1.
Godfrey Reggio
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Godfrey Reggio is an American director of experimental documentary films. Reggio co-founded La Clinica de la Gente, a facility that provided care to 12,000 community members in Santa Fe, and La Gente. In 1963 he co-founded Young Citizens for Action, a community project that aided juveniles among the street gangs in Santa Fe. In 1972, he co-founded the Institute for Regional Education in Santa Fe, a foundation focused on media development, the arts, community organization. Reggio resides in Santa Fe, New Mexico and is focusing on a narrative-based film exploring the negative impacts of consumerism and fundamentalism on the world. Godfrey Reggio participated in the Stock Exchange of Visions project in 2006, Reggio is most known for his Qatsi trilogy, which includes the films Koyaanisqatsi, Powaqqatsi, and Naqoyqatsi. All of the titles are taken from the Hopi language, Koyaanisqatsi meaning life out of balance, Powaqqatsi meaning life in transformation. In 1995 he directed the feature entitled Evidence that featured, like the Qatsi Trilogy. Also, he has directed a documentary Anima Mundi and this film was funded by the World Wide Fund for Nature to promote their Diversity Program. Reggios most recent film is Visitors, which premiered at the 2013 Toronto International Film Festival, Philip Glass returns as the films composer, and Jon Kane as the Visual Designer. In 2014 Reggio was recognized by the Museum of Arts and Design in New York City with a career retrospective entitled Life with Technology. Koyaanisqatsi, Life Out of Balance Powaqqatsi a. k. a, Powaqqatsi, Life in Transformation Songlines Segment, Patricias Park Anima Mundi a. k. a. The Soul of the World Evidence Naqoyqatsi a. k. a
2.
Philip Glass
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Philip Morris Glass is an American composer. He is considered one of the most influential makers of the late 20th century. Glasss compositions have been described as music, similar to other minimalist composers including La Monte Young, Steve Reich. However, Glass has described himself instead as a composer of music with repetitive structures, Glass founded the Philip Glass Ensemble, with which he still performs on keyboards. He has written numerous operas and musical works, eleven symphonies, eleven concertos, seven string quartets and various other chamber music. Three of his scores have been nominated for Academy Awards. Glass was born in Baltimore, Maryland, the son of Ida and his family were Jewish immigrants from Lithuania. His father owned a store and his mother was a librarian. She developed a plan to help them learn English and develop skills so they could find work and his sister, Sheppie, would later do similar work as an active member of the International Rescue Committee. Glass developed his appreciation of music from his father, discovering later his fathers side of the family had many musicians and his cousin Cevia was a classical pianist, while others had been in vaudeville. He learned his family was related to Al Jolson. Glasss father often received promotional copies of new recordings at his music store and he spent many hours listening to them, developing his knowledge and taste in music. This openness to modern sounds affected Glass at an age, My father was self-taught, but he ended up having a very refined and rich knowledge of classical, chamber. Typically he would come home and have dinner, and then sit in his armchair, I caught on to this very early, and I would go and listen with him. The elder Glass promoted both new recordings and a selection of composers to his customers, sometimes convincing them to try something new by allowing them to return records they didnt like. His store soon developed a reputation as Baltimores leading source of modern music, Glass cites Schuberts work as a big influence growing up. He studied the flute as a child at the school of the Peabody Institute. At the age of 15, he entered a college program at the University of Chicago where he studied mathematics
3.
The Cannon Group, Inc.
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The Cannon Group, Inc. was an American group of companies, including Cannon Films, which produced a distinctive line of low-to medium-budget films from 1967 to 1994. Cannon Films was incorporated on October 23,1967 and it was formed by Dennis Friedland and Chris Dewey while they were in their early 20s. They had immediate success producing English-language versions of Swedish soft porn films directed by Joseph W. Sarno, Inga, aka Jag - en oskuld and To Ingrid, My Love, Lisa, aka Kvinnolek. By 1970, they had produced films on a production scale than a lot of major distributors, such as Joe. They managed this by limiting their budgets to $300,000 per picture—or less. However, as the 1970s moved on, a string of unsuccessful movies seriously drained Cannon’s capital and this, along with changes to film-production tax laws, led to a drop in Cannons stock price. By 1979, Cannon had hit financial difficulties, and Friedland and Dewey sold Cannon to Israeli cousins Menahem Golan. The two cousins forged a business model of buying bottom-barrel scripts and putting them into production and they tapped into a ravenous market for action B-pictures in the 1980s. Although they are most remembered for the Death Wish sequels and Chuck Norris action pictures such as The Delta Force, one of Cannon’s biggest hits was the Vietnam action B-movie Missing in Action, with Chuck Norris. The film, however, was criticized heavily as being a preemptive cash-in on the Rambo film series, james Camerons story treatment for Rambo, First Blood Part II was floating around Hollywood in 1983, which Golan and Globus reviewed and were inspired by. The writers of MIA even gave Cameron credit saying their film was inspired by his script treatment, but Cannon had initially put the prequel Missing in Action 2, The Beginning into production. Only after the two movies were completed had the company realized that the second movie was superior to the first one. So, the first movie produced became an awkward prequel, substantial pre-sales of the next years films were made based on the strong salesmanship skills of Globus, and the advertising created by Design Projects. Slavenburgs Bank in the Netherlands provided bridge financing until the pre-sales amounts were collected, by 1986, when company earnings reached their apex with 43 films in one year, Cannon Films shares had soared a hundredfold. Golan remained Chairman of the Board, while Globus served as President, during this year, Cannon Films released Robotech, The Movie for a limited run in Mesquite, Texas, a suburb of Dallas. Cannon was reportedly unsatisfied with Carl Macek’s first version of the movie and it was at their insistence that footage from The Super Dimension Cavalry Southern Cross and Megazone 23 be spliced together to produce a more action-oriented movie. Macek recalls that although he was unhappy with this version, Menahem Golan, after viewing it, happily said. Nevertheless, Robotech, The Movie was unsuccessful in its brief Texas run, Carl Macek has gone on record as disowning it
4.
Documentary film
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A documentary film is a nonfictional motion picture intended to document some aspect of reality, primarily for the purposes of instruction, education, or maintaining a historical record. Documentary has been described as a practice, a cinematic tradition. Polish writer and filmmaker Bolesław Matuszewski was among those who identified the mode of documentary film and he wrote two of the earliest texts on cinema Une nouvelle source de lhistoire and La photographie animée. Both were published in 1898 in French and among the written works to consider the historical. Matuszewski is also among the first filmmakers to propose the creation of a Film Archive to collect, the American film critic Pare Lorentz defines a documentary film as a factual film which is dramatic. Others further state that a documentary stands out from the types of non-fiction films for providing an opinion. Documentary practice is the process of creating documentary projects. Documentary filmmaking can be used as a form of journalism, advocacy, early film was dominated by the novelty of showing an event. They were single-shot moments captured on film, a train entering a station and these short films were called actuality films, the term documentary was not coined until 1926. Many of the first films, such as made by Auguste and Louis Lumière, were a minute or less in length. Films showing many people were made for commercial reasons, the people being filmed were eager to see, for payment. One notable film clocked in at over an hour and a half, using pioneering film-looping technology, Enoch J. Rector presented the entirety of a famous 1897 prize-fight on cinema screens across the United States, in May 1896, Bolesław Matuszewski recorded on film few surigical operations in Warsaw and Saint Petersburg hospitals. In 1898, French surgeon Eugène-Louis Doyen invited Bolesław Matuszewski and Clément Maurice and they started in Paris a series of surgical films sometime before July 1898. Until 1906, the year of his last film, Doyen recorded more than 60 operations, Doyen said that his first films taught him how to correct professional errors he had been unaware of. These and five other of Doyens films survive, all these short films have been preserved. I must say I forgot those works and I am thankful to you that you reminded them to me, unfortunately, not many scientists have followed your way. Travelogue films were popular in the early part of the 20th century
5.
