1.
Bengali language
–
Bengali, also known by its endonym Bangla, is an Indo-Aryan language spoken in South Asia. With over 210 million speakers, Bengali is the seventh most spoken language in the world. Dominant in the last group was Persian, which was also the source of some grammatical forms, more recent studies suggest that the use of native and foreign words has been increasing, mainly because of the preference of Bengali speakers for the colloquial style. Today, Bengali is the language spoken in Bangladesh and the second most spoken language in India. Both the national anthems of Bangladesh and India were composed in Bengali, in 1952, the Bengali Language Movement successfully pushed for the languages official status in the Dominion of Pakistan. In 1999, UNESCO recognized 21 February as International Mother Language Day in recognition of the movement in East Pakistan. Language is an important element of Bengali identity and binds together a diverse region. Sanskrit was spoken in Bengal since the first millennium BCE, during the Gupta Empire, Bengal was a hub of Sanskrit literature. The Middle Indo-Aryan dialects were spoken in Bengal in the first millennium when the region was a part of the Magadha Realm and these dialects were called Magadhi Prakrit. They eventually evolved into Ardha Magadhi, Ardha Magadhi began to give way to what are called Apabhraṃśa languages at the end of the first millennium. Along with other Eastern Indo-Aryan languages, Bengali evolved circa 1000–1200 AD from Sanskrit, for example, Ardhamagadhi is believed to have evolved into Abahatta around the 6th century, which competed with the ancestor of Bengali for some time. Proto-Bengali was the language of the Pala Empire and the Sena dynasty, during the medieval period, Middle Bengali was characterized by the elision of word-final অ ô, the spread of compound verbs and Arabic and Persian influences. Bengali was a court language of the Sultanate of Bengal. Muslim rulers promoted the development of Bengali as part of efforts to Islamize. Bengali became the most spoken language in the Sultanate. This period saw borrowing of Perso-Arabic terms into Bengali vocabulary, major texts of Middle Bengali include Chandidas Shreekrishna Kirtana. The modern literary form of Bengali was developed during the 19th and early 20th centuries based on the dialect spoken in the Nadia region, a west-central Bengali dialect. Bengali presents a case of diglossia, with the literary
Bengali language
–
Shohid Minar, or the Martyr's monument, in
Dhaka, commemorates the struggle for the Bengali language.
Bengali language
–
The word "Bangla" in the
Bengali alphabet
Bengali language
–
Pages from the
Charyapada.
Bengali language
–
An example of handwritten Bengali. Part of a poem written in Bengali (and with its English translation below each Bengali paragraph) by Nobel Laureate
Rabindranath Tagore in 1926 in Hungary.
2.
Calcutta
–
Kolkata /koʊlˈkɑːtɑː/ is the capital of the Indian state of West Bengal. In 2011, the city had a population of 4.5 million, while the population of the city and its suburbs was 14.1 million, making it the third-most populous metropolitan area in India. Recent estimates of Kolkata Metropolitan Areas economy have ranged from $60 to $150 billion making it third most-productive metropolitan area in India, after Mumbai, in the late 17th century, the three villages that predated Calcutta were ruled by the Nawab of Bengal under Mughal suzerainty. After the Nawab granted the East India Company a trading licence in 1690, Nawab Siraj ud-Daulah occupied Calcutta in 1756, and the East India Company retook it the following year. In 1793 the East India company was enough to abolish Nizamat. Calcutta was the centre for the Indian independence movement, it remains a hotbed of contemporary state politics, following Indian independence in 1947, Kolkata, which was once the centre of modern Indian education, science, culture, and politics, suffered several decades of economic stagnation. Many people from Kolkata—among them several Nobel laureates—have contributed to the arts, the sciences, Kolkata culture features idiosyncrasies that include distinctively close-knit neighbourhoods and freestyle intellectual exchanges. Though home to major cricketing venues and franchises, Kolkata differs from other Indian cities by giving importance to association football, there are several explanations about the etymology of this name, The term Kolikata is thought to be a variation of Kalikkhetrô, meaning Field of Kali. Similarly, it can be a variation of Kalikshetra, alternatively, the name may have been derived from the Bengali term kilkila, or flat area. The name may have its origin in the words khal meaning canal, followed by kaṭa, according to another theory, the area specialised in the production of quicklime or koli chun and coir or kata, hence, it was called Kolikata. The discovery and archaeological study of Chandraketugarh,35 kilometres north of Kolkata, Kolkatas recorded history began in 1690 with the arrival of the English East India Company, which was consolidating its trade business in Bengal. The area occupied by the city encompassed three villages, Kalikata, Gobindapur, and Sutanuti. Kalikata was a village, Sutanuti was a riverside weavers village. They were part of an estate belonging to the Mughal emperor and these rights were transferred to the East India Company in 1698. In 1712, the British completed the construction of Fort William, facing frequent skirmishes with French forces, the British began to upgrade their fortifications in 1756. The Nawab of Bengal, Siraj ud-Daulah, condemned the militarisation and his warning went unheeded, and the Nawab attacked, he captured Fort William which led to the killings of several East India company officials in the Black Hole of Calcutta. A force of Company soldiers and British troops led by Robert Clive recaptured the city the following year, declared a presidency city, Calcutta became the headquarters of the East India Company by 1772. In 1793, ruling power of the Nawabs were abolished and East India company took control of the city
Calcutta
–
Clockwise from top:
Victoria Memorial,
St. Paul's Cathedral, central business district,
Howrah Bridge, city tram line,
Vidyasagar Bridge
Calcutta
–
Fort William, headquarters of the
British East India Company
Calcutta
–
Chowringhee avenue and
Tipu Sultan Mosque in central Calcutta, 1945
Calcutta
–
Bengali billboards on Harrison Street. Calcutta was the largest commercial center in British India.
3.
Bengal
–
Bengal is a geopolitical, cultural and historical region in Asia, which is located in the eastern part of the Indian subcontinent at the apex of the Bay of Bengal. Geographically, it is made up by the Ganges-Brahmaputra delta system, in 2011, the population of Bengal was estimated to be 250 million, making it the most densely populated region in South Asia. An estimated 160 million people live in Bangladesh, while 91.3 million people live in West Bengal, the predominant ethno-linguistic group are the Bengali people, who speak the Indo-Aryan Bengali language. Bengali Muslims are the majority in Bangladesh, Bengali Hindus are the majority in West Bengal. Dense woodlands, including rainforests, cover Bengals northern and eastern areas. In the littoral southwest are the Sunderbans, the worlds largest mangrove forest, in the coastal southeast lies Coxs Bazaar, the longest beach in the world at 125 km. The region has a climate, which the Bengali calendar divides into six seasons. Bengal has played a role in the history of Asia. In antiquity, its kingdoms were known as seafaring nations, at times an independent regional empire, or a bastion of larger empires, the historical region was a leading power of the Indian subcontinent and the Islamic East. Bengali culture has had a significant influence on other cultures, especially in the fields of literature, music, art, architecture, sports, currency, commerce, politics and cuisine. The name of Bengal is derived from the ancient kingdom of Banga, theories on the origin of the term Banga point to the Proto-Dravidian Bong tribe that settled in the area circa 1000 BCE and the Austric word Bong. The term Bangaladesa is used to describe the region in 11th century South Indian records, the modern term Bangla is prominent from the 14th century, which saw the establishment of the Sultanate of Bengal, whose first ruler Shamsuddin Ilyas Shah was known as the Shah of Bangala. The Portuguese referred to the region as Bengala in the Age of Discovery, most of the Bengal region lies in the Ganges-Brahmaputra delta, but there are highlands in its north, northeast and southeast. The Ganges Delta arises from the confluence of the rivers Ganges, Brahmaputra, the total area of Bengal is 232,752 km2—West Bengal is 88,752 km2 and Bangladesh 147,570 km2. The flat and fertile Bangladesh Plain dominates the geography of Bangladesh, the Chittagong Hill Tracts and Sylhet regions are home to most of the mountains in Bangladesh. Most parts of Bangladesh are within 10 metres above the sea level, because of this low elevation, much of this region is exceptionally vulnerable to seasonal flooding due to monsoons. The highest point in Bangladesh is in Mowdok range at 1,052 metres, a major part of the coastline comprises a marshy jungle, the Sundarbans, the largest mangrove forest in the world and home to diverse flora and fauna, including the royal Bengal tiger. In 1997, this region was declared endangered, West Bengal is on the eastern bottleneck of India, stretching from the Himalayas in the north to the Bay of Bengal in the south
Bengal
–
Map of Hindoostan in 1831 with Bengal (Green colored at the right)
Bengal
–
Map of the Bengal region
Bengal
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Mahasthangarh is the oldest archaeological site in
Bangladesh. It dates back to 700 BC and was the ancient capital of the
Pundra Kingdom.
Bengal
–
Asia in 323 BC, the
Nanda Empire of
Magadha and
Gangaridai Empire of Bengal in relation to
Alexander 's Empire and neighbours.
4.
