state. It was produced and written by Ed Jahn, the documentary focused on the influence of yellow-star thistle, quagga mussels, spartina and English ivy, among other invasive species
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Daily Journal of Commerce
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The Daily Journal of Commerce is a U. S. newspaper published Monday, Wednesday and Friday in Portland, Oregon. It features business, construction, real estate, legal news and it is a member of American Court & Commercial Newspapers Inc. DJC is owned by BridgeTower Media, the DJC is read by business professionals in industries such as construction industry, architecture, engineering, commercial real estate, and law. Besides news, each day the readers of the DJC can find a number of legal notices and public records from the city of Portland. The Daily Journal of Commerce was founded in 1872 and it merged with Sunday Welcome at some point during the 1930s or 1940s, and was purchased by Dolan Media Company of Minneapolis in 1997. Dolan Media Company changed its name to The Dolan Company in 2010, the Dolan Company changed its name to BridgeTower Media in 2016
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New York City
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The City of New York, often called New York City or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2015 population of 8,550,405 distributed over an area of about 302.6 square miles. Located at the tip of the state of New York. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has described as the cultural and financial capital of the world. Situated on one of the worlds largest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, the five boroughs – Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, The Bronx, and Staten Island – were consolidated into a single city in 1898. In 2013, the MSA produced a gross metropolitan product of nearly US$1.39 trillion, in 2012, the CSA generated a GMP of over US$1.55 trillion. NYCs MSA and CSA GDP are higher than all but 11 and 12 countries, New York City traces its origin to its 1624 founding in Lower Manhattan as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic and was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790. It has been the countrys largest city since 1790, the Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a symbol of the United States and its democracy. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. Several sources have ranked New York the most photographed city in the world, the names of many of the citys bridges, tapered skyscrapers, and parks are known around the world. Manhattans real estate market is among the most expensive in the world, Manhattans Chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere, with multiple signature Chinatowns developing across the city. Providing continuous 24/7 service, the New York City Subway is one of the most extensive metro systems worldwide, with 472 stations in operation. Over 120 colleges and universities are located in New York City, including Columbia University, New York University, and Rockefeller University, during the Wisconsinan glaciation, the New York City region was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet over 1,000 feet in depth. The ice sheet scraped away large amounts of soil, leaving the bedrock that serves as the foundation for much of New York City today. Later on, movement of the ice sheet would contribute to the separation of what are now Long Island and Staten Island. The first documented visit by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown and he claimed the area for France and named it Nouvelle Angoulême. Heavy ice kept him from further exploration, and he returned to Spain in August and he proceeded to sail up what the Dutch would name the North River, named first by Hudson as the Mauritius after Maurice, Prince of Orange
39.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
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Architecture
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Architecture is both the process and the product of planning, designing, and constructing buildings and other physical structures. Architectural works, in the form of buildings, are often perceived as cultural symbols. Historical civilizations are often identified with their surviving architectural achievements, Architecture can mean, A general term to describe buildings and other physical structures. The art and science of designing buildings and nonbuilding structures, the style of design and method of construction of buildings and other physical structures. A unifying or coherent form or structure Knowledge of art, science, technology, the design activity of the architect, from the macro-level to the micro-level. The practice of the architect, where architecture means offering or rendering services in connection with the design and construction of buildings. The earliest surviving work on the subject of architecture is De architectura. According to Vitruvius, a building should satisfy the three principles of firmitas, utilitas, venustas, commonly known by the original translation – firmness, commodity. An equivalent in modern English would be, Durability – a building should stand up robustly, utility – it should be suitable for the purposes for which it is used. Beauty – it should be aesthetically pleasing, according to Vitruvius, the architect should strive to fulfill each of these three attributes as well as possible. Leon Battista Alberti, who elaborates on the ideas of Vitruvius in his treatise, De Re Aedificatoria, saw beauty primarily as a matter of proportion, for Alberti, the rules of proportion were those that governed the idealised human figure, the Golden mean. The most important aspect of beauty was, therefore, an inherent part of an object, rather than something applied superficially, Gothic architecture, Pugin believed, was the only true Christian form of architecture. The 19th-century English art critic, John Ruskin, in his Seven Lamps of Architecture, Architecture was the art which so disposes and adorns the edifices raised by men. That the sight of them contributes to his health, power. For Ruskin, the aesthetic was of overriding significance and his work goes on to state that a building is not truly a work of architecture unless it is in some way adorned. For Ruskin, a well-constructed, well-proportioned, functional building needed string courses or rustication, but suddenly you touch my heart, you do me good. I am happy and I say, This is beautiful, le Corbusiers contemporary Ludwig Mies van der Rohe said Architecture starts when you carefully put two bricks together. The notable 19th-century architect of skyscrapers, Louis Sullivan, promoted an overriding precept to architectural design, function came to be seen as encompassing all criteria of the use, perception and enjoyment of a building, not only practical but also aesthetic, psychological and cultural
