1.
American Kennel Club
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The American Kennel Club is a registry of purebred dog pedigrees in the United States. Unlike most other countries kennels clubs, the AKC is not part of the Fédération Cynologique Internationale, the origins of the AKC lay in the National Greyhound Association, which was the first organization to encourage breeders to produce dogs with a goal in mind. In this case, the goal was not beauty but racing speed, in 1882, the National Coursing League, a British organization, began to require that all racing dogs be registered in their studbooks before they were eligible to race. The National Greyhound Association followed suit soon after, in the early 1800s, the English became concerned with the beauty of dogs rather than their function. This fad spread to North America, and in 1877, the Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show began, soon after, the need for a regulating body became obvious. The National American Kennel Club, which had founded in 1876, began to publish. In 1884, a group of 13 breed clubs,10 American clubs and 3 Canadian clubs and these 13 clubs pledged to do everything to advance the study, breeding, exhibiting, running and maintenance of purity of thoroughbred dogs. The AKC differed from The Kennel Club in that individuals could not directly join the Kennel Club, they became members of smaller, individual breed clubs, which were themselves members of the AKC. Soon after the AKC, CKC, and KC produced agreements that made any dog eligible to be registered with the club in its home country, in 1909, the group moved to New York and became incorporated. On July 1,2012, the AKC began to recognize certain titles issued by the North American Flyball Association and these titles are Flyball Champion, Flyball Master, and the ONYX title. The AKC is the largest registry of purebred dogs in the U. S. and is the only not-for profit registry, as well as the most well-known, and the most influential. For a purebred dog to be registered with the AKC, the parents must be registered with the AKC as the same breed. Once a determination of eligibility is met, either by application or registry research. As of November 2016, the AKC recognizes 202 breeds, the AKC divides dog breeds into seven groups, one class, and the Foundation Stock Service, consisting of the following, Sporting Group,30 breeds, developed as bird dogs. Includes Pointers, Retrievers, Setters, and Spaniels, hound Group,29 breeds, developed to hunt using sight or scent. Working Group,30 breeds, developed for a variety of jobs, including guarding property, guarding livestock, terrier Group,30 breeds, developed to hunt vermin and to dig them from their burrows or lairs. Toy Group,21 breeds, developed as companion dogs, herding Group,29 breeds, developed to herd livestock. Non-Sporting Group,20 breeds, assorted breeds who do not fit any of the above groups
2.
Canadian Kennel Club
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The Canadian Kennel Club is the primary registry body for purebred dog pedigrees in Canada. The Canadian Kennel Club is a national, member-based, non-profit organization, founded in 1888, it provides registry services for all the 175 dog breeds which it currently recognizes, and provides governance for all CKC approved shows, trial and events. CKC provides news and information to its membership through its association with Dogs in Canada monthly magazine. Once these criteria are met, the dog is eligible to be registered as purebred by the CKC CKC is not the only Canadian registry of purebred dogs, but it is the one most Canadians are familiar with. CKC members may only breed CKC recognized breeds and are required to sign a pledge not to engage in the buying, selling or breeding of dogs not purebred. As with almost all breed registries, the registration specifies only that the dog is purely of one recognized breed—it does not guarantee that the dog comes from healthy or show-quality bloodlines, neither is it a reflection on the quality of the breeder or how the puppy was raised. Registration basically provides tracking for known canine ancestry as stated by the breeder of each dog registered, purebred pedigrees can often be followed back for as much as a century and for perhaps thirty or more generations of registered ancestry. Registration is necessary for dogs who will participate in purebred conformation shows or who will be used for purebred breeding, breeders that are CKC members are required to register all of their puppies, even if they are not of show quality. List of dog recognized by the Canadian Kennel Club Official website A new direction for kennel club regulations
3.
The Kennel Club
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The Kennel Club is the official kennel club of the United Kingdom. It is the oldest recognised kennel club in the world and its role is to act as governing body for various canine activities including dog shows, dog agility and working trials. It also operates the national register of pedigree dogs in the United Kingdom and its headquarters are located on Clarges Street in Mayfair, London, with business offices in Aylesbury. The Kennel Club registration system divides dogs into seven breed groups, the Kennel Club Groups are, Hound, Working, Terrier, Gundog, Pastoral, Utility and Toy. As of 2011, the Kennel Club recognised 210 breeds of dog and this was increased to 211 breeds with the addition of the Turkish Kangal dog in 2013. The Kennel Club licenses dog shows throughout the UK but the dog show actually run by the KC is the Crufts conformation show. The show has held since 1928 and attracts competitors from all over the world. Crufts is held every March at the NEC, Birmingham, the Kennel Club also holds the dog event Discover Dogs in London every November, featuring the Scruffts dog show for crossbreed and mixed breed dogs. The Kennel club was founded in 1873 after Sewallis E Shirley became frustrated by trying to dog shows without a consistent set of rules to work with. Since the first dog show held in 1859, shows had become popular during the Victorian era. Shirley is listed as an exhibitor of Fox Terriers at the Birmingham Dog Show Society show in 1865, together with a group of other gentlemen he organised the First Grand Exhibition of Sporting and Other Dogs held at Crystal Palace in June 1870. The show was not a success and the gentlemen of the committee had to make up the loss. This seems to have been the trigger for Shirley calling a meeting with others who had deep seated interests in judging and exhibiting pedigree dogs. The Meeting was held at 2 Albert Mansions, Victoria Street, London, all business was conducted from there until a move to Pall Mall in May 1877. It was decided they would be responsible for publishing a Stud Book, the Kennel Club saw particular change under the chairmanship of John MacDougall during the period 1981 to 1996. It was also under his stewardship that the system became computerised. The Kennel Club acquired Crufts dog show after the widow of Charles Cruft was unable to devote the time to running such a large undertaking, no shows were held during the Second World War. The first Crufts show held by the Kennel Club was in 1948 at Olympia, the show was first televised by the BBC in 1950
4.
Dog
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The domestic dog is a member of genus Canis that forms part of the wolf-like canids, and is the most widely abundant carnivore. The dog and the extant gray wolf are sister taxa, with modern wolves not closely related to the wolves that were first domesticated, the dog was the first domesticated species and has been selectively bred over millennia for various behaviors, sensory capabilities, and physical attributes. Their long association with humans has led dogs to be attuned to human behavior. Dogs vary widely in shape, size and colours, dogs perform many roles for people, such as hunting, herding, pulling loads, protection, assisting police and military, companionship and, more recently, aiding handicapped individuals. This influence on society has given them the sobriquet mans best friend. The term domestic dog is used for both domesticated and feral varieties. The English word dog comes from Middle English dogge, from Old English docga, the term may possibly derive from Proto-Germanic *dukkōn, represented in Old English finger-docce. The word also shows the familiar petname diminutive -ga also seen in frogga frog, picga pig, stagga stag, wicga beetle, worm, the term dog may ultimately derive from the earliest layer of Proto-Indo-European vocabulary. In 14th-century England, hound was the word for all domestic canines, and dog referred to a subtype of hound. It is believed this dog type was so common, it became the prototype of the category hound. By the 16th century, dog had become the general word, the word hound is ultimately derived from the Proto-Indo-European word *kwon-, dog. This semantic shift may be compared with in German, where the corresponding words Dogge, a male canine is referred to as a dog, while a female is called a bitch. The father of a litter is called the sire, and the mother is called the dam, the process of birth is whelping, from the Old English word hwelp, the modern English word whelp is an alternate term for puppy. A litter refers to the offspring at one birth which are called puppies or pups from the French poupée, doll. The term dog typically is applied both to the species as a whole, and any male member of the same. An adult female is a bitch, in some countries, especially in North America, dog is used instead due to the vulgar connotation of bitch. An adult male capable of reproduction is a stud, an adult female capable of reproduction is a brood bitch, or brood mother. Immature males or females are pups or puppies, a group of pups from the same gestation period is a litter
5.
Working dog
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A working dog is a canine working animal, i. e. a type of dog that is not merely a pet but learns and performs tasks to assist and/or entertain its human companions, or a breed of such origin. In Australia and New Zealand, a dog is one which has been trained to work livestock. Within this general description, however, there are ways in which the phrase is used. To identify any dog that performs actions on a basis to assist people. In this context, a dog that helps a rancher manage cattle or that performs stunts for a trainer who receives pay for its acts is a working dog and this might be in comparison to a companion dog, whose purpose is primarily as a pet. To distinguish between dogs that are bred for appearance primarily to win conformation shows and working dogs that are bred primarily for their ability to perform a task and it is also possible that a specimen may excel in both appearance and performance. In many FCI countries it is impossible for some working breeds dogs to become conformation champions without having passed adequate breed specific tests measuring their working abilities, for some breeds, there are separate registries for tracking the ancestry of working and show dogs. As a catch-all for dog breeds whose original purpose was to perform tasks that do not fit into a specific category of work. For example, until 1983 herding dogs were part of the Working Group, the Herding Group was created when the Working Group became too large. Today, the American Kennel Club uses Working Dogs to describe breeds who were bred for jobs other than herding or hunting. Such jobs might include pulling carts, guarding and so on, however, in practice these show dogs under the AKC are not proper working dogs, and would indeed not be suitable for use as such. Many true working breeds are very valuable as working dogs. An example of such a breed is the Anatolian Shepherd, without which many sheep would be destroyed for example by wolves, feral dogs, and in Namibia. Although most modern dogs are kept as pets, there are still a number of ways in which dogs can and do assist humans. The following list provides an idea of the versatility of dogs, Turnspit dogs were used as a source of power, similar arrangements were used for household duties such as churning butter. Dogs were used as draught animals to pull small carts for farms, peddlers, or travellers, to deliver mail and they were used in World War I to pull small field guns. Dogs in harness sometimes had guard dogs to protect them from stray dogs, Service or assistance dogs help people with various disabilities in every day tasks. Some examples include mobility assistance dogs for the handicapped, guide dogs for the visually impaired
6.
