1.
Bristol, Pennsylvania
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Bristol is a borough in Bucks County, Pennsylvania,23 miles northeast of Center City Philadelphia, opposite Burlington, New Jersey on the Delaware River. All these factors spurred development of Bristol and nearby towns, explaining in part the industries which developed in the region, although its charter was revised in 1905, the original charter remains in effect, making Bristol one of the older boroughs in Pennsylvania. 7,104 people lived in Bristol in 1900,9,256 in 1910,10,273 in 1920, the population was 9,726 at the 2010 census. The current Mayor is Patrick Sabatini Sr. Samuel Clift founded Bristol, the grant became effective on March 14,1681 or March 4,1681 at the same time as William Penns Charter from Charles II became effective. Clift was required by the grant to maintain ferry service across the Delaware River to Burlington, New Jersey, the inn later became known as the George II. Bristol was platted in 1697, and named after Bristol, England and it was originally used as a port and dock. Bristol is rich in history, boasting many historic and restored houses that line the streets of Radcliffe, until 1725 Bristol served as county seat of Bucks County. From its earliest days Bristol was a center of mills, foundries, milling. Its docks also had regular services to New Jersey and other points east from as early as 1681 until 1931. Since Bristols long established docks were accessible to the Delaware, the town became the Delaware Canals southern terminal end. By the 1880s Bristol was home to factories, including companies manufacturing wall paper. In World War I, the Bristol docks had sufficient space for a shipyard to construct twelve building slips for the construction of merchant vessels. The residential area developed around the shipyards was soon named Harriman, Pennsylvania. In 1922 Harriman was annexed by Bristol, most of the shipping was finished too late to enter World War I, but some of the shipyards output was used post-war in relief and troop support missions. The majority of the contracts were canceled in 1919, and the ship yards rapidly became excess real estate, during World War II the old shipyards were used to build those and other airplanes, but most of the manufacturing in WW-II was not directly war related. In 1961, Bristol gained national attention when the song Bristol Stomp, the song remains a local favorite, and it is often played at ceremonies, parades, and sporting events. The Merchant Shipbuilding site returned to the news in the 1990s when the Bucks County Redevelopment Authority using state, the project also established a park with four monuments celebrating the towns past in the redevelopment. Various annual festivals, in particular keep a multi-ethnic cultural identity alive, Delaware Division of the Pennsylvania Canal is also designated a National Historic Landmark District
2.
Orinda, California
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Orinda is a city in Contra Costa County, California, United States. The population was 17,643 at the 2010 census, and was estimated in 2012 to have increased to 18,342, Orinda was ranked the second most friendly town in America by Forbes. The town is located just east of the city of Berkeley and is home to affluent suburban professionals who commute to downtown Oakland, San Francisco. Its location provides for a more rustic landscape, and Orindas many parks and trails make it a destination for many Bay Area hikers and naturalists. Present-day Orinda was located within four Mexican land grants, Rancho Laguna de los Palos Colorados, Rancho Acalanes, Rancho El Sobrante, the area was originally rural, mainly known for ranching and summer cabins. In the late 19th century, the land was named by Alice Marsh Cameron, probably in honor of the poet Katherine Philips, in the 1880s, the United States Surveyor General for California, Theodore Wagner, built an estate which he named Orinda Park. The Orinda Park post office opened in 1888, the post offices name was changed to Orinda in 1895. Orinda was also the site of Bryant Station, a stop on the failed California, in later times, the area around Bryant Station was known as Orinda Crossroads. Orindas popularity as a year-round residence grew after the 1937 completion of the Caldecott Tunnel, bisected by California State Route 24 and framed by its rolling oak-covered hills, the city of Orinda was incorporated on July 1,1985. Its first mayor was Richard G. Heggie, the city has a station on the Pittsburg/Bay Point Line of the Bay Area Rapid Transit. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 12.7 square miles. The area is characterized by a warm-summer Mediterranean climate with cool, rainy winters and warm and it is located in the Chaparral biome. Because Orinda is located in an area, microclimates often dominate temperature differences in short distances. The Oakland hills often block the cool conditions that can be seen in Oakland. In the summer, fog can spill over the Oakland hills cooling off the area, heatwaves from the inland areas can be felt much more in Orinda than in Oakland and the innerbay during the summer. In the winter, Orinda often sees more precipitation than surrounding areas because of its higher elevation, snowfall is rare but not unheard of. A dusting of snow may occur any given year because of the elevation, during stable conditions in the winter, mornings can be rather cold and frosty in downtown and lower lying areas while the higher hills surrounding the area may be several degrees warmer. The population density was 1,398.2 people per square mile, there were 6,744 housing units at an average density of 535. 8/sq mi
3.
Science fiction
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Science fiction often explores the potential consequences of scientific and other innovations, and has been called a literature of ideas. Science fiction is difficult to define, as it includes a range of subgenres and themes. Author and editor Damon Knight summed up the difficulty, saying science fiction is what we point to when we say it, a definition echoed by author Mark C. Glassy, who argues that the definition of science fiction is like the definition of pornography, you do not know what it is, in 1970 or 1971William Atheling Jr. According to science fiction writer Robert A, rod Serlings definition is fantasy is the impossible made probable. Science fiction is the improbable made possible, Science fiction is largely based on writing rationally about alternative possible worlds or futures. Science fiction elements include, A time setting in the future, in alternative timelines, a spatial setting or scenes in outer space, on other worlds, or on subterranean earth. Characters that include aliens, mutants, androids, or humanoid robots, futuristic or plausible technology such as ray guns, teleportation machines, and humanoid computers. Scientific principles that are new or that contradict accepted physical laws, for time travel, wormholes. New and different political or social systems, e. g. utopian, dystopian, post-scarcity, paranormal abilities such as mind control, telepathy, telekinesis Other universes or dimensions and travel between them. A product of the budding Age of Reason and the development of science itself. Isaac Asimov and Carl Sagan considered Keplers work the first science fiction story and it depicts a journey to the Moon and how the Earths motion is seen from there. Later, Edgar Allan Poe wrote a story about a flight to the moon, more examples appeared throughout the 19th century. Wells The War of the Worlds describes an invasion of late Victorian England by Martians using tripod fighting machines equipped with advanced weaponry and it is a seminal depiction of an alien invasion of Earth. In the late 19th century, the scientific romance was used in Britain to describe much of this fiction. This produced additional offshoots, such as the 1884 novella Flatland, the term would continue to be used into the early 20th century for writers such as Olaf Stapledon. In the early 20th century, pulp magazines helped develop a new generation of mainly American SF writers, influenced by Hugo Gernsback, the founder of Amazing Stories magazine. In 1912 Edgar Rice Burroughs published A Princess of Mars, the first of his series of Barsoom novels, situated on Mars
4.
Fantasy
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Fantasy is a fiction genre set in an imaginary universe, often but not always without any locations, events, or people from the real world. Most fantasy uses magic or other elements as a main plot element, theme. Magic and magical creatures are common in many of these imaginary worlds, in popular culture, the fantasy genre is predominantly of the medievalist form. In its broadest sense, however, fantasy works by many writers, artists, filmmakers. Fantasy is studied in a number of disciplines including English and other studies, cultural studies, comparative literature, history. The identifying trait of fantasy is the reliance on imagination to create narrative elements that do not have to rely on history or nature to be coherent. This differs from realistic fiction in that whereas realistic fiction has to attend to the history and natural laws of reality, an author applies his or her imagination to come up with characters, plots, and settings that are impossible in reality. Fantasy has often compared with science fiction and horror because they are the major categories of speculative fiction. Fantasy is distinguished from science fiction by the plausibility of the narrative elements, a science fiction narrative is unlikely, though seeming possible through logical scientific and/or technological extrapolation, whereas fantasy narratives do not need to be scientifically possible. The imagined elements of fantasy do not need an explanation to be narratively functional. Authors have to rely on the suspension of disbelief, an acceptance of the unbelievable or impossible for the sake of enjoyment. Despite both genres heavy reliance on the supernatural, fantasy and horror are distinguishable, horror primarily evokes fear through the protagonists weaknesses or inability to deal with the antagonists. Beginning perhaps with the earliest written documents, mythic and other elements that would come to define fantasy. MacDonald was an influence on both J. R. R. Tolkien and C. S. Lewis. The other major fantasy author of this era was William Morris, lord Dunsany established the genres popularity in both the novel and the short story form. Many popular mainstream authors also began to write fantasy at this time, including H. Rider Haggard, Rudyard Kipling and Edgar Rice Burroughs. Indeed, juvenile fantasy was considered more acceptable than fantasy intended for adults, nathaniel Hawthorne wrote fantasy in A Wonder-Book for Girls and Boys, intended for children, though works for adults only verged on fantasy. Political and social trends can affect a societys reception towards fantasy, in the early 20th century, the New Culture Movements enthusiasm for Westernization and science in China compelled them to condemn the fantastical shenmo genre of traditional Chinese literature
5.
Time travel
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Some ancient myths depict skipping forward in time. The Buddhist Pāli Canon mentions the relativity of time, in the period of our century, one hundred years, only a single day, twenty four hours would have passed for them. The Japanese tale of Urashima Tarō, first described in the Nihongi tells of a fisherman named Urashima Taro who visits an undersea palace. After three days, he returns home to his village and finds himself 300 years in the future, where he has forgotten, his house is in ruins. Early science-fiction stories feature characters who sleep for years and awaken in a changed society. Among them LAn 2440, rêve sil en fût jamais by Louis-Sébastien Mercier, Rip Van Winkle by Washington Irving, Looking Backward by Edward Bellamy, prolonged sleep, like the more familiar time machine, is used as a means of time travel in these stories. Decades-long and centuries-long sleep is featured in ancient myths. Like forward time travel, backward time travel has an uncertain origin, the narrator rides to ancient Greece on a hippogriff, meets Aristotle, and goes on a voyage with Alexander the Great before returning to the 19th century. While the narrator waits under a tree for a coach to take him out of Newcastle and he encounters the Venerable Bede in a monastery and explains to him the developments of the coming centuries. However, the story never makes it clear whether these events are real or a dream, charles Dickenss A Christmas Carol has early depictions of time travel in both directions, as the protagonist, Ebenezer Scrooge, is transported to Christmases past and future. However, these might be interpreted as visions rather than as time travel because Scrooge experiences the time periods as a rather than as a participant. A clearer example of time travel is found in the popular 1861 book Paris avant les hommes by the French botanist and geologist Pierre Boitard. This may have been the first story to feature an alternate history created as a result of time travel. Early time machines One of the first stories to feature time travel by means of a machine is The Clock that Went Backward by Edward Page Mitchell, however, the mechanism borders on fantasy. An unusual clock, when wound, runs backwards and transports people nearby back in time, the author does not explain the origin or properties of the clock. Enrique Gaspar y Rimbaus El Anacronópete may have been the first story to feature a vessel engineered to travel through time, H. G. Wellss The Time Machine popularized the concept of time travel by mechanical means. In technical papers, physicists generally avoid the language of moving or traveling through time. Movement normally refers only to a change in position as the time coordinate is varied
6.
The Broken Sword
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The Broken Sword is a fantasy novel by American writer Poul Anderson, originally published in 1954. It was issued in an edition by Ballantine Books as the twenty-fourth volume of their Ballantine Adult Fantasy series in January 1971. The original text was returned to print by Gollancz in 2002, the book tells the story of Skafloc, elven-fosterling and originally son of Orm the Strong. The story begins with the marriage of Orm the Strong and Aelfrida of the English, Orm kills a witchs family on the land and later half-converts to Christianity, but quarrels with the local priest and sends him off the land. Meanwhile, an elf named Imric, with the help of the witch, in his place, Imric leaves a changeling called Valgard. The real son of Orm is taken away to elven lands, as the story continues, both Skafloc and Valgard have significant roles in the war between the trolls and the elves. Anthony Boucher praised the original edition as a magnificent saga of the interplay of gods, demigods, faerie, heroes, groff Conklin described the novel as a rip-snorting, bloody, imitation-Norse epic containing all the elements of faerie. But the story ends in a mad scramble and unconvincing slaughter, the novel is set during the Viking Age and the story contains many references to the Norse mythology. It is often described as a successor to the 1891 novel The Saga of Eric Brighteyes, a partial adaptation of the novel, done as a serialized black-and-white graphic novel, was adapted by fantasy writer Tom Reamy and illustrated by professional fantasy artist George Barr. The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction and Fantasy, the Broken Sword title listing at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database
7.
