1.
Administrative divisions of New York (state)
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The administrative divisions of New York are the various units of government that provide local government services in the state of New York. The state is divided into counties, cities, towns, and villages, each such government is granted varying home rule powers as provided by the New York Constitution. New York has various corporate entities that serve purposes that are also local governments, such as school. New York has 62 counties, which are subdivided into 932 towns and 62 cities, in total, the state has more than 3,400 active local governments and more than 4,200 taxing jurisdictions. They do so while adhering to the United States Constitution and the Constitution of the State of New York, articles VIII and IX of the state constitution establish the rights and responsibilities of the municipal governments. The New York State Constitution provides for democratically elected bodies for counties, cities, towns. These legislative bodies are granted the power to local laws as needed in order to provide services to their citizens. The county is the administrative division of New York. There are sixty-two counties in the state, five of the counties are boroughs of the city of New York and do not have functioning county governments. Such services generally include law enforcement and public safety, social and health services, every county outside of New York City has a county seat, which is the location of county government. Nineteen counties operate under county charters, while 38 operate under the provisions of the County Law. Although all counties have a certain latitude to govern themselves, charter counties are afforded greater home rule powers, sixteen counties are governed by a Board of Supervisors, composed of the supervisors of its constituent towns and cities. In most of counties, each supervisors vote is weighted in accordance with the towns population in order to abide by the U. S. Supreme Court mandate of one person. Other counties have legislative districts of equal population, which may cross municipal borders, most counties in New York do not use the term Board of Supervisors. 34 counties have a County Legislature, six counties have a Board of Legislators, the five counties, or boroughs, of New York City are governed by a 51-member City Council. In non-charter counties, the legislative body exercises executive power as well, many, but not all, charter counties have an elected executive who is independent of the legislature, the exact form of government is defined in the County Charter. In New York, each city is a highly autonomous incorporated area that, with the exceptions of New York City, cities in New York are classified by the U. S. Census Bureau as incorporated places. They provide almost all services to their residents and have the highest degree of home rule, also, villages are part of a town, with residents who pay taxes to and receive services from the town
2.
U.S. state
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A U. S. state is a constituent political entity of the United States of America. There are 50 states, which are together in a union with each other. Each state holds administrative jurisdiction over a geographic territory. Due to the shared sovereignty between each state and the government, Americans are citizens of both the federal republic and of the state in which they reside. State citizenship and residency are flexible, and no government approval is required to move between states, except for persons covered by certain types of court orders. States range in population from just under 600,000 to over 39 million, four states use the term commonwealth rather than state in their full official names. States are divided into counties or county-equivalents, which may be assigned some local authority but are not sovereign. County or county-equivalent structure varies widely by state, State governments are allocated power by the people through their individual constitutions. All are grounded in principles, and each provides for a government. States possess a number of powers and rights under the United States Constitution, Constitution has been amended, and the interpretation and application of its provisions have changed. The general tendency has been toward centralization and incorporation, with the government playing a much larger role than it once did. There is a debate over states rights, which concerns the extent and nature of the states powers and sovereignty in relation to the federal government. States and their residents are represented in the federal Congress, a legislature consisting of the Senate. Each state is represented in the Senate by two senators, and is guaranteed at least one Representative in the House, members of the House are elected from single-member districts. Representatives are distributed among the states in proportion to the most recent constitutionally mandated decennial census, the Constitution grants to Congress the authority to admit new states into the Union. Since the establishment of the United States in 1776, the number of states has expanded from the original 13 to 50, alaska and Hawaii are the most recent states admitted, both in 1959. The Constitution is silent on the question of states have the power to secede from the Union. Shortly after the Civil War, the U. S. Supreme Court, in Texas v. White, as a result, while the governments of the various states share many similar features, they often vary greatly with regard to form and substance
3.
New York (state)
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New York is a state in the northeastern United States, and is the 27th-most extensive, fourth-most populous, and seventh-most densely populated U. S. state. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south and Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Vermont to the east. With an estimated population of 8.55 million in 2015, New York City is the most populous city in the United States, the New York Metropolitan Area is one of the most populous urban agglomerations in the world. New York City makes up over 40% of the population of New York State, two-thirds of the states population lives in the New York City Metropolitan Area, and nearly 40% lives on Long Island. Both the state and New York City were named for the 17th-century Duke of York, the next four most populous cities in the state are Buffalo, Rochester, Yonkers, and Syracuse, while the state capital is Albany. New York has a diverse geography and these more mountainous regions are bisected by two major river valleys—the north-south Hudson River Valley and the east-west Mohawk River Valley, which forms the core of the Erie Canal. Western New York is considered part of the Great Lakes Region and straddles Lake Ontario, between the two lakes lies Niagara Falls. The central part of the state is dominated by the Finger Lakes, New York had been inhabited by tribes of Algonquian and Iroquoian-speaking Native Americans for several hundred years by the time the earliest Europeans came to New York. The first Europeans to arrive were French colonists and Jesuit missionaries who arrived southward from settlements at Montreal for trade, the British annexed the colony from the Dutch in 1664. The borders of the British colony, the Province of New York, were similar to those of the present-day state, New York is home to the Statue of Liberty, a symbol of the United States and its ideals of freedom, democracy, and opportunity. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. On April 17,1524 Verrazanno entered New York Bay, by way of the now called the Narrows into the northern bay which he named Santa Margherita. Verrazzano described it as a vast coastline with a delta in which every kind of ship could pass and he adds. This vast sheet of water swarmed with native boats and he landed on the tip of Manhattan and possibly on the furthest point of Long Island. Verrazannos stay was interrupted by a storm which pushed him north towards Marthas Vineyard, in 1540 French traders from New France built a chateau on Castle Island, within present-day Albany, due to flooding, it was abandoned the next year. In 1614, the Dutch under the command of Hendrick Corstiaensen, rebuilt the French chateau, Fort Nassau was the first Dutch settlement in North America, and was located along the Hudson River, also within present-day Albany. The small fort served as a trading post and warehouse, located on the Hudson River flood plain, the rudimentary fort was washed away by flooding in 1617, and abandoned for good after Fort Orange was built nearby in 1623. Henry Hudsons 1609 voyage marked the beginning of European involvement with the area, sailing for the Dutch East India Company and looking for a passage to Asia, he entered the Upper New York Bay on September 11 of that year
4.
Westchester County, New York
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Westchester County is a county in the U. S. state of New York. It is the second-most populous county on the mainland of New York, according to the 2010 Census, the county had a population of 949,113, estimated to have increased by 2. 9% to 976,396 by 2015. Situated in the Hudson Valley, Westchester covers an area of 450 square miles, consisting of 6 cities,19 towns, established in 1683, Westchester was named after the city of Chester, England. The county seat is the city of White Plains, the annual per capita income for Westchester was $47,813 in 2011. The 2011 median household income of $77,006 was the fifth highest in New York, by 2014, the countys median household income had risen to $83,422. Westchester County ranks second in the state after New York County for median income per person, Westchester County is one of the centrally located counties within the New York metropolitan area. They called the region Lenapehoking, which consisted of the area around, the first European explorers to visit the Westchester area were Giovanni da Verrazzano in 1524 and Henry Hudson in 1609. Dutch settlers began arriving in the 1620s, followed by settlers from England in the 1640s, Westchester County was one of the original twelve counties of the Province of New York, created by an act of the New York General Assembly in 1683. At the time it included present day Bronx County, and abutted then-Dutchess County to the north, by 1775, Westchester was the richest and most populous county in the colony of New York. Although the Revolutionary War devastated the county, recovery after the war was rapid, in 1788, five years after the end of the war, the county was divided into 20 towns. In 1798, the first federal census recorded a population of 24,000 for the county. Two developments in the first half of the 19th century – the construction of the first Croton Dam and Aqueduct, and the coming of the railroad – had enormous impacts on the growth of Westchester. The Croton Dam and Aqueduct was begun in 1837 and completed in 1842, now a National Historic Landmark, the Croton Aqueduct is considered one of the great engineering achievements of the 19th century. In the 1840s, the first railroads were built in Westchester, and included the New York and Harlem Railroad, the Hudson River Railroad, the railroads often determined the growth of a town, and the population shifted from Northern to Southern Westchester. By 1860, the county population was 99,000. The period following the American Civil War enabled entrepreneurs in the New York area to create fortunes, during the latter half of the 19th century, Westchesters transportation system and labor force attracted a manufacturing base, particularly along the Hudson River and Nepperhan Creek. In 1874, the portion of the present Bronx County was transferred to New York County. These would later split from Manhattan to form their own county, during the 20th century, the rural character of Westchester would transform into the suburban county known today
5.