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Brad Cloepfil
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Brad Cloepfil is an American architect, educator and principal of Allied Works Architecture of Portland, Oregon and New York City. His first major project was a reuse of a Portland warehouse for the advertising agency Wieden+Kennedy. Recent and notable works include the Clyfford Still Museum in Denver, Colorado, completed in November 2011, and the National Music Centre of Canada in Calgary, Alberta, Cloepfil was born in Portland, Oregon and earned his Bachelor of Architecture at the University of Oregon in Eugene. After working in the offices of Skidmore, Owings & Merrill, in Los Angeles and he received his Master of Science in Advanced Architectural Design from the Columbia University Graduate School of Architecture in 1985. After a decade of teaching and practice in New York, California and Oregon, Cloepfil founded Allied Works Architecture in Portland, Oregon, in 1994, and opened the New York City office in 2003. Cloepfil has designed and realized a wide range of projects around the world, including civic and educational institutions, arts organizations and museums and he has received acclaim for his work on creative and cultural projects and for crafting powerful spaces for art and interaction. He is also a frequent juror and lecturer at leading universities, arts organizations, the project transformed an abandoned 1908 warehouse into the headquarters for an international advertising agency. In a state of disrepair after decades as a sealed cold-storage facility, Wieden had doubts of ever moving in there. The Allied Works design turned the dark warehouse into a light-filled, open structure with new concrete and reclaimed Douglas-fir juxtaposed against the existing masonry and this project earned him several other projects from Wieden and would prove to be instrumental in further commissions. Cloepfils firm was selected in a 1999 design competition for the Contemporary Art Museum St. Louis over world-renowned architects such as Peter Zumthor, Herzog & de Meuron, the museum was sited next to an existing Tadao Ando building for the Pulitzer Foundation and completed in 2003. The program of the museum was open-ended in the model of European Kunsthalls, describing his approach, Cloepfil said “I wanted a space that is energized on its own terms but also would be inspirational for artists. In a noncollecting context, you hope that artists are intensely motivated to work for the space. Allied Works was selected over other finalists Polshek Partnership and Cooper, interest in landmarking this building began in 1996, soon after the building turned thirty years old and became eligible for landmark designation. In this year, Robert A. M. Stern included it in his article A Preservationists List of 35 Modern Landmarks-in-Waiting written for the New York Times, years later, plans to alter the building were called the erasure of a rare American modernist. Cloepfil used the same massing and geometric shape as dictated by the city zoning regulations, the redesigned building replaced the original white Vermont Marble with a glazed terra-cotta and glass facade. The aim behind the design was to underline the iconic presence of this 10-storey building, the terra-cotta and glass covering evokes the principal theme of the collection, a look at different traditions in contemporary craft practice. The tiles were developed in collaboration with Dutch ceramics company Royal Tichelaar Makkum with a custom glaze by artist Christine Jetten, in 2007, Cloepfil and Allied Works won the competition to design the Clyfford Still Museum, which is adjacent to Daniel Libeskinds design of the Denver Art Museum. Cloepfil says that his goal is to provide the visitors an experience with the artists life, work
42.
A. E. Doyle
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Albert Ernest Doyle was a prolific architect in the U. S. states of Oregon and Washington. He is most often credited for his works as A. E. Doyle and he opened his own architectural practice in 1907. From 1908 to 1914, he partnered with William B, Patterson, and their firm was known as Doyle & Patterson. Doyle was born in Santa Cruz, California, and moved with his family at a young age to Portland, Oregon. He began an apprenticeship with the firm of Whidden & Lewis in 1893 and remained until 1906, while with Whidden & Lewis he may have substantially designed the Forestry Building of the Lewis and Clark Centennial Exposition. While with Henry Bacon, he attended classes at, but was not enrolled in. From April to December 1906 he made a tour of Europe. After returning to Portland, he opened his own practice, in 1907, after securing the commission for a major addition to the Meier & Frank store, he formed a partnership with architect William B. The firm, Doyle & Patterson, lasted until 1914, Patterson served as the engineer and superintendent for the firm. When work dried up in 1914, the dissolved and Doyle again practiced on his own as A. E. Doyle. Doyle & Pattersons Revival- and Italianate-style works set the tone for other buildings in Portland. A series of cabins along the Oregon and Washington coasts inspired a regional style that was widely emulated in the 1930s. Doyle also designed Portlands iconic public drinking fountains known as Benson Bubblers, another extremely prominent project that Doyle was tapped to build was the fledgling Reed College campus. Competition to design Reed College was fierce and many of the top architects made bids. On January 5,1911, the Reed Trustees announced that Doyle & Patterson had been elected unanimously, Doyle envisioned a large college of Gothic-inspired dormitories and grassy quadrangles. Doyle also drew up a design for the Equitable Building which called for an Art Deco skyscraper design. The building ended up being built after World War II by Pietro Belluschi in its noted, in the 1920s, Doyles firm had a second period of growth. In 1925, Doyle hired the young Pietro Belluschi, Doyle died in Portland on January 23,1928, of Brights disease
43.