Koyaanisqatsi
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Koyaanisqatsi, also known as Koyaanisqatsi, Life Out of Balance, is a 1982 American experimental film directed by Godfrey Reggio with music composed by Philip Glass and cinematography by Ron Fricke. The film consists primarily of slow motion and time-lapse footage of cities, the visual tone poem contains neither dialogue nor a vocalized narration, its tone is set by the juxtaposition of images and music. Reggio explained the lack of dialogue by stating its not for lack of love of the language that these films have no words and its because, from my point of view, our language is in a state of vast humiliation. It no longer describes the world in which we live, in the Hopi language, the word Koyaanisqatsi means unbalanced life. The film is the first in the Qatsi trilogy of films, the trilogy depicts different aspects of the relationship between humans, nature and technology. Koyaanisqatsi is the best known of the trilogy and is considered a cult film, however, because of copyright issues, the film was out of print for most of the 1990s. The first image in the film is of the Great Gallery pictograph in Horseshoe Canyon, the section shown depicts several tall, shadowed figures standing near a taller figure adorned with a crown. The next image is a close-up of a Saturn V rocket during its launch, the film fades into a shot of a desolate desert landscape. From there, it progresses to footage of natural phenomena such as waves. The films introduction to human involvement in the environment is a low aerial shot of choppy water, after aerial views of monumental rock formations partly drowned by the artificial Lake Powell, we see a large mining truck causing billows of black dust. This is followed by shots of power lines in the desert, mans continued involvement in the environment is depicted through images of mining operations, oil fields, the Navajo Generating Station, the Glen Canyon Dam, and atomic bomb detonations in a desert. Following the atomic bomb detonations, the sequence begins with a shot of sunbathers on a beach. Shots of taxiing United Airlines Boeing 747 aircraft and traffic patterns during rush hour are seen on a freeway and this is followed with stock footage of Soviet tanks lined up in rows and a military aircraft, and an aircraft carrier. Time-lapse photography of shadows of clouds are seen moving across the skyscrapers, shots of various housing projects in disrepair, and includes footage of the decay and demolition of the Pruitt-Igoe housing project in St. Louis. The sequence ends with footage of the destruction of large buildings, a time-lapse shot of a crowd of people who appear to be waiting in a line. This is followed by shots of people walking along streets in slow motion, the next sequence begins with shots of buildings and a shot of a sunset reflected in the glass of a skyscraper. The sequence uses time-lapse photography of the activity of modern life, the events captured in this sequence involve people interacting with modern technology. The first shots are traffic patterns as seen from skyscrapers at night and this is followed by a composite shot of the moon passing behind a skyscraper
6.
Third World
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The term Third World arose during the Cold War to define countries that remained non-aligned with either NATO, or the Communist Bloc. This terminology provided a way of categorizing the nations of the Earth into three groups based on political and economic divisions. The Third World was normally seen to many countries with colonial pasts in Africa, Latin America. It was also taken as synonymous with countries in the Non-Aligned Movement. Due to the history of evolving meanings and contexts, there is no clear or agreed-upon definition of the Third World. Some countries in the Communist Bloc, such as Cuba, were regarded as Third World. Historically, some European countries were non-aligned and a few of these were and are very prosperous, including Ireland, Austria, Sweden, Finland, and Switzerland. However, this usage and the concept itself has become outdated in recent years as the term represents the current political or economic state of the world. Sauvy wrote, This third world ignored, exploited, despised like the third estate also wants to be something and he conveyed the concept of political non-alignment with either the capitalist or communist bloc. The Three Worlds Theory developed by Mao Zedong is different from the Western theory of the Three Worlds or Third World, Third Worldism is a political movement that argues for the unity of third-world nations against first-world influence and the principle of non-interference in other countries domestic affairs. The notion has been criticized as providing a fig leaf for human-rights violations, most Third World countries are former colonies. Having gained independence, many of countries, especially smaller ones, were faced with the challenges of nation-. Due to this background, many of these nations were developing in economic terms for most of the 20th century. This term, used today, generally denotes countries that have not developed to the levels as OECD countries. In the 1980s, economist Peter Bauer offered a definition for the term Third World. He claimed that the attachment of Third World status to a country was not based on any stable economic or political criteria. An argument could also be made for how parts of the U. S. are more like the Third World, the only characteristic that Bauer found common in all Third World countries was that their governments demand and receive Western aid, the giving of which he strongly opposed. Thus, the aggregate term Third World was challenged as misleading even during the Cold War period, during the Cold War, unaligned countries of the Third World were seen as potential allies by both the First and Second World
7.
Naqoyqatsi
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Naqoyqatsi, also known as Naqoyqatsi, Life as War, is a 2002 film directed by Godfrey Reggio and edited by Jon Kane, with music composed by Philip Glass. It is the third and final film in the Qatsi trilogy, Naqoyqatsi is a Hopi word meaning life as war. In the films closing credits, Naqoyqatsi is also translated as civilized violence, Reggio described the process as virtual cinema. According to Reggio, the film has no screenplay per se, circus maximus, Competition, winning, records, fame, “fair play” and the love of money are elevated to the prime values of life. Rocketship twentieth century, A world that language can no longer describe, the resulting explosive tempo of technology is war, civilized violence. The music is more in the traditional orchestral tradition than much of Glasss work as a doorway to images so disconnected from the familiar world. One instrument, the cello played by Yo-Yo Ma, plays through much of the piece, some unconventional instruments are used in addition to traditional ones, including a didgeridoo and an electronically-created jaw harp. There was some controversy over the process after the film was released on DVD. Rotten Tomatoes reported that 48% out of 52 reviews were positive with the score of 5.8 out of 10. Baraka Samsara The Trilogys Home Page Naqoyqatsi at the Internet Movie Database Naqoyqatsi at AllMovie
8.
South America
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South America is a continent located in the western hemisphere, mostly in the southern hemisphere, with a relatively small portion in the northern hemisphere. It may also be considered a subcontinent of the Americas, which is the used in nations that speak Romance languages. The reference to South America instead of other regions has increased in the last decades due to changing geopolitical dynamics. It is bordered on the west by the Pacific Ocean and on the north and east by the Atlantic Ocean, North America and it includes twelve sovereign states, a part of France, and a non-sovereign area. In addition to this, the ABC islands of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, Trinidad and Tobago, South America has an area of 17,840,000 square kilometers. Its population as of 2005 has been estimated at more than 371,090,000, South America ranks fourth in area and fifth in population. Brazil is by far the most populous South American country, with more than half of the population, followed by Colombia, Argentina, Venezuela. In recent decades Brazil has also concentrated half of the regions GDP and has become a first regional power, most of the population lives near the continents western or eastern coasts while the interior and the far south are sparsely populated. Most of the continent lies in the tropics, the continents cultural and ethnic outlook has its origin with the interaction of indigenous peoples with European conquerors and immigrants and, more locally, with African slaves. Given a long history of colonialism, the majority of South Americans speak Portuguese or Spanish. South America occupies the portion of the Americas. The continent is delimited on the northwest by the Darién watershed along the Colombia–Panama border. Almost all of mainland South America sits on the South American Plate, South Americas major mineral resources are gold, silver, copper, iron ore, tin, and petroleum. These resources found in South America have brought high income to its countries especially in times of war or of rapid growth by industrialized countries elsewhere. However, the concentration in producing one major export commodity often has hindered the development of diversified economies and this is leading to efforts to diversify production to drive away from staying as economies dedicated to one major export. South America is one of the most biodiverse continents on earth, South America is home to many interesting and unique species of animals including the llama, anaconda, piranha, jaguar, vicuña, and tapir. The Amazon rainforests possess high biodiversity, containing a proportion of the Earths species. Brazil is the largest country in South America, encompassing around half of the land area
9.