Tau Zero
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Tau Zero is a hard science fiction novel by Poul Anderson. The novel was based upon the short story To Outlive Eternity appearing in Galaxy Science Fiction in 1967 and it was first published in book form in 1970. The book is regarded as a example of hard sci-fi. It was nominated for the Hugo Award for Best Novel in 1971, Tau Zero follows the crew of the starship Leonora Christine, a colonization vessel crewed by 25 men and 25 women aiming to reach a distant star system. The ship is powered by a Bussard ramjet, which was proposed 10 years before Anderson wrote the book, however, the Leonora Christine passes through a nebula before the half-way point, damaging the Bussard ram scoops which were to have been the deceleration module. The text consists of narrative prose interspersed with paragraphs in which Anderson explains the basis of relativity, time dilation. The ships ever-increasing velocity brings the time dilation to extreme levels, the initial plan is to locate and land on a suitable planet in another galaxy. Millions of years would have passed since their departure, and in any case they would be millions of years from Earth. However, they find the vacuum of intergalactic space insufficient for safety and they do, but the extremely thinly spread matter is then too dispersed to use for deceleration. They must wait, flying free but essentially without the ability to change course and he explains his system to his partner Chi-Yuen Ai-Ling, The human animal wants a father-mother image but, at the same time, resents being disciplined. You can get stability like this, The ultimate authority source is kept remote, god-like and your immediate superior is a mean son-of-a-bitch who makes you toe the mark and whom you therefore detest. But his own superior is as kind and sympathetic as rank allows, the end result is that Captain Telanders been isolated. His infallibility doesnt have to cope with essentially unfixable human messes, hard, harsh, demanding, overbearing, inconsiderate, brutal. Not so bad as to start a petition for my removal, but enough to irritate, be disliked, although respected. Its healthier to be mad at me than to dwell on personal woes, as first officer, she sustains my power. But she overrules me from time to time and she exercises her rank to bend regulations in favor of mercy. Therefore she adds benignity to the attributes of Ultimate Authority, the storyline is similar to that of the long poem and later opera Aniara, in which the ship was unable to stop and doomed to travel endlessly, but Tau Zero has a more upbeat ending. By the time the ship is repaired, tau has decreased to less than a billionth, but by the time that they are ready to attempt to find a future home, they realize that the universe is approaching a big crunch
8.
Planet Stories
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Planet Stories was an American pulp science fiction magazine, published by Fiction House between 1939 and 1955. It featured interplanetary adventures, both in space and on planets, and was initially focused on a young readership. Malcolm Reiss was editor or editor-in-chief for all of its 71 issues, Planet Stories was launched at the same time as Planet Comics, the success of which probably helped to fund the early issues of Planet Stories. In 1952 Planet published Philip K. Dicks first sale, bradburys work for Planet included an early story in his Martian Chronicles sequence. Bracketts best-known work for the magazine was a series of adventures featuring Eric John Stark, the artwork also emphasized attractive women, with scantily clad damsels in distress or alien princesses on almost every cover. By the end of the 1930s the field was undergoing its first boom, Fiction House, a major pulp publisher, had run into difficulties during the Depression, but after a relaunch in 1934 found success with detective and romance pulp titles. The first issue was dated Winter 1939, with the Summer 1950 issue the editorship passed to Jerome Bixby, who was already editing Jungle Stories. Soon thereafter Planet Stories switched from a quarterly to bimonthly schedule, Bixby lasted a little over a year, Malcolm Reiss took over again in September 1951, and three issues later, in March 1952, Jack OSullivan became editor. A contemporary market survey records that in 1953, payment rates were only one to two cents per word, this was substantially behind the magazines of the day. Planet returned to a quarterly schedule beginning with the Summer 1954 issue, but the market was collapsing. Planet relied on a few authors to provide the bulk of its fiction in the years, with Nelson Bond providing eight lead stories. Fourteen more were written by Ray Cummings and Ross Rocklynne, and Leigh Brackett was also a regular contributor, the letter column in Planet was titled The Vizigraph, it was very active, with long letters from an engaged readership. Despite the focus on melodramatic space adventure, the fiction in Planet Stories improved over the few years, largely due to the work of Brackett. Both writers set many of their stories on a version of Mars that owed much to the Barsoom of Edgar Rice Burroughs. Bracketts writing improved during the 1940s from formulaic pulp adventure to a mature style. She wrote a series of stories featuring adventurer Eric John Stark. Also arguing in support of Planet Stories, science fiction critic John Clute has commented that the content was far more sophisticated than the covers. He also collaborated on a story with Leigh Brackett, Lorelei of the Red Mist, based on an idea of hers and his stories for Planet demonstrate his reservations about the advance of technology, in particular The Golden Apples of the Sun, and A Sound of Thunder
9.
Galaxy Science Fiction
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Galaxy Science Fiction was an American digest-size science fiction magazine, published from 1950 to 1980. It was founded by an Italian company, World Editions, which was looking to break into the American market. World Editions hired as editor H. L. Gold, who rapidly made Galaxy the leading science fiction magazine of its time, in 1952, the magazine was acquired by Robert Guinn, its printer. By the late 1950s, Frederik Pohl was helping Gold with most aspects of the magazines production, when Golds health worsened, Pohl took over as editor, starting officially at the end of 1961, though he had been doing the majority of the production work for some time. Under Pohl Galaxy had continued success, regularly publishing fiction by such as Cordwainer Smith, Jack Vance, Harlan Ellison. However, Pohl never won the annual Hugo Award for his stewardship of Galaxy, in 1969 Guinn sold Galaxy to Universal Publishing and Distribution Corporation and Pohl resigned, to be replaced by Ejler Jakobsson. Under Jakobsson the magazine declined in quality, by the end of the 1970s the gaps between issues were lengthening, and the title was finally sold to Galileo publisher Vincent McCaffrey, who brought out only a single issue in 1980. A brief revival as a magazine followed in 1994, edited by H. L. Golds son, E. J. Gold. At its peak, Galaxy greatly influenced the science fiction field and it was regarded as one of the leading sf magazines almost from the start, and its influence did not wane until Pohls departure in 1969. Gold brought a sophisticated intellectual subtlety to magazine science fiction according to Pohl, SF historian David Kyle agrees, commenting that of all the editors in and out of the post-war scene, the most influential beyond any doubt was H. L. Gold. Kyle suggests that the new direction Gold set inevitably led to the experimental New Wave, the first science fiction magazine, Amazing Stories, appeared in 1926. By the end of the 1930s, the genre was flourishing in the United States, in the late 1940s, the market began to recover. From a low of eight active US magazines in 1946, the field expanded to 20 just four years later, Galaxys appearance in 1950 was part of this boom. With the advent of the war, Gold left publishing and went into the army, but in late 1949 he was approached by Vera Cerutti, Cerutti was now working for an Italian publisher, Edizione Mondiale, that had opened an office in New York as World Editions. She initially asked Gold for guidance on how to produce a magazine, World Editions took a heavy loss on Fascination, its first attempt to launch a US magazine, and Cerutti returned to Gold asking for recommendations for new titles. Gold knew about The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction, a digest launched in the fall of 1949, World Editions agreed, hired Gold as the editor, and the first issue appeared in October 1950. The novel series subsequently appeared as Galaxy Science Fiction Novels, Gold initially suggested two titles for the magazine, If and Galaxy. For the first issue, Gold obtained stories by several authors, including Isaac Asimov, Fritz Leiber
10.
Fantastic (magazine)
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Fantastic was an American digest size fantasy and science fiction magazine, published from 1952 to 1980. It was founded by Ziff Davis as a companion to Amazing Stories. Early sales were good, and Ziff Davis quickly decided to switch Amazing from pulp format to digest, within a few years sales fell, and Howard Browne, the editor, was forced to switch the focus to science fiction rather than fantasy. Browne lost interest in the magazine as a result and the magazine generally ran poor quality fiction in the mid-1950s, under Browne and his successor and she helped to nurture the early careers of writers such as Roger Zelazny and Ursula K. Le Guin, but was unable to increase circulation, and in 1965 the magazines were sold to Sol Cohen and this was financially successful, but brought Cohen into conflict with the newly formed Science Fiction Writers of America. After a turbulent period at the end of the 1960s, Ted White became editor, White worked hard to make the magazine successful, introducing artwork from artists who had made their names in comics, and working with new authors such as Gordon Eklund. His budget for fiction was low, but he was able to find good stories from well-known writers which had been rejected by the other markets. Circulation continued to decline and in 1978 Cohen sold out his half of the business to his partner, in 1938, Ziff-Davis, a Chicago-based publisher looking to expand into the pulp magazine market, acquired Amazing Stories. Ziff-Davis agreed to back the new magazine, and Browne put together a copy, but when the Korean War broke out Ziff-Davis cut their budgets. Browne did not give up, and in 1952 received the go-ahead to try a new magazine instead, focused on high-quality fantasy, the first issue of Fantastic, dated Summer 1952, appeared on March 21 of that year. The experiment with quality fiction did not last, circulation dropped, which led to budget cuts, and in turn the quality of the fiction fell. Browne had wanted to separate Fantastic from Amazings pulp roots, but now found he had to print more science fiction, Fantastics poor results were probably a consequence of the overloaded sf magazine market, far more magazines appeared in the early 1950s than the market was able to support. In May 1956 Browne left Ziff-Davis to become a screenwriter, Paul W. Fairman took over as editor of both Fantastic and Amazing. In 1957 Bernard Davis left Ziff-Davis, it had been Davis who had suggested the acquisition of Amazing in 1939, with his departure Amazing and Fantastic stagnated, they remained monthly but drew no attention from Ziff-Daviss management. In November 1955, Ziff-Davis hired an assistant, Cele Goldsmith and she also read the slush piles for all the magazines, and was quickly given more responsibility. Goldsmith stayed as editor for six and a half years, circulation dropped for both Amazing and Fantastic, in 1964 Fantastic had a paid circulation of only 27,000. In 1965 Sol Cohen, who at time was Galaxys publisher, set up his own publishing company, Ultimate Publishing. Cohen had decided to make the magazines as profitable as possible by filling them only with reprints, using reprints in this way saved Cohen about $8,000 a year between the two magazines
11.
Dominic Flandry
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Dominic Flandry is the central character in the second half of Poul Andersons Technic History science fiction. The space opera series is set in the 31st century, during the days of the Terran Empire. Flandry is a field agent of the Imperial Intelligence Corps who travels the stars to fight off imminent threats to the empire from both external enemies and internal treachery. His long-time archenemy is Aycharaych, a cultured but ruthless telepathic spymaster who weaves plots for the rival empire of the alien Merseians. The illegitimate son of a nobleman, Flandry rises to considerable power within the decadent Empire by his own wits. Still he is conscious of the impending fall of the Terran Empire. His career is dedicated to holding it off for as long as possible, in time, he passes the mantle to his daughter Diana, who is also illegitimate. Flandry is willing to disregard conventional morality and use his foes tactics against them, Flandry of Terra containing The Game of Glory, A Message in Secret and The Plague of Masters. Young Flandry, combining the novels Ensign Flandry, A Circus of Hells and The Rebel Worlds. Sir Dominic Flandry, The Last Knight of Terra, combining the short stories The Plague of Masters, Hunters of the Sky Cave, The Warriors from Nowhere, Flandrys Legacy, combining the novels A Stone in Heaven and The Game of Empire. He also appears – with Andersons permission – in the novel The Dark Dimensions, there, Flandry crosses over into Chandlers Rim Worlds and meets Chandlers Commodore Grimes. While still a cadet, Flandry seduced the girlfriend of a trainee named Fenross. The girl was not very attractive and Flandry was not particularly smitten with her, after Flandry dropped her, the girl became very wild and was killed in an accident on Venus. Fenross, who had cared for her much, never looked at another woman afterwards. Being promoted faster, Fenross became an admiral and Flandrys direct superior, Flandry admitted that Fenross had a legitimate grudge, but did manage to survive all the very dangerous missions on which Fenross kept sending him. Similar to the James Bond stories, every new adventure brings Flandry another beautiful damsel to woo, on departure she leaves Flandry with a curse, I guess I cant stop you from having nearly any woman who comes by. But Il wish this, that you never get the one you really want, at the time, Flandry shrugs it off – but Djanas curse comes all too true. In The Rebel Worlds Flandry falls head over heels in love with Kathryn McCormac, wife of the rebel Admiral Hugh McCormac
12.