Ellis F. Lawrence
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Ellis Fuller Lawrence was an American architect who worked primarily in the U. S. state of Oregon. In 1914, he became the co-founder and first dean of the University of Oregons School of Architecture and Allied Arts, Lawrence concurrently served as campus architect for the University of Oregon and designed many campus buildings, including Knight Library and the Jordan Schnitzer Museum of Art. Lawrence Hall on the university campus was named in his honor in 1956 and his body of over 500 projects includes churches, residences, commercial and industrial buildings, funerary buildings, multi-family residences, and public buildings. Ellis F. Lawrence was born in Malden, Massachusetts and received his education at Phillips Academy, Andover. He received both his bachelors and masters degrees at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, the first school of architecture in the United States, after graduation in 1902, Lawrence worked for several architectural firms then traveled in Europe. He was employed by the Boston architectural firm Codman & Despradelle in 1905. In 1906, Codman & Despradelle, sent Lawrence to San Francisco to commence work there and he lived in Portland the rest of his life and commuted to his work as dean and campus architect in Eugene. He was associated with several Oregon-based architecture firms, MacNaughton, Raymond & Lawrence, Lawrence & Holford, Lawrence, Holford, Allyn & Bean, lawrences final partnership, Lawrence & Lawrence, was with his son, Henry Abbott Lawrence. House Alice Henderson Strong House Fred E. Taylor House Troy Laundry Building Wells-Guthrie House James E. Wheeler House Old Kappa Alpha Theta Sorority House, Corvallis James M. edited by Michael Shellenbarger, essays by Kimberly K. Lakin, Leland M. Roth, Michael Shellenbarger. Museum of Art and the Historic Preservation Program, School of Architecture and Allied Arts, Lawrence, Ellis Fuller, Architects of Oregon, A Biographical Dictionary of Architects Deceased—19th and 20th Centuries. Portland, OR, Lair Hill Publishing,2002
44.
Francis Marion Stokes
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Francis Marion Stokes was an American architect famous for his works in the Portland, Oregon, area. Francis and his father William R. Stokes, formed two generations of a Portland design and architectural tradition lasting for over 80 years, from 1882 though the 1960s, the combined design work of the Stokes family had a major impact on the architecture of Portland. The work of Francis Marion Stokes continued, and expanded, that of his father William R. Stokes, in 1883 William joined Richard Zeller in creating the firm of Stokes and Zeller, working as both architects and builders. For forty years, the firm designed churches, schools, hospitals, fraternal buildings and commercial structures with special attention to residences, William Stokes worked until 1920, concentrating on buildings on the east side of Portland. Francis Marion Stokes was trained in architecture at the Oregon Agricultural College in Corvallis and his training continued under his fathers direction during the years he spent as a clerk and architect for Stokes and Zeller. By 1916, Francis was president of Stokes and Zeller, a position he held until 1937 and he enlarged the geographical scope of the firm, designing buildings throughout Portland. His designs were more cosmopolitan than those of his father, most of his work was completed during the 46 years he lived in the Francis Marion Stokes Fourplex, at the time known as the Kuhn Apartments building. Many of Francis Marion Stokes buildings are listed on the City of Portland Historic Resource Inventory and they include the Williams & Company Building,2045 NE M. L. K. Blvd, the F. H. Dammasch Home at 1834 SE 22nd Avenue, the Sellwood Masonic Lodge at 7126 SE Milwaukie, Francis Marion Stokes Fourplex Architecture of Portland, Oregon Francis Marion Stokes record on FamilySearch Gaston, Joseph. City of Portland, Its History and Its Builders