Africa
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Africa is the worlds second-largest and second-most-populous continent. At about 30.3 million km² including adjacent islands, it covers 6% of Earths total surface area and 20.4 % of its land area. With 1.2 billion people as of 2016, it accounts for about 16% of the human population. The continent includes Madagascar and various archipelagos and it contains 54 fully recognized sovereign states, nine territories and two de facto independent states with limited or no recognition. Africas population is the youngest amongst all the continents, the age in 2012 was 19.7. Algeria is Africas largest country by area, and Nigeria by population, afarensis, Homo erectus, H. habilis and H. ergaster – with the earliest Homo sapiens found in Ethiopia being dated to circa 200,000 years ago. Africa straddles the equator and encompasses numerous climate areas, it is the continent to stretch from the northern temperate to southern temperate zones. Africa hosts a diversity of ethnicities, cultures and languages. In the late 19th century European countries colonized most of Africa, Africa also varies greatly with regard to environments, economics, historical ties and government systems. However, most present states in Africa originate from a process of decolonization in the 20th century, afri was a Latin name used to refer to the inhabitants of Africa, which in its widest sense referred to all lands south of the Mediterranean. This name seems to have referred to a native Libyan tribe. The name is connected with Hebrew or Phoenician ʿafar dust. The same word may be found in the name of the Banu Ifran from Algeria and Tripolitania, under Roman rule, Carthage became the capital of the province of Africa Proconsularis, which also included the coastal part of modern Libya. The Latin suffix -ica can sometimes be used to denote a land, the later Muslim kingdom of Ifriqiya, modern-day Tunisia, also preserved a form of the name. According to the Romans, Africa lay to the west of Egypt, while Asia was used to refer to Anatolia, as Europeans came to understand the real extent of the continent, the idea of Africa expanded with their knowledge. 25,4, whose descendants, he claimed, had invaded Libya, isidore of Seville in Etymologiae XIV.5.2. Suggests Africa comes from the Latin aprica, meaning sunny, massey, in 1881, stated that Africa is derived from the Egyptian af-rui-ka, meaning to turn toward the opening of the Ka. The Ka is the double of every person and the opening of the Ka refers to a womb or birthplace
10.
Serra Pelada
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Serra Pelada was a large gold mine in Brazil 430 kilometres south of the mouth of the Amazon River. The mine was famous by the images taken by Alfredo Jaar. Because of the nature of the operation estimating the number of miners was difficult. Today the Serra Pelada mine is abandoned and the giant open pit that was created by hand has filled with water, in January 1979 Farmer Genésio Ferreira da Silva hired a geologist to investigate whether gold he found on his property was part of a larger deposit. A local child swimming on the banks of a river found a 6 grams nugget of gold. Soon word leaked out that indeed da Silva was sitting upon one of the largest deposits in the world, by the end of the week a gold rush had started with thousands of people descending on the farm to mine. Five weeks later, there were 10 000 on Ferreiras property and another 12 000 nearby, huge nuggets were quickly discovered, the biggest weighing nearly 6.8 kilograms, $108,000 at the 1980 market price. At first the only way to get to the site was by plane or foot. Miners would often pay exorbitant prices to have taxis drive them from the nearest town to the end of a track, from there. The growing town, since it could only be made of material that was carried in by hand, was a collection of haphazard shacks, each miner had a claim 2 metres by 3 metres. By May 1980 there were 4 000 such claims, early in the history of the mine, the Brazilian military took over operations to prevent exploitation of the workers and conflict between miners and owners. Before the military takeover basic goods were sold for inflated prices by the mine owners. The infamous Sebastião Rodrigues de Moura managed the mine for a brief period, while the military government banned women and alcohol at the actual mine, the nearby town became a town of stores and whores. Thousands of underage girls prostituted themselves for gold flakes while around 60–80 unsolved murders occurred in the every month. Because of the use of mercury in the extraction process large areas around the mine are considered dangerously contaminated. People eating fish downstream from the mine have elevated mercury levels, Brazilian comedy group Os Trapalhões made in 1982 Os Trapalhões na Serra Pelada, where four friends try to strike it rich at the Serra Pelada mine. A documentary video Gold Lust created by Neil Hollander in 1984, aired by WNET, powaqqatsi, a 1988 documentary film, opens with footage of Serra Pelada The Rundown. A2003 American comedy film, occurs at a mine with many elements based on the Serra Pelada
11.
Janus
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In ancient Roman religion and myth, Janus is the god of beginnings, gates, transitions, time, duality, doorways, passages, and endings. He is usually depicted as having two faces, since he looks to the future and to the past and it is conventionally thought that the month of January is named for Janus, but according to ancient Roman farmers almanacs Juno was the tutelary deity of the month. Janus presided over the beginning and ending of conflict, and hence war, the doors of his temple were open in time of war, and closed to mark the peace. Janus had no flamen or specialised priest assigned to him, Janus had a ubiquitous presence in religious ceremonies throughout the year, and was ritually invoked at the beginning of each one, regardless of the main deity honored on any particular occasion. The ancient Greeks had no equivalent to Janus, whom the Romans claimed as distinctively their own, three etymologies were proposed by ancient erudites, each of them bearing implications about the nature of the god. The first one is based on the definition of Chaos given by Paul the Deacon, hiantem, hiare, be open, in this etymology the notion of Chaos would define the primordial nature of the god. Another etymology proposed by Nigidius Figulus is related by Macrobius, Ianus would be Apollo and Diana Iana and this explanation has been accepted by A. B. It supports all the assimilations of Janus to the sky, the sun. It supposes a former *Dianus, formed on *dia- < *dy-eð2 from Indo-European root *dey- shine represented in Latin by dies day, Diovis, however the form Dianus postulated by Nigidius is not attested. Modern scholars have conjectured that it derives from the Indo-European root meaning transitional movement, iānus would then be an action name expressing the idea of going, passing, formed on the root *yā- < *y-eð2- theme II of the root *ey- go from which eō, ειμι. Other modern scholars object to an Indo-European etymology either from Dianus or from root *yā-, from Ianus derived ianua, and hence the English word janitor. Almost all of modern explanations were originally formulated by the ancients. The function god of beginnings has been expressed in numerous ancient sources, among them most notably Cicero, Ovid. As a god of motion, Janus looks after passages, causes actions to start, since movement and change are interconnected, he has a double nature, symbolised in his two headed image. He has under his tutelage the stepping in and out of the door of homes, the ianua, which took its name from him and he is also present at the Sororium Tigillum, where he guards the terminus of the ways into Rome from Latium. He has an altar, later a temple near the Porta Carmentalis, where the leading to Veii ended, as well as being present on the Janiculum. The connection of the notions of beginning, movement, transition, in general, Janus is at the origin of time as the guardian of the gates of Heaven, Jupiter himself can move forth and back because of Januss working. In one of his temples, probably that of Forum Holitorium, Janus frequently symbolized change and transitions such as the progress of past to future, from one condition to another, from one vision to another, and young peoples growth to adulthood
12.