2010 United States Census
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The 2010 United States Census, is the twenty-third and currently most recent United States national census. National Census Day, the day used for the census, was April 1,2010. As part of a drive to increase the accuracy,635,000 temporary enumerators were hired. The population of the United States was counted as 308,745,538, as required by the United States Constitution, the U. S. census has been conducted every 10 years since 1790. The 2000 U. S. Census was the previous census completed, participation in the U. S. Census is required by law in Title 13 of the United States Code. On January 25,2010, Census Bureau Director Robert Groves personally inaugurated the 2010 Census enumeration by counting World War II veteran Clifton Jackson, more than 120 million census forms were delivered by the U. S. Post Office beginning March 15,2010, the number of forms mailed out or hand-delivered by the Census Bureau was approximately 134 million on April 1,2010. The 2010 Census national mail participation rate was 74%, from April through July 2010, census takers visited households that did not return a form, an operation called non-response follow-up. In December 2010, the Census Bureau delivered population information to the president for apportionment, personally identifiable information will be available in 2082. The Census Bureau did not use a form for the 2010 Census. In several previous censuses, one in six households received this long form, the 2010 Census used only a short form asking ten basic questions, How many people were living or staying in this house, apartment, or mobile home on April 1,2010. Were there any additional people staying here on April 1,2010 that you did not include in Question 1, mark all that apply, Is this house, apartment, or mobile home – What is your telephone number. What is Person 1s age and Person 1s date of birth, is Person 1 of Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin. Does Person 1 sometimes live or stay somewhere else, the form included space to repeat some or all of these questions for up to twelve residents total. In contrast to the 2000 census, an Internet response option was not offered, detailed socioeconomic information collected during past censuses will continue to be collected through the American Community Survey. The survey provides data about communities in the United States on a 1-year or 3-year cycle, depending on the size of the community, rather than once every 10 years. A small percentage of the population on a basis will receive the survey each year. In June 2009, the U. S. Census Bureau announced that it would count same-sex married couples, however, the final form did not contain a separate same-sex married couple option
6.
Eastern Time Zone
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Places that use Eastern Standard Time when observing standard time are 5 hours behind Coordinated Universal Time. Eastern Daylight Time, when observing daylight saving time DST is 4 hours behind Coordinated Universal Time, in the northern parts of the time zone, on the second Sunday in March, at 2,00 a. m. EST, clocks are advanced to 3,00 a. m. EDT leaving a one-hour gap, on the first Sunday in November, at 2,00 a. m. EDT, clocks are moved back to 1,00 a. m, southern parts of the zone do not observe daylight saving time. The Uniform Time Act of 1966 ruled that daylight saving time would run from the last Sunday of April until the last Sunday in October in the United States, the act was amended to make the first Sunday in April the beginning of daylight saving time as of 1987. The Energy Policy Act of 2005 extended daylight saving time in the United States beginning in 2007. So local times change at 2,00 a. m. EST to 3,00 a. m. EDT on the second Sunday in March, in Canada, the time changes as it does in the United States. However, a handful of communities unofficially observe Eastern Time because they are part of the Columbus, Georgia metropolitan area – Phenix City, Smiths Station, Lanett, and Valley. Florida, All of Florida is in the Eastern Time zone except for the portion of the Florida Panhandle west of the Apalachicola River, as the Eastern–Central zone boundary approaches the Gulf of Mexico, it follows the Bay/Gulf county line. Indiana, All of Indiana observes Eastern Time except for six counties in the Chicago metropolitan area. Kentucky, Roughly, the half of the state, including all of metropolitan Louisville, is in the Eastern Time Zone. Historically the entire state observed Central Time, when daylight saving time was first introduced, the Lower Peninsula remained on DST after it formally ended, effectively re-aligning itself into the Eastern Time Zone. The Upper Peninsula continued to observe Central Time until 1972, when all, Tennessee, Most of the eastern third of Tennessee is legally on Eastern Time. Eastern Time is also used somewhat as a de facto official time for all of the United States, since it includes the capital and the largest city. Major professional sports leagues also post all game times in Eastern time, for example, a game time between two teams from Pacific Time Zone will still be posted in Eastern time. Most cable television and national broadcast networks advertise airing times in Eastern time, national broadcast networks generally have two primary feeds, an eastern feed for Eastern and Central time zones, and a tape-delayed western feed for the Pacific Time Zone. The prime time is set on Eastern and Pacific at 8,00 p. m. with the Central time zone stations receiving the eastern feed at 7,00 p. m. local time. Mountain Time Zone stations receive a separate feed at 7,00 p. m. local time, as Arizona does not observe daylight saving time, during the summer months, it has its own feed at 7,00 p. m. local time
7.
UTC-5
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UTC−05,00 is a time offset that subtracts five hours from Coordinated Universal Time. In North America, it is observed in the Eastern Time Zone during standard time, the western Caribbean uses it year round. The southwestern and northwestern portions of Indiana Mexico – Central Zone Central, in most of Mexico, daylight time starts a few weeks after the United States. Communities on the U. S. border that observe Central Time follow the U. S. daylight time schedule
8.
Daylight saving time
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Daylight saving time is the practice of advancing clocks during summer months by one hour so that evening daylight lasts an hour longer, while sacrificing normal sunrise times. Typically, regions that use Daylight Savings Time adjust clocks forward one hour close to the start of spring, American inventor and politician Benjamin Franklin proposed a form of daylight time in 1784. New Zealander George Hudson proposed the idea of saving in 1895. The German Empire and Austria-Hungary organized the first nationwide implementation, starting on April 30,1916, many countries have used it at various times since then, particularly since the energy crisis of the 1970s. The practice has both advocates and critics, DST clock shifts sometimes complicate timekeeping and can disrupt travel, billing, record keeping, medical devices, heavy equipment, and sleep patterns. Computer software often adjusts clocks automatically, but policy changes by various jurisdictions of DST dates, industrialized societies generally follow a clock-based schedule for daily activities that do not change throughout the course of the year. The time of day that individuals begin and end work or school, North and south of the tropics daylight lasts longer in summer and shorter in winter, with the effect becoming greater as one moves away from the tropics. However, they will have one hour of daylight at the start of each day. Supporters have also argued that DST decreases energy consumption by reducing the need for lighting and heating, DST is also of little use for locations near the equator, because these regions see only a small variation in daylight in the course of the year. After ancient times, equal-length civil hours eventually supplanted unequal, so civil time no longer varies by season, unequal hours are still used in a few traditional settings, such as some monasteries of Mount Athos and all Jewish ceremonies. This 1784 satire proposed taxing window shutters, rationing candles, and waking the public by ringing church bells, despite common misconception, Franklin did not actually propose DST, 18th-century Europe did not even keep precise schedules. However, this changed as rail transport and communication networks came to require a standardization of time unknown in Franklins day. Modern DST was first proposed by the New Zealand entomologist George Hudson, whose shift work job gave him time to collect insects. An avid golfer, he also disliked cutting short his round at dusk and his solution was to advance the clock during the summer months, a proposal he published two years later. The proposal was taken up by the Liberal Member of Parliament Robert Pearce, a select committee was set up to examine the issue, but Pearces bill did not become law, and several other bills failed in the following years. Willett lobbied for the proposal in the UK until his death in 1915, william Sword Frost, mayor of Orillia, Ontario, introduced daylight saving time in the municipality during his tenure from 1911 to 1912. Starting on April 30,1916, the German Empire and its World War I ally Austria-Hungary were the first to use DST as a way to conserve coal during wartime, Britain, most of its allies, and many European neutrals soon followed suit. Russia and a few other countries waited until the year
9.
ZIP Code
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ZIP Codes are a system of postal codes used by the United States Postal Service since 1963. The term ZIP, an acronym for Zone Improvement Plan, was chosen to suggest that the travels more efficiently, and therefore more quickly. The basic format consists of five numerical digits, an extended ZIP+4 code, introduced in 1983, includes the five digits of the ZIP Code, a hyphen, and four additional digits that determine a more specific location within a given ZIP Code. The term ZIP Code was originally registered as a servicemark by the U. S. Postal Service, USPS style for ZIP is all caps and the c in code is also capitalized, although style sheets for some publications use sentence case or lowercase. The early history and context of postal codes began with postal district/zone numbers, the United States Post Office Department implemented postal zones for numerous large cities in 1943. For example, Mr. John Smith 3256 Epiphenomenal Avenue Minneapolis 16, by the early 1960s a more organized system was needed, and on July 1,1963, non-mandatory five-digit ZIP Codes were introduced nationwide. Three months later, on October 1,1963, the U. S, an earlier list in June had proposed capitalized abbreviations ranging from two to five letters. The abbreviations have remained unchanged, with one exception, according to the historian of the U. S. Robert Moon, an employee of the post office, is considered the father of the ZIP Code, he submitted his proposal in 1944 while working as a postal inspector. The post office gives credit to Moon only for the first three digits of the ZIP Code, which describe the sectional center facility or sec center, an SCF is a central mail processing facility with those three digits. The SCF sorts mail to all post offices with those first three digits in their ZIP Codes, the mail is sorted according to the final two digits of the ZIP Code and sent to the corresponding post offices in the early morning. Sectional centers do not deliver mail and are not open to the public, Mail picked up at post offices is sent to their own SCF in the afternoon, where the mail is sorted overnight. The United States Post Office used a character, which it called Mr. ZIP. He was often depicted with a such as USE ZIP CODE in the selvage of panes of stamps or on labels contained in, or the covers of. In 1983, the U. S. Postal Service introduced an expanded ZIP Code system that it called ZIP+4, often called plus-four codes, add-on codes, or add ons. But initial attempts to promote use of the new format met with public resistance. For Post Office Boxes, the rule is that each box has its own ZIP+4 code. However, there is no rule, so the ZIP+4 Code must be looked up individually for each box. It is common to use add-on code 9998 for mail addressed to the postmaster,9999 for general delivery, for a unique ZIP Code, the add-on code is typically 0001
10.
Area code 914
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Area code 914 is the telephone area code for Westchester County, New York. 914 was among the area codes, which were announced in October 1947. In 1951, Nassau and Suffolk were transitioned to area code 516, due to the growing popularity and commercialization of cell phones and internet dial-up connections,914 was split on June 5,2000. Westchester retained 914, while the rest of the region became 845,914 was retained for all cell phones in the lower Hudson Valley that were in use before the split. List of New York area codes List of NANP area codes North American Numbering Plan NANPA Area Code Map of New York Interactive Map of Area Code 914 914/845 prefix split information
11.