British India
–
Provinces of India, earlier Presidencies of British India and still earlier, Presidency towns, were the administrative divisions of British governance in the subcontinent. Collectively, they were called British India, in one form or other they existed between 1612 and 1947, conventionally divided into three historical periods. During 1612–1757, the East India Company set up factories in several locations, mostly in coastal India and its rivals were the merchant trading companies of Holland and France. By the mid-18th century, three Presidency towns, Madras, Bombay, and Calcutta had grown in size, during the period of Company rule in India, 1757–1858, the Company gradually acquired sovereignty over large parts of India, now called Presidencies. However, it increasingly came under British government oversight, in effect sharing sovereignty with the Crown. At the same time it gradually lost its mercantile privileges, following the Indian Rebellion of 1857, the Companys remaining powers were transferred to the Crown. In the new British Raj, sovereignty extended to a few new regions, increasingly, however, unwieldy presidencies were broken up into Provinces. In 1608, the English East India Company established a settlement at Surat, and it was followed in 1611 by a permanent factory at Machilipatnam on the Coromandel Coast, and in 1612 the company joined other already established European trading companies in Bengal. Company rule in Bengal, however, ended with the Government of India Act 1858 following the events of the Bengal Rebellion of 1857 and these rulers were allowed a measure of internal autonomy in exchange for British suzerainty. British India constituted a significant portion of India both in area and population, in 1910, for example, it covered approximately 54% of the area, in addition, there were Portuguese and French exclaves in India. Independence from British rule was achieved in 1947 with the formation of two nations, the Dominions of India and Pakistan, the latter also including East Bengal, present-day Bangladesh. The term British India also applied to Burma for a time period, starting in 1824, a small part of Burma. This arrangement lasted until 1937, when Burma commenced being administered as a separate British colony, British India did not apply to other countries in the region, such as Sri Lanka, which was a British Crown colony, or the Maldive Islands, which were a British protectorate. It also included the Colony of Aden in the Arabian Peninsula, the original seat of government was at Allahabad, then at Agra from 1834 to 1868. Bombay Presidency, East India Companys headquarters moved from Surat to Bombay in 1687, the East India Company, which was incorporated on 31 December 1600, established trade relations with Indian rulers in Masulipatam on the east coast in 1611 and Surat on the west coast in 1612. The company rented a trading outpost in Madras in 1639, meanwhile, in eastern India, after obtaining permission from the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan to trade with Bengal, the Company established its first factory at Hoogly in 1640. Almost a half-century later, after Emperor Aurengzeb forced the Company out of Hooghly, by the mid-18th century the three principal trading settlements, now called the Madras Presidency, the Bombay Presidency, and the Bengal Presidency were each administered by a Governor. After Robert Clives victory in the Battle of Plassey in 1757, in 1772, the Company also obtained the Nizāmat of Bengal and thereby full sovereignty of the expanded Bengal Presidency
British India
–
Imperial entities of India
British India
–
A
mezzotint engraving of Fort William,
Calcutta, the capital of the
Bengal Presidency in British India 1735
British India
–
India in 1700 showing the
Mughal Empire and the European trading settlements.
British India
–
The presidency town of Madras in a 1908 map. Madras was established as
Fort St. George in 1640.
5.
West Bengal
–
West Bengal is an Indian state, located in East India on the Bay of Bengal. It is Indias fourth-most populous state, with over 91 million inhabitants and it has a total area of 34,267 sq mi, making it similar in size to Serbia. A part of the ethno-linguistic Bengal region, it borders Bangladesh in the east and Nepal and it also has borders five Indian states, Odisha, Jharkhand, Bihar, Sikkim and Assam. The state capital is Kolkata, the seventh-largest city in India, the geography of West Bengal includes the Darjeeling Himalayan hill region in its extreme north, the Ganges delta, the Rarh region and the coastal Sundarbans. The main ethnic group are the Bengali people, with Bengali Hindus forming the demographic majority, Ancient Bengal was the site of several major janapadas, including Vanga, Radha, Pundra and Suhma. In the 2nd century BC, the region was conquered by the emperor Ashoka, in the 4th century AD, it was absorbed into the Gupta Empire. From the 13th century onward, the region was ruled by sultans, powerful Hindu states and Baro-Bhuyan landlords. The British East India Company cemented their hold on the following the Battle of Plassey in 1757. Between 1977 and 2011, the state was administered by the worlds longest elected Communist government, a major agricultural producer, West Bengal is the sixth-largest contributor to Indias net domestic product. It is noted for its activities and the presence of cultural and educational institutions. The states cultural heritage, besides varied folk traditions, ranges from stalwarts in literature including Nobel-laureate Rabindranath Tagore to scores of musicians, film-makers and artists. West Bengal is also distinct from most other Indian states in its appreciation and practice of playing football besides cricket. The origin of the name Bengal is unknown, one theory suggests that the word derives from Bang, a Dravidian tribe that settled the region around 1000 BC. The word might have derived from the ancient kingdom of Vanga. Although some early Sanskrit literature mentions the name, the early history is obscure. At the end of British Rule over the Indian subcontinent, the Bengal region was partitioned in 1947 along religious lines into east and west, the east came to be known as East Bengal and the west came to known as West Bengal, which continued as an Indian state. In 2011, the Government of West Bengal proposed a change in the name of the state to Poschimbongo. This is the name of the state, literally meaning western Bengal in the native Bengali language
West Bengal
–
Seal
West Bengal
–
Location of West Bengal in India
West Bengal
–
Ram Mohan Roy is regarded as the "Father of the
Bengali renaissance ".
West Bengal
–
Subhas Chandra Bose was a
independence activist in the
Indian independence movement against the
British Raj.
6.
India
–
India, officially the Republic of India, is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country, and it is bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the southwest, and the Bay of Bengal on the southeast. It shares land borders with Pakistan to the west, China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the northeast, in the Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives. Indias Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a border with Thailand. The Indian subcontinent was home to the urban Indus Valley Civilisation of the 3rd millennium BCE, in the following millennium, the oldest scriptures associated with Hinduism began to be composed. Social stratification, based on caste, emerged in the first millennium BCE, early political consolidations took place under the Maurya and Gupta empires, the later peninsular Middle Kingdoms influenced cultures as far as southeast Asia. In the medieval era, Judaism, Zoroastrianism, Christianity, and Islam arrived, much of the north fell to the Delhi sultanate, the south was united under the Vijayanagara Empire. The economy expanded in the 17th century in the Mughal empire, in the mid-18th century, the subcontinent came under British East India Company rule, and in the mid-19th under British crown rule. A nationalist movement emerged in the late 19th century, which later, under Mahatma Gandhi, was noted for nonviolent resistance, in 2015, the Indian economy was the worlds seventh largest by nominal GDP and third largest by purchasing power parity. Following market-based economic reforms in 1991, India became one of the major economies and is considered a newly industrialised country. However, it continues to face the challenges of poverty, corruption, malnutrition, a nuclear weapons state and regional power, it has the third largest standing army in the world and ranks sixth in military expenditure among nations. India is a constitutional republic governed under a parliamentary system. It is a pluralistic, multilingual and multi-ethnic society and is home to a diversity of wildlife in a variety of protected habitats. The name India is derived from Indus, which originates from the Old Persian word Hindu, the latter term stems from the Sanskrit word Sindhu, which was the historical local appellation for the Indus River. The ancient Greeks referred to the Indians as Indoi, which translates as The people of the Indus, the geographical term Bharat, which is recognised by the Constitution of India as an official name for the country, is used by many Indian languages in its variations. Scholars believe it to be named after the Vedic tribe of Bharatas in the second millennium B. C. E and it is also traditionally associated with the rule of the legendary emperor Bharata. Gaṇarājya is the Sanskrit/Hindi term for republic dating back to the ancient times, hindustan is a Persian name for India dating back to the 3rd century B. C. E. It was introduced into India by the Mughals and widely used since then and its meaning varied, referring to a region that encompassed northern India and Pakistan or India in its entirety
India
–
Flag
India
–
The granite
tower of
Brihadeeswarar Temple in
Thanjavur was completed in 1010 CE by
Raja Raja Chola I.
India
–
Writing the will and testament of the Mughal king court in Persian, 1590–1595
7.
Kolkata
–
Kolkata /koʊlˈkɑːtɑː/ is the capital of the Indian state of West Bengal. In 2011, the city had a population of 4.5 million, while the population of the city and its suburbs was 14.1 million, making it the third-most populous metropolitan area in India. Recent estimates of Kolkata Metropolitan Areas economy have ranged from $60 to $150 billion making it third most-productive metropolitan area in India, after Mumbai, in the late 17th century, the three villages that predated Calcutta were ruled by the Nawab of Bengal under Mughal suzerainty. After the Nawab granted the East India Company a trading licence in 1690, Nawab Siraj ud-Daulah occupied Calcutta in 1756, and the East India Company retook it the following year. In 1793 the East India company was enough to abolish Nizamat. Calcutta was the centre for the Indian independence movement, it remains a hotbed of contemporary state politics, following Indian independence in 1947, Kolkata, which was once the centre of modern Indian education, science, culture, and politics, suffered several decades of economic stagnation. Many people from Kolkata—among them several Nobel laureates—have contributed to the arts, the sciences, Kolkata culture features idiosyncrasies that include distinctively close-knit neighbourhoods and freestyle intellectual exchanges. Though home to major cricketing venues and franchises, Kolkata differs from other Indian cities by giving importance to association football, there are several explanations about the etymology of this name, The term Kolikata is thought to be a variation of Kalikkhetrô, meaning Field of Kali. Similarly, it can be a variation of Kalikshetra, alternatively, the name may have been derived from the Bengali term kilkila, or flat area. The name may have its origin in the words khal meaning canal, followed by kaṭa, according to another theory, the area specialised in the production of quicklime or koli chun and coir or kata, hence, it was called Kolikata. The discovery and archaeological study of Chandraketugarh,35 kilometres north of Kolkata, Kolkatas recorded history began in 1690 with the arrival of the English East India Company, which was consolidating its trade business in Bengal. The area occupied by the city encompassed three villages, Kalikata, Gobindapur, and Sutanuti. Kalikata was a village, Sutanuti was a riverside weavers village. They were part of an estate belonging to the Mughal emperor and these rights were transferred to the East India Company in 1698. In 1712, the British completed the construction of Fort William, facing frequent skirmishes with French forces, the British began to upgrade their fortifications in 1756. The Nawab of Bengal, Siraj ud-Daulah, condemned the militarisation and his warning went unheeded, and the Nawab attacked, he captured Fort William which led to the killings of several East India company officials in the Black Hole of Calcutta. A force of Company soldiers and British troops led by Robert Clive recaptured the city the following year, declared a presidency city, Calcutta became the headquarters of the East India Company by 1772. In 1793, ruling power of the Nawabs were abolished and East India company took control of the city
Kolkata
–
Clockwise from top:
Victoria Memorial,
St. Paul's Cathedral, central business district,
Howrah Bridge, city tram line,
Vidyasagar Bridge
Kolkata
–
Fort William, headquarters of the
British East India Company
Kolkata
–
Chowringhee avenue and
Tipu Sultan Mosque in central Calcutta, 1945
Kolkata
–
Bengali billboards on Harrison Street. Calcutta was the largest commercial center in British India.
8.