Ganges
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The Ganges, also Ganga is a trans-boundary river of Asia which flows through the nations of India and Bangladesh. It is the third largest river in the world by discharge, the Ganges is the most sacred river to Hindus. It is also a lifeline to millions of Indians who live along its course and it is worshipped as the goddess Ganga in Hinduism. It has also important historically, with many former provincial or imperial capitals located on its banks. The Ganges was ranked as the fifth most polluted river of the world in 2007, pollution threatens not only humans, but also more than 140 fish species,90 amphibian species and the endangered Ganges river dolphin. The levels of fecal coliform from human waste in the waters of the river near Varanasi are more than 100 times the Indian governments official limit. The main stem of the Ganges begins at the confluence of the Bhagirathi, the Bhagirathi is considered to be the source in Hindu culture and mythology, although the Alaknanda is longer, and, therefore, hydrologically the source stream. The headwaters of the Alakananda are formed by snowmelt from such peaks as Nanda Devi, Trisul, although many small streams comprise the headwaters of the Ganges, the six longest and their five confluences are considered sacred. The six headstreams are the Alaknanda, Dhauliganga, Nandakini, Pindar, Mandakini, the five confluences, known as the Panch Prayag, are all along the Alaknanda. After flowing 250 km through its narrow Himalayan valley, the Ganges emerges from the mountains at Rishikesh, the Ganges follows an 800 km arching course passing through the cities of Kannauj, Farukhabad, and Kanpur. Along the way it is joined by the Ramganga, which contributes an annual flow of about 500 m3/s. The Ganges joins the Yamuna at the Triveni Sangam at Allahabad, at their confluence the Yamuna is larger than the Ganges, contributing about 2,950 m3/s, or about 58. 5% of the combined flow. Now flowing east, the river meets the Tamsa River, which flows north from the Kaimur Range, after the Tamsa the Gomti River joins, flowing south from the Himalayas. The Gomti contributes an annual flow of about 234 m3/s. Then the Ghaghara River, also flowing south from the Himalayas of Nepal, the Ghaghara, with its average annual flow of about 2,990 m3/s, is the largest tributary of the Ganges. After the Ghaghara confluence the Ganges is joined from the south by the Son River, the Gandaki River, then the Kosi River, join from the north flowing from Nepal, contributing about 1,654 m3/s and 2,166 m3/s, respectively. The Kosi is the third largest tributary of the Ganges, after the Ghaghara and Yamuna. Along the way between Allahabad and Malda, West Bengal, the Ganges passes the towns of Chunar, Mirzapur, Varanasi, Ghazipur, Patna, Bhagalpur, Ballia, Buxar, Simaria, Sultanganj, and Saidpur
13.
Yoga
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Yoga is a group of physical, mental, and spiritual practices or disciplines which originated in ancient India. There is a variety of Yoga schools, practices, and goals in Hinduism, Buddhism. Among the most well-known types of yoga are Hatha yoga and Rāja yoga, the chronology of earliest texts describing yoga-practices is unclear, varyingly credited to Hindu Upanishads. The Yoga Sutras of Patanjali date from the first half of the 1st millennium CE, Hatha yoga texts emerged around the 11th century with origins in tantra. Yoga gurus from India later introduced yoga to the west, following the success of Swami Vivekananda in the late 19th, in the 1980s, yoga became popular as a system of physical exercise across the Western world. Yoga in Indian traditions, however, is more physical exercise, it has a meditative. One of the six orthodox schools of Hinduism is also called Yoga, which has its own epistemology and metaphysics. Many studies have tried to determine the effectiveness of yoga as an intervention for cancer, schizophrenia, asthma. On December 1,2016, Yoga was listed as UNESCO’s Intangible cultural heritage, in Sanskrit, the word yoga comes from the root yuj which means to add, to join, to unite, or to attach in its most common senses. By figurative extension from the yoking or harnessing of oxen or horses, all further developments of the sense of this word are post-Vedic. More prosaic moods such as exertion, endeavour, zeal, there are very many compound words containing yoga in Sanskrit. Yoga can take on such as connection, contact, union, method, application, addition. In simpler words, Yoga also means combined, thus, bhaktiyoga means devoted attachment in the monotheistic Bhakti movement. The term kriyāyoga has a sense, meaning connection with a verb. But the same compound is given a technical meaning in the Yoga Sutras, designating the practical aspects of the philosophy. In the context of the Yoga Sutras of Patanjali, the root yuj samādhau is considered by commentators as the correct etymology. In accordance with Pāṇini, Vyasa who wrote the first commentary on the Yoga Sutras, according to Dasgupta, the term yoga can be derived from either of two roots, yujir yoga or yuj samādhau. Someone who practices yoga or follows the philosophy with a high level of commitment is called a yogi or yogini
14.
Nepal
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Nepal, officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal, is a landlocked central Himalayan country in South Asia. Nepal is divided into 7 provinces and 75 districts and 744 local units including 4 metropolises,13 sub-metropolises,246 municipal councils and 481 village and it has a population of 26.4 million and is the 93rd largest country by area. Bordering China in the north and India in the south, east, Nepal does not border Bangladesh, which is located within only 27 km of its southeastern tip. It neither borders Bhutan due to the Indian state of Sikkim being located in between, Nepal has a diverse geography, including fertile plains, subalpine forested hills, and eight of the worlds ten tallest mountains, including Mount Everest, the highest point on Earth. Kathmandu is the capital and largest city. It is a nation with Nepali as the official language. The territory of Nepal has a history since the Neolithic age. The name Nepal is first recorded in texts from the Vedic Age, the era which founded Hinduism, in the middle of the first millennium BCE, Gautama Buddha, the founder of Buddhism, was born in southern Nepal. Parts of northern Nepal were intertwined with the culture of Tibet, the Kathmandu Valley in central Nepal became known as Nepal proper because of its complex urban civilization. It was the seat of the prosperous Newar confederacy known as Nepal Mandala, the Himalayan branch of the ancient Silk Road was dominated by the valleys traders. The cosmopolitan region developed distinct traditional art and architecture, by the 18th century, the Gorkha Kingdom achieved the unification of Nepal. The Shah dynasty established the Kingdom of Nepal and later formed an alliance with the British Empire, the country was never colonized but served as a buffer state between Imperial China and Colonial India. In the 20th century, Nepal ended its isolation and forged ties with regional powers. Parliamentary democracy was introduced in 1951, but was suspended by Nepalese monarchs in 1960 and 2005. The Nepalese Civil War resulted in the proclamation of a republic in 2008, modern Nepal is a federal secular parliamentary republic. Nepal is a nation, ranking 144th on the Human Development Index in 2016. The country struggles with the transition from a monarchy to a republic and it also suffers from high levels of hunger and poverty. Despite these challenges, Nepal is making progress, with the government declaring its commitment to elevate the nation from least developed country status by 2022
15.