Geographic Names Information System
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It is a type of gazetteer. GNIS was developed by the United States Geological Survey in cooperation with the United States Board on Geographic Names to promote the standardization of feature names, the database is part of a system that includes topographic map names and bibliographic references. The names of books and historic maps that confirm the feature or place name are cited, variant names, alternatives to official federal names for a feature, are also recorded. Each feature receives a permanent, unique feature record identifier, sometimes called the GNIS identifier, the database never removes an entry, except in cases of obvious duplication. The GNIS accepts proposals for new or changed names for U. S. geographical features, the general public can make proposals at the GNIS web site and can review the justifications and supporters of the proposals. The Bureau of the Census defines Census Designated Places as a subset of locations in the National Geographic Names Database, U. S. Postal Service Publication 28 gives standards for addressing mail. In this publication, the postal service defines two-letter state abbreviations, street identifiers such as boulevard and street, department of the Interior, U. S. Geological Survey, National Mapping Division, Digital Gazeteer, Users Manual. Least Heat Moon, William, Blue Highways, A Journey Into America, standard was withdrawn in September 2008, See Federal Register Notice, Vol.73, No. 170, page 51276 Report, Principles, Policies, and Procedures, Domestic Geographic Names, U. S. Postal Service Publication 28, November 2000. Board on Geographic Names website Geographic Names Information System Proposals from the general public Meeting minutes
12.
Stamford, Connecticut
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Stamford is a city in Fairfield County, Connecticut, United States. According to the 2010 census, the population of the city is 122,643. As of July 1,2014, according to the Census Bureau, the population of Stamford had risen to 128,278, making it the third-largest city in the state and the seventh-largest city in New England. Approximately 30 miles from Manhattan, Stamford is in the Bridgeport-Stamford-Norwalk Metro area which is a part of the Greater New York metropolitan area. Stamford is home to four Fortune 500 Companies, nine Fortune 1000 Companies and this gives Stamford the largest financial district in New York Metro outside New York City itself and one of the largest concentrations of corporations in the nation. Stamford is also home to the Stamford Waterside Design District - a creative neighborhood and shopping destination dedicated to Interior Design, Stamford was known as Rippowam by the Native American inhabitants to the region, and the very first European settlers to the area also referred to it as such. The name was changed to Stamford after the town Stamford, Lincolnshire. The deed to Stamford was signed on July 1,1640 between Captain Turner of the New Haven Colony and Chief Ponus, by the 18th century, one of the primary industries of the town was merchandising by water, which was possible due to Stamfords proximity to New York. In 1692, Stamford was home to a famous witch trial than the well-known Salem witch trials. The accusations were less fanatical and smaller-scale but also grew to prominence through gossip, Stamford incorporated as a city in 1893. In 1950, the Census Bureau reported the population as 94. 6% white and 5. 2% black. In the 1960s and 1970s, Stamfords commercial real estate boomed as corporations relocated from New York City to peripheral areas, a massive urban redevelopment campaign during that time resulted in a downtown with many tall office buildings. Rich Co. was the urban renewal developer of the downtown in an ongoing redevelopment project that was contentious, beginning in the 1960s. Over the years, other developers have joined in building up the downtown, since 2008, an 80-acre mixed-use redevelopment project for the Stamfords Harbor Point neighborhood has added additional growth south of the citys Downtown area. Once complete, the redevelopment will include 6,000,000 square feet of new residential, retail, office and hotel space, as of July 2012, roughly 900 of the projected 4,000 Harbor Point residential units had been constructed. Stamford is situated near the point of Connecticut. There are still a number of references to North Stamford as a separate town, surrounding towns include Pound Ridge, New York to the north, Greenwich to the west, and both Darien and New Canaan to the east. The city has an area of 52.09 square miles, Stamford, like the rest of coastal Connecticut, lies in the broad transition zone between the cold continental climate to the north and the more mild temperate/subtropical climate, to the south
13.
Bedford (town), New York
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Bedford is a town in Westchester County, New York, USA. The population was 17,335 at the 2010 census, the town of Bedford is located in the northeastern part of Westchester County, and contains the three hamlets of Bedford Hills, Bedford, and Katonah. Bedford was made a part of Connecticut in 1697 when a patent fixed the boundaries as a six-mile square, only when King William III of England issued a royal decree in 1700 settling a boundary dispute did Bedford become part of New York. The town served as the county seat of Westchester County during the American Revolutionary War after the Battle of White Plains, after the Revolution, Bedford was made one of two seats of county government, alternating with White Plains, until 1870. Westchester Countys oldest government building is the Court House in Bedford village, the Bedford Village Historic District, Caramoor Center for Music and the Arts, Palmer-Lewis Estate, and The Woodpile are listed on the National Register of Historic Places. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has an area of 39.4 square miles, of which 37.2 square miles is land and 2.2 square miles. The town is bordered to the west by Mount Kisco, to the south by Armonk in the town of North Castle, to the north by Lewisboro, and to the east by Pound Ridge. Bedford has a few minor landmarks, most of them centered on the Bedford Green, the Bedford Free Library is located in Bedford, on the Village Green, and is a member of the Westchester Library System. Bedford Hills and Katonah also have libraries that are members of the same system, along Route 22, at Hook Road, there is a large 300-plus-year-old oak tree known as the Bedford Oak. The Bedford Hills Correctional Facility for Women is located in the town, as of the census of 2000, there were 18,133 people,5,731 households, and 4,395 families residing in the town. The population density was 486.9 people per square mile, there were 6,020 housing units at an average density of 161.6 per square mile. The racial/ethnic makeup of the town was 87. 50% White,7. 12% Black,1. 98% Asian, hispanic or Latino of any race were 7. 57% of the population. 0. 08% ethnic Pacific Islander and 1. 88% from other ethnicities,18. 8% of all households were made up of individuals and 7. 6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.82 and the family size was 3.21. In the town, the population was out with 26. 4% under the age of 18,6. 6% from 18 to 24,32. 2% from 25 to 44,24. 5% from 45 to 64. The median age was 37 years, for every 100 females there were 87.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 80.8 males, the median income for a household in the town was $100,053, and the median income for a family was $118,820. Males had an income of $88,561 versus $47,468 for females
14.
Lewisboro, New York
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Lewisboro is a town in Westchester County, New York, United States. The population was 12,411 at the 2010 census, the town is named after John Lewis, an early settler. After purchasing land from the natives, the first settlers established themselves around South Salem. The town was formed as Salem in 1747, by 1790 the town assumed its current dimensions as lands were removed for other towns. The name changed to South Salem in 1806, John Lewis, a financier, requested that the town be given his name and established a fund for the town, though he did not follow through on his promise of a railroad link. Lewisboro is noted for its gardens, most notable in its public traffic triangles. Dry-stone walls and elegant Colonial mansions are other dominant features, Lewisboro has had two noteworthy historical characters. Sarah Bishop was the hermit of West Mountain, apparently mistreated by British soldiers at the time of the Revolutionary War, she retreated to a solitary life in the Lewisboro area. A spot known as Sarah Bishops Cave is on the hill on the side of Lake Rippowam. The second historical character appeared around the time of the Civil War, the Leatherman was a wanderer who got his name from homemade leather garments. He is frequently mentioned as being in Lewisboro in the middle of the 19th century and he followed a route past homes that would offer him a meal and reappeared at the same doorsteps for 25 years. One of the destinations in Ward Pound Ridge is to the Leathermans cave. In 1987 a 10k trail race called The Leathermans Loop was started to honor his legacy, the Mead Memorial Chapel was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1999. The east town line is the border of Ridgefield, Connecticut, interstate 684 passes near the west side of the town. The towns unusual chevron shape is partly the result of The Oblong, created during the resolution of the boundary dispute between Connecticut and New York. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has an area of 29.1 square miles, of which 27.9 square miles is land and 1.3 square miles. The census of 2000 counted 12,324 people residing in the town, living in 4,218 households, the population density was 442.5 people per square mile. There were 4,465 housing units at a density of 160.3 per square mile
15.
Native Americans in the United States
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In the United States, Native Americans are people descended from the Pre-Columbian indigenous population of the land within the countrys modern boundaries. These peoples were composed of distinct tribes, bands, and ethnic groups. Most Native American groups had historically preserved their histories by oral traditions and artwork, at the time of first contact, the indigenous cultures were quite different from those of the proto-industrial and mostly Christian immigrants. Some of the Northeastern and Southwestern cultures in particular were matrilineal, the majority of Indigenous American tribes maintained their hunting grounds and agricultural lands for use of the entire tribe. Europeans at that time had patriarchal cultures and had developed concepts of property rights with respect to land that were extremely different. Assimilation became a consistent policy through American administrations, during the 19th century, the ideology of manifest destiny became integral to the American nationalist movement. Expansion of European-American populations to the west after the American Revolution resulted in increasing pressure on Native American lands and this resulted in the ethnic cleansing of many tribes, with the brutal, forced marches coming to be known as The Trail of Tears. As American expansion reached into the West, settler and miner migrants came into increasing conflict with the Great Basin, Great Plains and these were complex nomadic cultures based on horse culture and seasonal bison hunting. Over time, the United States forced a series of treaties and land cessions by the tribes, in 1924, Native Americans who were not already U. S. citizens were granted citizenship by Congress. Contemporary Native Americans have a relationship with the United States because they may be members of nations, tribes. The terms used to refer to Native Americans have at times been controversial, by comparison, the indigenous peoples of Canada are generally known as First Nations. It is not definitively known how or when the Native Americans first settled the Americas and these early inhabitants, called Paleoamericans, soon diversified into many hundreds of culturally distinct nations and tribes. The archaeological periods used are the classifications of archaeological periods and cultures established in Gordon Willey and Philip Phillips 1958 book Method and they divided the archaeological record in the Americas into five phases, see Archaeology of the Americas. The Clovis culture, a hunting culture, is primarily identified by use of fluted spear points. Artifacts from this culture were first excavated in 1932 near Clovis, the Clovis culture ranged over much of North America and also appeared in South America. The culture is identified by the distinctive Clovis point, a flaked flint spear-point with a notched flute, dating of Clovis materials has been by association with animal bones and by the use of carbon dating methods. Recent reexaminations of Clovis materials using improved carbon-dating methods produced results of 11,050 and 10,800 radiocarbon years B. P, other tribes have stories that recount migrations across long tracts of land and a great river, believed to be the Mississippi River. Genetic and linguistic data connect the people of this continent with ancient northeast Asians
16.