Presidency College, Calcutta
–
Presidency University, Kolkata, formerly Hindu College and Presidency College, is a public state university located in Kolkata, West Bengal. The college was established in 1817 by Raja Ram Mohan Roy, Radhakanta Deb, David Hare, Justice Sir Edward Hyde East, Baidyanath Mukhopadhya, with the creation of the Supreme Court of Calcutta in 1773 many Hindus of Bengal showed eagerness to learn the English language. David Hare, in collaboration with Raja Radhakanta Deb had already taken steps to introduce English education in Bengal, the purpose of the meeting was to discuss the proposal to establish an institution for giving a liberal education to the children of the members of the Hindu Community. The proposal was received with unanimous approbation and a donation of over Rs,100,000 was promised for the setting up of the new college. The College was formally opened on Monday,20 January 1817 with 20 scholars, the foundation committee of the college, which oversaw its establishment, was headed by Raja Rammohan Roy. The control of the institution was vested in a body of two Governors and four Directors, the first Governors of the college were Maharaja Tejchandra Bahadur of Burdwan and Babu Gopee Mohan Thakoor. The first Directors were Babu Gopi Mohun Deb of Sobhabazar, Babu Joykissen Sinha, Babu Radha Madhab Banerjee, Babu Buddinath Mukherjee was appointed as the first Secretary of the college. The newly established college mostly admitted Hindu students from affluent and progressive families, at first the classes were held in a house belonging to Gorachand Bysack of Garanhatta, which was rented by the college. In January 1818 the college moved to Feringhi Kamal Boses house which was located nearby in Chitpore, from Chitpore, the college moved to Bowbazar and later to the building that now houses the Sanskrit College on College Street. In 1972, an article was released by the faculty members of the college demanding that the college be given full university status. It is a secret that the author of the article was Prof. Dipak Banerjee. The other members of the committee included Prof, ashes Prasad Mitra, Prof. Barun De, Dr. Bimal Jalan and Prof. Subimal Sen, to look into the possibility of upgrading the status of the college. In 2009, the Governing Body of the college adopted the proposal that the college should be given full university status. The bill stated that once the college becomes a full state-aided university it will be renamed Presidency University, the new logo of the Presidency University has been created by Sabyasachi Dutta as reported in a letter to the Editor of Anandabazar Patrika on 1 April 2013. On 19 March 2010, the West Bengal Government passed the Presidency University Bill,2009 in the State Legislative Assembly, on 7 July 2010, the governor of West Bengal, M K Narayanan gave his assent to the Presidency University Bill. On 23 July 2010, the Government of West Bengal published the gazette notification completing all the formalities for Presidency to become a full university. Prof. Amiya Bagchi was given the responsibility of chairing a committee set up to select, Prof. Amita Chatterjee, a retired professor of philosophy at Jadavpur University, was appointed as the first vice-chancellor of Presidency University on 5 October 2010. In 2011, Higher Education Minister Bratya Basu suggested that a group, along the lines of the Nalanda mentor group
Presidency College, Calcutta
–
The main entrance of the university at College Street.
Presidency College, Calcutta
–
Presidency University প্রেসিডেন্সি বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়
Presidency College, Calcutta
–
The Main Building corridor
Presidency College, Calcutta
–
Memorial plaque of Ram Eqbal Singh
9.
Padma Vibhushan
–
The Padma Vibhushan is the second-highest civilian award of the Republic of India, preceded by Bharat Ratna and followed by Padma Bhushan. Instituted on 2 January 1954, the award is given for exceptional and distinguished service, without distinction of race, occupation, position, or sex. The award criteria include service in any field including service rendered by Government servants including doctors and scientists, as of 2017, the award has been bestowed on 300 individuals, including twelve posthumous and 19 non-citizen recipients. During 1 May and 15 September of every year, the recommendations for the award are submitted to the Padma Awards Committee, the committee later submits their recommendations to the Prime Minister and the President of India for the further approval. The award recipients are announced on Republic Day, the first recipients of the award were Satyendra Nath Bose, Nand Lal Bose, Zakir Hussain, Balasaheb Gangadhar Kher, Jigme Dorji Wangchuk, and V. K. Krishna Menon, who were honoured in 1954. The 1954 statutes did not allow posthumous awards but this was modified in the January 1955 statute. The Padma Vibhushan, along with other personal civil honours, was suspended twice, from July 1977 to January 1980. Some of the recipients have refused or returned their conferments, on 15 January 1955, the Padma Vibhushan was reclassified into three different awards, the Padma Vibhushan, the highest of the three, followed by the Padma Bhushan and the Padma Shri. The suspension was rescinded on 25 January 1980 after Indira Gandhi became the Prime Minister, both petitioners questioned the civilian awards being titles per an interpretation of Article 18 of the Constitution of India. On 25 August 1992, the Madhya Pradesh High Court issued a notice temporarily suspending all civilian awards. A Special Division Bench of the Supreme Court of India was formed comprising five judges, A. M. Ahmadi C. J. Kuldip Singh, B. P. Jeevan Reddy, N. P. Singh, and S. Saghir Ahmad. On 15 December 1995, the Special Division Bench restored the awards and delivered a judgment that the Bharat Ratna, the award is conferred for exceptional and distinguished service, without distinction of race, occupation, position, or sex. The recommendations received during 1 May and 15 September of every year are submitted to the Padma Awards Committee, the Awards Committee later submits its recommendations to the Prime Minister and the President of India for further approval. The conferral of the award is not considered official without its publication in the Gazette, the original 1954 specifications of the award called for a circle made of gold gilt 1 3⁄8 inches in diameter, with rims on both sides. A floral wreath was embossed along the edge and a lotus wreath at the top along the upper edge. The Emblem of India was placed in the centre of the side with the text Desh Seva in Devanagari Script on the lower edge. The medal was suspended by a pink riband 1 1⁄4 inches in width divided into two segments by a white vertical line. A year later, the design was modified, the current decoration is a circular-shaped bronze toned medallion 1 3⁄4 inches in diameter and 1⁄8 inch thick
Padma Vibhushan
–
Padma Vibhushan
10.
Fellow of the Royal Society
–
As of 2016, there are around 1600 living Fellows, Foreign and Honorary Members. Fellowship of the Royal Society has been described by The Guardian newspaper as “the equivalent of a lifetime achievement Oscar” with several institutions celebrating their announcement each year. Up to 60 new Fellows, honorary and foreign members are elected annually usually in May, each candidate is considered on their merits and can be proposed from any sector of the scientific community. Fellows are elected for life on the basis of excellence in science and are entitled to use the post-nominal letters FRS, see Category, Fellows of the Royal Society and Category, Female Fellows of the Royal Society. Every year, Fellows elect up to ten new Foreign Members, like Fellows, Foreign Members are elected for life through peer review on the basis of excellence in science. As of 2016 there are around 165 Foreign Members, who are entitled to use the post-nominal ForMemRS, see Category, Foreign Members of the Royal Society. Honorary Fellows include Bill Bryson, Melvyn Bragg, Robin Saxby, David Sainsbury, Baron Sainsbury of Turville, Honorary Fellows are entitled to use the post nominal letters HonFRS. Others including John Maddox, Patrick Moore and Lisa Jardine were elected as honorary fellows, statute 12 is a legacy mechanism for electing members before official honorary membership existed in 1997. Fellows elected under statute 12 include David Attenborough and John Palmer, prime Ministers of the United Kingdom such as Margaret Thatcher, Neville Chamberlain, H. H. Asquith were elected under statute 12, see Category, Fellows of the Royal Society. The Council of the Royal Society can recommend members of the British Royal Family for election as Royal Fellows of the Royal Society. As of 2016 there are five royal fellows, Charles, Prince of Wales, Anne, Princess Royal, Prince Edward, Duke of Kent, Prince William, Duke of Cambridge and Prince Andrew, Duke of York. Her Majesty the Queen, Elizabeth II is not a Royal Fellow, Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh was elected under statute 12, not as a Royal Fellow. The election of new fellows is announced annually in May, after their nomination, each candidate for Fellowship or Foreign Membership is nominated by two Fellows of the Royal Society, who sign a certificate of proposal. Previously, nominations required at least five fellows to support each nomination by the proposer, the certificate of election includes a statement of the principal grounds on which the proposal is being made. There is no limit on the number of nominations each year. In 2015, there were 654 candidates for election as Fellows and 106 candidates for Foreign Membership. The final list of up to 52 Fellowship candidates and up to 10 Foreign Membership candidates is confirmed by the Council in April, a candidate is elected if he or she secures two-thirds of votes of those Fellows present and voting. A further maximum of six can be ‘Honorary’, ‘General’ or ‘Royal’ Fellows, nominations for Fellowship are peer reviewed by sectional committees, each with fifteen members and a chair
Fellow of the Royal Society
–
The entrance to the Royal Society in Carlton House Terrace, London
Fellow of the Royal Society
–
The President, Council, and Fellows of the Royal Society of London for Improving Natural Knowledge
Fellow of the Royal Society
–
John Evelyn, who helped to found the Royal Society
Fellow of the Royal Society
–
Mace granted by Charles II
11.
University of Cambridge
–
The University of Cambridge is a collegiate public research university in Cambridge, England, often regarded as one of the most prestigious universities in the world. Founded in 1209 and given royal status by King Henry III in 1231, Cambridge is the second-oldest university in the English-speaking world. The university grew out of an association of scholars who left the University of Oxford after a dispute with the townspeople, the two ancient universities share many common features and are often referred to jointly as Oxbridge. Cambridge is formed from a variety of institutions which include 31 constituent colleges, Cambridge University Press, a department of the university, is the worlds oldest publishing house and the second-largest university press in the world. The university also operates eight cultural and scientific museums, including the Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridges libraries hold a total of around 15 million books, eight million of which are in Cambridge University Library, a legal deposit library. In the year ended 31 July 2015, the university had an income of £1.64 billion. The central university and colleges have an endowment of around £5.89 billion. The university is linked with the development of the high-tech business cluster known as Silicon Fen. It is a member of associations and forms part of the golden triangle of leading English universities and Cambridge University Health Partners. As of 2017, Cambridge is ranked the fourth best university by three ranking tables and no other institution in the world ranks in the top 10 for as many subjects. Cambridge is consistently ranked as the top university in the United Kingdom, the university has educated many notable alumni, including eminent mathematicians, scientists, politicians, lawyers, philosophers, writers, actors, and foreign Heads of State. Ninety-five Nobel laureates, fifteen British prime ministers and ten Fields medalists have been affiliated with Cambridge as students, faculty, by the late 12th century, the Cambridge region already had a scholarly and ecclesiastical reputation, due to monks from the nearby bishopric church of Ely. The University of Oxford went into suspension in protest, and most scholars moved to such as Paris, Reading. After the University of Oxford reformed several years later, enough remained in Cambridge to form the nucleus of the new university. A bull in 1233 from Pope Gregory IX gave graduates from Cambridge the right to teach everywhere in Christendom, the colleges at the University of Cambridge were originally an incidental feature of the system. No college is as old as the university itself, the colleges were endowed fellowships of scholars. There were also institutions without endowments, called hostels, the hostels were gradually absorbed by the colleges over the centuries, but they have left some indicators of their time, such as the name of Garret Hostel Lane. Hugh Balsham, Bishop of Ely, founded Peterhouse, Cambridges first college, the most recently established college is Robinson, built in the late 1970s
University of Cambridge
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Emmanuel College Chapel
University of Cambridge
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University of Cambridge coat of arms
University of Cambridge
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Sir Isaac Newton was a student of the University of Cambridge
University of Cambridge
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Trinity Lane in the snow, with
King's College Chapel (centre),
Clare College Chapel (right), and the
Old Schools (left)
12.