Algarve
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The Algarve is the southernmost region of continental Portugal. It has an area of 4,997 square kilometres with 451,006 permanent inhabitants, the region has as its administrative centre in the city of Faro, where both the regions international airport and public university, University of Algarve, are located. Tourism and related activities are extensive and make up the bulk of the Algarves summer economy, production of food, which includes fish and other seafood, fruit, oranges, carob beans, figs and almonds, is also economically important in the region. The Algarve is the most popular tourist destination in Portugal, and its population triples to nearly 1.5 million people in the peak holiday season thanks to seasonal residents, and receives an average of 7 million foreign tourists each year. In total, including visitors, almost 10 million people visit the Algarve annually. The Algarve is currently the third richest region in Portugal, after Lisbon and Madeira, human presence in southern Portugal dates back to the Paleolithic and Neolithic periods. The presence of stones in the area of Vila do Bispo attests to this presence. The Cynetes, influenced by Tartessos, were established by the sixth century BC in the region of the Algarve and they would be strongly influenced by the Celtici. Those indo-european tribes, celtic or pre-celtic, founded the city of Lagos, the Phoenicians had established trading ports along the coast circa 1000 BC. Some sources claim that the Carthaginians founded Portus Hanibalis – known today as Portimão – in about 550 BC, much of the Iberian Peninsula was absorbed into the Roman Republic in the second century BC, and the Algarve region similarly came under Roman control. Many Roman ruins can still be seen, notably in Lagos, Roman bath complexes and fish salting tanks have been found near the shore in several locations, for example the ones near Vilamoura and Praia da Luz. In the 5th century the Visigoths took control of the Algarve until the beginning of the Umayyad conquest of Hispania in 711, when the Moors conquered Lagos in 716, it was named Zawaia. Faro, which the Christian residents had called Santa Maria, was renamed Faraon, due to the conquest of the Iberian Peninsula, the region was called Gharb Al-Andalus, Gharb means the west, while al-Andalus is the Arabic name for the Iberian Peninsula. For several years, the town of Silves was the capital of the region, in the mid-13th century, during the Reconquista, the Kingdom of Portugal conquered the region in a series of successful military campaigns against the Moors. Al-Gharb became the Kingdom of the Algarve, and the moors were expelled and it was not until the early 14th century that the Portuguese finally secured the region against the subsequent Muslim attempts to recapture the area. King Afonso III of Portugal started calling himself King of Portugal, prior to the independence of Brazil, the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves was an official designation for Portugal which also alluded to the Algarve. Portuguese monarchs continued used this title until the proclamation of the First Portuguese Republic in 1910, between 1595 and 1808, the Algarve was a semi-autonomous area of Portugal with its own governor, as well as a separate taxation system. In the 15th century, Prince Henry the Navigator based himself near Lagos and it was also from Lagos that Gil Eanes set sail in 1434 to become the first seafarer to round Cape Bojador in West Africa
7.
Portugal
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Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic, is a country on the Iberian Peninsula in Southwestern Europe. It is the westernmost country of mainland Europe, to the west and south it is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean and to the east and north by Spain. The Portugal–Spain border is 1,214 kilometres long and considered the longest uninterrupted border within the European Union, the republic also includes the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira, both autonomous regions with their own regional governments. The territory of modern Portugal has been settled, invaded. The Pre-Celts, Celts, Carthaginians and the Romans were followed by the invasions of the Visigothic, in 711 the Iberian Peninsula was invaded by the Moors, making Portugal part of Muslim Al Andalus. Portugal was born as result of the Christian Reconquista, and in 1139, Afonso Henriques was proclaimed King of Portugal, in the 15th and 16th centuries, Portugal established the first global empire, becoming one of the worlds major economic, political and military powers. Portugal monopolized the trade during this time, and the Portuguese Empire expanded with military campaigns led in Asia. After the 1910 revolution deposed the monarchy, the democratic but unstable Portuguese First Republic was established, democracy was restored after the Portuguese Colonial War and the Carnation Revolution in 1974. Shortly after, independence was granted to almost all its overseas territories, Portugal has left a profound cultural and architectural influence across the globe and a legacy of over 250 million Portuguese speakers today. Portugal is a country with a high-income advanced economy and a high living standard. It is the 5th most peaceful country in the world, maintaining a unitary semi-presidential republican form of government and it has the 18th highest Social Progress in the world, putting it ahead of other Western European countries like France, Spain and Italy. Portugal is a pioneer when it comes to drug decriminalization, as the nation decriminalized the possession of all drugs for use in 2001. The early history of Portugal is shared with the rest of the Iberian Peninsula located in South Western Europe, the name of Portugal derives from the joined Romano-Celtic name Portus Cale. Other influences include some 5th-century vestiges of Alan settlements, which were found in Alenquer, Coimbra, the region of present-day Portugal was inhabited by Neanderthals and then by Homo sapiens, who roamed the border-less region of the northern Iberian peninsula. These were subsistence societies that, although they did not establish prosperous settlements, neolithic Portugal experimented with domestication of herding animals, the raising of some cereal crops and fluvial or marine fishing. Chief among these tribes were the Calaicians or Gallaeci of Northern Portugal, the Lusitanians of central Portugal, the Celtici of Alentejo, a few small, semi-permanent, commercial coastal settlements were also founded in the Algarve region by Phoenicians-Carthaginians. Romans first invaded the Iberian Peninsula in 219 BC, during the last days of Julius Caesar, almost the entire peninsula had been annexed to the Roman Republic. The Carthaginians, Romes adversary in the Punic Wars, were expelled from their coastal colonies and it suffered a severe setback in 150 BC, when a rebellion began in the north
8.
Fishing trawler
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A fishing trawler, also known as a dragger, is a commercial fishing vessel designed to operate fishing trawls. Trawling is a method of fishing that involves actively dragging or pulling a trawl through the water one or more trawlers. Trawls are fishing nets that are pulled along the bottom of the sea or in midwater at a specified depth, a trawler may also operate two or more trawl nets simultaneously. There are many variants of trawling gear and they vary according to local traditions, bottom conditions, and how large and powerful the trawling boats are. A trawling boat can be an open boat with only 30 horsepower or a large factory ship with 10,000 horsepower. Trawl variants include beam trawls, large-opening midwater trawls, and large bottom trawls, during the 17th century, the British developed the Dogger, an early type of sailing trawler commonly operated in the North Sea. The Dogger takes its name from the Dutch word dogger, meaning a vessel which tows a trawl. Doggers were slow but sturdy, capable of fishing in the conditions of the North Sea. The modern fishing trawler was developed in the 19th century, at the English fishing port of Brixham. The Brixham trawler that evolved there was of a build and had a tall gaff rig. They were also sufficiently robust to be able to tow large trawls in deep water, the great trawling fleet that built up at Brixham, earned the village the title of Mother of Deep-Sea Fisheries. The small village of Grimsby grew to become the largest fishing port in the world by the mid 19th century, with the tremendous expansion in the fishing industry, the Grimsby Dock Company was opened in 1854 as the first modern fishing port. The elegant Brixham trawler spread across the world, influencing fishing fleets everywhere, by the end of the 19th century, there were over 3,000 fishing trawlers in commission in Britain, with almost 1,000 at Grimsby. These trawlers were sold to fishermen around Europe, including from the Netherlands, twelve trawlers went on to form the nucleus of the German fishing fleet. The earliest steam powered fishing boats first appeared in the 1870s and used the system of fishing as well as lines. These were large boats, usually 80–90 feet in length with a beam of around 20 feet and they weighed 40–50 tons and travelled at 9–11 knots. The earliest purpose built fishing vessels were designed and made by David Allan in Leith in March 1875, in 1877, he built the first screw propelled steam trawler in the world. She was of construction with two masts and carried a gaff rigged main and mizen using booms, and a single foresail
9.
Atlantic
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The Atlantic Ocean is the second largest of the worlds oceans with a total area of about 106,460,000 square kilometres. It covers approximately 20 percent of the Earths surface and about 29 percent of its surface area. It separates the Old World from the New World, the Atlantic Ocean occupies an elongated, S-shaped basin extending longitudinally between Eurasia and Africa to the east, and the Americas to the west. The Equatorial Counter Current subdivides it into the North Atlantic Ocean, in contrast, the term Atlantic originally referred specifically to the Atlas Mountains in Morocco and the sea off the Strait of Gibraltar and the North African coast. The Greek word thalassa has been reused by scientists for the huge Panthalassa ocean that surrounded the supercontinent Pangaea hundreds of years ago. The term Aethiopian Ocean, derived from Ancient Ethiopia, was applied to the Southern Atlantic as late as the mid-19th century, many Irish or British people refer to the United States and Canada as across the pond, and vice versa. The Black Atlantic refers to the role of ocean in shaping black peoples history. Irish migration to the US is meant when the term The Green Atlantic is used, the term Red Atlantic has been used in reference to the Marxian concept of an Atlantic working class, as well as to the Atlantic experience of indigenous Americans. Correspondingly, the extent and number of oceans and seas varies, the Atlantic Ocean is bounded on the west by North and South America. It connects to the Arctic Ocean through the Denmark Strait, Greenland Sea, Norwegian Sea, to the east, the boundaries of the ocean proper are Europe, the Strait of Gibraltar and Africa. In the southeast, the Atlantic merges into the Indian Ocean, the 20° East meridian, running south from Cape Agulhas to Antarctica defines its border. In the 1953 definition it extends south to Antarctica, while in later maps it is bounded at the 60° parallel by the Southern Ocean, the Atlantic has irregular coasts indented by numerous bays, gulfs, and seas. Including these marginal seas the coast line of the Atlantic measures 111,866 km compared to 135,663 km for the Pacific. Including its marginal seas, the Atlantic covers an area of 106,460,000 km2 or 23. 5% of the ocean and has a volume of 310,410,900 km3 or 23. 3%. Excluding its marginal seas, the Atlantic covers 81,760,000 km2 and has a volume of 305,811,900 km3, the North Atlantic covers 41,490,000 km2 and the South Atlantic 40,270,000 km2. The average depth is 3,646 m and the maximum depth, the bathymetry of the Atlantic is dominated by a submarine mountain range called the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. It runs from 87°N or 300 km south of the North Pole to the subantarctic Bouvet Island at 42°S, the MAR divides the Atlantic longitudinally into two halves, in each of which a series of basins are delimited by secondary, transverse ridges. The MAR reaches above 2000 m along most of its length, the MAR is a barrier for bottom water, but at these two transform faults deep water currents can pass from one side to the other
10.