Munsee language
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Munsee is an endangered language of the Eastern Algonquian subgroup of the Algonquian language family, itself a branch of the Algic language family. Munsee is one of the two Delaware languages and it is very closely related to the extinct Unami Delaware, but the two are sufficiently different that they are considered separate languages. As of 2009, Munsee was spoken only on the Moraviantown Reserve in Ontario, Canada, by no more than seven or eight elderly individuals, the language that the individuals speak differs between speakers, each having a personal dialect. There has been interest in learning the language by younger individuals, Munsee is an Eastern Algonquian language, which is the sole recognized genetic subgroup descending from Proto-Algonquian, the common ancestor language of the Algonquian language family. Munsee is very related to Unami Delaware. Munsee and Unami constitute the Delaware languages, comprising a subgroup within Eastern Algonquian, taken together with Mahican, the Delaware languages constitute Delawaran, a subgroup within Eastern Algonquian. The term Munsee developed as an English name for the group that formed along the upper Delaware River north of the Delaware Water Gap. Other Munsee dialect speakers joined the Minisink group, the earliest recorded mention of Munsee dates from 1725, Minisink is a Munsee term meaning at the island, and is to be transcribed mə̆nə́sənk. It is the form of a now disused word /mənə́s/ island, cognates in other Algonquian languages are e. g. Ojibwe minis. Orthographic ⟨ink⟩ in the form Minisink is the modern Munsee locative suffix /-ənk/, the term Munsee is the English adaptation of a regularly formed word mə́nsi·w. Over time the British extended the term Munsee to any speaker of the Munsee language, attempts to derive Munsee from a word meaning stone or mountain, as proposed by Brinton, are incorrect. Krafts claim that Munsee is not a term, and that it results from a corruption of English use of Minisink is incorrect. The term follows a pattern of Munsee word formation. Names for the speakers of Munsee are used in ways in both English and in Munsee. The term Delaware was originally applied by British colonists to Unami speakers living along the Delaware River, which is named after Lord De La Warr, the term was gradually extended to refer to all Delaware groups. The Munsee in Ontario are sometimes referred to as Ontario Delaware or Canadian Delaware, Munsee-speaking residents of Moraviantown use the English term Munsee to refer to residents of Munceytown, approximately 50 km to the east. In English, Moraviantown residents call themselves Delaware, and in Munsee /lənáːpeːw/ Delaware person, some Delaware at Moraviantown also use the term Christian Indian as a preferred self-designation in English. The equivalent Munsee term is ké·ntə̆we·s, Munsee speakers refer to Oklahoma Delaware as Unami in English or /wə̆ná·mi·w/ in Munsee
17.
Wappinger
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The Wappinger were an Eastern Algonquian-speaking tribe from New York and Connecticut. They lived on the east bank of the Hudson River south to the Connecticut River Valley and they were most closely related to the Lenape, both being members of the Eastern Algonquian-speaking subgroup of the Algonquian peoples. The Lenape and Wappinger spoke using very similar Delawarean language and they are close enough that a Wappinger speaking in the Munsee Delaware tongue and a Lenape would mostly understand each other. Their nearest allies were the Mahicans to the north, the Montauketts to the south, like the Lenape, the Wappinger were not organized into cohesive tribes for most of their history, instead, they formed approximately 18 loosely associated bands. The first contact with Europeans came in 1609, during Henry Hudsons expedition, the total population of the Wappinger Confederacy has been estimated at about 13,200 individuals at the beginning of European contact. Their settlements included camps along the rivers with larger villages located at the river mouths. Despite references to villages and other types by early European explorers and settlers. Robert Juet, an officer on the Half Moon, provides an account in his journal of some of the lower Hudson Valley Native Americans and they goe in deere skins loose, well dressed. They desire cloathes, and are very civill and they have great store of maize or Indian wheate whereof they make good bread. The country is full of great and tall oakes and this day many of the people came aboord, some in mantles of feathers, and some in skinnes of divers sorts of good furres. Some women also came to us with hempe and they had red copper tabacco pipes and other things of copper they did wear about their neckes. At night they went on land againe, so wee rode very quite and their hair is shorn on the top of the head like a cocks comb. They also wear coats of feathers, which they know how to put together. Their pride is to paint their faces strangely with red or black lead, some of the women are very well featured, having long countenances. Their hair hangs loose from their head, they are very foul and dirty, they paint their faces. As the Dutch began to settle in the area, they pressured the Connecticut Wappinger to sell their lands, the western bands, however, stood their ground amidst rising tensions. During Kiefts War in 1643, the remaining Wappinger bands united against the Dutch, allied with their trading partners, the powerful Mohawk, the Dutch defeated the Wappinger by 1645. The Mohawk and Dutch killed more than 1500 Wappinger in the two years of the war and this was a devastating toll for the Wappinger, whose population in 1600 was estimated at 3,000
18.
Hell Gate
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Hell Gate is a narrow tidal strait in the East River in New York City in the US. It separates Astoria, Queens from Randalls and Wards Islands, the name Hell Gate is a corruption of the Dutch phrase Hellegat, which could mean either bright strait or clear opening, and it was originally applied to the entirety of the East River. Dutch explorer Adriaen Block, the first European known to have navigated the strait, Hellegat is a fairly common toponym for waterways in the Low Countries, with at least 20 separate examples. Because explorers found navigation hazardous in this New World place of rocks and converging tide-driven currents, in October 1776, Admiral Howe sailed some of the British fleet through the strait, an action which was considered reckless at the time. In 1851, the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers began to clear obstacles from the strait with explosives, on September 24,1876, the Corps used 50,000 pounds of explosives to blast the dangerous rocks, which was followed by further blasting work. On October 10,1885, the Corps carried out the largest explosion in this process, the blast was felt as far away as Princeton, New Jersey and sent a geyser of water 250 feet in the air. The blast has been described as the largest planned explosion before testing began for the atomic bomb, rubble from the detonation was used in 1890 to fill the gap between Great Mill Rock and Little Mill Rock, merging the two islands into a single island, Mill Rock. The incident inspired the climactic conclusion of Bram Stokers novel The Lair of the White Worm, by the late 19th century, hundreds of ships, including HMS Hussar, had sunk in the strait. It was spanned in 1917 by the New York Connecting Railroad Bridge, the bridge provides a direct rail link between New England and New York City. In 1936, it was spanned by the Triborough Bridge, allowing traffic to pass among Manhattan, the Bronx. Under Hellgate Bridge, directed by Michael Sergio, is a crime film, set in Queens. Little Hell Gate List of place names of Dutch origin Spuyten Duyvil, Bronx East River NYC The Conquest of Hell Gate
19.
Norwalk, Connecticut
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Norwalk, is a city in Fairfield County, Connecticut, United States, located in the New York metropolitan area. As of 2015, the population for Norwalk was 88,485. Norwalk, settled 1649, incorporated Sept.1651, Norwaukee shall bee a townee Algonkin noyank, point of land, or more probably from the Indian name, the city boundaries originally included parts of the current municipalities of New Canaan, Wilton, and Westport. Ancient records describe the boundaries as from Norwalk river to Sauhatuck river, from sea, thus a disputing source, and common tradition, describes Norwalks name deriving from the northern boundary extending from the sea covering one days north walk into the countryside. An additional source found this analysis to be improbable, given that the name Norwalk was used by natives, additionally a nearby river was known as the Norwake River when the area was first colonized. Roger Ludlows 1640 land purchase was from the Indians of Norwalke, the earliest town records list the city name as Norwalke The Connecticut Register, published in 1847, describes that the early Colony Records spelled it Norrwake. Around the same time, the elderly used the ancient pronunciation Norruck, Norwalk has a nickname, Oyster Town, due to its prominent oyster fisheries providing a large source of income to the city since the early 19th century. Norwalk Harbors islands and proximity to New York City make it profitable for oyster harvesting, discarded oyster shells along the Connecticut coast help prove the importance oysters had to pre-Columbian inhabitants of the area as well. In 2002 Norwalk was the location of the murder trial of Michael Skakel. After a four-week trial, Skakel was convicted on June 7 for the 1975 murder of Martha Moxley, the Methodist congregation had been formed in 1789 during the visit by Jesse Lee, but is survived by three other Methodist churches in the city. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 36.3 square miles. Norwalk, Connecticut, gets 45 inches of rain per year, the average US city gets 25 inches of snow per year. The number of days with any measurable precipitation is 100, on average, there are 179 sunny days per year in Norwalk, Connecticut. The July high is around 83 degrees, Norwalks topography is dominated by its coastline along Long Island Sound, the Norwalk River and its eastern and western banks, and the Norwalk Islands. The highest elevation is 282 feet above sea level, at the summit of Middle Clapboard Hill in West Norwalk, as of the census of 2010, there were 85,603 people,35,415 households, and 21,630 families residing in the city. The population density was 2,358.2 inhabitants per square mile, there were 35,415 housing units at an average density of 975.6 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 68. 7% White,14. 2% African American,0. 4% Native American,4. 8% Asian,0. 1% Pacific Islander,9. 0% from other races, and 2. 8% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 24. 3% of the population,33. 0% of all households were made up of individuals and 8. 5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older
20.