Indian Statistical Institute
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Indian Statistical Institute is an academic institute of national importance as recognised by a 1959 act of the Indian parliament. It grew out of the Statistical Laboratory set up by Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis in Presidency College, Mahalanobis, the founder of ISI, was deeply influenced by wisdom and guidance of Rabindranath Tagore and Brajendranath Seal. The institute is now considered as one of the foremost centres in the world for training and research in Computer science, Statistics, Quantitative Economics, ISI has its headquarters in Baranagar, a suburb of Kolkata, West Bengal. It has four subsidiary centres focused in academics at Delhi, Bangalore, Chennai and Tezpur, primary activities of ISI are research and training of Statistics, development of theoretical Statistics and its applications in various natural and social sciences. ISI functions under the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation of the Government of India, ISIs origin can be traced back to the Statistical Laboratory in Presidency College, Kolkata set up by Mahalanobis, who worked in the Physics Department of the college in the 1920s. During 1913–15, he did his Tripos in Mathematics and Physics at University of Cambridge, where he came across Biometrica, since 1915, he taught Physics at Presidency College, but his interest in Statistics grew under the guidance of polymath Brajendranath Seal. Many colleagues of Mahalanobis took an interest in Statistics and the group grew in the Statistical Laboratory and this group, particularly, Mahalanobis and his younger colleagues S. S. Bose and H. C. Sinha felt the necessity of forming a specialized institute to facilitate research, on 17 December 1931, Mahalonobis held a meeting with Pramatha Nath Banerji, Nikhil Ranjan Sen and Sir R. N. Mukherji. Later, the institute was registered under the West Bengal Societies Registration Act XXVI of 1961 amended in 1964, mukherjee accepted the role of the president of ISI and held this position until his death in 1936. In 1953, ISI was relocated to a property owned by Professor Mahalanobis, named Amrapali, in Baranagar, in 1931, Mahalanobis was the only person working at ISI, and he managed it with an annual expenditure of Rs.250. The institute started a section in 1938. In due course, many of the workers left the ISI for careers in the USA or for positions in public/private sector in India. As asked by the Government of India, in 1950, ISI designed and planned a comprehensive socio–economic national sample survey covering rural India, the organisation named National Sample Survey was founded in 1950 for conducting this survey. J. B. S. Haldane joined the ISI as a professor from August 1957, and stayed on until February 1961. Haldane helped the ISI grow in biometrics, Haldane also played a key role in developing the structure and content of the courses offered by ISI. Until 1959, ISI was associated with the University of Calcutta, ISI is a public university, as the same act also states that ISI would be funded by the Central Government of India. Additionally, Bangalore had a Documentation Research and Training Centre, in the early 1970s, the Delhi and Bangalore units were converted to teaching centres. In 2008, ISI Chennai was upgraded to a teaching centre, in 2011, ISI added a new centre in Tezpur
Indian Statistical Institute
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New Academic Building, ISI Kolkata
Indian Statistical Institute
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Logo of the Indian Statistical Institute
Indian Statistical Institute
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Main office building, ISI Delhi
Indian Statistical Institute
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Main building, ISI Bangalore
13.
Samarendra Nath Roy
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Samarendra Nath Roy or S. N. Roy was an Indian-born American mathematician and an applied statistician. Roy was the first of three children of Kali Nath Roy and Suniti Bala Roy and his father, Kali Nath Roy was a freedom fighter and the Chief Editor of the newspaper The Tribune, then publishing from Lahore. For this offence Kali Nath Roy was sentenced to imprisonment for two years along with a fine of one thousand rupees. Roy secured first division in the Matriculation Examination in 1923 from the Khulna District School and he was the topper in the Intermediate Science Examinations in 1925 from the Daulatpur Hindu Academy. Roy along with talented young scholars including J. M. Sengupta. Sinha, Raj Chandra Bose, K. R. Nair, K. Kishen and C. R. Rao, Roy was one of the very early students of Mahalanobis, who initiated some of the early works in Statistics. His dissertation included the Post masters work at the Indian Statistical Institute where he worked under Mahalanobis and it was Bose who first went to the United States as a visiting professor at Columbia University and then joined the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in 1947. In between this Roy returned to India and became Head of the Department of Statistics at the University of Calcutta during the academic year 1949–50, Roy joined Bose as full Professor of Statistics in the Statistics Department at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. S. N. Roy had 15 doctorate students there from 1950 till 1963, to commemorate his Birth Centenary an International Conference on Multivariate Statistical Methods in the 21st Century, The Legacy of Prof. S. N. Roy was held at Kolkata, India during 28–29 December 2006, the Journal of Statistical Planning and Inference published a special Issue for celebrating the Centennial of Birth of S. N. Roy. Roy was married to Bani Roy and had four children, Prabir, Subir, Tapon and he died while on holiday in Jasper, Canada. His eldest son, Prabir Roy was also a mathematician, who obtained his PhD from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in 1962 and his dissertation was on the Separability of Metric Spaces. He later went on to become full Professor at an age at the Binghamton University. Potthoff, R. F. and Roy, S. N, “A generalized multivariate analysis of variance model useful especially for growth curve problems”, Biometrika, vol. “Some Aspects of Multivariate Analysis”, New York, Wiley, Roy, S. N. and Sarhan, A. E. “On inverting a class of patterned matrices”, Biometrika,43, on distribution problems in multivariate analysis. On the distribution of quadratic forms, on some distribution problems in multivariate analysis. Contributions to the analysis of categorical data
Samarendra Nath Roy
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Samarendra Nath Roy
14.
Raj Chandra Bose
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He also invented the notions of partial geometry, strongly regular graph, and started a systematic study of difference sets to construct symmetric block designs. Bose was born in Hoshangabad, India, he was the first of five children and his father was a physician and life was good until 1918 when his mother died in the influenza pandemic. His father died of a stroke the following year, despite difficult circumstances, Bose continued to study securing first class in the M. A. examinations in pure mathematics at the University of Calcutta. His research was performed under the supervision of the geometry Professor Syamadas Mukhopadhyaya from Calcutta, Bose worked as a lecturer at Asutosh College, Calcutta. He published his work on the geometry of convex curves. Boses course changed in December 1932 when P. C, Mahalanobis, director of the new Indian Statistical Institute, offered Bose a part-time job. Mahalanobis had seen Boses geometrical work and wanted him to work on statistics, the day after Bose moved in, the secretary brought him all the volumes of Biometrika with a list of 50 papers to read and also Fishers Statistical Methods for Research Workers. Mahalanobis told him, You were saying that you do not know much statistics and this will suffice for your statistical education for the present. With Samarendra Nath Roy, who joined the ISI a little later and he first worked with multivariate analysis where he collaborated with Mahalanobis and Roy. In 1938–9 Fisher visited India and talked about the design of experiments, Roy had the idea of using the theory of finite fields and finite geometry to solve problems in design. The development of a theory of design would be Boses main preoccupation until the mid-1950s. In 1935 Bose had become full-time at the Institute, in 1940 joined the University of Calcutta where C. R. Rao and H. K. Nandi were in the first group of students he taught. In 1945 Bose became Head of the Department of Statistics, the university authorities told him he needed to have a doctorate. So he submitted his papers on multivariate analysis and the design of experiments and was awarded a D. Litt. in 1947. In 1947 Bose went to the United States as a professor at Columbia University. He received offers from American universities and he was offered positions in India. In 1971, he retired at the age of 70 and he then accepted a chair at Colorado State University of Fort Collins from which he retired in 1980. His final doctoral student finished after this second retirement, Bose died in Colorado, aged 86, in 1987
Raj Chandra Bose
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Raj Chandra Bose
15.
C.R. Rao
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Calyampudi Radhakrishna Rao, FRS known as C R Rao is an Indian-born, naturalized American, mathematician and statistician. He is currently professor emeritus at Penn State University and Research Professor at the University at Buffalo, Rao has been honoured by numerous colloquia, honorary degrees, and festschrifts and was awarded the US National Medal of Science in 2002. The Times of India listed Rao as one of the top 10 Indian scientists of all time, Rao is also a Senior Policy and Statistics advisor for the Indian Heart Association non-profit focused on raising South Asian cardiovascular disease awareness. C. R. Rao was born in Hadagali, Bellary, Karnataka and he received an M. Sc. in mathematics from Andhra University and an M. A. in statistics from Calcutta University in 1943. He was among the first few people in the world to hold a degree in Statistics. Among his best-known discoveries are the Cramér–Rao bound and the Rao–Blackwell theorem both related to the quality of estimators, other areas he worked in include multivariate analysis, estimation theory, and differential geometry. His other contributions include the Fisher–Rao Theorem, Rao distance, and he is the author of 14 books and has published over 400 journal publications. Rao has received 38 honorary doctoral degrees from universities in 19 countries around the world and numerous awards and medals for his contributions to statistics and he is a member of eight National Academies in India, the United Kingdom, the United States, and Italy. Rao was awarded the United States National Medal of Science, that nations highest award for achievement in fields of scientific research. The latest addition to his collection of awards is the India Science Award for 2010 and he has been the President of the International Statistical Institute, Institute of Mathematical Statistics, and the International Biometric Society. The Journal of Quantitative Economics published an issue in Raos honour in 1991. Dr Rao is a distinguished scientist and a highly eminent statistician of our time. He is a teacher and has guided the research work of numerous students in all areas of statistics. His early work had influenced the course of statistical research during the last four decades. One of the purposes of special issue is to recognize Dr Raos own contributions to econometrics. Bush, on June 12,2002, honoured him with the National Medal of Science, also honorary doctorates from a number of universities and institutes around the world. The Pennsylvania State University has established C. R, the road from IIIT Hyderabad passing along Central University of Hyderabad crossroads to Alind Factory, Lingampally is named as Prof. C. R. Rao Road. Testing Point Null Hypothesis of a Normal Mean and the Truth, Data Mining Using Neural Networks, A Guide for Statisticians
C.R. Rao
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Prof. Rao at
Indian Statistical Institute,
Chennai in April 2012
16.