Iceland
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Iceland is a Nordic island country in the North Atlantic Ocean. It has a population of 332,529 and an area of 103,000 km2, the capital and largest city is Reykjavík. Reykjavík and the areas in the southwest of the country are home to over two-thirds of the population. Iceland is volcanically and geologically active, the interior consists of a plateau characterised by sand and lava fields, mountains and glaciers, while many glacial rivers flow to the sea through the lowlands. Iceland is warmed by the Gulf Stream and has a climate, despite a high latitude just outside the Arctic Circle. Its high latitude and marine influence still keeps summers chilly, with most of the archipelago having a tundra climate. According to the ancient manuscript Landnámabók, the settlement of Iceland began in the year 874 AD when the Norwegian chieftain Ingólfr Arnarson became the first permanent settler on the island. In the following centuries, Norwegians, and to a lesser extent other Scandinavians, emigrated to Iceland, the island was governed as an independent commonwealth under the Althing, one of the worlds oldest functioning legislative assemblies. Following a period of strife, Iceland acceded to Norwegian rule in the 13th century. The establishment of the Kalmar Union in 1397 united the kingdoms of Norway, Denmark, Iceland thus followed Norways integration to that Union and came under Danish rule after Swedens secession from that union in 1523. In the wake of the French revolution and the Napoleonic wars, Icelands struggle for independence took form and culminated in independence in 1918, until the 20th century, Iceland relied largely on subsistence fishing and agriculture, and was among the poorest in Europe. Industrialisation of the fisheries and Marshall Plan aid following World War II brought prosperity, in 1994, it became a part of the European Economic Area, which further diversified the economy into sectors such as finance, biotechnology, and manufacturing. Iceland has an economy with relatively low taxes compared to other OECD countries. It maintains a Nordic social welfare system that provides health care. Iceland ranks high in economic, political and social stability and equality, in 2013, it was ranked as the 13th most-developed country in the world by the United Nations Human Development Index. Iceland runs almost completely on renewable energy, some bankers were jailed, and the economy has made a significant recovery, in large part due to a surge in tourism. Icelandic culture is founded upon the nations Scandinavian heritage, most Icelanders are descendants of Germanic and Gaelic settlers. Icelandic, a North Germanic language, is descended from Old Norse and is related to Faroese
11.
Cod
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Cod is the common name for the genus Gadus of demersal fishes, belonging to the family Gadidae. Cod is also used as part of the name for a number of other fish species. Gadus morhua was named by Linnaeus in 1758, Cod is popular as a food with a mild flavour and a dense, flaky, white flesh. Cod livers are processed to make cod liver oil, an important source of vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, young Atlantic cod or haddock prepared in strips for cooking is called scrod. In the United Kingdom, Atlantic cod is one of the most common ingredients in fish and chips, along with haddock, at various times in the past, taxonomists included many species in the genus Gadus. Most of these are now classified in other genera, or have been recognized as simply forms of one of three species. All these species have a number of names, most of them ending with the word cod, whereas other species. However, many other, unrelated species also have names ending with cod. The usage often changes with different localities and at different times, three species in the Gadus genus are currently called cod, Cod forms part of the common name of many other fish no longer classified in the genus Gadus. The tadpole cod family has now placed in Gadidae. Gadiformes include, Some fish have common names derived from cod, such as codling, Some fish commonly known as cod are unrelated to Gadus. Part of this confusion is market-driven. Severely shrunken Atlantic cod stocks have led to the marketing of cod replacements using culinary names of the form x cod, the common names for the following species have become well established, note that all inhabit the Southern Hemisphere. Most are better known as groupers, and belong to the family Serranidae, Some fish that do not have cod in their names are sometimes sold as cod. Haddock and whiting belong to the family, the Gadidae. Haddock Melanogrammus aeglefinus Whiting Merlangius merlangus Cods of the genus Gadus have three rounded dorsal and two anal fins, the pelvic fins are small, with the first ray extended, and are set under the gill cover, in front of the pectoral fins. The upper jaw extends over the jaw, which has a well-developed chin barbel. The eyes are medium-sized, approximately the same as the length of the chin barbel, Cod have a distinct white lateral line running from the gill slit above the pectoral fin, to the base of the caudal or tail fin
12.
Portuguese language
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Portuguese is a Romance language and the sole official language of Portugal, Brazil, Cape Verde, Guinea-Bissau, Mozambique, Angola, and São Tomé and Príncipe. It also has co-official language status in East Timor, Equatorial Guinea, Portuguese is part of the Ibero-Romance group that evolved from several dialects of Vulgar Latin in the medieval Kingdom of Galicia, and has kept some Celtic phonology. Portuguese is also termed the language of Camões, after Luís Vaz de Camões, one of the greatest literary figures in the Portuguese language and author of the Portuguese epic poem, the museum is the first of its kind in the world. In 2015 the museum was destroyed in a fire, but there are plans to reconstruct it, when the Romans arrived in the Iberian Peninsula in 216 BCE, they brought the Latin language with them, from which all Romance languages descend. Between 409 CE and 711 CE, as the Roman Empire collapsed in Western Europe, Portuguese evolved from the medieval language, known today by linguists as Galician-Portuguese, Old Portuguese or Old Galician, of the northwestern medieval Kingdom of Galicia. It is in Latin administrative documents of the 9th century that written Galician-Portuguese words and this phase is known as Proto-Portuguese, which lasted from the 9th century until the 12th-century independence of the County of Portugal from the Kingdom of León, by then reigning over Galicia. In the first part of the Galician-Portuguese period, the language was used for documents. For some time, it was the language of preference for poetry in Christian Hispania. Portugal became an independent kingdom in 1139, under King Afonso I of Portugal, in the second period of Old Portuguese, in the 15th and 16th centuries, with the Portuguese discoveries, the language was taken to many regions of Africa, Asia and the Americas. The language continued to be popular in parts of Asia until the 19th century, some Portuguese-speaking Christian communities in India, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, and Indonesia preserved their language even after they were isolated from Portugal. The end of the Old Portuguese period was marked by the publication of the Cancioneiro Geral by Garcia de Resende, Most literate Portuguese speakers were also literate in Latin, and thus they easily adopted Latin words into their writing—and eventually speech—in Portuguese. Portuguese is the language of the majority of people in Brazil and Portugal, perhaps 75% of the population of Angola speaks Portuguese natively, and 85% are fluent. Just over 40% of the population of Mozambique are native speakers of Portuguese, Portuguese is also spoken natively by 30% of the population in Guinea-Bissau, and a Portuguese-based creole is understood by all. No data is available for Cape Verde, but almost all the population is bilingual, there are also significant Portuguese speaking immigrant communities in many countries including Andorra, Bermuda, Canada, France, Japan, Jersey, Namibia, Paraguay, Macau, Switzerland, Venezuela. In some parts of former Portuguese India, namely Goa and Daman and Diu, in 2014, an estimated 1,500 students were learning Portuguese in Goa. Equatorial Guinea made an application for full membership to the CPLP in June 2010. In 2011, Portuguese became its official language and, in July 2014. Portuguese is a subject in The school curriculum in Uruguay
13.
Crufts
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Crufts is an umbrella term for an international canine event held annually in the UK. The event is organised and hosted by the Kennel Club and it is held over four days in early March at the National Exhibition Centre in Birmingham, England. The highest profile dog show in British culture, it is the largest show of its kind in the world, Crufts consists of several competitions occurring at the same time. The main competition is for the Best in Show award, which is contested by dogs. The programme led various sponsors to withdraw, the BBC dropped Crufts 2009 from their coverage after being unable to agree to terms with The Kennel Club. In 1886, Crufts first dog show, billed as the First Great Terrier Show, had 57 classes and 600 entries, the first show named Crufts—Crufts Greatest Dog Show—was held at the Royal Agricultural Hall, Islington, in 1891. It was the first at which all breeds were invited to compete, with around 2,000 dogs, with the close of the 19th century, entries had risen to over 3,000, including royal patronage from various European countries and Russia. The show continued annually and gained popularity each year until Charles death in 1938 and his widow ran the show for four years until she felt unable to do so due to its high demands of time and effort. To ensure the future and reputation of the show, she sold it to The Kennel Club, in 1936, The Jubilee Show had 10,650 entries with the number of breeds totalling 80. The 1948 show was the first to be held under the new owner and was held at Olympia in London, the first Obedience Championships were held in 1955. In 1959, despite an increase in fees, the show set a new world record with 13,211 entrants. By 1979, the show had to be moved to Earls Court exhibition centre as the amount of entries. Soon, the show had to be changed again—the duration had to be increased to three days in 1982, then again in 1987 to four days as the popularity continued to increase. Since 1991, the show has held in the National Exhibition Centre, Birmingham. Including agility and other events, it is estimated that an average 28,000 dogs take part in Crufts each year, Crufts was formerly televised by the BBC, this ended after the 2008 event and the 2009 event was only shown via the Internet. Since 2010 the show has been broadcast on the commercial channel More4, Dogs can become qualified for life upon attaining their Kennel Club Stud Book Number. Dogs begin by competing against others of the breed, split by gender, age. These classes include Veteran, Special Puppy, Special Junior, Yearling, Post Graduate, Mid Limit, Limit, each is awarded once for dogs and once for bitches
14.
Hypoallergenic dog breed
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The term hypoallergenic dog breed is commonly used to refer to a dog breed that is more compatible with allergic people than other breeds. Though some studies suggest the existence of hypoallergenic dog breeds. According to researchers, claims about the existence of hypoallergenic dog breeds may have been fueled by unsubstantiated articles on the internet, the significant allergens are proteins found in the dogs saliva and dander. Breeds that shed less are more likely to be hypoallergenic, since the dogs dander, however, protein expression levels play a major role and amount of shedding alone does not determine degree of allergic reaction. How hypoallergenic a particular dog is for a person may vary with the individual dog. If a person is allergic, they may be best able to tolerate a specific dog and we think there really are differences in protein production between dogs that may help one patient and not another, Dr. Platts-Mills said. All dogs shed, and all dogs produce dander and saliva in some degree, as noted above, the amount of the allergenic protein present on the dander and in saliva varies by breed. Also, the amount of the allergen can be reduced or eliminated in individual dogs by treatments such as bathing, but for most breeds, when not regularly bathed, even a dog who sheds very little or has little dander can trigger a reaction in a sensitive person. Size may be a factor in determining hypoallergenicity and it is possible that the total body surface area of the dog is more indicative of reduced production of allergens than its breed. Smaller dogs will also leave fewer environmental pollutants containing dog dander, small hairless dogs may be less likely to cause allergic reactions because its so easy to bathe them and the dander falls off them. Dogs may leave behind urine, saliva and fecal matter as allergen sources, dogs with access to the outdoors may introduce outdoor allergens such as mold and pollen with larger animals tracking in more of these allergens. It is well established that most individuals with dog allergy also suffer with additional environmental allergies, individuals with dog allergy may also be at increased risk for human protein hypersensitivity with cross-reactivity of dog dander allergen and human seminal fluid. Researchers have shown that frequently bathing dogs reduces the amount of related protein on the fur or hair of the dog. Bathing a dog at least twice a week will minimize or even eliminate the reaction of a person to a dog. Scientific research has shown that good cleaning practices in the home remove allergens from the environment. Many allergists suggest that a dog not be introduced to the environment of a dog allergic individual, while allergy shots can reduce many individuals dog-allergic reactions, the most common approach remains avoidance. There have been recent studies suggesting early introduction of pets to home may reduce the likelihood of developing sensitization, there are reports of individuals who will become less sensitive with continued exposure to a pet in the environment. But allergists warn that pet owners cannot rely on a breed being non-allergenic just because a particular allergic pet owner can tolerate a specific dog of that breed
15.