Croton River
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The Croton River is a river in southern New York that begins where its eastern and western tributaries join downstream from the Croton Falls Reservoir. Excess water leaves the spillway at the New Croton Dam, and finally empties into the Hudson River at Croton-on-Hudson, New York at Croton Point, the river has a watershed area of 361 square miles. The Croton River was the source of New York Citys water supply from 1842 on. It was brought to the city through the Croton Aqueduct, which was called the Old Croton Aqueduct. Seeking to expand New York Citys water supply, engineers of the city Aqueduct Commission designed in 1884 a 275-to-300-foot-high masonry dam spanning the Croton River near its mouth, the resulting storage reservoir, impounding a 16-square-mile watershed, would hold 14.2 billion US gallons at full capacity. The Croton Falls Dam was placed into service in 1911, in the 1890s, rather than resorting to expensive filtration, New York City ordered the destruction or relocation of any village or hamlet threatening to pollute the Croton or its tributaries. In the late 1990s, New York City stopped using water from the Croton as it more and more unsuitable for drinking. In 2004, a project was started to rehabilitate the New Croton Aqueduct, list of rivers of New York Croton Gorge Park
21.
Anthony's Nose (Westchester County, New York)
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Anthonys Nose is a peak along the Hudson River at the north end of Westchester County, New York. Anthonys Nose, together with Dunderberg Mountain, comprises the South Gate of the Hudson Highlands, the Hudson makes a turn around the southwestern tip, so that the northwestern side also slopes down to salt marshes along the river. On the southeastern side are Mine Mountain and, across Broccy Creek, most of this land is part of Camp Smith, a New York National Guard reservation. US 6/202 crosses the Hudson on the Bear Mountain Bridge to the tip of the mountain. 9D runs northeast along the flank of the mountain to Garrison, New York, while 202/6 runs southeast, hugging the cliffs. The peak has been known as Anthonys Nose since at least 1697, the eponymous Anthony may be St Anthony, as a rock formation called Saint Anthonys Face existed on Breakneck Ridge nearby before its destruction by quarrying. Pierre Van Cortlandt, who owned this mountain, said it was named for a pre-Revolutionary War sea captain and this captain was reputed to have a Cyrano de Bergerac type nose. One of his mates, looking at this mount, as they sailed by it and he said that they looked similar in size. This good-natured joke soon spread, and the name Anthonys Nose stuck to this peak, washington Irvings History of New York, a satire, attributes the name to one Antony Van Corlear, who was the trumpeter on Henry Hudsons ship. Other traditions name Anthony de Hooges, a deacon of the Dutch Reformed Church and early settler of Rensselaerswyck, one of the Hudson River Chains was stretched from Fort Montgomery to the foot of the mountain. The Bear Mountain Bridge was later constructed along approximately that alignment, an airway beacon was once located on the summit. The mountain is composed of Canada Hill granite, large calcite crystals have been collected from the railroad cut along the base. The Appalachian Trail crosses the Bear Mountain Bridge and follows 9D for a distance before turning east. It skirts the summit ridge, descends into the clove between Anthonys Nose and Mine Mountain, and from there into South Mountain Pass, the blue-blazed Camp Smith Trail leaves the AT southwestward just above the descent to 9D, and runs along the ridge to reach the summit. From there, it runs along the border of Camp Smith to reach parking along 202/6 on the side of Manitou Mountain
22.
Kieft's War
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It is named for Director of New Netherland Willem Kieft, who had ordered an attack without approval of his advisory council and against the wishes of the colonists. This was one of the earliest conflicts between Native Americans and European settlers, displeased with Kieft, the Dutch West India Company recalled him and he died while returning to the Netherlands. Peter Stuyvesant succeeded him in New Netherland, because of the continuing threat by the Algonquians, numerous Dutch settlers returned to the Netherlands, and growth of the colony slowed. Appointed director by the Dutch West India Company, Willem Kieft arrived in New Netherland in April 1638, without obvious experience or qualifications for the job, Kieft may have been appointed through family political connections. The Pequot defeat eased the way for an English takeover of the reaches of New Netherland. New Amsterdam and the settlements of the Hudson Valley had developed beyond company towns into a growing colony. In 1640, the Company finally surrendered its trade monopoly on the colony, suddenly Kieft was governor of a booming economy. The directors of the Dutch West India Company were unhappy, largely due to their mismanagement, the New Netherlands project had never been profitable. The companys efforts elsewhere, by contrast, had paid handsome returns, the directors were anxious to reduce administrative costs, chief among which was providing for defense of the colonies. Within this category were land purchase agreements with the Native American nations who historically inhabited the lands, Kiefts first plan to reduce costs was to solicit tribute payments from the tribes living in the region. Long-time colonists warned him against this course, but he pursued it, to outright rejection by the local sachems, or chiefs. Determined to force deference, Kieft seized on the pretext of pigs stolen from the farm of David de Vries to send soldiers to raid a Raritan village on Staten Island, killing several. When the band retaliated by burning down de Vries farmhouse and killing four of his employees and he offered bounty payment to rival Native American tribes for the heads of Raritan. In August 1641, Claes Swits, an elderly Swiss immigrant, was killed by a Weckquaesgeek of his long acquaintance, Swits ran a popular public house, frequented by Europeans and Native Americans in what is today Turtle Bay, Manhattan. The murder was said to be a matter of the natives paying a debt for the murder of his uncle. He had been the sole survivor of an ambush of Weckquaesgeek traders by Europeans 15 years before, Kieft was determined to use the event as a pretext for a war of extermination against the tribe. Another incident raising tensions occurred at Achter Kol along the banks of the Hackensack River. Settlers to the new factorij, after having plied local Hackensack with alcohol, engaged in a small but fatal conflict over the loss of a coat
23.
Dutch West India Company
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Dutch West India Company was a chartered company of Dutch merchants. Among its founding fathers was Willem Usselincx, the area where the company could operate consisted of West Africa and the Americas, which included the Pacific Ocean and the eastern part of New Guinea. The intended purpose of the charter was to eliminate competition, particularly Spanish or Portuguese, the company became instrumental in the Dutch colonization of the Americas. When the Dutch East India Company was founded in 1602, some traders in Amsterdam did not agree with its monopolistic politics, however, he failed to find a passage. One of the first sailors who focused on trade with Africa was Balthazar de Moucheron, the trade with Africa offered several possibilities to set up trading posts or factories, an important starting point for negotiations. It was Blommaert, however, who stated that in 1600 eight companies sailed on the coast of Africa, competing with each other for the supply of copper, pieter van den Broecke was employed by one of these companies. In 1612, a Dutch fortress was built in Mouree, along the Dutch Gold Coast, Trade with the Caribbean, for salt, sugar and tobacco, was hampered by Spain and delayed because of peace negotiations. Spain offered peace on condition that the Dutch Republic would withdraw from trading with Asia, Spain refused to sign the peace treaty if a West Indian Company would be established. At this time the Dutch War of Independence between Spain and the Dutch Republic was occurring, grand Pensionary Johan van Oldenbarnevelt offered to only suspend trade with the West in exchange for the Twelve Years Truce. The result was that during a few years the company sailed under a flag in South America. However, ten years later, Stadtholder Maurice of Orange, proposed to continue the war with Spain, in 1619, his opponent Johan van Oldenbarnevelt was beheaded, and when two years later the truce expired, the West Indian Company was established. Some historians date the origins of the firm to the 1500s with arrivals of settlers in what is now called New York long before the English at Jamestown. The WIC was organized similarly to the Dutch East India Company, the board consisted of 19 members, known as the Heeren XIX. The validity of the charter was set at 24 years, only in 1623 was funding arranged, after several bidders were put under pressure. The States General of the Netherlands and the VOC pledged one million guilders in the form of capital, unlike the VOC, the WIC had no right to deploy military troops. When the Twelve Years Truce in 1621 was over, the Republic had a hand to re-wage war with Spain. A Groot Desseyn was devised to seize the Portuguese colonies in Africa, when this plan failed, privateering became one of the major goals within the WIC. The arming of merchant ships with guns and soldiers to defend themselves against Spanish ships was of great importance, on almost all ships in 1623,40 to 50 soldiers were stationed, possibly to assist in the hijacking of enemy ships
24.