Order of the British Empire
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There is also the related British Empire Medal, whose recipients are affiliated with, but not members of, the order. Recommendations for appointments to the Order of the British Empire were at first made on the nomination of the United Kingdom, the self-governing Dominions of the Empire, nominations continue today from Commonwealth countries that participate in recommending British honours. Most members are citizens of the United Kingdom or the Commonwealth realms that use the Imperial system of honours and awards. Honorary knighthoods are appointed to citizens of nations where the Queen is not head of state, occasionally, honorary appointees are, incorrectly, referred to as Sir or Dame – Bill Gates or Bob Geldof, for example. In particular, King George V wished to create an Order to honour many thousands of those who had served in a variety of non-combatant roles during the First World War, when first established, the Order had only one division. However, in 1918, soon after its foundation, it was divided into Military. The Orders motto is For God and the Empire, at the foundation of the Order, the Medal of the Order of the British Empire was instituted, to serve as a lower award granting recipients affiliation but not membership. In 1922, this was renamed the British Empire Medal, in addition, the BEM is awarded by the Cook Islands and by some other Commonwealth nations. The British monarch is Sovereign of the Order, and appoints all members of the Order. The next most senior member is the Grand Master, of whom there have been three, Prince Edward, the Prince of Wales, Queen Mary, and the current Grand Master, the Duke of Edinburgh. The Order is limited to 300 Knights and Dames Grand Cross,845 Knights and Dames Commander, and 8,960 Commanders. There are no limits applied to the number of members of the fourth and fifth classes. Foreign recipients, as members, do not contribute to the numbers restricted to the Order as full members do. Though men can be knighted separately from an order of chivalry, women cannot, and so the rank of Knight/Dame Commander of the Order is the lowest rank of damehood, and second-lowest of knighthood. Because of this, Dame Commander is awarded in circumstances in which a man would be created a Knight Bachelor, for example, by convention, female judges of the High Court of Justice are created Dames Commander after appointment, while male judges become Knights Bachelor. The Order has six officials, the Prelate, the Dean, the Secretary, the Registrar, the King of Arms, the Bishop of London, a senior bishop in the Church of England, serves as the Orders Prelate. The Dean of St Pauls is ex officio the Dean of the Order, the Orders King of Arms is not a member of the College of Arms, as are many other heraldic officers. From time to time, individuals are appointed to a higher grade within the Order, thereby ceasing usage of the junior post-nominal letters
Order of the British Empire
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Most Excellent Order of the British Empire
Order of the British Empire
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MBE as awarded in 1918
Order of the British Empire
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Close up of an MBE from 1945 showing the "For God and the Empire"
Order of the British Empire
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Lieutenant General Sir
Robert Fulton, KBE
17.
Planning Commission (India)
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The Planning Commission was an institution in the Government of India, which formulated Indias Five-Year Plans, among other functions. In his first Independence Day speech in 2014, Prime Minister Narendra Modi announced his intention to dissolve the Planning Commission and it has since been replaced by a new institution named NITI Aayog. M. Visvesvaraya had been elected head of the Planning Committee, meghnad Saha approached the great engineer and requested him to step down. He argued that planning needed a reciprocity between science and politics, industrialists and economists independently formulated at least three development plans in 2012. Some scholars have argued that the introduction of planning as an instrument was intended to transcend the divisions between Mahatma Gandhi and Nehru. Other scholars have argued that the Planning Commission, as an agency in the context of plural democracy in India. Authority for creation of the Planning Commission was not derived from the Constitution of India or statute, the first Five-Year Plan was launched in 1951, focusing mainly on development of the agricultural sector. Two subsequent Five-Year Plans were formulated before 1965, when there was a break because of the Indo-Pakistan conflict, the Eighth Plan could not take off in 1990 due to the fast changing political situation at the Centre, and the years 1990–91 and 1991–92 were treated as Annual Plans. The Eighth Plan was finally launched in 1992 after the initiation of structural adjustment policies, in 2014, Narendra Modi government decided to wind down the Planning Commission. It was replaced by the newly formed NITI Aayog, the composition of the Commission underwent considerable changes since its initiation. With the Prime Minister as the ex officio Chairman, the committee had a nominated Deputy Chairman, to formulate a plan for the most effective and balanced utilisation of countrys resources. To define the stages, on the basis of priority, in which the plan should be carried out, to indicate the factors that tend to retard economic development. To determine the conditions which need to be established for the execution of the plan within the incumbent socio-political situation of the country. To determine the nature of the machinery required for securing the successful implementation of each stage of the plan in all its aspects, to make necessary recommendations from time to time regarding those things which are deemed necessary for facilitating the execution of these functions. Such recommendations can be related to the economic conditions, current policies, measures or development programmes. They can even be out in response to some specific problems referred to the commission by the central or the state governments. In March 2013, Planning Commission launched a social media campaign for spreading Awareness about 12th Five Year Plan. It was followed by series of Google+ Hangouts and a Plan Hackathon, by September 2013, it had made a considerable presence on Social Media with over One lakh Twitter followers and a considerable size on Facebook, YouTube and SlideShare
Planning Commission (India)
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Planning Commission योजना आयोग
18.
Anthropometry
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Anthropometry refers to the measurement of the human individual. Anthropometry involves the measurement of the physical properties of the human body, primarily dimensional descriptors of body size. Changes in lifestyles, nutrition, and ethnic composition of lead to changes in the distribution of body dimensions. Due to methodological and practical problems, its measurement is subject to considerable error in statistical sampling. The average height in genetically and environmentally homogeneous populations is often proportional across a number of individuals. Exceptional height variation within such a population is due to gigantism or dwarfism. Similarly, the shortest and tallest of individuals, Chandra Bahadur Dangi and Robert Wadlow, have ranged from 1 ft 9 in to 8 ft 11.1 in, respectively. Adult brain size varies from 974.9 cm3 to 1,498.1 cm3 in females and 1,052.9 cm3 to 1,498.5 cm3 in males, with the average being 1,130 cm3 and 1,260 cm3, respectively. The right cerebral hemisphere is typically larger than the left, whereas the cerebellar hemispheres are typically of similar size. Size of the stomach varies significantly in adults, with one study showing volumes ranging from 520 cm3 to 1,536 cm3. Male and female genitalia exhibit considerable variation, with penis size differing substantially. Human beauty and physical attractiveness have been preoccupations throughout history which often intersect with anthropometric standards, cosmetology, facial symmetry, and waist–hip ratio are three such examples where measurements are commonly thought to be fundamental. Anthropometric studies today are conducted to investigate the significance of differences in body proportion between populations whose ancestors lived in different environments. On a micro evolutionary level anthropologists use anthropometric variation to reconstruct small-scale population history, today anthropometry can be performed with three-dimensional scanners. A global collaborative study to examine the uses of three-dimensional scanners for health care was launched in March 2007, the Body Benchmark Study will investigate the use of three-dimensional scanners to calculate volumes and segmental volumes of an individual body scan. The aim is to establish whether the Body Volume Index has the potential to be used as a long-term computer-based anthropometric measurement for health care, in 2001 the UK conducted the largest sizing survey to date using scanners. Since then several national surveys have followed in the UKs pioneering steps, notably SizeUSA, SizeMexico, and SizeThailand, sizeUK showed that the nation had become taller and heavier but not as much as expected. Since 1951, when the last womens survey had taken place, baropodographic devices fall into two main categories, floor-based, and in-shoe
Anthropometry
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The field of ergonomics employs anthropometry to optimize human interaction with equipment and workplaces.
Anthropometry
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A
Bertillon record for
Francis Galton, from a visit to
Bertillon 's laboratory in 1893.
Anthropometry
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Example insole (in-shoe) foot pressure measurement device.
Anthropometry
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An early set of
finger- and handprints by
Sir William Herschel, 2nd Baronet (1833–1917)
19.
Bangladesh
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Bangladesh, officially the Peoples Republic of Bangladesh, is a country in South Asia. It shares land borders with India and Myanmar, Nepal, Bhutan and China are located near Bangladesh but do not share a border with it. The countrys maritime territory in the Bay of Bengal is roughly equal to the size of its land area, Bangladesh is the worlds eighth most populous country. Dhaka is its capital and largest city, followed by Chittagong which has the countrys largest port, Bangladesh forms the largest and eastern part of the Bengal region. Bangladeshis include people of different ethnic groups and religions, Bengalis, who speak the official Bengali, make up 98% of the population. The politically dominant Bengali Muslims make the nation the worlds third largest Muslim-majority country, most of Bangladesh is covered by the Bengal delta, the largest delta on Earth. The country has 700 rivers and 8,046 km of inland waterways, highlands with evergreen forests are found in the northeastern and southeastern regions of the country. Bangladesh has many islands and a coral reef and it is home to the Sundarbans, the largest mangrove forest in the world. The countrys biodiversity includes a vast array of plant and wildlife, including critically endangered Bengal tigers, the Greeks and Romans identified the region as Gangaridai, a powerful kingdom of the historical subcontinent, in the 3rd century BCE. Archaeological research has unearthed several ancient cities in Bangladesh, which had trade links for millennia. The Bengal Sultanate and Mughal Bengal transformed the region into a cosmopolitan Islamic imperial power between the 14th and 18th centuries, the region was home to many principalities which had inland naval prowess. It was also a center of the worldwide muslin and silk trade. As part of British India, the region was influenced by the Bengali renaissance, the Partition of British India made East Bengal a part of the Dominion of Pakistan, and was renamed as East Pakistan. The region witnessed the Bengali Language Movement in 1952 and the Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971, after independence, a parliamentary republic was established. A presidential government was in place between 1975 and 1990, followed by a return to parliamentary democracy, the country has also been affected by poverty, natural disasters, hunger, dominant party systems and military coups. Bangladesh is a power and a major developing nation. Listed as one of the Next Eleven, it has the 46th largest economy and it is one of the largest textile exporters in the world. Its major trading partners are the European Union, the United States, China, India, Japan, Malaysia, with its strategically vital location between Southern, Eastern and Southeast Asia, Bangladesh is an important promoter of regional connectivity and cooperation
Bangladesh
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Mahasthangarh is the oldest archaeological site in Bangladesh. It dates back to 700 BCE and was the ancient capital of the
Pundra Kingdom
Bangladesh
Bangladesh
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Asia in 323 BC, the
Gangaridai Empire in relation to the
Nanda Empire,
Alexander 's Empire and neighbours
Bangladesh
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The
Somapura Mahavihara, once the largest
Buddhist vihara in South Asia, built by Emperor
Dharmapala of Bengal
20.