After Doomsday
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After Doomsday is a science fiction novel by American writer Poul Anderson. It was published as a novel in 1962, having been serialized as The Day after Doomsday in the magazine Galaxy. The novel explores events after the destruction of Earth, from the point of view of two returning starship crews, one made up of men, the other consisting entirely of women. The story is set in the early 21st century, even as the Cold War dragged on Earth has been suddenly contacted by the Monwaingi space-faring culture. The technology of interstellar travel is spreading across the galaxy, disrupting one culture after another, Monwaing itself was contacted only a few centuries previously. Another culture, the Vorlak, underwent a transition from a stable society to a warlord culture similar to the Japanese Shogunate. The nomadic Kandemirian culture became a hegemonistic one similar to the Mongol Empire, Earth found itself on the fringes of a conflict between Kandemir and a coalition led by Vorlak, with Monwaing on the sidelines, actively supporting the anti-Kandemir forces. There is a lingua franca called Uru, which bonds the diverse cultures together, the original speakers of the language may have also initiated the spread of interstellar technology, but the language seems to have outlived, or at least outstripped its originators. In the 20 years since contact, several expeditions have set out, some in borrowed ships, some in ships built on Earth. The ship USS Benjamin Franklin, with a crew, set out to visit the core of the Milky Way — actually an unusual quest by the stodgy standards of the typical galactic culture. Another ship has gone as far as the Magellanic Clouds, the pan-European expedition in the ship Europa, crewed entirely by women, has roamed far outside the local group of cultures. The star-drive technology allows journeys of tens of thousands of parsecs in mere months, in spite of this, most cultures are stay-at-homes compared to humans, interacting only with the local group of cultures, known as a cluster. Now the Franklin and the Europa return to find that Earth has suffered the ultimate disaster, the USS Benjamin Franklin, a starship crewed entirely by men returns to Earth, to find the planet consumed by eruptions from within the crust. All life is gone, along with the few outposts of humanity on the Moon, missiles lurk throughout the Solar System, ready to destroy returning ships. Unable to leave a message drone because of the missiles, the Franklin flees to Tau Ceti, discipline breaks down, the captain is killed, and a nucleus of a new crew forms behind a man named Carl Donnan. Donnan is an engineer and adventurer who gave up wandering the Earth for a chance to see the galaxy, now he is leading almost 300 men on a quest for other humans, and for Earths murderers. Chief suspects are the Kandemirians, especially since the missiles swarming through the Solar System are Kandemirian, Earth is new to interstellar trade, and a handful of ships have gone out into the wider galactic society. The men realize they have hope of finding other humans
13.
If (magazine)
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If was an American science fiction magazine launched in March 1952 by Quinn Publications, owned by James L. Quinn. The magazine was successful, though it was never considered to be in the first tier of science fiction magazines. It achieved its greatest success under editor Frederik Pohl, winning the Hugo Award for best professional magazine three years running from 1966 to 1968. If published many award-winning stories over its 22 years, including Robert A. Heinleins novel The Moon Is a Harsh Mistress, the most prominent writer to make his first sale to If was Larry Niven, whose story The Coldest Place appeared in the December 1964 issue. If was merged into Galaxy Science Fiction after the December 1974 issue, by the end of the 1930s the field was undergoing its first boom, but World War II and its attendant paper shortages led to the demise of several titles. By the late 1940s the market began to recover again, from a low of eight active magazines in 1946, the field expanded to 20 in 1950, and a further 22 had commenced publication by 1954. If was launched in the middle of this publishing boom. Ifs origins can be traced to 1948 and 1949, when Raymond Palmer founded two magazines while working at Ziff-Davis in Chicago, Fate and Other Worlds, Fate published articles about occult and supernatural events, while Other Worlds was a science fiction magazine. The two were successful to attract the notice of James L. Quinn, a New York publisher. One was a magazine entitled Strange, the other was If. By the time the issue reached the news stands, the disappointing sales figures for the first issue were in. Quinn persevered with himself as editor and his first issue was dated July 1952, and he continued as editor on the masthead for some years. Quinn brought in Ed Valigursky as the art editor, he designed striking covers, including some wraparound artwork—an unusual feature—which helped improve circulation. Quinn began searching for a replacement editor, writer Lester del Rey turned down the job but Quinn was able to engage Larry T. Shaw, Shaw joined in May 1953 as associate editor and soon began writing editorials and assisting with story selection. The magazines quality quickly improved and soon Quinn felt able to switch to a monthly schedule, Shaw left after only a year, and Quinn resumed full editorial responsibilities. In late 1953, Quinn decided to run a competition for short fiction from new writers, the competition was only open to college students who had not sold a story before. The first prize was $1,000, the second prize $500, the only other one of the seven announced winners who had a career as a science fiction writer was Leo P. Kelley. Quinn decided to move If to a schedule with the March 1954 issue
14.
Amazing Stories
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Amazing Stories is an American science fiction magazine launched in April 1926 by Hugo Gernsbacks Experimenter Publishing. It was the first magazine devoted solely to science fiction, Science fiction stories had made regular appearances in other magazines, including some published by Gernsback, but Amazing helped define and launch a new genre of pulp fiction. Amazing was published, with interruptions, for almost eighty years, going through a half-dozen owners. Gernsback was forced into bankruptcy and lost control of the magazine in 1929, and by 1938 it was purchased by Ziff-Davis, Palmer made the magazine successful though it was not regarded as a quality magazine within the science fiction community. Amazing switched to a digest size format in 1953, shortly before the end of the pulp-magazine era. Ted White took over as editor in 1969, eliminated the reprints and made the magazine respected again, several other owners attempted to create a modern incarnation of the magazine in the following decades, but publication was suspended after the March 2005 issue. A new incarnation appeared in July 2012 as an online magazine, Gernsbacks initial editorial approach was to blend instruction with entertainment, he believed science fiction could educate readers. His audience rapidly showed a preference for implausible adventures, however, despite this, Gernsback had an enormous impact on the field, the creation of a specialist magazine for science fiction spawned an entire genre publishing industry. The letter columns in Amazing, where fans could make contact with other, led to the formation of science fiction fandom. Writers whose first story was published in the magazine include John W. Campbell, Isaac Asimov, Howard Fast, Le Guin, Roger Zelazny, and Thomas M. Disch. Overall, though, Amazing itself was rarely an influential magazine within the genre after the 1920s, by the end of the 19th century, stories centered on scientific inventions, and stories set in the future, were appearing regularly in popular fiction magazines. The market for short stories lent itself to tales of invention in the tradition of Jules Verne, Magazines such as Munseys Magazine and The Argosy, launched in 1889 and 1896 respectively, carried a few science fiction stories each year. In 1908, Hugo Gernsback published the first issue of Modern Electrics and it was an immediate success, and Gernsback began to include articles on imaginative uses of science, such as Wireless on Saturn. In 1920 Gernsback retitled the magazine Science and Invention, and through the early 1920s he published much scientific fiction in its pages, Gernsback had started another magazine called Practical Electrics in 1921. However, in 1926 he decided to go ahead, and ceased publication of The Experimenter to make room in his schedule for a new magazine. The editor of The Experimenter, T. OConor Sloane, became the editor of Amazing Stories, the first issue appeared on 10 March 1926, with a cover date of April 1926. Initially the magazine focussed on reprints, the first original story was “The Man From the Atom ” by G. Peyton Wertenbaker in the May 1926 issue, in the August issue, new stories were noted with an asterisk in the table of contents. The editorial work was largely done by Sloane, but Gernsback retained final say over the fiction content, Two consultants, Conrad A. Brandt and Wilbur C
15.
Americans
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Americans are citizens of the United States of America. The country is home to people of different national origins. As a result, Americans do not equate their nationality with ethnicity, although citizens make up the majority of Americans, non-citizen residents, dual citizens, and expatriates may also claim an American identity. See Names for United States citizens. S, virgin Islands and Northern Mariana Islands in the 20th century. It also includes influences of African-American culture, westward expansion integrated the Creoles and Cajuns of Louisiana and the Hispanos of the Southwest and brought close contact with the culture of Mexico. Large-scale immigration in the late 19th and early 20th centuries from Southern and Eastern Europe introduced a variety of elements, immigration from Asia, Africa, and Latin America has also had impact. A cultural melting pot, or pluralistic salad bowl, describes the way in which generations of Americans have celebrated and exchanged distinctive cultural characteristics, in addition to the United States, Americans and people of American descent can be found internationally. As many as seven million Americans are estimated to be living abroad, the United States of America is a diverse country, racially, and ethnically. Some other race is also an option in the census and other surveys, people of European descent, or White Americans, constitute the majority of the 308 million people living in the United States, with 72. 4% of the population in the 2010 United States Census. They are considered people who trace their ancestry to the peoples of Europe, the Middle East. Of those reporting to be White American,7,487,133 reported to be Multiracial, with largest combination being white, additionally, there are 29,184,290 White Hispanics or Latinos. Non-Hispanic Whites are the majority in 46 states, there are four minority-majority states, California, Texas, New Mexico, and Hawaii. In addition, the District of Columbia has a non-white majority, the state with the highest percentage of non-Hispanic White Americans is Maine. The largest continental ancestral group of Americans are that of Europeans who have origins in any of the peoples of Europe. This includes people via African, North American, Caribbean, Central American or South American and Oceanian nations that have a large European diaspora, the Spanish were the first Europeans to establish a continuous presence in what is now the United States. Martín de Argüelles born 1566, San Agustín, La Florida, was the first person of European descent born in what is now the United States. Twenty-one years later, Virginia Dare born 1587 Roanoke Island in present-day North Carolina, was the first child born in the Thirteen Colonies to English parents. 8% of the total population, Hispanic or Latino Americans constitute the largest ethnic minority in the United States. They form the second largest group after non-Hispanic Whites in the United States, hispanic/Latino Americans are very racially diverse, and as a result form an ethnic category, rather than a race
16.
Author
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An author is narrowly defined as the originator of any written work and can thus also be described as a writer. More broadly defined, an author is the person who originated or gave existence to anything, in the copyright laws of various jurisdictions, there is a necessity for little flexibility regarding what constitutes authorship. The United States Copyright Office, for example, defines copyright as a form of protection provided by the laws of the United States to authors of works of authorship. After a fixed amount of time, the copyright expires on intellectual work and it enters the public domain, however, copyright is merely the legal reassurance that one owns his/her work. Technically, someone owns their work from the time its created, an interesting aspect of authorship emerges with copyright in that, in many jurisdictions, it can be passed down to another upon ones death. The person who inherits the copyright is not the author, questions arise as to the application of copyright law. How does it, for example, apply to the issue of fan fiction. If the media responsible for the authorized production allows material from fans, what is the limit before legal constraints from actors, music. Additionally, how does copyright apply to fan-generated stories for books, what powers do the original authors, as well as the publishers, have in regulating or even stopping the fan fiction. In literary theory, critics find complications in the term author beyond what constitutes authorship in a legal setting, in the wake of postmodern literature, critics such as Roland Barthes and Michel Foucault have examined the role and relevance of authorship to the meaning or interpretation of a text. Barthes challenges the idea that a text can be attributed to any single author and he writes, in his essay Death of the Author, that it is language which speaks, not the author. The words and language of a text itself determine and expose meaning for Barthes, with this, the perspective of the author is removed from the text, and the limits formerly imposed by the idea of one authorial voice, one ultimate and universal meaning, are destroyed. The psyche, culture, fanaticism of an author can be disregarded when interpreting a text, because the words are rich enough themselves with all of the traditions of language. To expose meanings in a work without appealing to the celebrity of an author, their tastes, passions, vices, is, to Barthes, to allow language to speak. Michel Foucault argues in his essay What is an author and that all authors are writers, but not all writers are authors. He states that a letter may have a signatory—it does not have an author. For a reader to assign the title of author upon any written work is to certain standards upon the text which. Foucaults author function is the idea that an author exists only as a function of a work, a part of its structure
17.