Barack Obama
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Barack Hussein Obama II is an American politician who served as the 44th President of the United States from 2009 to 2017. He is the first African American to have served as president and he previously served in the U. S. Senate representing Illinois from 2005 to 2008, and in the Illinois State Senate from 1997 to 2004. Obama was born in Honolulu, Hawaii, two years after the territory was admitted to the Union as the 50th state and he grew up mostly in Hawaii, but also spent one year of his childhood in Washington State and four years in Indonesia. After graduating from Columbia University in 1983, he worked as a community organizer in Chicago, in 1988 Obama enrolled in Harvard Law School, where he was the first black president of the Harvard Law Review. After graduation, he became a civil rights attorney and professor, Obama represented the 13th District for three terms in the Illinois Senate from 1997 to 2004, when he ran for the U. S. Senate. In 2008, Obama was nominated for president, a year after his campaign began and he was elected over Republican John McCain, and was inaugurated on January 20,2009. Nine months later, Obama was named the 2009 Nobel Peace Prize laureate, during his first two years in office, Obama signed more landmark legislation than any Democratic president since LBJs Great Society. Main reforms were the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, the Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, after a lengthy debate over the national debt limit, Obama signed the Budget Control and the American Taxpayer Relief Acts. In foreign policy, Obama increased U. S. troop levels in Afghanistan, reduced nuclear weapons with the U. S. -Russian New START treaty, and ended military involvement in the Iraq War. He ordered military involvement in Libya in opposition to Muammar Gaddafi, after winning re-election over Mitt Romney, Obama was sworn in for a second term in 2013. Obama also advocated gun control in response to the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting, and issued wide-ranging executive actions concerning climate change and immigration. In foreign policy, Obama ordered military intervention in Iraq in response to gains made by ISIL after the 2011 withdrawal from Iraq, Obama left office in January 2017 with a 60% approval rating. He currently resides in Washington, D. C and his presidential library will be built in Chicago. Obama was born on August 4,1961, at Kapiʻolani Maternity & Gynecological Hospital in Honolulu and he is the only President to have been born in Hawaii. He was born to a mother and a black father. His mother, Ann Dunham, was born in Wichita, Kansas, of mostly English descent, with some German, Irish, Scottish, Swiss and his father, Barack Obama Sr. was a married Luo Kenyan man from Nyangoma Kogelo. Obamas parents met in 1960 in a Russian language class at the University of Hawaii at Manoa, the couple married in Wailuku, Hawaii on February 2,1961, six months before Obama was born. In late August 1961, Obamas mother moved him to the University of Washington in Seattle for a year
16.
Bo (dog)
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Bo is a pet dog of the Obama family, the former First Family of the United States. Bo is a neutered male Portuguese Water Dog, President Barack Obama and his family were given the dog as a gift after months of speculation about the breed and identity of their future pet. The final choice was made in part because Malia Obamas allergies dictated a need for a hypoallergenic breed, Bo has occasionally been called First Dog. In August 2013, Bo was joined by Sunny, a dog of the same breed. The Portuguese Water Dog is originally from the Algarve region of Portugal, due to its fleecy coat of minimally-shedding hair, the Portuguese Water Dog is considered a hypoallergenic dog breed. Bred by Martha and Art Stern of Amigo Portuguese Water Dogs in Boyd, Texas, Bo is a son of Watson —of the Rader family in Pittsburghs Ambridge suburb—and Penny, belonging to Art and Martha Stern. One of Bos nine litter mates was Senator Ted Kennedys dog named Cappy, Bos original buyer is unknown, but eventually they returned him to the Stern family, purchasing Bo required signing a contract to return him to his breeder if things did not work out. Bo enrolled with Kennedys obedience trainer Dawn Sylvia-Stasiewicz, in Hume, Bos brother, Rico, is owned by a couple in Houston, Texas. At his first press conference as President-elect, Obama was questioned by reporters as to which breed the family was looking to acquire, he replied, one is that Malia is allergic, so it has to be hypoallergenic. There are a number of breeds that are hypoallergenic, on the other hand, our preference would be to get a shelter dog, but, obviously, a lot of shelter dogs are mutts like me. So — so whether we’re going to be able to balance those two things, I think, is an issue on the Obama household. Obama said, They seem to have narrowed it down to a labradoodle or a Portuguese water hound, medium-sized dog, and so, were now going to start looking at shelters to see when one of those dogs might come up. Much was made by the public and press about the search for a dog. On April 12,2009, it was announced that the Obamas would soon accept a six-month-old Portuguese Water Dog puppy as a gift from Senator Kennedy. The dog was reported to have visited the family some weeks earlier in a meeting to gauge compatibility. However, the gift was not accepted until the dog officially arrived and moved in at the White House on Tuesday, immediately after he arrived, the family staged a photo op with Bo on the propertys South Lawn. At the conference, Obama was asked if he would allow Bo inside the Oval Office, to which he responded and he also gave a nod to President Harry Trumans quote, If you want a friend in Washington, get a dog. The White House website was updated to include official pictures
17.
Sunny (dog)
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Sunny is a pet dog of the Obama family, the former First Family of the United States. Sunny is a female Portuguese Water Dog, who has called the younger sister of Bo. Sunny was introduced via First Lady Michelle Obamas Twitter account on August 19,2013, the Portuguese Water Dog is originally from the Algarve region of Portugal. Due to its coat of non-shedding hair, the Portuguese Water Dog is considered a hypoallergenic dog breed. Portuguese water dogs are super swimmers, or superior seafarers, because they have webbed toes, the breed was important to fishers along the coast of Portugal as a companion and guard dog. Lisa Peterson, spokesperson for the American Kennel Club, stated, The Portuguese water dog is historically a working dog, when you think of their history with fishermen, they were a team – thats the environment they thrive in. The breed was almost pushed to extinction toward the end of the century until Vasco Bensaude. Thirty years later the breed reached the United States, where they became classified in the Working Group, according to American Kennel Club, the dogs do jobs such as guard dog, pulling sleds, and rescuing people and things from water – they are mostly family friendly. People who love Portuguese water dogs say they are like potato chips and that bubbly, happy personality is the whole package. The beautiful coat, the trainability, the need for a job, theyre just adorable, according to Lisa Peterson. Sunny is a purebred Portuguese Water Dog, and was selected from a breeder in the Great Lakes area, any controversy or news having mainly to do with, featuring, or involving Sunny has so far been minor. In 2013 at a Military family arts and crafts event, Sunny knocked over a 2-year-old girl while in front of Michelle Obama, the child was fine and suffered no injuries. Sunny also made news in January 2017 when she bit a White House visitor on the face
18.
Ted Kennedy
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Edward Moore Ted Kennedy was a United States Senator from Massachusetts and a member of the Democratic Party. He was the second most senior member of the Senate when he died and was the senator in United States history. Ted Kennedy was the most prominent living member of the Kennedy family for many years and he was the youngest brother of US President John F. Kennedy and Senator Robert F. Kennedy, both victims of assassination, and the father of Congressman Patrick J. Kennedy. Kennedy entered the Senate in a November 1962 special election to fill the seat held by his brother John. He was elected to a full term in 1964 and was re-elected seven more times. The Chappaquiddick incident on July 18,1969 resulted in the death of his automobile passenger, Kennedy pleaded guilty to a charge of leaving the scene of an accident and received a two-month suspended sentence. The incident and its aftermath hindered his chances of becoming president of the United States. His one attempt, in the 1980 presidential election, resulted in a Democratic primary campaign loss to incumbent President Jimmy Carter, Kennedy was known for his oratorical skills. His 1968 eulogy for his brother Robert and his 1980 rallying cry for modern American liberalism were among his best-known speeches and he became recognized as The Lion of the Senate through his long tenure and influence. More than 300 bills that Kennedy and his staff wrote were enacted into law, during the 2000s, he led several unsuccessful immigration reform efforts. Over the course of his Senate career and continuing into the Obama administration, Kennedy continued his efforts to enact health care. In May 2008, Kennedy was hospitalized suffering a seizure and was diagnosed with a malignant brain tumor. He died on August 25,2009, at his Hyannis Port, by the later years of his life, he had come to be viewed as a major figure and spokesman for American progressivism. Edward Moore Kennedy was born on February 22,1932 at St. Margarets Hospital in the Dorchester section of Boston and his eight elder siblings included Joseph Jr. John, Rosemary, Kathleen, Eunice, Patricia, Robert, and Jean. John asked to be the godfather, a request his parents honored. They named him after their fathers assistant instead and his formal education started at Gibbs School, in Sloane Street, Kensington, London. He attended ten different schools by the age of eleven, with his suffering as a result. At age seven, he received his First Communion from Pope Pius XII in the Vatican and he spent sixth and seventh grades in the Fessenden School, where he was a mediocre student, and eighth grade at Cranwell Preparatory School, both schools were in Massachusetts
19.
Poodle
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The poodle is a group of formal dog breeds, the Standard Poodle, Miniature Poodle and Toy Poodle. The origins of the poodles are still discussed with a dispute whether the poodle descends from the old French Barbet breed or from Germany as a type of water dog. Poodles have taken top honors in many shows, including Best in Show at the Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show in 1991 and 2002. Toy Poodles won Best in Show at Crufts in 1966 and 1982, Standard Poodles achieved the award in 1955,1985,2002 and 2014. The 2002 winner came from Norway and was the first overseas exhibit to win the Crufts best in show award, the origin of the poodle is disputed. Encyclopædia Britannica traces the origin of the poodle in Germany where it was known as the Pudelhund, the word Pudel is derived from the Low German verb meaning to splash about, and the word Hund. The Fédération Cynologique Internationale holds that the poodles descends from the French dog Barbet, the French name Caniche comes from the word cane since this type of breed was used as a water retriever mainly for duck hunting thanks to its swimming ability. Due to the popularity in France, it became established as a national breed. The European mainland had known the poodle long before it was brought to England, drawings by German artist Albrecht Dürer established the popular image of the breed in the 15th and 16th centuries. It was the pet dog of the late 18th century in Spain. France had toy poodles as pampered favorites during the reign of Louis XVI at about the same period, the poodle has been bred in at least three sizes, including Standard, Miniature, and Toy. According to the American Kennel Club, which recognised the breed in 1887, the British Kennel Club also says recognises three sizes, stating that the miniature and toy are scaled down versions of the standard. The Fédération Cynologique Internationale recognizes four sizes of one breed, standard, medium, miniature, Poodles exist in many coat colors. The smallest, or Toy variety, was developed in England in the 18th century, Miniature and Toy varieties tend to be bred primarily for companionship. Traditionally the Standard Poodle, the largest of the breed, was a retriever or gun dog, used in particular for duck hunting, the breed has been used for fowl hunting in US and Canada since the early 1990s, in and out of hunting tests. However, in the past 20 years, some breeders in the United States and Canada have been selecting for dogs with drive for birds in order to revive the breed for hunting, with some success. The Canadian Kennel Club admitted the Standard Poodle for hunting trials in 1996, as of July 2014, the end results of 20 years of breeding to reawaken the hunting instinct have been dogs that are very eager to please their masters. Unlike other spaniels and retrievers, Standard Poodles will attempt to solve a problem independently, during WWII, Roland Kilbon of the New York Sun, reported that other countries had used dogs in their armies for many years
20.