Debendranath Tagore
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Debendranath Tagore was a Hindu philosopher and religious reformer, active in the Brahmo Samaj, which aimed to reform the Hindu religion and way of life. He was one of the founders in 1848 of the Brahmo religion, a Bengali, he was born in Shilaidaha. His father was the industrialist Dwarkanath Tagore, Debendranath was a deeply religious man. His movement, the Brahmo Samaj, was formed in 1843 by merging his Tattwabodhini Sabha with the Brahmo Sabha, ten years after the death of Raja Ram Mohan Roy, founder of the Brahmo Sabha. The Brahmo Sabha had fallen away from its original aims and practices, however, Tagore aimed to revive the importance of this deed. Debendranath was a master of the Upanishads and played no role in the education and cultivation of the faculties of his sons. The Tagore family, with three hundred years of history, has been one of the leading families of Calcutta, and is regarded as a key influence during the Bengal Renaissance. The family has produced several persons who have contributed substantially in the fields of business, social and religious reformation, literature, art, Dwijendranath was an accomplished scholar, poet and music composer. He initiated shorthand and musical notations in Bengali and he wrote extensively and translated Kalidasas Meghdoot into Bengali. Satyendranath was the first Indian to join the Indian Civil Service, at the same time he was a scholar. Hemendranath was the scientist and organiser of the family and he was a spiritual seer and Yogi and he was responsible for development of modern Brahmoism which is now the Adi Dharm religion. He was a doer of his Tagore generation and worthy successor to his grandfather Dwarkanath and he sided with his conservative siblings Dwijendranath and Birendranath in the family disputes against modern Satyendranath, Jyotindranath and Rabindranath. Jyotirindranath was a scholar, artist, music composer and theatre personality, a Nobel laureate in Literature, his poems have been adopted as national anthems of India and Bangladesh. Rabindranath founded the Vishwabharathi University in the Shantiniketan Estate acquired by his father and his other sons were Birendranath and Somendranath. His daughters were Soudamini, Sukumari, Saratkumari, Swarnakumari and Barnakumari, Soudamini was one of the first students of Bethune School and a gifted writer. Swarnakumari was a writer, editor, song-composer and social worker. All of them were famous for their beauty and education and his part in creating the legacy of Thakurbari – the House of Tagore – in the cultural heritage of Bengal, centred in Kolkata, was not negligible. He commenced a study of religious literature, particularly the Upanishads
Debendranath Tagore
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Portrait of Debendranath Tagore
Debendranath Tagore
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Upasana Griha, Prayer Hall, built by Debendranath Tagore in 1863, Santiniketan.
21.
Rabindranath Tagore
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Author of Gitanjali and its profoundly sensitive, fresh and beautiful verse, he became the first non-European to win the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1913. Sometimes referred to as the Bard of Bengal, Tagores poetic songs were viewed as spiritual and mercurial, however, his elegant prose, a Pirali Brahmin from Calcutta with ancestral gentry roots in Jessore, Tagore wrote poetry as an eight-year-old. At the age of sixteen, he released his first substantial poems under the pseudonym Bhānusiṃha, by 1877 he graduated to his first short stories and dramas, published under his real name. As a humanist, universalist internationalist, and ardent anti-nationalist, he denounced the British Raj, Tagore modernised Bengali art by spurning rigid classical forms and resisting linguistic strictures. His novels, stories, songs, dance-dramas, and essays spoke to topics political and personal, Gitanjali, Gora and Ghare-Baire are his best-known works, and his verse, short stories, and novels were acclaimed—or panned—for their lyricism, colloquialism, naturalism, and unnatural contemplation. His compositions were chosen by two nations as national anthems, Indias Jana Gana Mana and Bangladeshs Amar Shonar Bangla, the Sri Lankan national anthem was inspired by his work. The youngest of thirteen surviving children, Tagore was born on 7 May 1861 in the Jorasanko mansion in Calcutta to Debendranath Tagore, Tagore was raised mostly by servants, his mother had died in his early childhood and his father travelled widely. The Tagore family was at the forefront of the Bengal renaissance and they hosted the publication of literary magazines, theatre and recitals of Bengali and Western classical music featured there regularly. Tagores father invited several professional Dhrupad musicians to stay in the house, Tagores oldest brother Dwijendranath was a philosopher and poet. Another brother, Satyendranath, was the first Indian appointed to the elite, yet another brother, Jyotirindranath, was a musician, composer, and playwright. His sister Swarnakumari became a novelist, jyotirindranaths wife Kadambari Devi, slightly older than Tagore, was a dear friend and powerful influence. Her abrupt suicide in 1884, soon after he married, left him for years profoundly distraught, Tagore largely avoided classroom schooling and preferred to roam the manor or nearby Bolpur and Panihati, idylls which the family visited. His brother Hemendranath tutored and physically conditioned him—by having him swim the Ganges or trek through hills, by gymnastics and he learned drawing, anatomy, geography and history, literature, mathematics, Sanskrit, and English—his least favourite subject. Tagore loathed formal education—his scholarly travails at the local Presidency College spanned a single day, there Tagore read biographies, studied history, astronomy, modern science, and Sanskrit, and examined the classical poetry of Kālidāsa. Tagore returned to Jorosanko and completed a set of works by 1877. As a joke, he claimed that these were the lost works of a newly discovered 17th-century Vaiṣṇava poet Bhānusiṃha, regional experts accepted them as the lost works of Bhānusiṃha. He debuted in the genre in Bengali with Bhikharini. Published in the year, Sandhya Sangit includes the poem Nirjharer Swapnabhanga
Rabindranath Tagore
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Tagore (c.1915)
Rabindranath Tagore
Rabindranath Tagore
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Tagore and his wife Mrinalini Devi, 1883.
Rabindranath Tagore
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Tagore's house in
Shelaidaha,
Bangladesh
22.
Brahmo Samaj
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Brahmo Samaj is a Hindu reform movement. It is the component of Brahmoism, a monotheistic reformist movement of Hindu religion that appeared during the Bengal Renaissance. It is practised mainly as the Adi Dharm after its eclipse in Bengal consequent to the exit of the Tattwabodini Sabha from its ranks in 1859. It was one of the most influential movements in India. Its Trust Deed was made in 1830 formalising its inception and it was duly and publicly inaugurated in January 1830 by the consecration of the first house of prayer, the Brahmo Samaj literally denotes community of men who worship Brahman the highest reality. The following doctrines, as noted in Renaissance of Hinduism, are common to all varieties and offshoots of the Brahmo Samaj, Brahmo Samajists have no faith in Avatars. Brahmo Samajists denounce polytheism and idol-worship, Brahmo Samajists are against caste restrictions. Brahmo Samajists make faith in the doctrines of Karma and Rebirth optional, Adi Brahmo Samaj Sadharan Brahmo Samaj To understand the differences between the two streams of Brahmo Samaj it is essential to understand that these implicit distinctions are based on caste. The Anusthanic Brahmos are exclusively either Brahmins or casteless, and exclusively adhere to Brahmoism and have no other faith, the Ananusthanic Brahmo Samajists, however, are from the remaining main caste divisions of Hinduism like Kayastha, Baidya etc. On 20 August 1828 the first assembly of the Brahmo Sabha was held at the North Calcutta house of Feringhee Kamal Bose and this day was celebrated by Brahmos as Bhadrotsab. These meetings were open to all Brahmins and there was no organisation or theology as such. On 8 January 1830 influential progressive members of the closely related Kulin Brahmin clan scurrilously described as Pirali Brahmin ie, on 23 January 1830 or 11th Magh, the Adi Brahmo premises were publicly inaugurated. This day is celebrated by Brahmos as Maghotsab, in November 1830 Rammohun Roy left for England. Akbar II had conferred the title of Raja to Rammohun Roy, by the time of Rammohuns death in 1833 near Bristol, attendance at the Sabha dwindled and the Telugu Brahmins revived idolatry. The zameendars, being preoccupied in business, had time for affairs of Sabha. On 6 October 1839 Debendranath Tagore, son of Dwarkanath Tagore, initially confined to immediate members of the Tagore family, in 2 years it mustered over 500 members. In 1840 Debendranath published a Bangla translation of Katha Upanishad, a modern researcher describes the Sabhas philosophy as modern middle-class Vedanta. On 7th Pous 1765 Shaka Debendranath Tagore and twenty other Tattwabodhini stalwarts were formally invited by Pt. Vidyabagish into the Trust of Brahmo Sabha, the Pous Mela at Santiniketan starts on this day
Brahmo Samaj
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Raja Ram Mohan Roy
23.
Bidhan Sarani
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Bidhan Sarani is a principal North-South thoroughfare in north Kolkata, the capital of the Indian state of West Bengal. It was named after the first Chief Minister of West Bengal, the road starts from Shyambazar five-point crossing and roughly extends till Mahatma Gandhi Road crossing, after which the street continues as College Street. Bidhan Sarani encompasses the neighbourhoods of Shyambazar, Hatibagan, Hedua, Shimla, Thanthania, the three-mile long Maratha Ditch was excavated in 1742 as a protection against the marauding Maratha soldiers then foraging in the countryside but who never came. It was filled up in 1799 to build the Circular Road and it was metalled in the early 19th century. The Hatibagan Bazar is located on Bidhan Street, a street market along Bidhan Sarani, which continues till Aurobindo Sarani crossing has resulted in congestion of the area. The Star Theatre located on Bidhan Sarani was famous for over 100 years, more than 12 Hindi dramas were also staged at the Theatre. Unfortunately a fire destroyed the glorious Star Theatre on 16 October 1991 and it has again been built but it has failed to regain its old glory. With six cinema halls — Radha, Rupbani, Minar, Mitra, the Bethune College, is situated on Bidhan Sarani near Hedua. The street is famous for sweetmeat shops like Girish Chandra Dey & Nakur Chandra Nandy. The Vidyasagar College, an institution is also situated on Bidhan Sarani near Thanthaniya Kaali Baari
Bidhan Sarani
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Bidhan Sarani
Bidhan Sarani
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Thanthania Kalibari
Bidhan Sarani
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Roadside snacks stall on Bidhan Sarani
Bidhan Sarani
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Bidhan Sarani-Shyambazar Five-point crossing
24.