Hugo Award
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The Hugo Awards are a set of awards given annually for the best science fiction or fantasy works and achievements of the previous year. The awards are named after Hugo Gernsback, the founder of the science fiction magazine Amazing Stories. Organized and overseen by the World Science Fiction Society, the awards are given each year at the annual World Science Fiction Convention as the focus of the event. They were first given in 1953, at the 11th World Science Fiction Convention, the Hugo Awards have been termed as among the highest honors bestowed in science fiction and fantasy writing. Works that have won have been published in collections. The 2016 awards were presented at the 74th Worldcon, MidAmeriCon II, in Kansas City, United States, the 2017 Hugos will be presented at the 75th Worldcon, Worldcon 75, in Helsinki, Finland, on August 12,2017. For lists of winners and nominees for each category, see the list of categories below. The World Science Fiction Society gives out the Hugo Awards each year for the best science fiction or fantasy works, the award is named after Hugo Gernsback, who founded the pioneering science fiction magazine Amazing Stories and who is considered one of the fathers of the science fiction genre. Works are eligible for an award if they were published in English in the calendar year. There are no rules as to which works qualify as science fiction or fantasy. Hugo Award nominees and winners are chosen by supporting or attending members of the annual World Science Fiction Convention, or Worldcon, the selection process is defined in the WSFS constitution as instant-runoff voting with five nominees per category, except in the case of a tie. The awards are split over more than a dozen categories, for each category of Hugo, the voter may rank No Award as one of their choices. Voters are instructed that they should do so if they feel that none of the nominees are worthy of the award, or if they feel the category should be abolished entirely. A vote for No Award other than as ones first choice signifies that the voter believes the nominee ranked higher than No Award are worthy of a Hugo in that category, while those ranked lower are not. The five works on the ballot for each category are the most-nominated by members that year, from 1953 to 1958 the awards did not include any recognition of runner-up novels, but since 1959 all of the candidates have been recorded. Worldcons are generally held near the start of September, and take place in a different city around the world each year, the idea of giving out awards at Worldcons was proposed by Harold Lynch for the 1953 convention. The idea was based on the Academy Awards, with the name Hugo being given by Robert A. Madle, the award trophy was created by Jack McKnight and Ben Jason in 1953, based on the design of hood ornaments of 1950s cars. It consisted of a rocket ship on a wooden base
18.
Nebula Award
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The Nebula Awards annually recognize the best works of science fiction or fantasy published in the United States. The awards are organized and awarded by the Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America and they were first given in 1966 at a ceremony created for the awards, and are given in four categories for different lengths of literary works. A fifth category for film and television episode scripts was given 1974–78, the rules governing the Nebula Awards have changed several times during the awards history, most recently in 2010. SFWA numbers the awards by the prior to the year the award is given in. For lists of winners and nominees for each Nebula category, see the list of categories below, the Nebula Awards are given annually by the Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America for the best science fiction or fantasy fiction published during the previous year. To be eligible for consideration works must be published in English in the United States, works published in English elsewhere in the world are also eligible provided they are released on either a website or in an electronic edition. The awards are not limited to American citizens or members of SFWA, works translated into English are also eligible. There are no rules as to which works qualify as science fiction or fantasy. The winner receives a trophy but no prize, the trophy is a transparent block with an embedded glitter spiral nebula. The trophy itself was designed for the first awards by J. A. Lawrence, based on a sketch by Kate Wilhelm, Nebula Award nominees and winners are chosen by members of the SFWA. Additional nominees are possible in the case of ties, members then vote on the ballot throughout March, and the final results are presented at the Nebula Awards ceremony in May. Authors are not permitted to nominate their own works, though they can decline nominations, ties in the final vote are broken, if possible, by the number of nominations the works received. The first Nebulas were given in 1966, for works published in 1965, the idea for such an award, funded by the sales of anthologies collecting the winning works, was proposed by SFWA secretary-treasurer Lloyd Biggle, Jr. in 1965. The idea was based on the Edgar Awards, presented by the Mystery Writers of America, the initial ceremony consisted of four literary awards, for Novels, Novellas, Novelettes, and Short Stories, which have been presented every year since. Prior to 2009, the Nebula Awards employed a rolling eligibility system, each work was eligible to qualify for the ballot for one year following its date of publication. As a consequence of rolling eligibility, there was the possibility for works to be nominated in the year after their publication. Works were added to a preliminary list for the if they had ten or more nominations. Authors were also allowed to use the mass-market paperback publication of their books as the beginning of their nomination period, beginning with the 2010 awards, the rolling eligibility system and paperback publication exemption were replaced with the current rules
19.
Denmark
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The term Danish Realm refers to the relationship between Denmark proper, the Faroe Islands and Greenland—three countries constituting the Kingdom of Denmark. The legal nature of the Kingdom of Denmark is fundamentally one of a sovereign state. The Faroe Islands and Greenland have been part of the Crown of Denmark since 1397 when the Kalmar Union was ratified, legal matters in The Danish Realm are subject to the Danish Constitution. Beginning in 1953, state law issues within The Danish Realm has been governed by The Unity of the Realm, a less formal name for The Unity of the Realm is the Commonwealth of the Realm. In 1978, The Unity of The Realm was for the first time referred to as rigsfællesskabet. The name caught on and since the 1990s, both The Unity of The Realm and The Danish Realm itself has increasingly been referred to as simply rigsfællesskabet in daily parlance. The Danish Constitution stipulates that the foreign and security interests for all parts of the Danish Realm are the responsibility of the Danish government, the Faroes received home rule in 1948 and Greenland did so in 1979. In 2005, the Faroes received a self-government arrangement, and in 2009 Greenland received self rule, the Danish Realms unique state of internal affairs is acted out in the principle of The Unity of the Realm. This principle is derived from Article 1 of the Danish Constitution which specifies that constitutional law applies equally to all areas of the Danish Realm, the Constitutional Act specifies that sovereignty is to continue to be exclusively with the authorities of the Realm. The language of Denmark is Danish, and the Danish state authorities are based in Denmark, the Kingdom of Denmarks parliament, with its 179 members, is located in the capital, Copenhagen. Two of the members are elected in each of Greenland and the Faroe Islands. The Government ministries are located in Copenhagen, as is the highest court, in principle, the Danish Realm constitutes a unified sovereign state, with equal status between its constituent parts. Devolution differs from federalism in that the powers of the subnational authority ultimately reside in central government. The Self-Government Arrangements devolves political competence and responsibility from the Danish political authorities to the Faroese, the Faroese and Greenlandic authorities administer the tasks taken over from the state, enact legislation in these specific fields and have the economic responsibility for solving these tasks. The Danish government provides a grant to the Faroese and the Greenlandic authorities to cover the costs of these devolved areas. The 1948 Home Rule Act of the Faroe Islands sets out the terms of Faroese home rule, the Act states. the Faroe Islands shall constitute a self-governing community within the State of Denmark. It establishes the government of the Faroe Islands and the Faroese parliament. The Faroe Islands were previously administered as a Danish county, the Home Rule Act abolished the post of Amtmand and these powers were expanded in a 2005 Act, which named the Faroese home government as an equal partner with the Danish government
20.
World War II
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World War II, also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although related conflicts began earlier. It involved the vast majority of the worlds countries—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing alliances, the Allies and the Axis. It was the most widespread war in history, and directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries. Marked by mass deaths of civilians, including the Holocaust and the bombing of industrial and population centres. These made World War II the deadliest conflict in human history, from late 1939 to early 1941, in a series of campaigns and treaties, Germany conquered or controlled much of continental Europe, and formed the Axis alliance with Italy and Japan. Under the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union partitioned and annexed territories of their European neighbours, Poland, Finland, Romania and the Baltic states. In December 1941, Japan attacked the United States and European colonies in the Pacific Ocean, and quickly conquered much of the Western Pacific. The Axis advance halted in 1942 when Japan lost the critical Battle of Midway, near Hawaii, in 1944, the Western Allies invaded German-occupied France, while the Soviet Union regained all of its territorial losses and invaded Germany and its allies. During 1944 and 1945 the Japanese suffered major reverses in mainland Asia in South Central China and Burma, while the Allies crippled the Japanese Navy, thus ended the war in Asia, cementing the total victory of the Allies. World War II altered the political alignment and social structure of the world, the United Nations was established to foster international co-operation and prevent future conflicts. The victorious great powers—the United States, the Soviet Union, China, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union and the United States emerged as rival superpowers, setting the stage for the Cold War, which lasted for the next 46 years. Meanwhile, the influence of European great powers waned, while the decolonisation of Asia, most countries whose industries had been damaged moved towards economic recovery. Political integration, especially in Europe, emerged as an effort to end pre-war enmities, the start of the war in Europe is generally held to be 1 September 1939, beginning with the German invasion of Poland, Britain and France declared war on Germany two days later. The dates for the beginning of war in the Pacific include the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War on 7 July 1937, or even the Japanese invasion of Manchuria on 19 September 1931. Others follow the British historian A. J. P. Taylor, who held that the Sino-Japanese War and war in Europe and its colonies occurred simultaneously and this article uses the conventional dating. Other starting dates sometimes used for World War II include the Italian invasion of Abyssinia on 3 October 1935. The British historian Antony Beevor views the beginning of World War II as the Battles of Khalkhin Gol fought between Japan and the forces of Mongolia and the Soviet Union from May to September 1939, the exact date of the wars end is also not universally agreed upon. It was generally accepted at the time that the war ended with the armistice of 14 August 1945, rather than the formal surrender of Japan
21.
Frame story
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The frame story leads readers from a first story into another, smaller one within it. The frame story may also be used to allow readers to understand a part of the story and this is not however, to be mixed up with a narrative structure or character personality change. The earliest known frame stories are preserved on the ancient Egyptian Papyrus Westcar. This form gradually spread west through the centuries and became popular, giving rise to such classic frame tale collections as the One Thousand and One Nights, The Decameron, and Canterbury Tales. This format had flexibility in that various narrators could retain the stories they liked or understood, while dropping ones they didnt and this occurred particularly with One Thousand and One Nights, where different versions over the centuries have included different stories. A typical example of a story is One Thousand and One Nights. Many of Scheherazades tales are also frame stories, such as Tale of Sindbad the Seaman and Sindbad the Landsman, extensive use of this device is found in Ovids Metamorphoses, where the stories nest several deep, to allow the inclusion of many different tales in one work. Emily Brontës Wuthering Heights uses this device to tell the story of Heathcliff and Catherine. Her sister Anne also uses this device in her epistolary novel The Tenant of Wildfell Hall, the main heroines diary is framed by the narrators story and letters. Mary Shelleys novel Frankenstein is another example of a book with multiple framed narratives. Frame stories have appeared in other media, such as comic books. Neil Gaimans comic book series The Sandman featured a story arc called Worlds End which consisted of frame stories, frame stories are often organized as a gathering of people in one place for the exchange of stories. Each character tells his or her tale, and the tale progresses in that manner. Sometimes only one exists, and in this case there might be different levels of distance between the reader and author. In this mode, the tale can become more fuzzy. Here the frame includes the world of the imagined Crayon, his stories, essentially, it is a frame story without a story to be framed. When there is a story, the frame story is used for other purposes – chiefly to position the readers attitude toward the tale. One common one is to draw attention to the narrators unreliability, by explicitly making the narrator a character within the frame story, the writer distances himself from the narrator, he may also characterize the narrator to cast doubt on his truthfulness
22.