New Netherland
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New Netherland was a 17th-century colonial province of the Seven United Netherlands that was located on the East Coast of North America. The colony was conceived as a business venture to exploit the North American fur trade. The settlement of New Sweden encroached on its flank, while its northern border was re-drawn to accommodate an expanding New England. During the 1650s, the colony experienced dramatic growth and became a port for trade in the North Atlantic. The surrender of Fort Amsterdam to England in 1664 was formalized in 1667, in 1673, the Dutch re-took the area but relinquished it under the Second Treaty of Westminster ending the Third Anglo-Dutch War the next year. The inhabitants of New Netherland were Native Americans, Europeans, and Africans, descendants of the original settlers played a prominent role in colonial America. For two centuries, New Netherland Dutch culture characterized the region, during the 17th century, Europe was undergoing expansive social, cultural, and economic growth, known as the Dutch Golden Age in the Netherlands. Nations vied for domination of trade routes around the globe. Simultaneously, philosophical and theological conflicts were manifested in military battles across the continent, the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands had become a home to many intellectuals, international businessmen, and religious refugees. He was turned back by the ice of the Arctic in his second attempt and he ended up exploring the waters off the east coast of North America aboard the vlieboot Halve Maen. His first landfall was at Newfoundland and the second at Cape Cod, Hudson believed that the passage to the Pacific ocean was between the St. Lawrence River and Chesapeake Bay, so he sailed south to the Bay then turned northward, traveling close along the shore. He first discovered Delaware Bay and began to sail upriver looking for the passage and this effort was foiled by sandy shoals, and the Halve Maen continued north. After passing Sandy Hook, Hudson and his crew entered the narrows into the Upper New York Bay, Hudson believed that he had found the continental water route, so he sailed up the major river which later bore his name, the Hudson. He found the water too shallow to proceed several days later, at the site of present-day Troy and his report was first published in 1611 by Emanuel Van Meteren, an Antwerp émigré and the Dutch Consul at London. This stimulated interest in exploiting this new resource, and it was the catalyst for Dutch merchant-traders to fund more expeditions. Flemish Lutheran émigré merchants such as Arnout Vogels sent the first follow-up voyages to exploit this discovery as early as July 1610. In 1611–1612, the Admiralty of Amsterdam sent two expeditions to find a passage to China with the yachts Craen and Vos, captained by Jan Cornelisz Mey and Symon Willemsz Cat. The results of explorations, surveys, and charts made from 1609 through 1614 were consolidated in Block’s map
25.
Captain John Underhill
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Hired to train militia in New England, he is most noted for leading colonial militia in the Pequot War and Kiefts War which the colonists mounted against two different groups of Native Americans. He also published an account of the Pequot War, John Underhill was one of three children of John Edward Underhill and Leonora Honor Pawley. John Underhill was born in 1597 in Baginton, Warwickshire, England, the family escaped to the Netherlands after a failed plot by the Earl of Essex to overthrow the Queen. There they stayed in Bergen op Zoom, a fortified city. John Edward Underhill was sergeant in the company of Captain Roger Orme and he died there in October 1608 and is buried in the Church of St. Gertrude. Following his fathers death, John Underhill and his siblings lived with their mother, while there he received military training as a cadet in the service of Philip William, the Prince of Orange. He also married a Dutch girl, Helena de Hooch on 12 December 1628 in the Kloosterkerk, The Hague and they had one child born in the Netherlands before emigrating, Deborah Underhill, and two other children after emigrating, Elizabeth and John Underhill. In 1630 Underhill was hired by the Massachusetts Bay Colony with the rank of captain and he and his Dutch wife emigrated to the Massachusetts Bay Colony on the Arbella that year. In May 1634 he was appointed to the General Court, and he started the first construction of the fortification on Castle Island at Boston. Early in 1636 he was sent to Salem to arrest Roger Williams, but, Williams had already fled to Rhode Island. In August 1636 Underhill led an expedition to Block Island, because of repeated conflicts with the Pequot people, the English colonists decided to go to war against them. In September 1637 Underhill headed the militia as it undertook the Pequot War and they first went to the fort at Saybrook, in present-day Connecticut. Joining with Mohegan allies and Connecticut militia under Captain John Mason and they set fire to the village, killing any who attempted to flee. About 400 Pequot died in what came to be called the Mystic Massacre, Underhill led other expeditions that joined in hunting down the surviving Pequot. Within a year of these exploits, Underhill suffered from the Puritan drive for conformity and he had signed the Boston Petition supporting minister John Wheelwright, who had been censured for a sermon. Underhill was removed from office and disfranchised in 1637, banished along with Anne Hutchinson in 1638, after a fruitless trip to England in search of employment, Underhill returned to Boston. He sold his house and land and joined Wheelwright, who had settled in Dover, Underhills mother and her second husband Morris also left Boston, moving to nearby Exeter. In Dover, Underhill soon rose to the position of Governor, in June 1641 Underhills banishment was repealed
26.
North Castle, New York
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North Castle is a town in Westchester County, New York, United States. The population was 11,841 at the 2010 census. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has an area of 26.5 square miles, of which 24.1 square miles is land and 2.4 square miles. As of the census of 2000, there were 10,849 people,3,583 households, the population density was 450.4 people per square mile. There were 3,706 housing units at a density of 153.9 per square mile. The racial makeup of the town was 92. 38% White,1. 76% African American,0. 03% Native American,3. 96% Asian,0. 05% Pacific Islander,0. 63% from other races, and 1. 20% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4. 14% of the population,13. 1% of all households were made up of individuals and 5. 5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.99 and the family size was 3.28. In the town, the population was out with 29. 7% under the age of 18,4. 5% from 18 to 24,26. 8% from 25 to 44,28. 3% from 45 to 64. The median age was 40 years, for every 100 females there were 97.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 94.7 males, the median income for a household in the town was $117,815, and the median income for a family was $141,764. Males had an income of $86,950 versus $49,500 for females. The per capita income for the town was $60,628, about 1. 0% of families and 3. 0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 1. 7% of those under age 18 and 3. 4% of those age 65 or over. North Castle has three geographical areas, each taking the form of a hamlet. Armonk – a hamlet located in the part of the town. It is the seat of government and the main town library. Banksville – a hamlet, also known as the Eastern District of North Castle, located in the part of the town. North White Plains – a hamlet located in the part of the town
27.
Van Cortlandt Manor
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Not to be confused with Van Cortlandt House Museum in The Bronx, New York City. Van Cortlandt Manor is a house and property located by the confluence of the Croton and Hudson Rivers located in the village of Croton-on-Hudson in Westchester County, New York, the stone and brick manor house is now a National Historic Landmark. It is on South Riverside Avenue, the Manor House was built sometime before 1732 but was not any owners principal residence until a grandson, Pierre Van Cortlandt, moved there in 1749. At that time the house was on a 1, 000-acre portion of the original tract. Pierre brought his family to the estate in 1749 and established the manor into its most vibrant days, during this period, the manor was operating an apple orchard, dairy farm, a bee house, a kiln, a tavern, and carpenter and blacksmith shops. Van Cortlandt Manor was a community while Pierre and his family resided in the estate. Pierre was involved with military legislature, and his son Philip was a soldier for the Continental Army, eventually Pierre and his family vacated the manor in the thick of the war. The manor was ransacked by the British Army and left in poor standing, Philip, becoming a brigadier general by the war’s end, returned and, along with his sister, Catherine, brought the manor back to working order. Van Cortlandt Manor became a stop on the route from New York to Albany in the years that followed the war. The mills were once thriving and provided the community and travelers with food, supplies. Pierre and his wife did not return until 1803 once the manor was in working order again. The manor was passed down in the family until it was sold to a non-relative, Otis Taylor, by this time the property had lost luster, and was not the flourishing estate it has once been. Some buildings and barn houses were taken down to accommodate for more modern facilities, in 1953 John D. Rockefeller Jr. purchased the property and began restoring the manor to previous prominence. In 1961, Van Cortlandt Manor became registered as a National Historic Landmark, the house is not included in the area of Cortlandt Manor, New York. It is one of the mansions included in Historic Hudson Valley, list of National Historic Landmarks in New York National Register of Historic Places listings in northern Westchester County, New York Official Site Van Cortlandt Manor at Croton-on-Hudson town
28.
American Revolutionary War
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From about 1765 the American Revolution had led to increasing philosophical and political differences between Great Britain and its American colonies. The war represented a culmination of these differences in armed conflict between Patriots and the authority which they increasingly resisted. This resistance became particularly widespread in the New England Colonies, especially in the Province of Massachusetts Bay. On December 16,1773, Massachusetts members of the Patriot group Sons of Liberty destroyed a shipment of tea in Boston Harbor in an event that became known as the Boston Tea Party. Named the Coercive Acts by Parliament, these became known as the Intolerable Acts in America. The Massachusetts colonists responded with the Suffolk Resolves, establishing a government that removed control of the province from the Crown outside of Boston. Twelve colonies formed a Continental Congress to coordinate their resistance, and established committees, British attempts to seize the munitions of Massachusetts colonists in April 1775 led to the first open combat between Crown forces and Massachusetts militia, the Battles of Lexington and Concord. Militia forces proceeded to besiege the British forces in Boston, forcing them to evacuate the city in March 1776, the Continental Congress appointed George Washington to take command of the militia. Concurrent to the Boston campaign, an American attempt to invade Quebec, on July 2,1776, the Continental Congress formally voted for independence, issuing its Declaration on July 4. Sir William Howe began a British counterattack, focussing on recapturing New York City, Howe outmaneuvered and defeated Washington, leaving American confidence at a low ebb. Washington captured a Hessian force at Trenton and drove the British out of New Jersey, in 1777 the British sent a new army under John Burgoyne to move south from Canada and to isolate the New England colonies. However, instead of assisting Burgoyne, Howe took his army on a campaign against the revolutionary capital of Philadelphia. Burgoyne outran his supplies, was surrounded and surrendered at Saratoga in October 1777, the British defeat in the Saratoga Campaign had drastic consequences. Giving up on the North, the British decided to salvage their former colonies in the South, British forces under Lieutenant-General Charles Cornwallis seized Georgia and South Carolina, capturing an American army at Charleston, South Carolina. British strategy depended upon an uprising of large numbers of armed Loyalists, in 1779 Spain joined the war as an ally of France under the Pacte de Famille, intending to capture Gibraltar and British colonies in the Caribbean. Britain declared war on the Dutch Republic in December 1780, in 1781, after the British and their allies had suffered two decisive defeats at Kings Mountain and Cowpens, Cornwallis retreated to Virginia, intending on evacuation. A decisive French naval victory in September deprived the British of an escape route, a joint Franco-American army led by Count Rochambeau and Washington, laid siege to the British forces at Yorktown. With no sign of relief and the situation untenable, Cornwallis surrendered in October 1781, Whigs in Britain had long opposed the pro-war Tory majority in Parliament, but the defeat at Yorktown gave the Whigs the upper hand
29.