Rotten Tomatoes
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Rotten Tomatoes is an American review aggregator website for film and television. The company was launched in August 1998 by Senh Duong and since January 2010 has been owned by Flixster, in February 2016, Rotten Tomatoes and its parent site Flixster were sold to Comcasts Fandango. Warner Bros. retained a minority stake in the merged entities, since 2007, the websites editor-in-chief has been Matt Atchity. The name, Rotten Tomatoes, derives from the practice of audiences throwing rotten tomatoes when disapproving of a stage performance. From early 2008 to September 2010, Current Television aired the weekly The Rotten Tomatoes Show, featuring hosts, a shorter segment was incorporated into the weekly show, InfoMania, which ended in 2011. In September 2013, the website introduced TV Zone, a section for reviewing scripted TV shows, Rotten Tomatoes was launched on August 12,1998, as a spare-time project by Senh Duong. His goal in creating Rotten Tomatoes was to create a site where people can get access to reviews from a variety of critics in the U. S. As a fan of Jackie Chans, Duong was inspired to create the website after collecting all the reviews of Chans movies as they were being published in the United States, the first movie whose reviews were featured on Rotten Tomatoes was Your Friends & Neighbors. The website was an success, receiving mentions by Netscape, Yahoo. and USA Today within the first week of its launch. They officially launched it on April 1,2000, in June 2004, IGN Entertainment acquired rottentomatoes. com for an undisclosed sum. In September 2005, IGN was bought by News Corps Fox Interactive Media, in January 2010, IGN sold the website to Flixster. The combined reach of both companies is 30 million unique visitors a month across all different platforms, according to the companies, in May 2011, Flixster was acquired by Warner Bros. In early 2009, Current Television launched the version of the web review site. It was hosted by Brett Erlich and Ellen Fox and written by Mark Ganek, the show aired every Thursday at 10,30 EST on the Current TV network. The last episode aired on September 16,2010 and it returned as a much shorter segment of InfoMania, a satirical news show that ended in 2011. By late 2009, the website was designed to enable Rotten Tomatoes users to create, one group, The Golden Oyster Awards, accepted votes of members for different awards, as if in parallel to the better-known Oscars or Golden Globes. When Flixster bought the company, they disbanded the groups, announcing, in the meantime, please use the Forums to continue your conversations about your favorite movie topics. As of February 2011, new community features have been added, for example, users can no longer sort films by fresh ratings from rotten ratings, and vice versa
16.
The Truman Show
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The Truman Show is a 1998 American satirical comedy-drama film directed by Peter Weir, produced by Scott Rudin, Andrew Niccol, Edward S. Feldman, and Adam Schroeder, and written by Niccol. The Truman Show was originally a spec script by Niccol, inspired by an episode of The Twilight Zone called Special Service, unlike the finished product, it was more of a science-fiction thriller, with the story set in New York City. Scott Rudin purchased the script, and set up production at Paramount Pictures, brian De Palma was to direct before Weir signed as director, making the film for $60 million—$20 million less than the original estimate. Niccol rewrote the script while the crew was waiting for Carrey to sign, the majority of filming took place at Seaside, Florida, a master-planned community located in the Florida Panhandle. The Truman Show has been analyzed as a thesis on Christianity, metaphilosophy, simulated reality, existentialism, all of Seahavens residents are actors. Creator and executive producer Christof wants to capture Trumans real emotion, despite Christofs control, Truman manages to act in unexpected ways. During his college years, Truman was set to fall in love and marry co-student Meryl, but fell in love with another actress, Sylvia. Sylvia managed to bring Truman out of the sight of cameras long enough to him that his reality is fake before she was taken away and off-set. While Truman went on to marry Meryl, he continues to fantasize about Sylvia, using scraps from magazines to recreate her face in secret, outside of the show, Sylvia has become part of a Free Truman campaign that demands the end of the show. The film begins during the year of the show. During the day, Truman notices strange occurrences that all seem centered on him, Truman spots a disheveled man and recognizes him as his father, who had snuck back into the set, but the actors quickly drag the man away. Despite efforts by Meryl and Trumans best friend Marlon to reassure Truman, Truman becomes even more suspicious about his life, one day, he takes Meryl by surprise by going on an impromptu road trip, but their way is blocked by apparent emergencies created by Christof. Meryl begins to break down from the stress, and during an argument with Truman, Truman, depressed and confused, is consoled by Marlon, and Christof uses the opportunity to re-introduce Trumans father to the show proper, hoping to bring Truman back to some emotional stability. Truman seems to recover, but the day, the producers find Truman sleeping in his basement. Marlon is sent to check on Truman, only to find he has disappeared through a makeshift tunnel, Marlon breaks character, and Christof orders the first transmission cut of the shows history while a city-wide search for Truman is launched. Audiences around the world are drawn to this sudden change, Truman is found sailing out of Seahaven, having conquered his fear of water, and Christof resumes the broadcast as he sends a man-made lightning storm to try to capsize the boat. Network executives fear that Truman may die on live television, realizing he cannot dissuade Truman any further, Christof ends the storm. Truman continues to sail until his boat punctures the wall of the dome, to his surprise, Truman considers this, then states, In case I dont see you
17.
Trailer (promotion)
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A trailer is an advertisement or a commercial for a feature film that will be exhibited in the future at a cinema, the result of creative and technical work. The term trailer comes from their having originally been shown at the end of a film screening. That practice did not last long, because patrons tended to leave the theater after the films ended, trailers are now shown before the film begins. Movie trailers have now become popular on DVDs and Blu-rays, as well as on the Internet, of some 10 billion videos watched online annually, film trailers rank third, after news and user-created video. The trailer format has also adopted as a promotional tool for television shows, video games, books. Trailers were initially shown after, or trailing, the feature film, the practice was found to be somewhat ineffective, often ignored by audiences who left immediately after the feature. Later, exhibitors changed their practice and trailers were only one part of the program which included cartoon shorts, newsreels. Most trailers had some form of narration and those that did featured stentorian voices, in the early 1960s, the face of motion picture trailers changed. Textless, montage trailers and quick-editing became popular, largely due to the arrival of the new Hollywood and techniques that were becoming increasingly popular in television. Among the trend setters were Stanley Kubrick with his montage trailers for Lolita, Dr. Strangelove or, How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb, and 2001, A Space Odyssey. Kubricks main inspiration for the Dr. Strangelove trailer was the short film Very Nice, as more and more animated films were produced, the need for outstanding voice actors steadily progressed not only for the movies but also for movie trailers, commercials, and promos. Thus, the industry saw a number of professional voice artists. One of the most famous voice personalities for the generation is Don LaFontaine who recorded hundreds of thousands of commercials. LaFontaine recorded his first voice over in 1962 for a movie trailer, from then on, he was able to set the standard for how movie trailers were written and voiced, literally becoming the voice of the movies. Most VHS tapes would play them at the beginning of the tape, VHS tapes that contained trailers at the end usually reminded the viewer to Stay tuned after the feature for more previews. With DVDs and Blu-rays, trailers can operate as a bonus feature instead of having to watch through the trailers before the movie, trailers consist of a series selected shots from the film being advertised. For this purpose the scenes are not necessarily in the order in which appear in the film. A trailer has to achieve that in less than 2 minutes and 30 seconds, each studio or distributor is allowed to exceed this time limit once a year, if they feel it is necessary for a particular film
18.