Three Hearts and Three Lions
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Three Hearts and Three Lions is a 1961 fantasy novel by Poul Anderson, expanded from a 1953 novella by Anderson which appeared in Fantasy & Science Fiction. Holger Carlsen is an American-trained Danish engineer who joins the Danish Resistance to the Nazis, at the shore near Elsinore he is among the group of resistance fighters trying to cover the escape to Sweden of an important scientist. With a German force closing in, Carlsen is shot - and suddenly finds himself carried to a parallel universe, a world where Northern European legend concerning Charlemagne is real. This world is divided between the forces of Chaos inhabiting Middle World and forces of Law based in the human world and he finds the equipment and horse of a medieval knight waiting for him. The shield is emblazoned with three hearts and three lions and he finds the clothes and armour fit him perfectly, and he knows how to use the weapons and ride the horse as well as speak fluently the local language, a very archaic form of French. Seeking to return to his own world, Holger is joined by Alianora, a maiden, and Hugi. They are induced to follow the seemingly attractive elvish Duke Alfric of Faerie, Holger learns that Morgan Le Fay, his lover in a forgotten past life, is his ultimate adversary. They escape and, after encountering a dragon, a giant, and a werewolf, reach the town of Tarnberg, where they are joined by a mysterious Saracen called Carahue, who has been searching for Holger. Based on the advice of the wizard, Martinus Trismegistus, they set out to recover the sword, the sword is in a ruined church, guarded by a nixie, cannibal hillmen, and - the most dangerous of all - a troll. Once the sword is recovered, Holger discovers he is the legendary Ogier the Dane, but, the mysterious force which moved him from one world to another has no reason to return him to the other world, where he has fallen in love with Alianora. He wishes to be reunited with her, though he knows his efforts will be long and difficult and his enduring affinity with the Medieval world in which he met her is expressed by a decision to convert to Catholicism. The novel is a pastiche of interwoven stories and it draws on the corpus of Northern European legends, including Ogier the Dane, the Matter of France, Arthurian romance, Oberon, Germanic mythology, and traditional magic. It also shows influence of J. R. R, tolkiens The Hobbit with references to Mirkwood and wargs. It has some similarity to C. S. Lewiss The Lion, the Witch, in addition, he appears in the tournament at the end of Heinleins The Number of the Beast. In 2014 Harry Turtledove wrote, as his contribution to Multiverse, Exploring Poul Andersons Worlds, edited by Greg Bear and Gardner Dozois, the story takes place thirty years after the events of Three Hearts and Three Lions. Holger Carlsen finally succeeds in returning to the world of the Carolingian cycle, however, she did not know if he would ever return and so married and had children, thus Holger became the The Man who Came Late. The title is derived from an unrelated Anderson story, The Man Who Came Early, the novel influenced the role-playing game, Dungeons & Dragons, especially the original alignment system, which grouped all characters and creatures into Law and Chaos. The game drew on the depiction of the troll, which regenerated when wounded, the swanmay
23.
University of Minnesota
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The University of Minnesota, Twin Cities is a public research university in Minneapolis and Saint Paul, Minnesota. The Minneapolis and St. Paul campuses are approximately 3 miles apart, and it is the oldest and largest campus within the University of Minnesota system and has the sixth-largest main campus student body in the United States, with 51,147 students in 2013–14. The university is the institution of the University of Minnesota system, and is organized into 19 colleges and schools, with sister campuses in Crookston, Duluth, Morris. Minnesota is one of Americas Public Ivy universities, which refers to top universities in the United States capable of providing a collegiate experience comparable with the Ivy League. Founded in 1851, The University of Minnesota is categorized as an R1 Doctoral University with the highest research activity in the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education, Minnesota faculty, alumni, and researchers have won 25 Nobel Prizes and three Pulitzer Prizes. Notable University of Minnesota alumni include two Vice Presidents of the United States, Hubert Humphrey and Walter Mondale, and Bob Dylan, who received the 2016 Nobel Prize in Literature. The University of Minnesota Twin Cities is also a member of the Association of American Universities which is an association of the 62 leading research universities in the United States and Canada. In its 2017 edition, U. S. News & World Report ranked Minnesota 38th in their Best Global University Rankings, the Times Higher Education World University Rankings for 2015 ranks Minnesota 46th in the world. In 2015, Academic Ranking of World Universities ranked the university 11th in the world for mathematics, the University of Minnesota is ranked 14 over-all among the nations top research universities by the Center for Measuring University Performance. The U. S. News & World Reports 2016 rankings placed the program of the University as the 69th-best National University in the United States. Additionally, nineteen of the Universitys graduate-school departments have been ranked in the nations top-twenty by the U. S. National Research Council, in both 2008 and 2012 U. S. News & World Report ranked the College of Pharmacy 2nd in the nation. 2016 U. S. News & Report now rank the College of Pharmacy 2nd in the nation. In 2011, U. S. News & World Report ranked the School of Public Health 8th in the nation, the University of Minnesota ranked 19th in NIH funding in 2008. Minnesota is listed as a Public Ivy in 2001 Greenes Guides The Public Ivies, the university developed Gopher, a precursor to the World Wide Web which used hyperlinks to connect documents across computers on the internet. However, the produced by CERN was favored by the public since it was freely distributed. The University also houses the Charles Babbage Institute, a research, the department has strong roots in early days of supercomputing with Seymour Cray of Cray supercomputers. Notable faculty of the department are Yousef Saad, Vipin Kumar, Jaideep Srivastava, John Riedl, some notable alumni of the department are Ed Chi, Imrich Chlamtac, Leah Culver, Jeff Dean, Mark P. McCahill, Arvind Mithal, and Calvin Mooers. Puffed rice - Alexander P. Anderson led to the discovery of puffed rice, transistorized cardiac pacemaker - Earl Bakken founded Medtronic, where he developed the first external, battery-operated, transistorized, wearable artificial pacemaker in 1957
24.
John W. Campbell
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John Wood Campbell Jr. was an American science fiction writer and editor. As editor of Astounding Science Fiction from late 1937 until his death, isaac Asimov called Campbell the most powerful force in science fiction ever, and for the first ten years of his editorship he dominated the field completely. As a writer, Campbell published super-science space opera under his own name and moody stories under his primary and most famous pseudonym, Campbell also wrote under the pen names Karl Van Kampen and Arthur McCann. He stopped writing fiction after he became editor of Astounding and his novella Who Goes There. was adapted as the films The Thing from Another World, The Thing, and The Thing. Campbell was born in Newark, New Jersey in 1910 and his father was a cold, impersonal, and unaffectionate electrical engineer. His mother, Dorothy was warm but changeable of character and had a twin who visited them often. John was unable to tell apart and was frequently coldly rebuffed by the person he took to be his mother. Campbell attended the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, where he was befriended by the eminent mathematician Norbert Wiener and he began writing science fiction at age 18 and sold his first stories quickly. From January 1930 to June 1931, Amazing published six of his stories, one novel. Thus he was a pulp writer at 21 – but he had failed German. After one year at Duke University, he graduated with a Bachelor of Science in physics in 1932, Campbell and Dona Stewart married in 1931. They divorced in 1949 and he married Margaret Winter in 1950 and he spent most of his life in New Jersey and died at home of heart failure. Editor T. OConor Sloane lost Campbells first manuscript that he accepted for Amazing Stories, when the Atoms Failed appeared in January 1930, followed by five more during 1930 in that monthly and in Amazing Stories Quarterly, also edited by Sloane. Three were part of an opera series featuring the characters Arcot, Morey, and Wade. The early work for Amazing established Campbells reputation as a writer of space adventure, when in 1934 he began to publish stories with a different tone he wrote as Don A. Stuart, a pseudonym derived from his wifes maiden name. From 1930 until the part of that decade, Campbell was prolific. Three significant stories published under the pseudonym are Twilight, Night and it was published in Astounding almost a year after Campbell became its editor and it was his last significant piece of fiction, at age 28. Campbell held the radio call sign W2ZGU, and wrote many articles on electronics
25.
Analog Science Fiction and Fact
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Analog Science Fiction and Fact is an American science-fiction magazine published under various titles since 1930. The first issue, titled Astounding Stories of Super-Science, was dated January 1930, published by William Clayton, Clayton went bankrupt in 1933 and the magazine was sold to Street & Smith. At the end of 1937, Campbell took over editorial duties under Tremaines supervision, the period beginning with Campbells editorship is often referred to as the Golden Age of Science Fiction. By 1950, new competition had appeared from Galaxy Science Fiction, in 1960, Campbell changed the title of the magazine to Analog Science Fiction & Fact, he had long wanted to get rid of the word Astounding in the title, which he felt was too sensational. At about the same time Street & Smith sold the magazine to Condé Nast, Campbell remained as editor until his death in 1971. Ben Bova took over from 1972 to 1978, and the character of the magazine changed noticeably, Bova won five consecutive Hugo Awards for his editing of Analog. The title was sold to Davis Publications in 1980, then to Dell Magazines in 1992, Crosstown Publications acquired Dell in 1996 and remains the publisher. Schmidt continued to edit the magazine until 2012, when he was replaced by Trevor Quachri, in 1926, Hugo Gernsback launched Amazing Stories, the first science-fiction magazine. Amazing was very successful, quickly reaching a circulation over 100,000, Clayton was unconvinced, but the following year decided to launch a new magazine, mainly because the sheet on which the color covers of his magazines were printed had a space for one more cover. He suggested to Harry Bates, a newly hired editor, that start a magazine of historical adventure stories. Bates proposed instead a science-fiction pulp, to be titled Astounding Stories of Super Science, Astounding was initially published by Publishers Fiscal Corporation, a subsidiary of Clayton Magazines. The first issue appeared in January 1930, with Bates as editor, Bates aimed for straightforward action-adventure stories, with scientific elements only present to provide minimal plausibility. In February 1931, the original name Astounding Stories of Super-Science was shortened to Astounding Stories, the magazine was profitable, but the Depression caused Clayton problems. Normally a publisher would pay a printer three months in arrears, but when a credit squeeze began in May 1931, it led to pressure to reduce this delay. The financial difficulties led Clayton to start alternating the publication of his magazines, some printers bought the magazines which were indebted to them, Clayton decided to buy his printer to prevent this from happening. As it turned out, enough stories were in inventory, and enough paper was available, to one further issue. In April, Clayton went bankrupt, and sold his titles to T. R. Foley for $100, Foley resold them in August to Street & Smith. Science fiction was not entirely a departure for Street & Smith, the first Street & Smith issue was dated October 1933, until the third issue, in December 1933, the editorial team was not named on the masthead
26.
B.A.
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A Bachelor of Arts is a bachelors degree awarded for an undergraduate course or program in either the liberal arts, the sciences, or both. Bachelor of Arts degree programs take three to four years depending on the country, academic institution, and specific specializations, majors or minors. The word baccalaureus or baccalarium should not be confused with baccalaureatus, degree diplomas generally are printed on high-quality paper or parchment, individual institutions set the preferred abbreviation for their degrees. In Pakistan, the Bachelor of Arts degree can also be attained within two years as an external degree, in colleges and universities in Australia, New Zealand, Nepal and South Africa, the BA degree can be taken over three years of full-time study. Unlike in other countries, students do not receive a grade for their Bachelor of Arts degree with varying levels of honours. Qualified students may be admitted, after they have achieved their Bachelors program with an overall grade point average. Thus, to achieve a Bachelor Honours degree, a postgraduate year. A student who holds a Honours degree is eligible for entry to either a Doctorate or a very high research Master´s degree program. Education in Canada is controlled by the Provinces and can be different depending on the province in Canada. Canadian universities typically offer a 3-year Bachelor of Arts degrees, in many universities and colleges, Bachelor of Arts degrees are differentiated either as Bachelors of Arts or as honours Bachelor of Arts degree. The honours degrees are designated with the abbreviation in brackets of. It should not be confused with the consecutive Bachelor of Arts degree with Honours, Latin Baccalaureatus in Artibus Cum Honore, BA hon. de jure without brackets and with a dot. It is a degree, which is considered to be the equivalent of a corresponding maîtrise degree under the French influenced system. Going back in history, a three-year Bachelor of Arts degree was called a pass degree or general degree. Students may be required to undertake a long high-quality research empirical thesis combined with a selection of courses from the relevant field of studies. The consecutive B. cum Honore degree is essential if students ultimate goal is to study towards a two- or three-year very high research masters´ degree qualification. A student holding a Baccalaureatus Cum Honore degree also may choose to complete a Doctor of Philosophy program without the requirement to first complete a masters degree, over the years, in some universities certain Baccalaureatus cum Honore programs have been changed to corresponding master´s degrees. In general, in all four countries, the B. A. degree is the standard required for entry into a masters programme, in science, a BA hons degree is generally a prerequisite for entrance to a Ph. D program or a very-high-research-activity master´s programme
27.