Water dog
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Water dogs are a type of gun dog bred to flush and retrieve game from water, often serving the waterfowl hunter. Strong swimming desire is a characteristic of these dogs, some of the oldest dog breeds are water dogs. The term was originally water spaniels, with the advent of kennel clubs many water spaniels were accepted under the names including the designation retriever rather than spaniel. Water dogs have curly, sometimes corded coats, most water dog breeds are easy to train and are sociable. Johns water dog, extinct Tweed Water Spaniel, extinct Wetterhoun
21.
Moulting
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Moulting can involve shedding the epidermis, pelage, or other external layer. In some groups, other parts may be shed, for example. In birds, moulting is the replacement of feathers by shedding old feathers while producing new ones. Feathers are dead structures at maturity which are gradually abraded and need to be replaced, adult birds moult at least once a year, although many moult twice and a few three times each year. It is generally a slow process as birds rarely shed all their feathers at any one time, the number and area of feathers that are shed varies. In some moulting periods, a bird may renew only the feathers on the head and body, shedding the wing, some species of bird become flightless during an annual wing moult and must seek a protected habitat with a reliable food supply during that time. The process of moulting in birds is as follows, First, as the pin feathers become full feathers, other feathers are shed. This is a process that occurs in many phases. It is usually symmetrical, with feather loss equal on each side of the body, because feathers make up 4–12% of a birds body weight, it takes a large amount of energy to replace them. For this reason, moults often occur immediately after the breeding season, the plumage produced during this time is called postnuptial plumage. Prenuptial moulting occurs in red-collared widowbirds where the males replace their nonbreeding plumage with breeding plumage and it is thought that large birds can advance the moult of severely damaged feathers. In some countries, flocks of commercial layer hens are force-moulted to reinvigorate egg-laying and this causes a body weight loss of 25 to 35%, which stimulates the hen to lose her feathers, but also reinvigorates egg-production. Some flocks may be force-moulted several times, in 2003, more than 75% of all flocks were force-moulted in the US. Other methods of inducing a moult include low-density diets or dietary manipulation to create an imbalance of a particular nutrient, the most important among these include manipulation of minerals including sodium, calcium, iodine and zinc, with full or partially reduced dietary intakes. The most familiar example of moulting in reptiles is when snakes shed their skin and this is usually achieved by the snake rubbing its head against a hard object, such as a rock or piece of wood, causing the already stretched skin to split. This is similar to how one might remove a sock from ones foot by grabbing the open end, the snakes skin is often left in one piece after the moulting process, including the discarded brille, so that the moult is vital for maintaining the animals quality of vision. The skins of lizards, in contrast, generally fall off in pieces, in arthropods, such as insects, arachnids and crustaceans, moulting is the shedding of the exoskeleton, typically to let the organism grow. The new exoskeleton is soft but hardens after the moulting of the old exoskeleton
22.
Conformation show
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Such shows are useful to breeders as a means of evaluating dogs for breeding purposes. Many breeders even consider championship a prerequisite for breeding, the first modern conformation dog show was held in Newcastle-upon-Tyne, England, in June 1859, and the only breeds scheduled were pointers and setters. A conformation dog show is not a comparison of one dog to another, Dog show judges attempt to identify dogs who epitomize the published standards for each breed. This can be challenging, because some judgements must necessarily be subjective, judges are generally certified to judge one or several breeds, usually in the same group, but a few all-breed judges have the training and experience to judge large numbers of breeds. Dogs compete at dog shows to earn points or certification towards championship titles, the Kennel Club system, which is also used by the Australian National Kennel Council and in other countries, is considered the most difficult to earn a title under. At certain shows designated as Championship shows, the top bitch and dog in each breed will be awarded a Challenge Certificate, the number of CCs on offer for each breed is decided by the Kennel Club in advance, so opportunities to gain a title are limited. In the US and Canada, each time a dog wins at some level of a show, the number of points varies depending on what level within a show the win occurs, how many dogs are competing, and whether the show is a major or minor. The exact number of points needed to gain a championship varies depending on the club offering the title. At the lowest level, dogs are divided by breed, each breed is divided into classes based on sex and, sometimes, age. Males are judged first, then females, at the next level they are divided by group. At the final level, all dogs compete together under a specially trained all breed judge, Best of Breed is the title given to the dog who has been judged the best representative specimen of its breed at a conformation show. Some kennel clubs divide some breeds into varieties based on specific traits, in single-breed shows, however, the Best of Variety winners may compete for Best of Breed. The term Best of Breed or Variety is often used to both titles. Each breed or variety is divided into classes based on sex, dogs are judged first, in their age classes. Within one breed, there are puppies, mature male dogs, at some events, usually single-breed or novelty shows, there may be a baby puppy class which is usually contested after the adult classes as a ploy to keep spectators interested. The winners of all classes in each sex compete for Challenge Dog and Challenge Bitch and this is for fairness, as one class may contain a stronger field of specimens of the breed. If the judge believes that this is the case, the Challenge Dog and Reserve Challenge Dog, for example, from the two finalists is selected Best of Breed. The runner-up is deemed Best of Opposite Sex, there is then a run-off in which the second best individual in the sex division of the winner is brought back to stand against the Best of Opposite Sex for the title of Runner-up to Best of Breed
23.
Dog sport
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Dog sports are sports in which dogs participate. There are a range of activities that may be included under the term. Sports may or may not have humans directing dogs during the competition, some of the sports are viewed by a wide audience and may commonly be televised. While others are practiced mainly by enthusiasts, Dog sports are sports in which dogs participate. There are a broad range of activities that may be included under the term. This list is intended only to represent anything that anyone is likely to refer to as a dog sport, daily Dog Walker UK 35th Annual Canadian German Shepherd Dog Championships and Sieger Show
24.
Hearing dog
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They may also work outside the home, alerting to such sounds such as sirens, forklifts and a person calling the handlers name. Dogs that may become hearing dogs are tested for proper temperament, sound reactivity, after passing initial screenings, they are trained in basic obedience and exposed to things they will face in public such as elevators, shopping carts, and different types of people. Only after that period of socializing are they trained in sound alerting, hearing dogs may be trained professionally in as little as three months, though many are trained for closer to a year. Generally, training involves getting the dog to recognize a particular sound and they may also be taught to physically alert to and/or lead away from a sound, such as in the case of a fire alarm. In the United States, Title III of the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 allows hearing dogs, along with guide and service dogs, access to anywhere the general public is permitted. The Fair Housing Act allows hearing dogs as well as types of assistance animals to visit. Some state laws also provide protection or additional guidelines, such as fines or criminal penalties for interfering with or denying access to a hearing dog team. Hearing dogs often wear a bright orange leash and collar to identify them, some also wear a cape or jacket, which may or may not be orange. Incidentally, in the United States, a hearing, signal, guide, or any other dog is not legally required to have or wear any badge, leash, collar. In the United Kingdom, hearing dogs wear distinctive burgundy jackets bearing the logo of the charity which trains, in Australia, hearing dogs are trained through the Lions Club International of Australia. They wear a bright orange leash, collar and harness to identify them and they are permitted by law access with their handler any locations that are open to members of the public. Labradors, golden retrievers, German shepherds, Doberman pinschers, rottweilers, dogs for Deaf and Disabled Americans
25.
Assistance dog
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In general, an assistance dog is trained to aid or assist an individual with a disability. Many are trained by an assistance dog organization, or by their handler, assistance dogs fall into two broad categories, service dogs and facility dogs. Service dogs are defined by the Americans with Disabilities Act as dogs that are trained to do work or perform tasks for people with disabilities. Facility dogs are used by working professionals to aid multiple people, common examples of service dogs include, Guide dogs assist the blind and the visually impaired. Hearing dogs, or signal dogs, help the deaf and hard of hearing and they are often used to assist crime victims, witnesses, and others during the investigation and prosecution of crimes as well as other legal proceedings. Facility dogs in educational settings are usually handled by special education teachers to facilitate interaction with the students, facility dogs in healthcare environments are typically handled by physical therapists, psychologists, and other healthcare professionals to facilitate recovery and symptom management for patients. In the United States, the service dog may be used synonymously with assistance dog. Facility dogs are trained by accredited assistance dog organizations and therapy dogs are trained by their owners, facility dogs may be handled by a wide variety of working professionals, while therapy dogs must be handled by their owners. Facility dogs are trained by canine professionals for a period of 18 to 24 months, furthermore, the tests that therapy dogs must pass are less complicated and challenging than those taken by facility dogs. A person with either a dog or a facility dog must have permission from the facilities they visit before they can enter with their animal. They do not have the right to access to places where pets are not generally permitted
26.
Therapy dog
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A therapy dog is a canine that might be trained to provide affection and comfort to people in hospitals, retirement homes, nursing homes, schools, hospices, disaster areas, and to people with autism. Therapy dogs are usually not assistance or service dogs, but can be one or both with some organizations, in the U. S. therapy dogs are not service animals and are not afforded the same privileges as them. The systematic use of dogs is attributed to Elaine Smith. Smith noticed how well patients responded to visits by a chaplain, in 1976, Smith started a program for training dogs to visit institutions, and the demand for therapy dogs continued to grow. In recent years, therapy dogs have been enlisted to help children overcome speech, Therapy dogs are usually not assistance or service dogs, but can be one or both with some organizations. Therapy dogs are not trained to assist specific individuals and do not qualify as service dogs under the Americans with Disabilities Act, institutions may invite, limit, or prohibit access by therapy dogs. If allowed, many institutions have rigorous requirements for therapy dogs, United States-based Therapy Dogs International bans the use of service dogs in their therapy dog program. Service dogs perform tasks for persons with disabilities and have a right to accompany their owners in most areas. In the United States, service dogs are legally protected at the level by the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990. Many organizations provide evaluation and registration for therapy dogs, other organizations have their own testing requirements. In Canada, St John Ambulance provides therapy dog certification, in the UK Pets As Therapy provides visiting dogs and cats to establishments where pets are otherwise not available. Also in the UK Therapy Dogs Nationwide provide visiting dogs to establishments, some colleges and universities in the US bring therapy dogs to campus to help students de-stress. These campus events are referred to as Therapy Fluffies, a term coined by Torrey Trust. In 2009, Sharon Franks, shared the idea of bringing therapy dogs to campus with the UC San Diego Office of Student Wellness, similar events have been held worldwide. Since the autumn of 2010, “Therapy Fluffies” has visited the UC Davis, UC Santa Cruz and these events give students and staff the opportunity to pet and relax with therapy-certified dogs. The university also works with the Inland Empire Pet Partners, a service of the Humane Society, to bring therapy-certified dogs to the campus’ Mental Health Day Spa, held quarterly. In 2014, Concordia University, Wisconsin became the first university in the US to adopt a full-time therapy dog to its campus in Mequon, WI
27.