Dead Man Walking (film)
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Sister Helen Prejean establishes a special relationship with Matthew Poncelet, a prisoner on death row in Louisiana, acting as his spiritual adviser after carrying on correspondence with him. Matthew Poncelet has been in prison for six years, awaiting his execution after being sentenced to death for killing a teenage couple, Poncelet, held in the Louisiana State Penitentiary, committed the crimes with a man named Carl Vitello, who was sentenced to life imprisonment. As the day of his execution comes closer, Poncelet asks Sister Helen, with whom he has corresponded and he is arrogant, sexist, and racist, not even pretending to feel any kind of remorse. He affirms his innocence, insisting Vitello killed the two teenagers, convincing an experienced attorney to take on Poncelets case pro bono, Sister Helen tries to have his sentence commuted to life imprisonment. After many visits, she establishes a relationship with him. At the same time, she gets to know Poncelet’s mother, Lucille, the families do not understand Sister Helens efforts to help Poncelet, claiming she is taking his side. Instead they desire absolute justice—his life for the lives of their children, Sister Helen’s application for a pardon is declined. Poncelet asks Sister Helen to be his spiritual adviser through the day of execution, Sister Helen tells Poncelet that his redemption is possible only if he takes responsibility for what he did. Just before he is taken from his cell, Poncelet admits to Sister Helen that he killed the boy, as he is prepared for execution, he appeals to the boys father for forgiveness and tells the girls parents he hopes his death brings them peace. Poncelet is executed by lethal injection and later given a proper burial, the murdered boys father attends the ceremony still filled with hate, but shortly after begins to pray with Sister Helen, ending the film. His brother, David Robbins, composed the score, the film was well received by critics. Rotten Tomatoes gives it a 95% positive rating based on reviews from 57 critics, metacritic gives it a rating of 80/100 based on reviews from 26 critics, indicating Generally favorable reviews. Hal Hinson of The Washington Post commented, What this intelligent, balanced, roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film four stars, his highest rating, and called it absorbing, surprising, technically superb and worth talking about for a long time afterward. At the Golden Globes, Sarandon and Penn received nominations for their acting while Robbins received one for best screenplay, at the 46th Berlin International Film Festival, Penn won the Silver Bear for Best Actor. With a budget of $11 million, the film grossed $39,387,284 domestically and $43,701,011 internationally, in 2002, Tim Robbins, who adapted the book for the film, also wrote a stage version of Dead Man Walking
19.
Eric Corley
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Eric Gordon Corley, also frequently referred to by his pen name of Emmanuel Goldstein, is a figure in the hacker community. He directs the non-profit organization 2600 Enterprises, Inc. and publishes a magazine called 2600 and his pseudonym is derived from the fictional opposition leader in George Orwells dystopian novel Nineteen Eighty-Four. In 1993 Corley testified before the United States House of Representatives Subcommittee on Telecommunications, Corley was quested in relation to the content of 2600 as part of discussions concerning the Digital Telephony Bill, also known as the Communications Assistance for Law Enforcement Act. Corley is the editor of The Best of 2600, A Hacker Odyssey which was released July 2008, the book consists of articles from the magazine 2600, The Hacker Quarterly set in chronological order to show the evolution of the internet and technology. Letters to the Editor of 2600, was published in 2010, Corley is the host of both the weekly radio programs Off the Hook on WBAI-FM and Off the Wall on WUSB-FM. While Off The Hook often includes a panel of guests and is centered on technological topics. Off the Hook has been on the air since 1988, United States District Court Southern District of New York. Decision in UNIVERSAL CITY STUDIOS, INC, et al. v. SHAWN C, REIMERDES, et al. p. 12–132600 Website Off The Wall. CNN Q&A with Emmanuel Goldstein of 2600 at the Wayback Machine, the Best of 2600 ISBN 978-0-470-29419-2 Dear Hacker
20.
Baraka (film)
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Baraka is a 1992 non-narrative documentary film directed by Ron Fricke. The film is compared to Koyaanisqatsi, the first of the Qatsi films by Godfrey Reggio for which Fricke was cinematographer. Baraka is the most recent film to be photographed in the 70mm Todd-AO format, Baraka is a documentary film with no narrative or voice-over. It explores themes via a compilation of natural events, life, human activities. The film is Ron Fricke’s follow-up to Godfrey Reggio’s similar non-verbal documentary film Koyaanisqatsi, Fricke was cinematographer and collaborator on Reggio’s film, and for Baraka he struck out on his own to polish and expand the photographic techniques used on Koyaanisqatsi. Shot in 70mm, it includes a mixture of styles including slow motion. To execute the film’s time-lapse sequences, Fricke had a camera built that combined time-lapse photography with perfectly controlled movements. It suggests a cultural perspective, a shot of an elaborate tattoo on a bathing Japanese yakuza precedes a view of tribal paint. The film was produced by Mark Magidson, who produced and directed the film Toward the Within. Following previous DVD releases, in 2007 the original 65 mm negative was re-scanned at 8K resolution with equipment designed specifically for Baraka at FotoKem Laboratories. The automated 8K film scanner, operating continuously, took more than three weeks to finish scanning more than 150,000 frames, producing over 30 terabytes of data in total. At the time, project supervisor Andrew Oran described this remastered Baraka as arguably the highest quality DVD thats ever been made, chicago Sun-Times critic Roger Ebert described the Blu-ray release as the finest video disc I have ever viewed or ever imagined. A sequel to Baraka, Samsara, made by the filmmakers, premiered at the 2011 Toronto International Film Festival. Also shot in 70mm, Samsara explores a darker, updated version of many of the same themes as Baraka. Baraka has a score of 80% off Rotten Tomatoes out of 25 reviews, Roger Ebert included the film in his Great Movies list, writing that If man sends another Voyager to the distant stars and it can carry only one film on board, that film might be Baraka. The movie was filmed at 152 locations in 23 countries. C
21.
British Board of Film Classification
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It has a statutory requirement to classify videos, DVDs and, to a lesser extent, some video games under the Video Recordings Act 2010. The immediate impetus for the Boards formation stemmed from the surrounding the release in the UK in October 1912 of the film From the Manger to the Cross. The film, shown at the Queens Hall, London, gained considerable publicity from an outcry in the Daily Mail. And waxed indignant about the profits for its American film producers, although the clergy were invited to see it and found little to be affronted by, the controversy resulted in the voluntary creation of the BBFC, which began operating on 1 January 1913. The Boards legal basis was the Cinematograph Act 1909, which required cinemas to have licences from local authorities. Given that the law now allowed councils to grant or refuse licences to cinemas according to the content of the films they showed, the 1909 Act therefore enabled the introduction of censorship. The Boards offices were originally at 133-135 Oxford Street, London, the building is located at the junction of Wardour Street, some decisions from the early years are now subjected to derision. Informal links, to varying degrees of closeness, have been maintained between the BBFC and the Government throughout the Boards existence, in the period before the Second World War, an extensive but unofficial system of political censorship was implemented by the BBFC for the Home Office. This trend reached its climax during the 1930s, following protests from the German Embassy after the release of a film depicting the execution of Edith Cavell, intense political pressure was brought to bear on the BBFC by the Home Office. A system of script vetting was introduced, whereby British studios were invited to submit screenplays to the BBFC before shooting started. The increasing climate of post-war liberalism ensured that from the 1950s onwards, controversies involving the BBFC centred more on depictions of sex, in 1984 the organisation changed its name to reflect the fact that classification plays a far larger part in the Boards work than censorship. At that time it was responsibility for classifying videos for hire or purchase to view in the home as well as films shown in cinemas. The horror in both came through largely in their detailed prose. Had the game publishers reprinted the text in book form, it would not have carried a certificate. The first video game to be refused classification by the BBFC was Carmageddon in 1997, in June 2007, Manhunt 2 was refused classification in both its PlayStation 2 and Wii versions, meaning that the game was illegal to sell or supply. A modified version was made that was accepted by the ESRB but was refused classification from the BBFC. The second decision was overturned by the Video Appeals Committee. On 16 June 2009, the UKs Department of Culture, Media and Sport ruled in favour of the PEGI system to be the classification system for videogames
22.