Banastre Tarleton
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Sir Banastre Tarleton, 1st Baronet, GCB was a British soldier and politician. Tarleton was eventually ranked as a years after his service in the colonies during the American Revolutionary War. Banastre Tarleton was known for his British military service in the American War of Independence, in the 19th century those killings became known in American history as the Waxhaws Massacre. In the biography The Green Dragoon, The Lives of Banastre Tarleton and Mary Robinson, by Robert D. Bass, Tarleton is identified as the Bloody Ban, the Butcher, in American popular culture those nicknames were the result of Col. Tarletons cavalrymen were called Tarletons Raiders. His green uniform was the uniform of the British Legion. After returning to Great Britain in 1781 at the age of 27, Tarleton was elected a Member of Parliament for Liverpool, as such, Tarleton became a prominent Whig politician despite his young mans reputation as a roué. Given the importance of the trade to the British shipping industry in Liverpool. Banastre Tarleton was the third of seven born to the merchant John Tarleton. His paternal grandfather Thomas Tarleton had been a shipowner and slave trader, banastres younger brother John entered the family business. He was elected as a Member of Parliament, Tarleton was educated at the Middle Temple, London and went to University College, Oxford University in 1771, preparing for a career as a lawyer. In 1773 at the age of 19, he inherited £5,000 on his fathers death and he squandered almost all of it in less than a year on gambling and women, mostly at the Cocoa Tree club in London. In 1775 he purchased a commission as a officer in the 1st Dragoon Guards. Due to his abilities, he worked his way up through the ranks to Lieutenant Colonel without having to purchase any further commissions. In December 1775, at the age of 21, the volunteer-soldier Banastre Tarleton sailed from Cork to North America, Tarleton sailed with Lord Cornwallis as part of an expedition to capture the southern city of Charleston, South Carolina. After that expedition failed, at the Battle of Sullivans Island, Tarleton joined the main British Army under command of General William Howe, in New York City. Under the command of Colonel William Harcourt, Tarleton, as a cornet, was part of a party sent to gather intelligence on the movements of General Charles Lee. In the course of the war in North America, Cornet Tarletons campaign service during 1776 earned him promotion to brigade major of cavalry at the end of the year. Major Tarleton was at the Battle of Brandywine and at battles in the campaigns of 1777 and 1778
30.
Benjamin Tallmadge
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Benjamin Tallmadge was an American military officer, spy master, and politician. He is best known for his service as an officer in the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War, in this conflict, he acted as leader of the Culper Ring, a celebrated network of spies in British-occupied New York. He also led a raid across Long Island that culminated in the Battle of Fort St. George. Following the war, Tallmadge was elected to the United States House of Representatives as a member of the Federalist Party. Tallmadge was born February 25,1754, the son of Susannah Smith and Rev. Samuel Tallmadge, a clergyman in Setauket, New York and he graduated from Yale in 1773 and was a classmate of American Revolutionary War spy Nathan Hale. He was the father of New York City Police Commissioner Frederick A. Tallmadge and he remained in Connecticut and served as the superintendent of Wethersfield High School from 1773 to 1776. Tallmadge was a major in the 2nd Continental Light Dragoons and he was initially commissioned on June 20,1776. Eventually, he was promoted to the rank of lieutenant colonel as the intelligence officer for George Washington. He organized the Culper Spy Ring based out of New York City and Long Island during the American Revolutionary War, the Culper Ring is thought by some to have revealed the betrayal of Benedict Arnold, though this is disputed. There is actually little evidence to prove that Tallmadge had heard from a spy in New York City about the Arnold-André plot. Tallmadge suspected André to be a spy and Benedict Arnold to be his accomplice and he was unsuccessful, but did convince Jameson to send a rider and take Andre to Salem, eight miles east of the Hudson River and to send the documents to George Washington. Allen still reported to Benedict Arnold with Jamesons note outlining the events, later, Jameson was chastised by Washington for warning Arnold and allowing his escape. André was placed in Tallmadges custody awaiting execution, on November 21,1780, Tallmadge and his dragoons rowed across the Long Island Sound from Fairfield, Connecticut to Cedar Beach in present-day Mount Sinai, New York. The next day, they proceeded to the shore where they captured and burned down Manor St. George. On their march back to Mt. Sinai, Tallmadge stopped in Coram, I beg you to accept my thanks for your spirited execution of this business. Tallmadge served at Washingtons headquarters from March 1781 until the Continental Army was disbanded in November 1783 and he was breveted to the rank of lieutenant colonel on September 30,1783. On March 4,1801, Tallmadge succeeded William Edmond as a Federalist Party member of the United States House of Representatives representing Connecticuts at-large congressional district and he served until March 3,1817 when he was succeeded by Thomas Scott Williams. Tallmadge was the first president of the Phoenix Branch Bank and an original member, on March 18,1784, Tallmadge married Mary Floyd, daughter of Maj. Gen. William Floyd, signer of the Declaration of Independence and Governor of New York
31.
Culper Ring
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This article is in the process of revision and expansion. The Culper name was suggested by Washington, who devised it from Culpeper County, the two main members of the Ring were Abraham Woodhull and Robert Townsend, who used Samuel Culper, Sr. and Samuel Culper, Jr. respectively as aliases. Tallmadge was in contact with and control of the Ring. Tallmadge was referred to by the alias of John Bolton, the Rings task was to send messages to General Washington about the activities of the British Army in New York City, the British headquarters and base of operations. The members of the Ring operated mostly in New York City, Long Island, the Rings covert operations started in late October 1778 and continued through the British evacuation of New York in 1783, but its heyday was between 1778 and 1781. They also reported that the British planned to counterfeit American currency on the paper used for the Continental dollars. The Culper Ring is often credited with the exposure of an attempt on Washingtons life, but no record of an attempt exists. Under pressure from American colonial forces, the British Army under General William Howe evacuated Boston, Massachusetts on March 17,1776 and sailed for Halifax, Nova Scotia to reorganize. Before Howes forces had completed their departure, American General George Washington had begun to move his troops to New York City, Washington correctly suspected that Howe would return to New York City to make it the British base of operations. General Howes troop ships began to arrive at New York Harbor on June 28,1776, on July 3,1776, Howes men began to land at undefended Staten Island. General Howes brother Vice Admiral Richard Howe arrived the week to take charge of the British naval force. British and Hessian soldiers continued to arrive until August 12,1776, Washington did not have a spy network in New York that he could count on for intelligence, as he could from the many Patriots who had previously organized to spy on the British Army at Boston. On the other hand, the British could depend on the many Loyalists at New York City for intelligence, so Washington divided his smaller force in order to defend several possible locations on Long Island and Manhattan Island, where the British might attack. On August 22,1776, British Army troops from Staten Island landed on Long Island to begin the New York and New Jersey campaign to drive the Continental Army from New York City. First, on August 27,1776, the British overwhelmed the American defenders at the Battle of Long Island, on August 30,1776, Washingtons troops quietly withdrew from Long Island to Manhattan before the British could attack the outnumbered and demoralized Americans. On September 15, General Howe attacked the Continental Army force stationed at New York City and they landed at Kips Bay and drove the Americans out of the city, capturing all of the cannon that they had there. By early December, the Americans had been forced to withdraw across New Jersey to Pennsylvania, the British controlled New York City and made it their military headquarters and base of operations until the war ended in 1783. Honeyman also gave the Hessians false intelligence about the condition of the Continental Army, Alexander Rose debunks the Honeyman story, however, in an article for the CIAs Studies in Intelligence Journal, tracing it to his daughter and grandson
32.
American Civil War
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The American Civil War was an internal conflict fought in the United States from 1861 to 1865. The Union faced secessionists in eleven Southern states grouped together as the Confederate States of America, the Union won the war, which remains the bloodiest in U. S. history. Among the 34 U. S. states in February 1861, War broke out in April 1861 when Confederates attacked the U. S. fortress of Fort Sumter. The Confederacy grew to eleven states, it claimed two more states, the Indian Territory, and the southern portions of the western territories of Arizona. The Confederacy was never recognized by the United States government nor by any foreign country. The states that remained loyal, including border states where slavery was legal, were known as the Union or the North, the war ended with the surrender of all the Confederate armies and the dissolution of the Confederate government in the spring of 1865. The war had its origin in the issue of slavery. The Confederacy collapsed and 4 million slaves were freed, but before his inauguration, seven slave states with cotton-based economies formed the Confederacy. The first six to declare secession had the highest proportions of slaves in their populations, the first seven with state legislatures to resolve for secession included split majorities for unionists Douglas and Bell in Georgia with 51% and Louisiana with 55%. Alabama had voted 46% for those unionists, Mississippi with 40%, Florida with 38%, Texas with 25%, of these, only Texas held a referendum on secession. Eight remaining slave states continued to reject calls for secession, outgoing Democratic President James Buchanan and the incoming Republicans rejected secession as illegal. Lincolns March 4,1861 inaugural address declared that his administration would not initiate a civil war, speaking directly to the Southern States, he reaffirmed, I have no purpose, directly or indirectly to interfere with the institution of slavery in the United States where it exists. I believe I have no right to do so, and I have no inclination to do so. After Confederate forces seized numerous federal forts within territory claimed by the Confederacy, efforts at compromise failed, the Confederates assumed that European countries were so dependent on King Cotton that they would intervene, but none did, and none recognized the new Confederate States of America. Hostilities began on April 12,1861, when Confederate forces fired upon Fort Sumter, while in the Western Theater the Union made significant permanent gains, in the Eastern Theater, the battle was inconclusive in 1861–62. The autumn 1862 Confederate campaigns into Maryland and Kentucky failed, dissuading British intervention, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, which made ending slavery a war goal. To the west, by summer 1862 the Union destroyed the Confederate river navy, then much of their western armies, the 1863 Union siege of Vicksburg split the Confederacy in two at the Mississippi River. In 1863, Robert E. Lees Confederate incursion north ended at the Battle of Gettysburg, Western successes led to Ulysses S. Grants command of all Union armies in 1864
33.