Herding dog
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A herding dog, also known as a stock dog or working dog, is a type of pastoral dog that either has been trained in herding or belongs to breeds developed for herding. Their ability to be trained to act on the sound of a whistle or word of command is renowned throughout the world, collies are recommended as herding dogs. All herding behavior is modified predatory behavior, dogs can work other animals in a variety of ways. Other breeds, notably the Border Collie, get in front of the animals and use what is called strong eye to stare down the animals, the headers or fetching dogs keep livestock in a group. They consistently go to the front or head of the animals to turn or stop the animals movement, the heelers or driving dogs keep pushing the animals forward. Typically, they stay behind the herd, the Australian Kelpie and Australian Koolie use both these methods and also run along the backs of sheep so are said to head, heel, and back. Other types such as the Australian Shepherd, English Shepherd and Welsh Sheepdog are moderate to loose eyed, the New Zealand Huntaway uses its loud, deep bark to muster mobs of sheep. Herding instincts and trainability can be measured when introducing a dog to livestock or at noncompetitive herding tests, individuals exhibiting basic herding instincts can be trained to compete in herding trials. In Australia, New Zealand and the United States herding dogs are known as working dogs irrespective of their breeding, commonly mustered animals include cattle, sheep, goats and reindeer, although it is not unusual for poultry to be handled by dogs. Although herding dogs may guard flocks their primary purpose is to move them, in general terms when categorizing dog breeds, herding dogs are considered a subcategory of working dogs, but for conformation shows they usually form a separate group. Australia has the worlds largest cattle stations and sheep stations and some of the herding dogs, such as the Koolie, Kelpie, Red and Blue Heelers are bred. Such events are associated with hill farming areas, where sheep range widely on largely unfenced land. In the US, regular events are run by the United States Border Collie Handlers Association, Australian Shepherd Club of America, American Kennel Club and many others. The world record price for a sheep dog was broken February 2011 at the auction at Skipton Market, England. The previous record was £5,145 Come-bye or just bye - go to the left of the stock, away to me, or just away or way - go to the right of the stock, or counterclockwise around them. Stand - stop, although when said gently may also mean just to slow down, wait, down or sit - stop. Steady or take time - slow down, cast - gather the stock into a group. Good working dogs will cast over a large area, a good dog will hold the stock until the shepherd arrives
28.
Couch potato
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A sedentary lifestyle is a type of lifestyle with no or irregular physical activity. A person who lives a sedentary lifestyle may colloquially be known as a couch potato and it is commonly found in both the developed and developing world. A sedentary lifestyle can contribute to many causes of death. Screen time is the amount of time a person watching a screen such as a television. Excessive screen time is linked to health consequences. A lack of activity is one of the leading causes of preventable death worldwide. Sitting still may cause premature death, the risk is higher among those that sit still more than 5 hours per day. It is shown to be a factor on its own independent of hard exercise. The more still, the risk of chronic diseases. People that sit still more than 4 hours per day have a 40 percent higher risk than those that sit fewer than 4 hours per day, however, those that exercise at least 4 hours per week are as healthy as those that sit fewer than 4 hours per day. Additionally, some organizations have implemented exercise classes at lunch, walking challenges among co-workers, a Cochrane systematic review published in 2016 concluded that at present there is very low quality evidence that sit-stand desks can reduce sitting at work at the short term. There is no evidence for other types of interventions, also, evidence was lacking on the long term health benefits of such interventions. Organizations may also offer cholesterol or blood pressure screenings to employees, the condition, which predates the term, is characterized by sitting or remaining inactive for most of the day with little or no exercise. Lack of exercise causes muscle atrophy, i. e. shrinking and weakening of the muscles, additionally, physical fitness is correlated with immune system function, a reduction in physical fitness is generally accompanied by a weakening of the immune system. Despite the well-known benefits of physical activity, many adults and many lead a relatively sedentary lifestyle and are not active enough to achieve these health benefits. In the 2008 United States American National Health Interview Survey 36% of adults were considered inactive, 59% of adult respondents never participated in vigorous physical activity lasting more than 10 minutes per week. Stand Up While You Read This, study, The longer you sit, the shorter your life
29.
Goths
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The Goths were an East Germanic people, two of whose branches, the Visigoths and the Ostrogoths, played an important role in the fall of the Western Roman Empire and the emergence of Medieval Europe. In the Gothic language they were called the Gut-þiuda, most commonly translated as Gothic people, gut-þiudai, or Gutans Inferred from gen. pl. gutani in Pietroassa inscription. In Old Norse they were known as the Gutar or Gotar, in Latin as the Gothi, the exact origin of the ancient Goths is unknown. Evidence of them before they interacted with the Romans is limited, Modern academics have generally abandoned this theory. Today, the Wielbark culture is thought to have developed from earlier cultures in the same area, archaeological finds show close contacts between southern Sweden and the Baltic coastal area on the continent, and further towards the south-east, evidenced by pottery, house types and graves. Rather than a migration, similarities in the material cultures may be products of long-term regular contacts. However, the record could indicate that while his work is thought to be unreliable. Sometime around the 1st century AD, Germanic peoples may have migrated from Scandinavia to Gothiscandza, early archaeological evidence in the traditional Swedish province of Östergötland suggests a general depopulation during this period. However, there is no evidence for a substantial emigration from Scandinavia. Upon their arrival on the Pontic Steppe, the Germanic tribes adopted the ways of the Eurasian nomads, the first Greek references to the Goths call them Scythians, since this area along the Black Sea historically had been occupied by an unrelated people of that name. The earliest known material culture associated with the Goths on the southern coast of the Baltic Sea is the Wielbark culture, centered on the modern region of Pomerania in northern Poland. This culture replaced the local Oxhöft or Oksywie culture in the 1st century, the culture of this area was influenced by southern Scandinavian culture beginning as early as the late Nordic Bronze Age and early Pre-Roman Iron Age. In Eastern Europe they formed part of the Chernyakhov culture and it has been suggested that the Goths maintained contact with southern Sweden during their migration. In the first attested incursion in Thrace, the Goths were mentioned as Boranoi by Zosimus, the first incursion of the Roman Empire that can be attributed to Goths is the sack of Histria in 238. Several such raids followed in subsequent decades, in particular the Battle of Abrittus in 251, led by Cniva, at the time, there were at least two groups of Goths, the Thervingi and the Greuthungs. Goths were subsequently recruited into the Roman Army to fight in the Roman-Persian Wars. The Moesogoths settled in Thrace and Moesia, the first seaborne raids took place in three subsequent years, probably 255-257. An unsuccessful attack on Pityus was followed in the year by another
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Ostrogoths
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The Ostrogoths were the eastern branch of the later Goths. They built an empire stretching from the Black Sea to the Baltic, the Ostrogoths were probably literate in the 3rd century, and their trade with the Romans was highly developed. Their Danubian kingdom reached its zenith under King Ermanaric, who is said to have committed suicide at an old age when the Huns attacked his people and subjugated them in about 370. After their annexation by the Huns, little is heard of the Ostrogoths for about 80 years, after the collapse of the Hun empire after the Battle of Nedao, Ostrogoths migrated westwards towards Illyria and the borders of Italy, while some remained in the Crimea. During the late 5th and 6th centuries, under Theodoric the Great most of the Ostrogoths moved first to Moesia, in 493, Theodoric the Great established a kingdom in Italy. A period of instability then ensued, tempting the Eastern Roman Emperor Justinian to declare war on the Ostrogoths in 535 in an effort to restore the western provinces of the Roman Empire. Initially, the Byzantines were successful, but under the leadership of Totila, the war lasted for almost 20 years and caused enormous damage and depopulation of Italy. The remaining Ostrogoths were absorbed into the Lombards who established a kingdom in Italy in 568, a division of the Goths is first attested in 291. The Tervingi are first attested around that date, the Greuthungi, Vesi, the Ostrogoths are first named in a document dated September 392 from Milan. Claudian mentions that they together with the Greuthungi inhabit Phrygia, according to Herwig Wolfram, the primary sources either use the terminology of Tervingi/Greuthungi or Vesi/Ostrogothi and never mix the pairs. All four names were used together, but the pairing was always preserved, as in Gruthungi, Ostrogothi, Tervingi and that the Tervingi were the Vesi/Visigothi and the Greuthungi the Ostrogothi is also supported by Jordanes. This interpretation, however, though common among scholars today, is not universal. Both Herwig Wolfram and Thomas Burns conclude that the terms Tervingi and Greuthungi were geographical identifiers used by each tribe to describe the other and this terminology therefore dropped out of use after the Goths were displaced by the Hunnic invasions. In support of this, Wolfram cites Zosimus as referring to a group of Scythians north of the Danube who were called Greuthungi by the north of the Ister. Wolfram asserts that it was the Tervingi who remained behind after the Hunnic conquest and he further believes that the terms Vesi and Ostrogothi were used by the peoples to boastfully describe themselves. On this understanding, the Greuthungi and Ostrogothi were more or less the same people, the nomenclature of Greuthungi and Tervingi fell out of use shortly after 400. In general, the terminology of a divided Gothic people disappeared gradually after they entered the Roman Empire, the term Visigoth, however, was an invention of the sixth century. Cassiodorus, a Roman in the service of Theodoric the Great, invented the term Visigothi to match Ostrogothi, the western-eastern division was a simplification and a literary device of sixth-century historians where political realities were more complex
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Visigoths