Box Office Mojo
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Box Office Mojo is a website that tracks box office revenue in a systematic, algorithmic way, founded in 1999. In 2008, Box Office Mojo was bought by the Internet Movie Database, the website is widely used within the film industry as a source of data. From 2002–11, Box Office Mojo had forums popular with film fans, on October 10,2014, the websites URL was redirected to Amazons IMDB. com website for one day, but the website returned the following day without explanation. Brandon Gray began the site in 1999, in 2002, Gray partnered with Sean Saulsbury and grew the site to nearly two million readers. In July 2008, the company was purchased by Amazon. com through its subsidiary, Box Office Mojo had forums with more than 16,500 registered users. On November 2,2011 the forums were closed along with any user accounts. Tracking is still very closely to the day by day, actual tabulation of distributors. The site also creates an overall chart, combining all box office returns from around the world, excluding the United States. The overall weekend chart currently tracks the Top 40 films as well as approximately fifty additional films with no ranking, the site additionally has yearly and all time features for its various territories. Box Office Mojo was as of June 2009 reporting limited data from overseas and is work on improvements, most of the international charts have not been updated since November 2014. On October 10,2014, all traffic to Box Office Mojo was redirected to IMDbs box office page, queries about the closure to IMDb and Amazon representatives were met with no response. Neither Brandon Gray, who founded the website but left several years ago after its sale to Amazon, nor Ray Subers, on Ray Subers Twitter account, he revealed the websites return, but also stated he would not answer any questions pertaining to closure. Subers subsequently left the website seven months later
23.
IMDb
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In 1998 it became a subsidiary of Amazon Inc, who were then able to use it as an advertising resource for selling DVDs and videotapes. As of January 2017, IMDb has approximately 4.1 million titles and 7.7 million personalities in its database, the site enables registered users to submit new material and edits to existing entries. Although all data is checked before going live, the system has open to abuse. The site also featured message boards which stimulate regular debates and dialogue among authenticated users, IMDb shutdown the message boards permanently on February 20,2017. Anyone with a connection can read the movie and talent pages of IMDb. A registration process is however, to contribute info to the site. A registered user chooses a name for themselves, and is given a profile page. These badges range from total contributions made, to independent categories such as photos, trivia, bios, if a registered user or visitor happens to be in the entertainment industry, and has an IMDb page, that user/visitor can add photos to that page by enrolling in IMDbPRO. Actors, crew, and industry executives can post their own resume and this fee enrolls them in a membership called IMDbPro. PRO can be accessed by anyone willing to pay the fee, which is $19.99 USD per month, or if paid annually, $149.99, which comes to approximately $12.50 per month USD. Membership enables a user to access the rank order of each industry personality, as well as agent contact information for any actor, producer, director etc. that has an IMDb page. Enrolling in PRO for industry personnel, enables those members the ability to upload a head shot to open their page, as well as the ability to upload hundreds of photos to accompany their page. Anyone can register as a user, and contribute to the site as well as enjoy its content, however those users enrolled in PRO have greater access and privileges. IMDb originated with a Usenet posting by British film fan and computer programmer Col Needham entitled Those Eyes, others with similar interests soon responded with additions or different lists of their own. Needham subsequently started an Actors List, while Dave Knight began a Directors List, and Andy Krieg took over THE LIST from Hank Driskill, which would later be renamed the Actress List. Both lists had been restricted to people who were alive and working, the goal of the participants now was to make the lists as inclusive as possible. By late 1990, the lists included almost 10,000 movies and television series correlated with actors and actresses appearing therein. On October 17,1990, Needham developed and posted a collection of Unix shell scripts which could be used to search the four lists, at the time, it was known as the rec. arts. movies movie database
24.
Anima Mundi (film)
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Anima Mundi is a 1992 short documentary film directed by Godfrey Reggio. The film focuses on the world of nature and wildlife, particularly jungles, sealife, the movie was commissioned by Italian jewellers Bulgari for use by the World Wide Fund for Nature in their Biological Diversity Program. The film was scored by Philip Glass, who worked with Reggio on Koyaanisqatsi, Powaqqatsi. Anima Mundi features many of the techniques from the Qatsi trilogy, anima Mundi at the Internet Movie Database
25.
George Lucas
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George Walton Lucas Jr. is an American filmmaker and entrepreneur. He is best known as the creator of the Star Wars and Indiana Jones franchises, as well as the founder of Lucasfilm and he was the Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of Lucasfilm, before selling it to The Walt Disney Company in 2012. Upon graduating from the University of Southern California in 1967, Lucas co-founded American Zoetrope with fellow filmmaker Francis Ford Coppola, Lucas wrote and directed THX1138, based on his earlier student short Electronic Labyrinth, THX1138 4EB, which was a critical success but a financial failure. His next work as a writer-director was the film, American Graffiti, inspired by his teen years in early 1960s Modesto, California, the film was critically and commercially successful, and received five Academy Award nominations including Best Picture. Following the first Star Wars film, Lucas produced and co-wrote the following installments in the trilogy, The Empire Strikes Back, along with Steven Spielberg, Lucas co-created and wrote the Indiana Jones films Raiders of the Lost Ark, Temple of Doom, and The Last Crusade. Lucas also produced and/or wrote a variety of films through Lucasfilm in the 1980s and 1990s, Lucas also returned to directing with the Star Wars prequel trilogy, consisting of The Phantom Menace, Attack of the Clones, and Revenge of the Sith. He later collaborated on the story for the Indiana Jones sequel Kingdom of the Crystal Skull, five of Lucass seven features are among the 100 highest-grossing movies at the North American box office, adjusted for ticket-price inflation. Lucas is one of the American film industrys most financially successful filmmakers, Lucas is considered a significant figure in the New Hollywood era. Lucas was born and raised in Modesto, California, the son of Dorothy Ellinore Lucas and George Walton Lucas and he is of German, Swiss-German, English, Scottish, and distant Dutch and French descent. Growing up, Lucas had a passion for cars and motor racing, on June 12,1962, while driving his souped-up Autobianchi Bianchina, another driver broadsided him, flipping over his car, nearly killing him, causing him to lose interest in racing as a career. He attended Modesto Junior College, where he studied anthropology, sociology and he also began shooting with an 8 mm camera, including filming car races. At this time, Lucas and his friend John Plummer became interested in Canyon Cinema, screenings of underground, avant-garde 16 mm filmmakers like Jordan Belson, Stan Brakhage, and Bruce Conner. Lucas and Plummer also saw classic European films of the time, including Jean-Luc Godards Breathless, François Truffauts Jules et Jim, thats when George really started exploring, Plummer said. Through his interest in racing, Lucas met renowned cinematographer Haskell Wexler, another race enthusiast. Wexler, later to work with Lucas on several occasions, was impressed by Lucas talent, George had a very good eye, and he thought visually, he recalled. Lucas then transferred to the University of Southern California School of Cinematic Arts, USC was one of the earliest universities to have a school devoted to motion picture film. During the years at USC, Lucas shared a room with Randal Kleiser. Along with classmates such as Walter Murch, Hal Barwood, and John Milius and he also became good friends with fellow acclaimed student filmmaker and future Indiana Jones collaborator, Steven Spielberg
26.