Greg Bear
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Gregory Dale Greg Bear is an American writer best known for science fiction. His work has covered themes of conflict, artificial universes, consciousness and cultural practices. His most recent work is the Forerunner Trilogy, written in the Halo universe, Greg Bear has written 44 books in total. Greg Bear was also one of the five co-founders of the San Diego Comic-Con, Bear was born in San Diego, California. He attended San Diego State University, where he received a Bachelor of Arts degree, at the University, he was a teaching assistant to Elizabeth Chater in her course on science fiction writing, and in later years her friend. Bear is often classified as a science fiction author, based on the scientific details in his work. Early in his career, he published work as an artist, including illustrations for an early version of the Star Trek Concordance and covers for Galaxy. He sold his first story, Destroyers, to Famous Science Fiction in 1967, Bear often addresses major questions in contemporary science and culture with fictional solutions. In Queen of Angels, Bear examines crime, guilt, and he frames these questions around an examination of consciousness and awareness, including the emergent self-awareness of highly advanced computers in communication with humans. In Darwins Radio and Darwins Children, he addresses the problem of over-population with a mutation in the human genome making, basically, the question of cultural acceptance of something new and unavoidable is also brought up. One of Bears favorite themes is reality as a function of observers, in Blood Music, reality becomes unstable as the number of observers—trillions of intelligent single-cell organisms—spirals higher and higher. Anvil of Stars and Moving Mars postulate a physics based on information exchange between particles, capable of being altered at the bit level, in Moving Mars, this knowledge is used to remove Mars from the solar system and transfer it to an orbit around a distant star. Blood Music was first published as a story and then expanded to a novel. It has also credited as the first account of nanotechnology in science fiction. In later works, beginning with Queen of Angels and continuing with its sequel, Slant and this historical sequence continues with Heads—which may contain the first description of a so-called quantum logic computer—and with Moving Mars. This sequence also charts the development of self-awareness in AIs. Its continuing character Jill was inspired in part by Robert A. Heinleins self-aware computer Mycroft HOLMES in The Moon Is a Harsh Mistress, Bear, Gregory Benford, and David Brin wrote a trilogy of prequel novels to Isaac Asimovs influential Foundation trilogy. Bear is credited for the middle book, while most of Bears work is science fiction, he has written in other fiction genres
28.
Berkeley, California
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Berkeley is a city on the east shore of San Francisco Bay in northern Alameda County, California. It is named after the 18th-century Anglo-Irish bishop and philosopher George Berkeley and it borders the cities of Oakland and Emeryville to the south and the city of Albany and the unincorporated community of Kensington to the north. Its eastern border with Contra Costa County generally follows the ridge of the Berkeley Hills, the 2010 census recorded a population of 112,580. It also has the Graduate Theological Union, one of the largest religious studies institutions in the world and it is one of the most politically liberal cities in the United States. The site of todays City of Berkeley was the territory of the Chochenyo/Huchiun band of the Ohlone people when the first Europeans arrived, other artifacts were discovered in the 1950s in the downtown area during remodeling of a commercial building, near the upper course of the creek. The first people of European descent arrived with the De Anza Expedition in 1776, today, this is noted by signage on Interstate 80, which runs along the San Francisco Bay shoreline of Berkeley. The De Anza Expedition led to establishment of the Spanish Presidio of San Francisco at the entrance to San Francisco Bay, luis Peralta was among the soldiers at the Presidio. For his services to the King of Spain, he was granted a vast stretch of land on the east shore of San Francisco Bay for a ranch, luis Peralta named his holding Rancho San Antonio. The primary activity of the ranch was raising cattle for meat and hides, eventually, Peralta gave portions of the ranch to each of his four sons. What is now Berkeley lies mostly in the portion that went to Peraltas son Domingo, with a little in the portion that went to another son, no artifact survives of the Domingo or Vicente ranches, but their names survive in Berkeley street names. However, legal title to all land in the City of Berkeley remains based on the original Peralta land grant, the Peraltas Rancho San Antonio continued after Alta California passed from Spanish to Mexican sovereignty after the Mexican War of Independence. The lands of the brothers Domingo and Vicente were quickly reduced to reservations close to their respective ranch homes, the rest of the land was surveyed and parceled out to various American claimants. Politically, the area that became Berkeley was initially part of a vast Contra Costa County, on March 25,1853, Alameda County was created from a division within Contra Costa County, as well as from a small portion of Santa Clara County. The area of Berkeley was at this period mostly a mix of land, farms and ranches. It was not yet Berkeley, but merely the part of the Oakland Township subdivision of Alameda County. In 1866, Oaklands private College of California looked for a new site, according to the Centennial Record of the University of California, In 1866…at Founders Rock, a group of College of California men watched two ships standing out to sea through the Golden Gate. Although the philosophers name is pronounced bark-lee, the pronunciation of the name has evolved to suit American English as burk-lee. The College of Californias College Homestead Association planned to raise funds for the new campus by selling off adjacent parcels of land, to this end, they laid out a plat and street grid that became the basis of Berkeleys modern street plan
29.
Algis Budrys
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Algirdas Jonas Algis Budrys was a Lithuanian-American science fiction author, editor, and critic. He was also known under the pen names Frank Mason, Alger Rome, John A. Sentry, William Scarff, Budrys was born in Königsberg in the then East Prussia, to a family which considered itself Lithuanian rather than German. In 1936, when Budrys was five years old, his father Jonas Budrys was appointed as the Lithuanian consul general in New York, during most of his adult life, Budrys held a captains commission in the Free Lithuanian Army. Budrys was educated at the University of Miami, and later at Columbia University in New York and his first published science fiction story was The High Purpose, which appeared in Astounding Science Fiction in 1952. Beginning in 1952 Budrys worked as editor and manager for such science fiction publishers as Gnome Press, Some of his science fiction in the 1950s was published under the pen name John A. Sentry, a reconfigured Anglification of his Lithuanian name. Among his other pseudonyms in the SF magazines of the 1950s and elsewhere and he also wrote several stories under the names Ivan Janvier or Paul Janvier. He also used the pen name Alger Rome in his collaborations with Jerome Bixby, budryss 1960 novella Rogue Moon was nominated for a Hugo Award, and was later anthologized in The Science Fiction Hall of Fame, Volume Two. His Cold War science fiction novel Who. was adapted for the screen in 1973, in addition to numerous Hugo Award and Nebula Award nominations, Budrys won the Science Fiction Research Associations 2007 Pilgrim Award for lifetime contributions to speculative fiction scholarship. In 2009, he was the recipient of one of the first three Solstice Awards presented by the SFWA in recognition of his contributions to the field of science fiction, Budrys was married to Edna Duna, they had four sons. He last resided in Evanston, Illinois and he died at home, from metastatic malignant melanoma on June 9,2008. False Night Man of Earth Who, the Falling Torch Rogue Moon Some Will Not Die The Iron Thorn. On a bleak forbidding planet, humans hunt Amsirs – flightless humanoid birds –, after one young hunter makes his first kill, hes initiated into the societys secrets. Still, he figures there are secrets the human race has forgotten altogether,2,1953 Protective Mimicry in Galaxy Science Fiction,1953. Riyas Foundling in Science Fiction Stories,1953, the End of Summer in Astounding Science Fiction, also published in the short story anthology Penguin Science Fiction. Ironclad in Galaxy Science Fiction,1954, citadel in Astounding Science Fiction, February 1955. Nobody bothers Gus published in Astounding Science Fiction, November 1955, the War is Over – first appeared in Astounding Science Fiction Feb.1957. Also published in the story anthology 13 Great Stories of Science Fiction The Barbarians in If. The Stoker and the Stars in Astounding Science Fiction, February 1959, the Price – first appeared in The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction, February 1960
30.
Society for Creative Anachronism
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The Society for Creative Anachronism is an international living history group with the aim of studying and recreating mainly Medieval European cultures and their histories before the 17th century. Founded in 1966, the non-profit educational corporation has over 30,000 paid members as of 2014 with about 60,000 total participants in the society. The SCAs roots can be traced to a graduation party of a UC Berkeley medieval studies graduate. It ended with a parade down Telegraph Avenue with everyone singing Greensleeves and it was styled as a protest against the 20th century. The SCA still measures dates within the society from the date of that party, for example,2009 May 1 to 2010 April 30 was A. S. Berkeley was dropped as the group expanded, in 1968, Bradley moved to Staten Island, New York and founded the Kingdom of the East, holding a tournament that summer to determine the first Eastern King of the SCA. That September, a tournament was held at the 26th World Science Fiction Convention, the SCA had produced a book for the convention called A Handbook for the Current Middle Ages, which was a how-to book for people wanting to start their own SCA chapters. Convention goers purchased the book and the idea spread, soon, other local chapters began to form. In October 1968, the SCA was incorporated as a 501 non-profit corporation in California, by the end of 1969, the SCAs three original kingdoms had been established, West Kingdom, East, and Middle. All SCA kingdoms trace their roots to these original three, other activities include the study and practice of heraldry and scribal arts. Members are afforded opportunities to register a medieval name and coat of arms. SCA scribes produce illuminated scrolls to be given by SCA royalty as awards for various achievements, most local groups in the SCA hold weekly fighter practices, and many also hold regular archery practices, dance practices, A&S nights and other regular gatherings. Some kingdoms and regions also have occasional war practices, where fighters practice formations, some local groups participate in nearby Renaissance fairs, though the main focus of activity is organized through the SCAs own events. Each kingdom in the SCA runs its own schedule of events which are announced in the kingdom newsletter, other annual or semi-annual Kingdom-level events held analogously by most or all SCA kingdoms include Crown Tournament, Coronation, Kingdom Arts and Sciences competition and Queens Prize. Additionally, most baronies in the SCA have their own annual events such as Baronial Arts and Sciences competition, a championship tournament. Various SCA groups also sometimes host collegia or symposia, where members gather for a raft of classes on various medieval arts and sciences, the SCA produces two quarterly publications, The Compleat Anachronist and Tournaments Illuminated, and each kingdom publishes a monthly newsletter. The Compleat Anachronist is a quarterly monographic series, each focused on a specific topic related to the period of circa 600–1600 in European history. Issues are written by SCA members and have covered a range of topics
31.
Swordsmen and Sorcerers' Guild of America
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When it developed a serious purpose that was to promote the popularity and respectability of Sword and Sorcery fiction. Originally it was more than an in-group, with members gathering for drinks at science fiction conventions and bestowing pompous. Membership was soon extended to other authors sharing their taste for fantasy, such as Michael Moorcock, the group remained fairly informal, with few expectations of its members, Moorcock has noted he wasnt really an active member. Several sword and sorcery anthologies edited by L. Sprague de Camp for Pyramid Books and Putnam from 1963 to 1970 featured stories by SAGA members along with other, most noteworthy may be The Spell of Seven, in which four of the seven pieces were by members. Another early anthology including works by members of the group was Swords Against Tomorrow and it comprised one novella and three novelettes by SAGA members and a novelette by Leigh Brackett. SAGA later showcased the work of its members in the Flashing Swords, anthology series edited by Carter and published by Dell Books from 1973 to 1981. Carter and SAGA created and sponsored the Gandalf Awards administered by the annual World Science Fiction Convention according to the Hugo Award procedures, from 1974 to 1981 the Gandalf Grand Master Award was annually presented to one person for life achievement in high fantasy writing. The Gandalf Award for Book-Length Fantasy was conferred in 1978 and 1979 upon one published during the previous calendar year. It was dropped by Worldcon because it duplicated the Hugo Award for Best Novel. With the collapse of Carter’s health in the 1980s the anthology series, the Gandalf award, membership was extended by invitation to selected living heroic fantasy authors. Most early members were celebrated more for their science fiction writings than for fantasy, Sprague de Camp – the Pusadian series and the revival and promotion of Robert E. J. L. Sprague de Camp Swords Against Tomorrow, ed. Robert Hoskins Flashing Swords. #3, Warriors and Wizards Flashing Swords, #4, Barbarians and Black Magicians Flashing Swords. #5, Demons and Daggers Gandalf Award
32.