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The Visigoths were the western branches of the nomadic tribes of Germanic peoples referred to collectively as the Goths. These tribes flourished and spread throughout the late Roman Empire in Late Antiquity, the Visigoths emerged from earlier Gothic groups who had invaded the Roman Empire beginning in 376 and had defeated the Romans at the Battle of Adrianople in 378. Relations between the Romans and the Visigoths were variable, alternately warring with one another and making treaties when convenient, the Visigoths invaded Italy under Alaric I and sacked Rome in 410. The Visigoths first settled in southern Gaul as foederati of the Romans – a relationship established in 418, however, they soon fell out with their Roman hosts and established their own kingdom with its capital at Toulouse. They next extended their authority into Hispania at the expense of the Suebi, in 507, however, their rule in Gaul was ended by the Franks under Clovis I, who defeated them in the Battle of Vouillé. After that, the Visigoth kingdom was limited to Hispania, in or around 589, the Visigoths under Reccared I converted from Arianism to Nicene Christianity, gradually adopting the culture of their Hispano-Roman subjects. Their legal code, the Visigothic Code abolished the practice of applying different laws for Romans. Once legal distinctions were no longer being made between Romani and Gothi, they became known collectively as Hispani, in the century that followed, the region was dominated by the Councils of Toledo and the episcopacy. In 711 or 712, a force of invading African Moors defeated the Visigoths in the Battle of Guadalete and their king and many members of their governing elite were killed, and their kingdom rapidly collapsed. During their governance of the Kingdom of Hispania, the Visigoths built several churches that survive and they also left many artifacts, which have been discovered in increasing numbers by archaeologists in recent times. The Treasure of Guarrazar of votive crowns and crosses is the most spectacular and they founded the only new cities in western Europe from the fall of the Western half of the Roman Empire until the rise of the Carolingian dynasty. Many Visigothic names are still in use in modern Spanish and Portuguese, contemporaneous references to the Gothic tribes use the terms Vesi, Ostrogothi, Thervingi, and Greuthungi. Most scholars have concluded that the terms Vesi and Tervingi were both used to refer to one particular tribe, while the terms Ostrogothi and Greuthungi were used to refer to another. In addition, the Notitia Dignitatum equates the Vesi with the Tervingi in a reference to the years 388–391, the earliest sources for each of the four names are roughly contemporaneous. The first recorded reference to the Tervingi is in a eulogy of the emperor Maximian, delivered in or shortly after 291 and it says that the Tervingi, another division of the Goths, joined with the Taifali to attack the Vandals and Gepidae. The first known use of the term Ostrogoths is in a document dated September 392 from Milan and this would explain why the latter terms dropped out of use shortly after 400, when the Goths were displaced by the Hunnic invasions. Wolfram believes that the people Zosimus describes were those Tervingi who had remained behind after the Hunnic conquest, for the most part, all of the terms discriminating between different Gothic tribes gradually disappeared after they moved into the Roman Empire. The last indication that the Goths whose king reigned at Toulouse thought of themselves as Vesi is found in a panegyric on Avitus by Sidonius Apollinaris dated 1 January 456, most recent scholars have concluded that Visigothic group identity emerged only within the Roman Empire
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Common Era
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Common Era or Current Era is a year-numbering system for the Julian and Gregorian calendars that refers to the years since the start of this era, i. e. since AD1. The preceding era is referred to as before the Common or Current Era, the Current Era notation system can be used as a secular alternative to the Dionysian era system, which distinguishes eras as AD and BC. The two notation systems are equivalent, thus 2017 CE corresponds to AD2017 and 400 BCE corresponds to 400 BC. The year-numbering system for the Gregorian calendar is the most widespread civil calendar used in the world today. For decades, it has been the standard, recognized by international institutions such as the United Nations. The expression has been traced back to Latin usage to 1615, as vulgaris aerae, the term Common Era can be found in English as early as 1708, and became more widely used in the mid-19th century by Jewish academics. He attempted to number years from a reference date, an event he referred to as the Incarnation of Jesus. Dionysius labeled the column of the table in which he introduced the new era as Anni Domini Nostri Jesu Christi, numbering years in this manner became more widespread in Europe with its usage by Bede in England in 731. Bede also introduced the practice of dating years before what he supposed was the year of birth of Jesus, in 1422, Portugal became the last Western European country to switch to the system begun by Dionysius. The first use of the Latin term vulgaris aerae discovered so far was in a 1615 book by Johannes Kepler, Kepler uses it again in a 1616 table of ephemerides, and again in 1617. A1635 English edition of that book has the title page in English – so far, a 1701 book edited by John LeClerc includes Before Christ according to the Vulgar Æra,6. A1716 book in English by Dean Humphrey Prideaux says, before the beginning of the vulgar æra, a 1796 book uses the term vulgar era of the nativity. The first so-far-discovered usage of Christian Era is as the Latin phrase aerae christianae on the page of a 1584 theology book. In 1649, the Latin phrase æræ Christianæ appeared in the title of an English almanac, a 1652 ephemeris is the first instance so-far-found for English usage of Christian Era. The English phrase common Era appears at least as early as 1708, a 1759 history book uses common æra in a generic sense, to refer to the common era of the Jews. The first-so-far found usage of the phrase before the era is in a 1770 work that also uses common era and vulgar era as synonyms. The 1797 edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica uses the terms vulgar era, the Catholic Encyclopedia in at least one article reports all three terms being commonly understood by the early 20th century. Thus, the era of the Jews, the common era of the Mahometans, common era of the world
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Iberian Peninsula
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The Iberian Peninsula /aɪˈbɪəriən pəˈnɪnsjᵿlə/, also known as Iberia /aɪˈbɪəriə/, is located in the southwest corner of Europe. The peninsula is divided between Portugal and Spain, comprising most of their territory. With an area of approximately 582,000 km2, it is the second largest European peninsula, at that time, the name did not describe a single political entity or a distinct population of people. Strabos Iberia was delineated from Keltikē by the Pyrenees and included the land mass southwest of there. The ancient Greeks reached the Iberian Peninsula, of which they had heard from the Phoenicians, hecataeus of Miletus was the first known to use the term Iberia, which he wrote about circa 500 BC. Herodotus of Halicarnassus says of the Phocaeans that it was they who made the Greeks acquainted with. According to Strabo, prior historians used Iberia to mean the country side of the Ἶβηρος as far north as the river Rhône in France. Polybius respects that limit, but identifies Iberia as the Mediterranean side as far south as Gibraltar, elsewhere he says that Saguntum is on the seaward foot of the range of hills connecting Iberia and Celtiberia. Strabo refers to the Carretanians as people of the Iberian stock living in the Pyrenees, according to Charles Ebel, the ancient sources in both Latin and Greek use Hispania and Hiberia as synonyms. The confusion of the words was because of an overlapping in political, the Latin word Hiberia, similar to the Greek Iberia, literally translates to land of the Hiberians. This word was derived from the river Ebro, which the Romans called Hiberus, hiber was thus used as a term for peoples living near the river Ebro. The first mention in Roman literature was by the annalist poet Ennius in 200 BC. Virgil refers to the Ipacatos Hiberos in his Georgics, the Roman geographers and other prose writers from the time of the late Roman Republic called the entire peninsula Hispania. As they became interested in the former Carthaginian territories, the Romans began to use the names Hispania Citerior. At the time Hispania was made up of three Roman provinces, Hispania Baetica, Hispania Tarraconensis, and Lusitania, Strabo says that the Romans use Hispania and Iberia synonymously, distinguishing between the near northern and the far southern provinces. Whatever language may generally have been spoken on the peninsula soon gave way to Latin, except for that of the Vascones, the Iberian Peninsula has always been associated with the Ebro, Ibēros in ancient Greek and Ibērus or Hibērus in Latin. The association was so known it was hardly necessary to state, for example. Pliny goes so far as to assert that the Greeks had called the whole of Spain Hiberia because of the Hiberus River, the river appears in the Ebro Treaty of 226 BC between Rome and Carthage, setting the limit of Carthaginian interest at the Ebro. The fullest description of the treaty, stated in Appian, uses Ibērus, with reference to this border, Polybius states that the native name is Ibēr, apparently the original word, stripped of its Greek or Latin -os or -us termination
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Iberians
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The Iberians were a set of peoples that Greek and Roman sources identified with that name in the eastern and southern coasts of the Iberian peninsula, at least from the 6th century BC. The Roman sources also use the term Hispani to refer to the Iberians, the term Iberian, as used by the ancient authors, had two distinct meanings. One, more general, referred to all the populations of the Iberian peninsula without regard to ethnic differences and this non-Indo-European cultural group spoke the Iberian language from the 7th to the 1st century BC. Other peoples possibly related to the Iberians are the Vascones, though related to the Aquitani than to the Iberians. The Iberian culture developed from the 6th century BC, and perhaps as early as the fifth to the third millennium BC in the eastern and southern coasts of the Iberian peninsula, the Iberians lived in villages and oppida and their communities were based on a tribal organization. The Iberians in the Spanish Levant, were more urbanized than their neighbors in the central, the peoples in the central and northwest regions were mostly Celtic, semi-pastoral and lived in scattered villages, though they also had a few fortified towns like Numantia. They had a knowledge of writing, metalworking, including bronze, in the centuries preceding Carthaginian and Roman conquest, Iberian settlements grew in social complexity, exhibiting evidence of social stratification and urbanization. This process was aided by trading contacts with the Phoenicians, Greeks. The settlement of Castellet de Banyoles in Tivissa was one of the most important ancient Iberian settlements in Catalonia that was discovered in 1912, also, the Treasure of Tivissa, a unique collection of silver Iberian votive offerings was found here in 1927. Lucentum was another ancient Iberian settlement, as well as Castelldefels Castle, mausoleum of Pozo Moro near the town of Chinchilla de Monte-Aragón in Castile-La Mancha seems to mark the location of another big settlement. Sagunto is the location of an ancient Iberian and later Roman city of Saguntum, Greek colonists made the first historical reference to the Iberians in the 6th century BC. They defined Iberians as non-Celtic peoples south of the Ebro river, the Greeks also dubbed as Iberians another people in the Caucasus region, currently known as Caucasian Iberians. It is not known if there had any type of connection between the two peoples. The Iberians traded extensively with other Mediterranean cultures, Iberian pottery and metalwork has been found in France, Italy, and North Africa. The Iberians had extensive contact with Greek colonists in the Spanish colonies of Emporion, Rhode, Zakynthos, the Iberians may have adopted some of the Greeks artistic techniques. Statues such as the Lady of Baza and the Lady of Elx are thought to have made by Iberians relatively well acquainted with Greek art. Thucydides stated that one of the three tribes of Sicily, the Sicani, were of Iberian origin, though Iberian at the time could have included what we think of as Gaul. The Iberians also had contacts with the Phoenicians, who had established colonies in southern Andalucia
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Celtiberians