THX 1138
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THX1138 is a 1971 American social science fiction film directed by George Lucas in his feature film directorial debut. THX1138 was developed from Lucass student film Electronic Labyrinth, THX1138 4EB, the feature film was produced in a joint venture between Warner Bros. and Francis Ford Coppolas production company, American Zoetrope. A novelization by Ben Bova was published in 1971, emotions, coitus, and the concept of family are a taboo. Everyone is clad in uniforms and has shaven heads to emphasize equality, except the police androids. Instead of names, people have designations – reminiscent of licence plates – with three letters and four digits, shown on an identity badge worn at all times. At their jobs in central video CCTV control centers, SEN5241, LUH has a male roommate, THX1138, who works in a factory producing android police officers. On the way home, he stops at a booth in a row of many. A soothing voice greets THX, and OMM ends every confession with a salutation, You are a true believer, blessings of the State. Work hard, increase production, prevent accidents and be happy, at home, THX takes his drugs, and watches holo-broadcasts while engaging with a masturbatory device. LUH secretly substitutes pills in her possession for THXs medications, whereupon THX eventually suffers physical discomfort along with mental/emotional changes, the drug substitution also leads to LUH and THX becoming involved romantically, resulting in the two engaging in intercourse. THX later is confronted by SEN, who arranges THX as his new roommate, without drugs in his system, THX falters during a critical and hazardous phase of his job, and a control center engages a mind lock on THX which raises the level of danger. After the release of the lock, THX makes the necessary correction to that work phase. THX enjoys a reunion with LUH, disrupted shortly after she reveals her pregnancy. At THXs trial, THX is sentenced to prison, alongside SEN, most of the prisoners seem uninterested in escape, but eventually THX and SEN find an exit, they are later joined by hologram SRT5752, who starred in the holo-broadcasts. During the escape, THX and SRT are separated from SEN, SEN eventually escapes to an area reserved for the monks of OMM, where a lone monk notices that SEN has no identification badge. SEN attacks him and later wanders into an area, strikes up a conversation with children. THX and SRT steal two cars, but SRT crashes his into a concrete pillar, pursued by two police androids on motorcycles, THX flees to the limits of the city and escapes into a ventilation shaft. It is then revealed that the city is entirely underground, from the 1969 incarnation of American Zoetrope
27.
American Graffiti
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Suzanne Somers and Joe Spano have cameos. Set in Modesto, California in 1962, the film is a study of the cruising and rock, the film is told in a series of vignettes, telling the story of a group of teenagers and their adventures over a single evening. The genesis of American Graffiti was in Lucas own teenage years in early 1960s Modesto. filming was initially set to take place in San Rafael, California, but the production crew was denied permission to shoot beyond a second day. American Graffiti premiered on August 2,1973 at the Locarno International Film Festival in Switzerland and was released on August 11,1973 in the United States, the film received widespread critical acclaim and was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Picture. Produced on a $777,000 budget, it has one of the most profitable films of all time. Since its initial release, American Graffiti has garnered an estimated return of well over $200 million in box office gross and home video sales, not including merchandising. In 1995, the United States Library of Congress deemed the film culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant, a sequel, More American Graffiti, was released in 1979. Curt and Steve are scheduled to travel the next morning to Northeastern United States to start college, despite receiving a $2,000 scholarship from the local Moose Lodge, Curt has second thoughts about leaving Modesto. Steve gives Toad his 1958 Chevrolet Impala to watch while hes away at college until he returns at Christmas, Steves girlfriend, Laurie, who is also Curts sister, arrives in her car. Steve suggests to Laurie, who is already glum about him going to college, though not openly upset, she is displeased with his proposal which affects their interactions the rest of the evening. Curt accompanies Steve, last years high school student class president, and Laurie, after leaving the hop, Curt is coerced by a group of greasers to participate in an initiation rite that involves hooking a chain to a police car and ripping out its back axle. The Pharaohs tell Curt that The Blonde is a wife or prostitute. Determined to get a message to the girl, Curt drives to the local radio station to ask DJ Wolfman Jack. Inside the radio station, Curt encounters a man who tells him that the voice of The Wolfman is pre-taped from afar. The man still accepts the message from Curt to see what he could do, as he is leaving the station, Curt sees the man talking into the microphone and hears the voice of The Wolfman, and realizes the man is the actual DJ himself. Sure enough, The Wolfman eventually reads the message on the radio for The Blonde to meet Curt or call him at a number which happens to be a telephone booth, Curt waits by the telephone booth and early the next morning, he is awakened by the phone ringing. It turns out to be The Blonde who says she knows him, Curt replies probably not, intimating that he decided to go to college and will be leaving that morning. Meanwhile The Toad, in Steves car, and John, in his yellow 1932 Deuce Coupé hot rod, Toad, who is normally socially inept with girls, successfully picks up a flirtatious, and somewhat rebellious, girl named Debbie
28.
Star Wars (film)
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Star Wars is a 1977 American epic space opera film written and directed by George Lucas. The first installment in the Star Wars film series, it stars Mark Hamill, Harrison Ford, Carrie Fisher, Peter Cushing, David Prowse, James Earl Jones, Anthony Daniels, Kenny Baker, and Peter Mayhew co-star in supporting roles. The plot focuses on the Rebel Alliance, led by Princess Leia, and its attempt to destroy the Galactic Empires space station and this conflict disrupts the isolated life of farmhand Luke Skywalker, who inadvertently acquires a pair of droids that possess stolen architectural plans for the Death Star. Star Wars was released theatrically in the United States on May 25,1977 and it earned $461 million in the U. S. and $314 million overseas, totaling $775 million. It surpassed Jaws to become the film of all time until the release of E. T. the Extra-Terrestrial. When adjusted for inflation, Star Wars is the film in North America. It received ten Academy Award nominations, winning seven and it was among the first films to be selected as part of the U. S. Library of Congress National Film Registry as being culturally, historically, at the time, it was the most recent film on the registry and the only one chosen from the 1970s. Its soundtrack was added to the U. S. National Recording Registry in 2004, today, it is often regarded as one of the best films of all time, as well as one of the most important films in the history of motion pictures. It launched an industry of tie-in products, including TV series spinoffs, novels, comic books, and video games, the films success led to two critically and commercially successful sequels, The Empire Strikes Back and Return of the Jedi. A prequel trilogy was released between 1999 and 2005, followed by a trilogy beginning in 2015. In 2016, Rogue One was released as a prequel to the original Star Wars film. The galaxy is in the midst of a civil war, spies for the Rebel Alliance have stolen plans to the Galactic Empires Death Star, a heavily armed space station capable of destroying an entire planet. Rebel leader Princess Leia has the plans, but her ship is captured by Imperial forces under the command of the evil Darth Vader, before she is captured, Leia hides the plans in the memory of an astromech droid, R2-D2, along with a holographic recording. R2-D2 flees to the surface of the desert planet Tatooine with C-3PO, the droids are captured by Jawa traders, who sell them to moisture farmers Owen and Beru Lars and their nephew Luke Skywalker. While cleaning R2-D2, Luke accidentally triggers part of Leias message, the next morning, Luke finds R2-D2 searching for Obi-Wan, and meets Ben Kenobi, an old hermit who lives in the hills and reveals himself to be Obi-Wan. Contrary to his uncles statements, Luke learns that his father, Anakin, Obi-Wan tells Luke that Vader was his former pupil who turned to the dark side of the Force and killed Anakin. Obi-Wan then presents to Luke his fathers weapon – a lightsaber, Obi-Wan views Leias complete message, in which she begs him to take the Death Star plans to her home planet of Alderaan and give them to her father for analysis
29.
Look at Life (film)
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Look at Life is a short student film by George Lucas, produced for a course in animation while Lucas was a film student at USC Film School. The films running time of one minute was required by the course. This was the first film made by George Lucas, and was influenced by Canadian filmmaker Arthur Lipsett. The film is a montage of various iconic photographs focusing mostly on themes from youth culture in the 1960s. The imagery includes photographs of Martin Luther King Jr. Nikita Khrushchev, American race riots, the Ku Klux Klan, Buddhist monks, and bodies of dead soldiers. The only narration in the film is a voice yelling the text of Proverbs 10,12, Hate stirreth up strife. The film ends with text, ANYONE FOR SURVIVAL, followed by End. The film is included in the documentary A Legacy of Filmmakers, The Early Years of American Zoetrope, list of American films of 1965 Look at Life at the Internet Movie Database