Widow remarriage
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Hindu texts present diverse and conflicting views on the position of women, ranging from feminine leadership as the highest goddess to limiting her role to an obedient daughter, housewife and mother. The woman is celebrated as the most powerful and the force in some Hindu Upanishads, Sastras and Puranas, particularly the Devi Upanishad, Devi Mahatmya. In Smritis, such as the Manusmriti, the position of women in Hinduism is mixed, Manusmriti asserts that as a girl, she should obey and seek protection of her father, as a young woman her husband, and as a widow her son. In other sections, the text asserts that women must be honored and adorned, and where women are revered, there the gods rejoice. However, scholars have questioned the authenticity and corruption of the text over time, ancient and medieval era Hindu texts present a diverse picture of duties and rights of women in Hinduism. Scholars state that Vedic era Hindu texts, and records left by travelers to ancient and medieval India, suggest ancient and these practices likely became widespread sometime in the 2nd millennium CE from socio-political developments in the Indian subcontinent. Hinduism, states Bryant, has the strongest presence of the divine feminine among major world religions, the goddess is viewed as central in Shakti and Saiva Hindu traditions. Ancient texts of Hinduism expound a reverence for the feminine and she is presented as all the five elements, as well as all that is different from these elements, what is above, what is below, what is around, and thus the universe in its entirety. This philosophy is found in the Tripuratapani Upanishad and the Bahvricha Upanishad. The early Upanishads are, however, generally silent about women and men, brihadaranyaka Upanishad, composed about 800 BCE, for example, in the last chapter detailing the education of a student, include lessons for his Grihastha stage of life. Among women acknowledged in the Upanishads are Gargi and Maitreyi, in Sanskrit, the word acharyā means a female teacher and an acharyini is a teachers wife, indicating that some women were known as gurus. Female characters appear in plays and epic poems, the 8th century poet, Bhavabhuti describes in his play, Uttararamacharita, how the character, Atreyi, travelled to southern India where she studied the Vedas and Indian philosophy. In Madhavas Shankaradigvijaya, Shankara debates with the philosopher, Ubhaya Bharati. Tirukkoneri Dasyai, a 15th-century scholar, wrote a commentary on Nammalvars Tiruvaayamoli, in the two Hindu epics, Ramayana and Mahabharata, the role of women is mixed. The main female character in the Mahabharata, Draupadi is married to all the five Pandavas and she is insulted by Duryodhana, one of the triggers for the great war. In the Ramayana composed in the half of 1st millennium BCE, Sita is respected, honored and seen as inseparable beloved but presented as a homemaker. In the Hindu tradition, a majority of womens oral retellings of the Ramayana depict autonomy as the rather than the exception, but states Sugirtharajah. The Epics are stories, but carry precepts of dharma embedded them, suggesting perceived notions about women in Hinduism at the time the Epics were composed
Widow remarriage
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The Mahabharata is a legendary Hindu epic reflecting the social beliefs and culture in ancient India. In its first book,
Dushmanta asks
Sakuntala (above) to marry him for love, in
Gandharva -style marriage, without the consent of their parents. The texts also describes seven other forms of marriage, and when they were appropriate or inappropriate.
Widow remarriage
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The Vedas and Shastras of Hinduism mention Brahmacharini (women) studying the Vedas. The word
Brahmacharini is also revered in Hinduism as a goddess (above).
Widow remarriage
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Devi Mahatmya, a Hindu Sanskrit manuscript from Nepal 11th-century (above), helped crystallize the goddess tradition where the creator God is a female, but neither feminine nor masculine, rather spiritual and a force of good.
Widow remarriage
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Goddesses in Hinduism are very common. Other ideas found include androgynous concept such as
Ardhanarishvara (a composite god that is half Shiva-male and Parvati-female), or as formless and genderless
Brahman (Universal Absolute, Supreme Self as Oneness in everyone).
25.
Edinburgh University
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The University of Edinburgh, founded in 1582, is the sixth oldest university in the English-speaking world and one of Scotlands ancient universities. The university is deeply embedded in the fabric of the city of Edinburgh, the University of Edinburgh was ranked 17th and 21st in the world by the 2014–15 and 2015-16 QS rankings. It is now ranked 19th in the according to 2016-17 QS Rankings. It is ranked 16th in the world in arts and humanities by the 2015–16 Times Higher Education Ranking and it is ranked the 23rd most employable university in the world by the 2015 Global Employability University Ranking. It is ranked as the 6th best university in Europe by the U. S. News Best Global Universities Ranking and it is a member of both the Russell Group, and the League of European Research Universities, a consortium of 21 research universities in Europe. It has the third largest endowment of any university in the United Kingdom, after the universities of Cambridge and it continues to have links to the British Royal Family, having had the Duke of Edinburgh as its Chancellor from 1953 to 2010 and Princess Anne since 2011. Edinburgh receives approximately 50,000 applications every year, making it the fourth most popular university in the UK by volume of applicants, after St Andrews, it is the most difficult university to gain admission into in Scotland, and 9th overall in the UK. This was a move at the time, as most universities were established through Papal bulls. Established as the Tounis College, it opened its doors to students in October 1583, instruction began under the charge of another St Andrews graduate Robert Rollock. It was the fourth Scottish university in a period when the more populous. It was renamed King Jamess College in 1617, by the 18th century, the university was a leading centre of the Scottish Enlightenment. The universitys first custom-built building was the Old College, now Edinburgh Law School and its first forte in teaching was anatomy and the developing science of surgery, from which it expanded into many other subjects. From the basement of a nearby house ran the anatomy tunnel corridor and it went under what was then North College Street, and under the university buildings until it reached the universitys anatomy lecture theatre, delivering bodies for dissection. It was from this tunnel the body of William Burke was taken after he had been hanged, towards the end of the 19th century, Old College was becoming overcrowded and Robert Rowand Anderson was commissioned to design new Medical School premises in 1875. The medical school was more or less built to his design and was completed by the addition of the McEwan Hall in the 1880s. The building now known as New College was originally built as a Free Church college in the 1840s and has been the home of divinity at the university since the 1920s. The two oldest schools – law and divinity – are both well-esteemed, with law being based in Old College and divinity in New College on the Mound and they are also represented by the Edinburgh University Sports Union which was founded in 1866. The medical school is renowned throughout the world and it was widely considered the best medical school in the English-speaking world throughout the 18th century and first half of the 19th century
Edinburgh University
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King James's College, c. 1647
Edinburgh University
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The University Of Edinburgh
Edinburgh University
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The university's
Old College
Edinburgh University
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The university's
New College building
26.
Calcutta University
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The University of Calcutta is a public state university located in Kolkata, West Bengal, India established on 24 January 1857. It was the first institution in Asia to be established as a multidisciplinary, within India it is recognized as a Five-Star University and a Centre with Potential for Excellence by the University Grants Commission and the National Assessment and Accreditation Council. There are seven Nobel laureates associated with this university including Ronald Ross, Rabindranath Tagore, C. V. Raman, the University of Calcutta was ranked 601-650 in the QS World University Rankings of 2011 and 43 in the QS University Rankings for Asia in 2012. In India, it was ranked second by India Today in its list of Top India Universities of 2012,2013 and 2014 and it is 16th Best University in All over India by the Ministry of Human Resource Development, Govt. The Calcutta University Act came into force on 24 January 1857, the land for the establishment of this university was given by Maharaja Maheshwar Singh Bahadur, who was a Maharaja of Darbhanga. When the university was first established it had a catchment area covering the area from Lahore to Rangoon, and Ceylon, the first Chancellor and Vice-Chancellor of the Calcutta University were Governor General Lord Canning and Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, Sir James William Colvile, respectively. In 1858, Joddu Nath Bose and Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay became the first graduates of the university, on 30 January 1858, the Syndicate of the Calcutta University started functioning. Following its inauguration, many institutions came under its jurisdiction. Kadambini Ganguly and Chandramukhi Basu became the first female graduates of the country in 1882, the Honourable Justice Gooroodas Banerjee became the first Indian Vice-Chancellor of University of Calcutta in the year 1890. Sir Ashutosh Mukherjee was the Vice-Chancellor for four consecutive two-year terms, four Nobel laureates were associated with this university, Ronald Ross. Rabindra Nath Tagore, C. V. Raman and Amartya Sen, the current university seal is the modified version of the sixth seal. The motto Advancement of Learning has remained the same through the seals transitions, the university has a total of 14 campuses spread over the city of Kolkata and its suburbs. The major campuses are the Central Campus in College Street, Rashbehari Shiksha Prangan in Rajabazar, Taraknath Palit Shiksha Prangan in Ballygunge, other campuses include the Hazra Road Campus, the University Press and Book Depot, the B. T. Road Campus, the Viharilal College of Home Science Campus, the University Health Service, the Haringhata Campus, the Dhakuria Lakes, asutosh Siksha Prangan is the main campus of the university, where the administrative work is done. Located on College Street, is spread over an area of 2.7 acres. Sahid Khudiram Siksha Prangan at Alipore houses the department of History, Archeology, Business Management, Political Science, Sociology and others. The university is building a campus which is known as Technology Campus or Tech Campus, to bring together the Three engineering and technical departments, in Sector 3, JD Block, Salt Lake. As of December 2016, most of these departments have moved to this campus
Calcutta University
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Ashutosh Building at the College Street campus
Calcutta University
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Seal of the University of Calcutta
Calcutta University
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Hazra Campus
Calcutta University
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Bose Institute is associated with the university
27.