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The Celtiberians were a group of Celts inhabiting the central-eastern Iberian Peninsula during the final centuries BC. They were explicitely mentioned as being Celts by several classic authors and these tribes spoke the Celtiberian language and wrote it by adapting the Iberian alphabet. Archaeologically, many elements link Celtiberians with Celts in Central Europe, there is no complete agreement on the exact definition of Celtiberians among classical authors, nor modern scholars. The Ebro river clearly divides the Celtiberian areas from non-Indoeuropean speaking peoples, on the other directions, the demarcation is less clear. Most scholars include the Arevaci, Pellendones, Belli, Titti and Lusones as Celtiberian tribes, strabo just saw the Celtiberians as a branch of the Celti. Settlements of circular huts survived until Roman times across the north of Iberia, from Northern Portugal, Asturias and Galicia through Cantabria and northern Leon to the Ebro River. Celtic presence in Iberia likely dates to as early as the 6th century BC, archaeological finds identify the culture as continuous with the culture reported by Classical writers from the late 3rd century onwards. There, when Greek and Roman geographers and historians encountered them, the dominant tribe were the Arevaci, who dominated their neighbors from powerful strongholds at Okilis and who rallied the long Celtiberian resistance to Rome. Other Celtiberians were the Belli and Titti in the Jalón valley, many late Celtiberian oppida are still occupied by modern towns, inhibiting archaeology. Metalwork stands out in Celtiberian archaeological finds, partly from its nature, emphasizing Celtiberian articles of warlike uses, horse trappings. The two-edged sword adopted by the Romans was previously in use among the Celtiberians, and Latin lancea, Celtiberian culture was increasingly influenced by Rome in the two final centuries BC. These civitates as the Roman historians called them, could make and break alliances, as surviving inscribed hospitality pacts attest, the old clan structures lasted in the formation of the Celtiberian armies, organized along clan-structure lines, with consequent losses of strategic and tactical control. The Celtiberians were the most influential group in Iberia when the Mediterranean powers started its conquest. In 220 BC, the Punic army was attacked when preparing to cross the Tagus river by a coalition of Vaccei, Carpetani and Olcades. After the conflict, Rome took possession of the Punic empire in Spain, tiberius Sempronius Gracchus spent the years 182 to 179 pacifying the Celtiberians, however, conflicts between various semi-independent bands of Celtiberians continued. The Sertorian War,80 –72 BC, marked the last formal resistance of the Celtiberian cities to Roman domination, the Celtiberian presence remains on the map of Spain in hundreds of Celtic place-names. The archaeological recovery of Celtiberian culture commenced with the excavations of Numantia, a Roman army auxiliary unit, the Cohors I Celtiberorum, is known from Britain, attested by 2nd century AD discharge diplomas. Center for Celtic Studies, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee,6, The Celts in the Iberian Peninsula, 571–605
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Dog breeding
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Dog breeding is the practice of mating selected dogs with the intent to maintain or produce specific qualities and characteristics. A person who intentionally mates dogs to produce puppies is referred to as a dog breeder, Breeding relies on the science of genetics, so the breeder with a knowledge of canine genetics, health, and the intended use for the dogs attempts to breed suitable dogs. Humans have maintained populations of animals around their places of habitat since pre-historic times. Over these millennia, domesticated dogs have developed into types, or groups, such as livestock guardian dogs, hunting dogs. Artificial selection in dog breeding has influenced behavior, shape, some researchers believe that the evolution of dogs from wolves is an example of neoteny or paedomorphism selection, that results in a retention of juvenile physical characteristics. Compared to wolves, many dog breeds retain such juvenile characteristics as soft fuzzy fur, round torsos, large heads and eyes, ears that hang down rather than stand erect. It has been seen that these traits can even prompt an adult female wolf to act more defensively of dog puppies than of wolf puppies. The example of canine neoteny goes even further, in that the dog breeds are differently neotenized according to the type of behavior that was selected. Other researchers believe that because this comparison is based on the wolf, which is not the ancestor of the dog. Further research indicates that the concept of neoteny as a means of distinguishing dogs from wolves is baseless, to maintain these distinctions, humans have intentionally mated dogs with certain characteristics to encourage those characteristics in the offspring. Through this process, hundreds of dog breeds have been developed, initially, the ownership of working and, later, purebred dogs, was a privilege of the wealthy. Nowadays, many people can afford to buy a dog, some breeders chose to breed purebred dogs, while some prefer the birth of a litter of puppies to a dog registry, such as kennel club to record it in stud books such as those kept by the AKC. Such registries maintain records of dogs’ lineage and are affiliated with kennel clubs. Maintaining correct data is important for purebred dog breeding, access to records allows a breeder to analyze the pedigrees and anticipate traits and behaviors. Requirements for the breeding of registered purebreds vary between breeds, countries, kennel clubs and registries and it has been concluded that findings imply that when selective breeding was done by humans, it squashed the snouts of certain dog breeds, it also morphed their brains. Breeders have to abide by the rules of the organization to participate in its breed maintenance. However, many registries, particularly those in North America, are not policing agencies that exclude dogs of poor quality or health and their main function is simply to register puppies born of parents who are themselves registered. Some dogs have certain characteristics that can develop into a disability or disease
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Raymond Burr
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Raymond William Stacy Burr was a Canadian-American actor, primarily known for his title roles in the television dramas Perry Mason and Ironside. He was prominently involved in multiple charitable endeavors, such as working on behalf of the United Service Organizations, Burrs early acting career included roles on Broadway, radio, television and in film, usually as the villain. His portrayal of the murderer in the Alfred Hitchcock thriller Rear Window is regarded as his best-known film role. He won two Emmy Awards, in 1959 and 1961, for the role of Perry Mason, which he played for nine seasons and his second hit TV series, Ironside, earned him six Emmy nominations and two Golden Globe nominations. After Burrs death from cancer in 1993, his life came into question. In 1996, Burr was listed as one of the 50 Greatest TV Stars of All Time by TV Guide, a 2014 study found that Burr was rated as the favorite actor by Netflix users, with the greatest number of dedicated microgenres. Raymond William Stacy Burr was born May 21,1917, in New Westminster, British Columbia and his father, William Johnston Burr, was a hardware salesman, his mother, Minerva Annette, was a pianist and music teacher who had been born in Chicago, Illinois. Burrs ancestry included Irish, English, Scottish, and German, when Burr was six, his parents divorced. Burrs mother moved to Vallejo, California, with him and his siblings, Geraldine. His father remained in New Westminster, Burr attended San Rafael Military Academy in San Rafael, California, for awhile and graduated from Berkeley High School. In later years, Burr freely invented stories of a happy childhood, in 1986 he told journalist Jane Ardmore that when he was 12 years old his mother sent him to New Mexico for a year to work as a ranch hand. He developed a passion for growing things and, while still a teenager, throughout his teenage years, he had some acting work, making his stage debut at age 12 with a Vancouver stock company. Growing up during the Great Depression, Burr hoped to study acting at the Pasadena Playhouse, a community theater and school in Pasadena, California. In 1934 he joined a theatre group in Toronto that toured throughout Canada, then joined another company that toured India, Australia. He briefly attended Long Beach Junior College and taught for a semester at San Jose Junior College, working nights as a radio actor and he also began his association with the Pasadena Playhouse in 1937. Burr moved to New York in 1940, and made his first Broadway appearance in Crazy With the Heat and his first starring role on the stage came in November 1942, when he was an emergency replacement in a Pasadena Playhouse production of Quiet Wedding, directed by Lenore Shanewise. He became a member of the Pasadena Playhouse drama faculty for 18 months and he returned to the Broadway stage for Patrick Hamiltons The Duke in Darkness, a psychological drama set during the French Wars of Religion. Burrs performance as the friend of the imprisoned protagonist led to a contract with RKO Radio Pictures
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Purebred dog
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A purebred dog typically refers to a dog of a modern dog breed with a documented pedigree in a stud book and may be registered with a breed club that may also be part of a national kennel club. Purebred dog may also be used in a different manner to refer to dogs of specific dog types and landraces that are not modern breeds, Coppinger says, The shepherds definition of pure is not wrong, it is simply different from mine. However, the definition is the one that involves modern breeds. The earliest use of the term pureblood in English referring to animal breeding, according to the Online Etymological Dictionary, was in 1882, the Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary dates the use to 1852. Purebred dogs are pedigreed members of modern breeds and these dogs may be registered with breed club. The breed clubs may be a stud book or a closed stud book. Usually the breed club is associated with a kennel club. However dogs who are registered with a club are usually referred to as registered. A dog that is purebred cannot be interpreted to mean it is high-quality dog and it is no reflection on the quality of the dogs health, temperament or sagacity, but merely a reference that the dog has known parentage according to the breeder. While some breed clubs can now guarantee parentage through DNA testing for the most part all breed clubs must rely exclusively on the breeders word and choice of parentage. In the early years of the club concept this was not at issue since dog breeding was only done among the extremely wealthy. However in this age of breeding one must be aware that even a DNA proven purebred and registered champion who has won national competitions can have serious health issues. In order to enhance specific characteristics, most modern purebred dogs registered with closed stud books are highly inbred, increasing the possibility of genetic-based disease. The open stud book, meaning some outcrossing is acceptable, is used in herding dog, hunting dog. Outcrosses with other breeds and breeding for working characteristics are assumed to result in a healthier dog, the Jack Russell Terrier Club of America states, Inbreeding favors genes of excellence as well as deleterious genes. Some open stud book breeds, such as the Jack Russell Terrier, have limitations on inbreeding. However, crossbreds do not breed true, and can only be reproduced by returning to the original two purebred breeds. Some hunting, herding, or working dog registries will accept mixed breed dogs as members of the if they work in the correct manner
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Hip dysplasia (canine)
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In dogs, hip dysplasia is an abnormal formation of the hip socket that, in its more severe form, can eventually cause crippling lameness and painful arthritis of the joints. It is a trait that is affected by environmental factors. It can be found in animals and in humans, but is most commonly associated with dogs. Hip dysplasia is one of the most studied veterinary conditions in dogs, in the normal anatomy of the hip joint, the root is connected to the pelvis at the hip joint. The almost spherical end of the femur head fits into the acetabulum, the bony surfaces of the femur head and of the acetabulum are covered by cartilage. While bones provide the necessary to support body weight, cartilage ensures a smooth fit. Normal hip function can be affected by conditions such as dysplasia, discussed in this article, trauma. In a hip the dog could have major contractions or seizures from dysplasias, the caput is not deeply and tightly held by the acetabulum. Instead of being a fit, it is a loose fit. Secondly, the caput or acetabulum are not smooth and round, the body reacts to this in several ways. First, the joint itself is continually repairing itself and laying down new cartilage, the joint becomes inflamed and a cycle of cartilage damage, inflammation and pain commences. This is a process, in that the more the joint becomes damaged. The bones of the joint may also develop osteoarthritis, visible on an X-ray as small outcrops of bone, osteoarthritis is a degenerative disease marked by the breakdown of cartilage between joints resulting in painful bone-to-bone contact. The underlying deformity of the joint may get worse over time, a dog may have good X-rays and yet be in pain, or may have very poor X-rays and have no apparent pain issues. The hip condition is one factor to determine the extent to which dysplasia is causing pain or affecting the quality of life. In mild to moderate dysplasia it is often the secondary effects of wear and tear or arthritis, rather than dysplasia itself. In canines, it can be caused by a femur that does not fit correctly into the pelvic socket, large and giant breeds are most susceptible to hip dysplasia, though, many other breeds can suffer from it. For a list of top 100 breeds affected, by percentage, visit the OFFA Here, http, cats are also known to have this condition, especially Siamese