Heroic fantasy
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Heroic fantasy is a subgenre of fantasy which chronicles the tales of heroes in fantasy settings. Frequently, the protagonist is reluctant to be a champion, and/or is of low or humble origin, though events are usually beyond their control, they are thrust into positions of great responsibility where their mettle is tested in a number of spiritual and physical challenges. Although it shares many of the themes of Sword and Sorcery. Other writers of note added to the still unnamed genre, William Morris, ER Eddison, Evangeline Walton, Heroic fantasy as a genre began to codify and accrue genre conventions following the upsurge of popularity of J. R. R. Tolkiens Lord of the Rings, which led to an increase in popularity of fiction in general. The scholarship of writers and editors Lin Carter & L. Sprague De Camp also exerted vast influence on the Robert E. Howard unfinished Conan Stories, Carter restored writers such as Eddison and Walton from obscurity. From the 1970s onwards, a number of authors began publishing longer, sometimes formulaic, fantasy works, despite being a science fiction masterpiece, the Star Wars films exert a considerable metaphor of heroic fantasy. At the same time, sword and sorcery underwent a short resurgence, michael Moorcock, a sharp critic of Tolkien and his school, which he considered inherently politically conservative, took pains to distance himself from it. Many new authors now shed, at least partly, the concepts of heroes and even of good. They tend, like George RR Martin, Robert Jordan, Andrzej Sapkowski, or Robin Hobb, to use several viewpoints, of heroes or villains, jacqueline Carey has, in her The Sundering duology, portrayed an evil god and his army as the protagonists. She shows them not as evil, but as the victims of betrayal. On the other hand, the side are shown as arrogant, narrow-minded. In other words, there is not much difference between the two sides, even the evil god has been forced into the role, not by fate, but because of his brothers pride. Another one of Careys protagonists, Phèdre, is a virtuous, Martin has offered a revisionist presentation of the usual heroes, such as the chivalric knight, by showing some as murderers, bullies, and rapists. Some kings and regents are uncaring manipulators, while a few struggle to be decent while fulfilling a greater duty, powerless commoners, who struggle to survive during a civil war that does not concern them, are often as brutal as their overlords, but are sometimes heroic. A popular example of self-parodying heroic fantasy is provided by the British writer Terry Pratchett, in recent years, heroic fantasy has matured somewhat out of its staid image as sub-par fat fantasy, becoming a genre of its own, the best examples of which have received much praise. Salvatore Brandon Sanderson David C. Smith Richard L. Tierney Janet Morris Chris Morris Heroic fantasy is the name I have given to a subgenre of fiction, otherwise called the sword-and-sorcery story. It is a story of action and adventure laid in a more or less imaginary world, where magic works and where modern science and technology have not yet been discovered
33.
Lin Carter
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Linwood Vrooman Carter was an American author of science fiction and fantasy, as well as an editor, poet and critic. He usually wrote as Lin Carter, known pseudonyms include H. P. Lowcraft and he is best known for editing the Ballantine Adult Fantasy series in the 1970s, which introduced readers to many overlooked classics of the fantasy genre. Carter was born in St. Petersburg, Florida and he was an avid reader of science fiction and fantasy in his youth and became broadly knowledgeable in the field. He was also active in fandom. Carter served in the United States Army, after which he attended Columbia University and he was a copywriter for some years before writing full-time. He married twice, first to Judith Ellen Hershkovitz and later to Noel Vreeland and he was an advertising and publishers copywriter. From 1969 he was a writer and editorial consultant. During much of his career he lived in Hollis, New York. He was a member of the all-male literary banqueting club the Trap Door Spiders, Carter himself was the model for the Mario Gonzalo character. He was also a member of the Swordsmen and Sorcerers Guild of America, in the 1970s Carter issued his own fantasy fanzine, titled Kadath, after H. P. Lovecrafts fictional setting. Only one issue appeared, it was well-printed but in low numbers. The magazine contained Carters Cthulhu Mythos story The City of Pillars, in 1985, his quality of life was severely reduced when he developed oral cancer and had to endure extensive surgery to have it removed. Only his status as a Korean War veteran enabled him to receive treatment, despite these successes, Carter had increased his alcohol intake, becoming a borderline alcoholic and further weakening his body, already ravaged by his cancer and therapy. The disease subsequently resurfaced, spreading to his throat and leading to his death in 1988 and he resided in East Orange, New Jersey in his final years, and died in nearby Montclair, New Jersey. The editor of Crypt of Cthulhu, Robert M. Price, had published a Lin Carter special issue - Vol 5, No 2. Price, who was appointed Carters literary executor, was preparing a second all-Carter issue when Carter died, it was turned into a memorial issue - Vol 7, two further issues of the magazine were devoted to Carter alone, totaling four special Carter issues. A longtime science-fiction and fantasy fan, Carter first appeared in print with entertaining letters to Startling Stories and other pulp magazines in the late 1940s—one in 1943. Another early collaborative story, The Slitherer from the Slime, by Carter as H. P. Lowcraft and Dave Foley, is a sort of parody of H. P. Lovecraft
34.
Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America
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Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America, or SFWA is a nonprofit 5013 organization of professional science fiction and fantasy writers. While SFWA is based in the United States, its membership is open to writers worldwide, the organization was founded in 1965 by Damon Knight under the name Science Fiction Writers of America, Inc. The president of SFWA as of 2015 is Cat Rambo, SFWA has about 1,900 professionally published writer members worldwide. SFWA members vote for the Nebula Awards, one of the principal English-language science fiction awards, SFWA informs, supports, promotes, defends and advocates for its members. Science Fiction Writers of America, Inc. was founded in 1965 by a group of associated with the Milford Conference. According to Todd McCaffrey, the organization immediately acquired great status in its efforts to help J. R. R, tolkien get fair recompense in America for pirated sales of The Lord of the Rings. Later, the name of the organization was changed to Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America and her withdrawal was sent after voting had been completed. When informed she had won, she contacted SFWA and told them she refused to accept it and she was told that her reasons for doing so would be announced. Her publisher accepted the award in her place, apparently with no knowledge of her withdrawal, in September 2009, SFWA joined the Open Book Alliance to oppose the Google Book Settlement. As a party to the class action suit, SFWA had recently explained its reservations about the settlement, in 2013, the SFWA Bulletin was the subject of a controversy about sexism. This led to a hiatus, followed by a reboot of the magazine in a modern. In 2014, the original Massachusetts corporation was dissolved and SFWA reincorporated as a California nonprofit 5013 organization with new bylaws, SFWA holds a semi-annual business meeting at the World Science Fiction Convention when its held in North America, and at the North American Science Fiction Convention otherwise. Other Nebula Awards Weekend events include a semi-annual SFWA business meeting and a mass autographing session for member authors, Nebula Awards Weekend is held in a different location every two years. Over the years, the reception has gone by names, including Authors and Editors, Mill and Swill. The SFWA Reading Series, A series of free events during which SFWA authors read or discuss their fiction with members of local communities. Currently held in Seattle, WA and Portland, OR, SFWA sponsors Writer Beware, whose mission is to track, expose, and raise awareness of the prevalence of fraud and other questionable activities in and around the publishing industry. Writer Beware receives additional support from the Mystery Writers of America, Writer Beware staff assist law enforcement agencies with investigations of literary fraud, and have been instrumental in the convictions of several literary scammers. Greifcom, or the Grievance Committee, is formed of volunteers who undertake to mediate writer disputes and grievances between member writers and their publishers
35.
Robert A. Heinlein
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Robert Anson Heinlein was an American science-fiction writer. Often called the dean of science writers, his controversial works continue to have an influential effect on the genre. Heinlein became one of the first science-fiction writers to break into mainstream magazines such as The Saturday Evening Post in the late 1940s. He was one of the best-selling science-fiction novelists for many decades, and he, Isaac Asimov and he also speculated on the influence of space travel on human cultural practices. Heinlein was named the first Science Fiction Writers Grand Master in 1974 and he also anticipated mechanical Computer Aided Design with Drafting Dan and described a modern version of a waterbed in his novel The Door into Summer, though he never patented or built one. In the first chapter of the novel Space Cadet he anticipated the cell-phone,35 years before Motorola invented the technology, several of Heinleins works have been adapted for film and television. Heinlein was born on July 7,1907 to Rex Ivar Heinlein and Bam Lyle Heinlein, in Butler and he was a 6th-generation German-American, a family tradition had it that Heinleins fought in every American war starting with the War of Independence. His childhood was spent in Kansas City, Missouri, Heinleins experience in the U. S. Navy exerted a strong influence on his character and writing. He graduated from the U. S. Naval Academy in Annapolis, Maryland with the class of 1929 and he was assigned to the new aircraft carrier USS Lexington in 1931, where he worked in radio communications, then in its earlier phases, with the carriers aircraft. The captain of this carrier was Ernest J. King, who served as the Chief of Naval Operations and Commander-in-Chief. Heinlein was frequently interviewed during his later years by historians who asked him about Captain King. Heinlein also served aboard the destroyer USS Roper in 1933 and 1934, reaching the rank of lieutenant. His brother, Lawrence Heinlein, served in the U. S. Army, the U. S. Air Force, and the Missouri National Guard, in 1929, Heinlein married Elinor Curry of Kansas City in Los Angeles, and their marriage lasted about a year. His second marriage in 1932 to Leslyn MacDonald lasted for 15 years, in 1934, Heinlein was discharged from the Navy due to pulmonary tuberculosis. During a lengthy hospitalization, he developed a design for a waterbed, Heinlein supported himself at several occupations, including real estate sales and silver mining, but for some years found money in short supply. Heinlein was active in Upton Sinclairs socialist End Poverty in California movement in the early 1930s, when Sinclair gained the Democratic nomination for Governor of California in 1934, Heinlein worked actively in the campaign. Heinlein himself ran for the California State Assembly in 1938, but was unsuccessful, while not destitute after the campaign—he had a small disability pension from the Navy—Heinlein turned to writing in order to pay off his mortgage. His first published story, Life-Line, was printed in the August 1939 issue of Astounding Science-Fiction, originally written for a contest, it was instead sold to Astounding for significantly more than the contests first-prize payoff
36.
The Cat Who Walks Through Walls
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The Cat Who Walks Through Walls is a science fiction novel by American writer Robert A. Heinlein, published in 1985. Like many of his novels, it features Lazarus Long. A writer seated at the best restaurant of the space habitat Golden Rule is approached by a man who urges him that Tolliver must die and is shot before the writers eyes. After escaping to the moon, Gwen claims to have been present during the revolt described in The Moon Is a Harsh Mistress, still pursued by assassins, Campbell and Novak are rescued by an organization known as the Time Corps under the leadership of Lazarus Long. After giving Campbell a new leg to replace one lost in years before. Accepting only on Gwens account, Campbell agrees to assist a team to retrieve the decommissioned Mike, engaged in frequent time-travel, the Time Corps has been responsible for changing various events in the past, creating an alternate universe with every time-line they disrupt. Mikes assistance is needed in order to predict the conditions. During the mission, Gwen is grievously wounded and Campbell loses his foot again, the story ends with Campbell talking into a recorder reflecting on the mission and his relationship with Gwen. The Cat Who Walks Through Walls may be regarded as part of Heinleins multiverse series, the title of the book refers to a cat by the name of Pixel, who has an inexplicable tendency to be wherever the narrator happens to be. In one scene Pixel does, in fact, walk through a wall, Gwen Novak is eventually revealed to be Hazel Stone, a character previously featured in Heinleins The Rolling Stones and who had played a small but important role in The Moon Is a Harsh Mistress
37.