Jagadish Chandra Bose
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IEEE named him one of the fathers of radio science. Bose is considered the father of Bengali science fiction, and also invented the crescograph, a crater on the moon has been named in his honour. Born in Munshiganj, Bengal Presidency during the British Raj, Bose graduated from St. Xaviers College and he then went to the University of London to study medicine, but could not pursue studies in medicine because of health problems. Instead, he conducted his research with the Nobel Laureate Lord Rayleigh at Cambridge and he then joined the Presidency College of the University of Calcutta as a professor of physics. There, despite discrimination and a lack of funding and equipment. He made remarkable progress in his research of remote wireless signalling and was the first to use semiconductor junctions to detect radio signals. However, instead of trying to gain benefit from this invention. Bose subsequently made a number of pioneering discoveries in plant physiology and he used his own invention, the crescograph, to measure plant response to various stimuli, and thereby scientifically proved parallelism between animal and plant tissues. Although Bose filed for a patent for one of his inventions because of peer pressure and his books include Response in the Living and Non-Living and The Nervous Mechanism of Plants. Sir Jagadish Chandra Bose was born in Munshiganj, Bengal Presidency and his father, Bhagawan Chandra Bose, was a leading member of the Brahmo Samaj and worked as a deputy magistrate and assistant commissioner in Faridpur, Bardhaman and other places. Boses education started in a school, because his father believed that one must know ones own mother tongue before beginning English. Speaking at the Bikrampur Conference in 1915, Bose said, At that time, in the vernacular school, to which I was sent, the son of the Muslim attendant of my father sat on my right side, and the son of a fisherman sat on my left. I listened spellbound to their stories of birds, animals and aquatic creatures, perhaps these stories created in my mind a keen interest in investigating the workings of Nature. When I returned home from school accompanied by my school fellows, although she was an orthodox old-fashioned lady, she never considered herself guilty of impiety by treating these ‘untouchables’ as her own children. It was because of my friendship with them that I could never feel that there were ‘creatures’ who might be labelled low-caste. I never realised that there existed a problem common to the two communities, Hindus and Muslims, Bose joined the Hare School in 1869 and then St. Xaviers School at Kolkata. In 1875, he passed the Entrance Examination of the University of Calcutta and was admitted to St. Xaviers College, at St. Xaviers, Bose came in contact with Jesuit Father Eugene Lafont, who played a significant role in developing his interest in natural sciences. He received a BA from the University of Calcutta in 1879, Bose wanted to go to England to compete for the Indian Civil Service
Jagadish Chandra Bose
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Bose lecturing on the "nervous system" of plants at the Sorbonne in Paris in 1926
Jagadish Chandra Bose
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Jagadish Chandra Bose in
Royal Institution,
London
Jagadish Chandra Bose
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Photo of Jagadish Bose and his wife Abala Bose, at the home of Edwin Herbert Lewis in
Chicago; from the September 1915 issue of The Hindusthanee Student.
Jagadish Chandra Bose
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J C Bose with other scientists at Calcutta University
28.
Prafulla Chandra Ray
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Acharya Sir Prafulla Chandra Rây CIE was a Bengali chemist, educator and entrepreneur. The Royal Society of Chemistry honoured his life and work with the first ever Chemical Landmark Plaque outside Europe and he was the founder of Bengal Chemicals & Pharmaceuticals, Indias first pharmaceutical company. He is the author of A History of Hindu Chemistry from the Earliest Times to the Middle of Sixteenth Century, Rây was born in Raruli-Katipara, a village in the Khulna District of present-day Bangladesh. His father Harish Chandra Ray was a land proprietor, up to the age of nine, Prafulla Chandra studied in a school in his village. In 1870 his family migrated to Calcutta and Rây and his brother were admitted to Hare School. In 1874, while Ray was in the standard, he suffered from a severe attack of dysentery. Due to the severity of the attack, Ray had to postpone his studies for a couple of years, amongst others, he read Lethbridges Selections from Modern English Literature and Goldsmiths Vicar of Wakefield. After recovering from his illness, Ray returned to Calcutta and took admission in Albert School, in 1879 he passed the Entrance Examination and took admission into the Metropolitan Institution which was established by Pandit Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar. At that time the Metropolitan Institution had no classes or laboratories and Ray attended lectures on physics. Here he was attracted by the chemistry courses of professor Alexander Pedler. While studying for his BA examination, he applied for and was awarded in 1882 one of the two Gilchrist Prize Scholarships after a competitive examination. But Ray did not confine his studies to only natural sciences and he also developed a strong interest in history and read books like Rousselets LInde des Rajas, Lanoyes LInde contemporaine, Revue dex deux moneds. He also read Fawcetts book on political economy and Essays on Indian Finance, after obtaining his BSc degree from Edinburgh University, Ray embarked on his doctoral thesis in the same university and completed his doctorate in 1887. He was awarded the Hope Prize which allowed him to work on his research for a period of one year after completion of his doctorate. His thesis title was Conjugated Sulphates of the Copper-magnesium Group, A Study of Isomorphous Mixtures, while a student he was elected Vice-President of Edinburgh University Chemical Society in 1888. Prafulla Chandra returned to India in the first week of August 1888 and subsequently joined Presidency College and he complained to the top officials of the government but with no effect. In 1896, he published a paper on preparation of a new chemical compound. This work made way for a number of investigative papers on nitrites and hyponitrites of different metals
Prafulla Chandra Ray
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Acharya Prafulla Chandra Ray
Prafulla Chandra Ray
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Bust of Prafulla Chandra Ray which is placed in the garden of
Birla Industrial & Technological Museum.
Prafulla Chandra Ray
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An exhibition on Prafulla Chandra Ray, was held at the
Science City, Kolkata on his 150th birth anniversary (2 August 2011).
29.
Meghnad Saha
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Meghnad Saha FRS was an Indian astrophysicist best known for his development of the Saha ionization equation, used to describe chemical and physical conditions in stars. Meghnad Saha was born in Shaoratoli village near Dhaka, British India, son of Jagannath Saha, Meghnad Saha belonged to a poor family and struggled to rise in life. During his early schooling he was forced to leave Dhaka Collegiate School because he participated in the Swadeshi movement and his Indian School Certificate was earned from Dhaka College. He became Fellow of the Royal Society in 1927 and he was president of the 21st session of the Indian Science Congress in 1934. Saha was fortunate to have brilliant teachers and class fellows, in his student days, Jagadish Chandra Bose, Sarada Prasanna Das and Prafulla Chandra Ray were at the pinnacle of their fame. Amongst his class fellows were Satyendra Nath Bose, Jnan Ghosh, in later life he was close to Amiya Charan Banerjee, a renowned mathematician at Allahabad University. On his religious views, Saha was an atheist, Saha died on 16 February 1956. Meghnad Sahas best-known work concerned the thermal ionisation of elements, by studying the spectra of various stars, one can find their temperature and from that, using Sahas equation, determine the ionisation state of the various elements making up the star. This work was extended by Ralph H. Fowler and Edward Arthur Milne. Saha had previously reached the conclusion on the subject. It will be admitted from what has gone before that the plays the leading role in determining the nature of the stellar spectrum. Too much importance must not be attached to the figures given and he founded the journal Science and Culture and was the editor until his death. A lasting memorial to him is the Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Saha was the chief architect of river planning in India and prepared the original plan for the Damodar Valley Project. But science and technology are as important for administration now-a-days as law, I have gradually glided into politics because I wanted to be of some use to the country in my own humble way. The first time, in 1929, Saha was nominated for the Physics Nobel Prize for the year 1930 by D. M, the Nobel Committee evaluated Sahas work. It was seen as an application, but not a discovery. Thus he was not awarded the Prize, Saha was nominated again for the Prize in 1937 and 1940 by A. H. Compton, and in 1939,1951 and 1955 by S. K. Mitra. The Nobel Committee remained to its previous decision, Meghnad Saha’s ionization equation, which opened the door to stellar astrophysics” was one of the top ten achievements of 20th century Indian science could be considered in the Nobel Prize class
Meghnad Saha
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Meghnad Saha
Meghnad Saha
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Meghnad Saha in Berlin, 1921
Meghnad Saha
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Meghnad Saha with other scientists at Calcutta University
Meghnad Saha
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Bust of Meghnad Saha in the garden of
Birla Industrial & Technological Museum.
30.
Subhas Chandra Bose
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Bose had been a leader of the younger, radical, wing of the Indian National Congress in the late 1920s and 1930s, rising to become Congress President in 1938 and 1939. However, he was ousted from Congress leadership positions in 1939 following differences with Mahatma Gandhi and he was subsequently placed under house arrest by the British before escaping from India in 1940. In November 1941, with German funds, a Free India Centre was set up in Berlin, a 3, 000-strong Free India Legion, comprising Indians captured by Erwin Rommels Afrika Korps, was also formed to aid in a possible future German land invasion of India. By spring 1942, in light of Japanese victories in southeast Asia and changing German priorities, a German invasion of India became untenable, adolf Hitler, during his only meeting with Bose in late May 1942, suggested the same, and offered to arrange for a submarine. During this time Bose also became a father, his wife, or companion, Emilie Schenkl, identifying strongly with the Axis powers, and no longer apologetically, Bose boarded a German submarine in February 1943. In Madagascar, he was transferred to a Japanese submarine from which he disembarked in Japanese-held Sumatra in May 1943, with Japanese support, Bose revamped the Indian National Army, then composed of Indian soldiers of the British Indian army who had been captured in the Battle of Singapore. To these, after Boses arrival, were added enlisting Indian civilians in Malaya, the Japanese had come to support a number of puppet and provisional governments in the captured regions, such as those in Burma, the Philippines and Manchukuo. Before long the Provisional Government of Free India, presided by Bose, was formed in the Japanese-occupied Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Bose had great drive and charisma—creating popular Indian slogans, such as Jai Hind, —and the INA under Bose was a model of diversity by region, ethnicity, religion, however, Bose was regarded by the Japanese as being militarily unskilled, and his military effort was short-lived. In late 1944 and early 1945 the British Indian Army first halted, almost half the Japanese forces and fully half the participating INA contingent were killed. The INA was driven down the Malay Peninsula, and surrendered with the recapture of Singapore and he died from third degree burns received when his plane crashed in Taiwan. Some Indians, however, did not believe that the crash had occurred, with many among them, especially in Bengal, Indian National Congress, the main instrument of Indian nationalism, praised Boses patriotism but distanced itself from his tactics and ideology, especially his collaboration with Fascism. Subhas Chandra Bose was born on 23 January 1897 in Cuttack, Orissa Division, Bengal Province, to Prabhavati Devi and Janakinath Bose and he was the ninth in a family of 14 children. He was admitted to the Protestant European School, like his brothers and sisters and he continued his studies at this school which was run by the Baptist Mission up to 1909 and then shifted to the Ravenshaw Collegiate School. The day Subhas was admitted to school, Beni Madhab Das. After securing the position in the matriculation examination in 1913. His nationalistic temperament came to light when he was expelled for assaulting Professor Oaten for the latters anti-India comments and he later joined the Scottish Church College at the University of Calcutta and passed his B. A. in 1918 in philosophy. Bose left India in 1919 for England with a promise to his father that he would appear in the Indian Civil Services examination and he went to study in Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge and matriculated on 19 November 1919
Subhas Chandra Bose
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Subhas Chandra Bose
Subhas Chandra Bose
Subhas Chandra Bose
Subhas Chandra Bose