William L. Ward
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William Lukens Ward was a U. S. Born in Pemberwick, town of Greenwich, Connecticut, Ward moved to Port Chester, New York and he attended Friends Seminary, New York City, and the Columbia School of Mines in New York City. He engaged in the manufacture of bolts, nuts, and rivets in Port Chester, Ward served as chairman of the Republican State committee for several years. He was elected as a Republican to the Fifty-fifth Congress, after his term ended, Ward resumed his former manufacturing pursuits in Port Chester. He served as member of the Republican National Committee 1904–1912, Ward died in New York City, July 16,1933. He was interred in the mausoleum in Kensico Cemetery, Valhalla. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, william L. Ward at Find a Grave This article incorporates public domain material from the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress website http, //bioguide. congress. gov
34.
Civilian Conservation Corps
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The Civilian Conservation Corps was a public work relief program that operated from 1933 to 1942 in the United States for unemployed, unmarried men from relief families as part of the New Deal. Originally for young men ages 18–25, it was expanded to young men ages 17–28. Robert Fechner was the head of the agency, the CCC was designed to provide jobs for young men, and to relieve families who had difficulty finding jobs during the Great Depression in the United States. At the same time, it implemented a general natural resource conservation program in every state, maximum enrollment at any one time was 300,000. Over the course of its nine years in operation,3 million young men participated in the CCC, which provided them shelter, clothing. The American public made the CCC the most popular of all the New Deal programs, principal benefits of an individuals enrollment in the CCC included improved physical condition, heightened morale, and increased employability. The CCC operated separate programs for veterans and Native Americans, approximately 15,000 Native Americans participated in the program, helping them weather the Great Depression. Despite its popular support, the CCC was never a permanent agency and it depended on emergency and temporary Congressional legislation and funding to operate. By 1942, with World War II and the draft in operation, the need for work relief declined, as governor of New York, Roosevelt had run a similar program on a much smaller scale. He promised this law would provide 250,000 young men with meals, housing, uniforms, the Emergency Conservation Work Act was introduced to Congress the same day and enacted by voice vote on March 31. Roosevelt issued Executive Order 6101 on April 5,1933 which established the CCC organization and appointed a director, Robert Fechner, the organization and administration of the CCC was a new experiment in operations for a federal government agency. A CCC Advisory Council was composed of a representative each of the supervising departments. In addition, the Office of Education and Veterans Administration participated in the program, to end the opposition from labor unions Roosevelt chose Robert Fechner, vice president of the American Machinists Union, as director of the corps. William Green, head of the American Federation of Labor, was taken to the first camp to demonstrate that there would be no job training involved beyond simple manual labor. Reserve officers from the U. S. Army were in charge of the camps, General Douglas MacArthur was placed in charge of the program but said that the number of Army officers and soldiers assigned to the camps was affecting the readiness of the Regular Army. But the Army also found benefits in the program. When the draft began in 1940, the policy was to make CCC alumni corporals, CCC also provided command experience to Organized Reserve Corps officers. Through the CCC, the Regular Army could assess the performance of both Regular and Reserve Officers
35.
United States Census Bureau
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The United States Census Bureau is a principal agency of the U. S. Federal Statistical System, responsible for producing data about the American people and economy. The Census Bureaus primary mission is conducting the U. S. Census every ten years, in addition to the decennial census, the Census Bureau continually conducts dozens of other censuses and surveys, including the American Community Survey, the U. S. Economic Census, and the Current Population Survey, furthermore, economic and foreign trade indicators released by the federal government typically contain data produced by the Census Bureau. The Bureaus various censuses and surveys help allocate over $400 billion in federal funds every year and help states, local communities, the Census Bureau is part of the U. S. Department of Commerce and its director is appointed by the President of the United States. The Census Bureau now conducts a population count every 10 years in years ending with a 0. Between censuses, the Census Bureau makes population estimates and projections, the Census Bureau is mandated with fulfilling these obligations, the collecting of statistics about the nation, its people, and economy. The Census Bureaus legal authority is codified in Title 13 of the United States Code, the Census Bureau also conducts surveys on behalf of various federal government and local government agencies on topics such as employment, crime, health, consumer expenditures, and housing. Within the bureau, these are known as surveys and are conducted perpetually between and during decennial population counts. The Census Bureau also conducts surveys of manufacturing, retail, service. Between 1790 and 1840, the census was taken by marshals of the judicial districts, the Census Act of 1840 established a central office which became known as the Census Office. Several acts followed that revised and authorized new censuses, typically at the 10-year intervals, in 1902, the temporary Census Office was moved under the Department of Interior, and in 1903 it was renamed the Census Bureau under the new Department of Commerce and Labor. The department was intended to consolidate overlapping statistical agencies, but Census Bureau officials were hindered by their role in the department. An act in 1920 changed the date and authorized manufacturing censuses every 2 years, in 1929, a bill was passed mandating the House of Representatives be reapportioned based on the results of the 1930 Census. In 1954, various acts were codified into Title 13 of the US Code, by law, the Census Bureau must count everyone and submit state population totals to the U. S. President by December 31 of any year ending in a zero. States within the Union receive the results in the spring of the following year, the United States Census Bureau defines four statistical regions, with nine divisions. The Census Bureau regions are widely used. for data collection, the Census Bureau definition is pervasive. Title 13 of the U. S. Code establishes penalties for the disclosure of this information, all Census employees must sign an affidavit of non-disclosure prior to employment. The Bureau cannot share responses, addresses or personal information with anyone including United States or foreign government, only after 72 years does the information collected become available to other agencies or the general public
36.
Connecticut
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Connecticut is the southernmost state in the New England region of the northeastern United States. Connecticut is also often grouped along with New York and New Jersey as the Tri-State Area and it is bordered by Rhode Island to the east, Massachusetts to the north, New York to the west, and Long Island Sound to the south. Its capital city is Hartford, and its most populous city is Bridgeport, the state is named for the Connecticut River, a major U. S. river that approximately bisects the state. The word Connecticut is derived from various anglicized spellings of an Algonquian word for long tidal river, Connecticut is the third smallest state by area, the 29th most populous, and the fourth most densely populated of the 50 United States. It is known as the Constitution State, the Nutmeg State, the Provisions State, and it was influential in the development of the federal government of the United States. Connecticuts center of population is in Cheshire, New Haven County, Connecticuts first European settlers were Dutch. They established a small, short-lived settlement in present-day Hartford at the confluence of the Park, initially, half of Connecticut was a part of the Dutch colony New Netherland, which included much of the land between the Connecticut and Delaware rivers. The first major settlements were established in the 1630s by England, the Connecticut and New Haven Colonies established documents of Fundamental Orders, considered the first constitutions in North America. In 1662, the three colonies were merged under a charter, making Connecticut a crown colony. This colony was one of the Thirteen Colonies that revolted against British rule in the American Revolution, the Connecticut River, Thames River, and ports along the Long Island Sound have given Connecticut a strong maritime tradition which continues today. The state also has a history of hosting the financial services industry, including insurance companies in Hartford. As of the 2010 Census, Connecticut features the highest per-capita income, Human Development Index, and median household income in the United States. Landmarks and Cities of Connecticut Connecticut is bordered on the south by Long Island Sound, on the west by New York, on the north by Massachusetts, and on the east by Rhode Island. The state capital and third largest city is Hartford, and other cities and towns include Bridgeport, New Haven, Stamford, Waterbury, Norwalk, Danbury, New Britain, Greenwich. Connecticut is slightly larger than the country of Montenegro, there are 169 incorporated towns in Connecticut. The highest peak in Connecticut is Bear Mountain in Salisbury in the northwest corner of the state, the highest point is just east of where Connecticut, Massachusetts, and New York meet, on the southern slope of Mount Frissell, whose peak lies nearby in Massachusetts. At the opposite extreme, many of the towns have areas that are less than 20 feet above sea level. Connecticut has a maritime history and a reputation based on that history—yet the state has no direct oceanfront
37.
1790 United States Census
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The United States Census of 1790 was the first census of the whole United States. It recorded the population of the United States as of Census Day, August 2,1790, as mandated by Article I, Section 2 of the United States Constitution and applicable laws. In the first census, the population of the United States was enumerated to be 3,929,214. The law required that every household be visited, that completed census schedules be posted in two of the most public places within, there to remain for the inspection of all concerned. And that the amount of each description of persons for every district be transmitted to the president. Although the Census was proved statistically factual, based on data collected, almost one third of the original census data have been lost or destroyed since their original documentation. Under the direction of the current Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson, marshals collected data from all thirteen states, the census was not conducted in Vermont until 1791, after that states admission to the Union as the 14th state on March 4 of that year. Both Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson and President George Washington expressed skepticism over the results, if there was indeed an undercount, possible explanations for it include dispersed population, poor transportation links, limitations of contemporary technology, and individual refusal to participate. Historic US Census data 1790 Census of Population and Housing official reports Population of 24 Urban Places,1790