Science Fiction Writers of America
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Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America, or SFWA is a nonprofit 5013 organization of professional science fiction and fantasy writers. While SFWA is based in the United States, its membership is open to writers worldwide, the organization was founded in 1965 by Damon Knight under the name Science Fiction Writers of America, Inc. The president of SFWA as of 2015 is Cat Rambo, SFWA has about 1,900 professionally published writer members worldwide. SFWA members vote for the Nebula Awards, one of the principal English-language science fiction awards, SFWA informs, supports, promotes, defends and advocates for its members. Science Fiction Writers of America, Inc. was founded in 1965 by a group of associated with the Milford Conference. According to Todd McCaffrey, the organization immediately acquired great status in its efforts to help J. R. R, tolkien get fair recompense in America for pirated sales of The Lord of the Rings. Later, the name of the organization was changed to Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America and her withdrawal was sent after voting had been completed. When informed she had won, she contacted SFWA and told them she refused to accept it and she was told that her reasons for doing so would be announced. Her publisher accepted the award in her place, apparently with no knowledge of her withdrawal, in September 2009, SFWA joined the Open Book Alliance to oppose the Google Book Settlement. As a party to the class action suit, SFWA had recently explained its reservations about the settlement, in 2013, the SFWA Bulletin was the subject of a controversy about sexism. This led to a hiatus, followed by a reboot of the magazine in a modern. In 2014, the original Massachusetts corporation was dissolved and SFWA reincorporated as a California nonprofit 5013 organization with new bylaws, SFWA holds a semi-annual business meeting at the World Science Fiction Convention when its held in North America, and at the North American Science Fiction Convention otherwise. Other Nebula Awards Weekend events include a semi-annual SFWA business meeting and a mass autographing session for member authors, Nebula Awards Weekend is held in a different location every two years. Over the years, the reception has gone by names, including Authors and Editors, Mill and Swill. The SFWA Reading Series, A series of free events during which SFWA authors read or discuss their fiction with members of local communities. Currently held in Seattle, WA and Portland, OR, SFWA sponsors Writer Beware, whose mission is to track, expose, and raise awareness of the prevalence of fraud and other questionable activities in and around the publishing industry. Writer Beware receives additional support from the Mystery Writers of America, Writer Beware staff assist law enforcement agencies with investigations of literary fraud, and have been instrumental in the convictions of several literary scammers. Greifcom, or the Grievance Committee, is formed of volunteers who undertake to mediate writer disputes and grievances between member writers and their publishers
38.
Museum of Pop Culture
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The Museum of Pop Culture, or MoPOP is a nonprofit museum, dedicated to contemporary popular culture. It was founded by Microsoft co-founder Paul Allen in 2000 as the Experience Music Project, since that time MoPOP has organized dozens of exhibits,17 of which have toured across the US and internationally. An annual 21 and under battle-of-the-bands that supports the all-ages scene, and Pop Conference, a gathering of academics, critics, musicians. MoPOP, in collaboration with the Seattle International Film Festival presents the Science Fiction and Fantasy Short Film Festival, MoPOP is home to exhibits, interactive activity stations, sound sculpture, and various educational resources. Exhibits that cover pop culture, from the art of fantasy, horror cinema, IF VI WAS IX, a guitar sculpture consisting of more than 500 musical instruments and 30 computers conceived by UK exhibit designer Neal Potter and developed by sound sculptor Trimpin. Public programs such as MoPOP’s Science Fiction + Fantasy Short Film Festival, Pop Conference, the Youth Advisory Board, the Science Fiction Museum and Hall of Fame was founded by Paul Allen and Jody Patton and opened to the public on June 18,2004. It incorporated the Science Fiction and Fantasy Hall of Fame which had established in 1996. The museum was divided into galleries with common themes such as Homeworld, Fantastic Voyages, Brave New Worlds. Each gallery displayed related memorabilia in large display cases, posters, from robots to jet packs to space suits and ray guns, its all here. Members of the advisory board included Steven Spielberg, Ray Bradbury, James Cameron. The Science Fiction and Fantasy Hall of Fame was founded in 1996 by the Kansas City Science Fiction and Fantasy Society, the chairmen were Keith Stokes and Robin Wayne Bailey. Only writers and editors were eligible for recognition and four were inducted annually, each class of four was announced at Kansas Citys annual science fiction convention, ConQuesT, and inducted at the Campbell Conference hosted by CSSF. The Hall of Fame stopped inducting fantasy writers after 2004, when it became part of the Science Fiction Museum affiliated with MoPOP, having inducted 36 writers in nine years, in 2005 it began to recognize non-literary media. It retained the quota of four new members and thus reduced the number of writers. The 2005 and 2006 press releases placed new members in Literature, Art, and Film, Television and Media, in 2007 and 2008 the fourth inductee was placed in one of the three substantial categories. MoPOP de-installed the Science Fiction Museum in March 2011, when the exhibition Icons of Science Fiction opened in June 2012, a new Hall of Fame display was unveiled and the class of 2012 inducted. Nominations are submitted by the public but the selections are made by award-winning science fiction authors, artists, editors, publishers, MoPOP restored the original name online during June 2013 and announced five new members, one daily, beginning June 17. The first four were cited largely or wholly for science fiction, tolkien, hailed as the father of modern fantasy literature
39.
Faster-than-light
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Faster-than-light communication and travel refer to the propagation of information or matter faster than the speed of light. The special theory of relativity implies that only particles with zero rest mass may travel at the speed of light, although according to current theories matter is still required to travel subluminally with respect to the locally distorted spacetime region, apparent FTL is not excluded by general relativity. Examples of apparent FTL proposals are the Alcubierre drive and the traversable wormhole and this is not quite the same as traveling faster than light, since, Some processes propagate faster than c, but cannot carry information. Neither of these phenomena violates special relativity or creates problems with causality, in the following examples, certain influences may appear to travel faster than light, but they do not convey energy or information faster than light, so they do not violate special relativity. For an Earthbound observer, objects in the sky complete one revolution around the Earth in 1 day, Proxima Centauri, which is the nearest star outside the solar system, is about 4 light-years away. On a geostationary view, Proxima Centauri has a speed many times greater than c as the rim speed of an object moving in a circle is a product of the radius and angular speed. It is also possible on a view for objects such as comets to vary their speed from subluminal to superluminal. Comets may have orbits which take out to more than 1000 AU. The circumference of a circle with a radius of 1000 AU is greater than one light day, in other words, a comet at such a distance is superluminal in a geostatic, and therefore non-inertial, frame. If a laser beam is swept across a distant object, the spot of light can easily be made to move across the object at a speed greater than c. Similarly, a shadow projected onto a distant object can be made to move across the object faster than c, in neither case does the light travel from the source to the object faster than c, nor does any information travel faster than light. However, uniform motion of the source may be removed with a change in reference frame, causing the direction of the static field to change immediately. This is not a change of position which propagates, and thus this change cannot be used to transmit information from the source, no information or matter can be FTL-transmitted or propagated from source to receiver/observer by an electromagnetic field. The rate at which two objects in motion in a frame of reference get closer together is called the mutual or closing speed. This may approach twice the speed of light, as in the case of two particles travelling at close to the speed of light in opposite directions with respect to the reference frame. Imagine two fast-moving particles approaching each other from opposite sides of an accelerator of the collider type. The closing speed would be the rate at which the distance between the two particles is decreasing, from the point of view of an observer standing at rest relative to the accelerator, this rate will be slightly less than twice the speed of light. Special relativity does not prohibit this and it tells us that it is wrong to use Galilean relativity to compute the velocity of one of the particles, as would be measured by an observer traveling alongside the other particle
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Frontier
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A frontier is the political and geographical area near or beyond a boundary. The term came from French in the 15th century, with the meaning borderland—the region of a country that fronts on another country, a frontier can also be referred to as a front. A difference has also established in academic scholarship between Frontier and Border, the latter denoting a fixed, rigid and clear-cut form of state boundary. In the European Union, the frontier is the region beyond the borders of the European Union itself. EU has designated the countries surrounding it as part of the European Neighbourhood and this is a region of primarily less-developed countries, many of which aspire to become part of the union. Current applicants include Turkey and many countries in the Balkans. Romania and Bulgaria joined EU in 2007, if all or most East European states become members, the frontier may be the boundaries with Russia and Turkey. The expansion of Russia to the north, south and east exploited ever-changing frontier regions over several centuries, the outside was another term frequently used in colonial Australia, this term seemingly covered not only the frontier but the districts beyond. Settlers at the frontier thus frequently referred to themselves as the outsiders or outside residents, the word frontier has often meant a region at the edge of a settled area, especially in North American development. It was a zone where explorers, pioneers and settlers were arriving. Frederick Jackson Turner said that the significance of the frontier was that as pioneers moved into the frontier zone, for example, Turner argues that in the United States in 1893, unlimited free land in this zone was available, and thus offered the psychological sense of unlimited opportunity. This, in turn, had many such as optimism, future orientation, shedding the restraints of land scarcity. Lawrence, Connecticut, Hudson, Delaware, Susquehanna River and James, English, French, Spanish and Dutch patterns of expansion and settlement were quite different. Only a few thousand French migrated to Canada, although French fur traders ranged widely through the Great Lakes and Mississippi River watersheds, as far as the Rocky Mountains, they did not usually settle down. French settlement in these areas was limited to a few small villages on the lower Mississippi. The Dutch set up fur trading posts in the Hudson River valley, followed by grants of land to patroons. The typical English settlements were quite compact and small—under 3 square kilometres, conflict with the Native Americans arose out of political issues, i. e. who would rule. Early frontier areas east of the Appalachian Mountains included the Connecticut River valley, the French and Indian Wars of the 1760s resulted in a complete victory for the British, who took over the French colonial territory west of the Appalachians to the Mississippi River
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Cannibalism
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In zoology, cannibalism is the act of one individual of a species consuming all or part of another individual of the same species as food. To consume the same species or show cannibalism is an ecological interaction in the animal kingdom and has been recorded for more than 1,500 species. It does not, as believed, occur only as a result of extreme food shortages or artificial conditions. Cannibalism seems to be prevalent in aquatic communities, in which up to approximately 90% of the organisms engage in cannibalism at some point of the life cycle. Cannibalism is also not restricted to species, but is commonly found in herbivores and detritivores. Sexual cannibalism is a case of cannibalism in which a female organism kills and consumes a conspecific male before, during. Sexual cannibalism has been recorded in the female spider, black widow spider, praying mantis. Size-structured cannibalism is cannibalism in which older, larger, more mature individuals consume smaller, younger conspecifics, in size-structured populations, cannibalism can be responsible for 8% to 95% of the total mortality, making it a significant and important factor for population and community dynamics. Size-structured cannibalism has commonly been observed in the wild for a variety of taxa, vertebrate examples include chimpanzees, where groups of adult males have been observed to attack and consume infants. Filial cannibalism is a type of size-structured cannibalism in which adults eat their own offspring. Though most often thought of as parents eating live young, filial cannibalism includes parental consumption of stillborn infants and miscarried fetuses as well as infertile, vertebrate examples include pigs, where savaging accounts for a sizable percentage of total piglet deaths, and cats. Filial cannibalism is common in teleost fishes, appearing in at least seventeen different families of teleosts. Within this diverse group of fish, there have been many, one of these is the energy-based hypothesis, which suggests that fish eat their offspring when they are low on energy as an investment in future reproductive success. In other words, when males of a species are low on energy, it might sometimes be beneficial for them to feed on their own offspring to survive. Another hypothesis as to the value of filial cannibalism in teleosts is that it increases density-dependent egg survivorship. In other words, filial cannibalism simply increases overall reproductive success by helping the other eggs make it to maturity by thinning out the numbers. Possible explanations as to why this is so include increasing oxygen availability to the eggs, the negative effects of accumulating embryo waste. In some species of wasps, such as P. chinensis
