1.
Milan
–
Milan is a city in Italy, capital of the Lombardy region, and the most populous metropolitan area and the second most populous comune in Italy. The population of the city proper is 1,351,000, Milan has a population of about 8,500,000 people. It is the industrial and financial centre of Italy and one of global significance. In terms of GDP, it has the largest economy among European non-capital cities, Milan is considered part of the Blue Banana and lies at the heart of one of the Four Motors for Europe. Milan is an Alpha leading global city, with strengths in the arts, commerce, design, education, entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcare, media, services, research, and tourism. Its business district hosts Italys Stock Exchange and the headquarters of the largest national and international banks, the city is a major world fashion and design capital, well known for several international events and fairs, including Milan Fashion Week and the Milan Furniture Fair. The city hosts numerous cultural institutions, academies and universities, with 11% of the national total enrolled students, Milans museums, theatres and landmarks attract over 9 million visitors annually. Milan – after Naples – is the second Italian city with the highest number of accredited stars from the Michelin Guide, the city hosted the Universal Exposition in 1906 and 2015. Milan is home to two of Europes major football teams, A. C. Milan and F. C. Internazionale, the etymology of Milan is uncertain. One theory holds that the Latin name Mediolanum comes from the Latin words medio, however, some scholars believe lanum comes from the Celtic root lan, meaning an enclosure or demarcated territory in which Celtic communities used to build shrines. Hence, Mediolanum could signify the central town or sanctuary of a Celtic tribe, indeed, the name Mediolanum is borne by about sixty Gallo-Roman sites in France, e. g. Saintes and Évreux. Alciato credits Ambrose for his account, around 400 BC, the Celtic Insubres settled Milan and the surrounding region. In 222 BC, the Romans conquered the settlement, renaming it Mediolanum, Milan was eventually declared the capital of the Western Roman Empire by Emperor Diocletian in 286 AD. Diocletian chose to stay in the Eastern Roman Empire and his colleague Maximianus ruled the Western one, immediately Maximian built several monuments, such as a large circus 470 m ×85 m, the Thermae Herculeae, a large complex of imperial palaces and several other buildings. With the Edict of Milan of 313, Emperor Constantine I guaranteed freedom of religion for Christians, after the city was besieged by the Visigoths in 402, the imperial residence was moved to Ravenna. In 452, the Huns overran the city, in 539, the Ostrogoths conquered and destroyed Milan during the Gothic War against Byzantine Emperor Justinian I. In the summer of 569, a Teutonic tribe, the Lombards, conquered Milan, some Roman structures remained in use in Milan under Lombard rule. Milan surrendered to the Franks in 774 when Charlemagne took the title of King of the Lombards, the Iron Crown of Lombardy dates from this period
2.
Progressive rock
–
Progressive rock is a broad subgenre of rock music that developed in the United Kingdom and United States throughout the mid to late 1960s. Prog is based on fusions of styles, approaches and genres, Prog saw a high level of popularity in the early-to-mid 1970s, but faded soon after. Conventional wisdom holds that the rise of rock caused this. Music critics, who labelled the concepts as pretentious and the sounds as pompous and overblown. Early groups who exhibited progressive features are described as proto-prog. In 1967, progressive rock constituted a diversity of loosely associated style codes, the Canterbury scene, originating in the late 1960s, denoted a subset of prog bands who emphasised the use of wind instruments, complex chord changes and long improvisations. Rock in Opposition, from the late 1970s, was more avant-garde, in the 1980s, a new subgenre, neo-progressive rock, enjoyed some commercial success, although it was also accused of being derivative and lacking in innovation. Post-progressive draws upon newer developments in music and the avant-garde since the mid 1970s. The term progressive rock is synonymous with art rock, classical rock, historically, art rock has been used to describe at least two related, but distinct, types of rock music. Similarities between the two terms are that they describe a mostly British attempt to elevate rock music to new levels of artistic credibility. However, art rock is likely to have experimental or avant-garde influences. Prog was devised in the 1990s as a term, but later became a transferable adjective. Although a unidirectional English progressive style emerged in the late 1960s, by 1967, critics of the genre often limit its scope to a stereotype of long solos, overlong albums, fantasy lyrics, grandiose stage sets and costumes, and an obsessive dedication to technical skill. Author Kevin Holm-Hudson believes that rock is a style far more diverse than what is heard from its mainstream groups. They each do so largely unconsciously, academic John S. Cotner contests Macans view that progressive rock cannot exist without the continuous and overt assimilation of classical music into rock. Debate about the criteria and scope of the genre continues in the 2010s. In early references to the music, progressive was partly related to progressive politics, Cotner also says that progressive rock incorporates both formal and eclectic elements, It consists of a combination of factors – some of them intramusical, others extramusical or social. One way of conceptualising rock and roll in relation to music is that progressive music pushed the genre into greater complexity while retracing the roots of romantic
3.
Franz Di Cioccio
–
Premiata Forneria Marconi is an Italian progressive rock band. PFM were the first Italian group to have success abroad, entering both the British and American charts, between 1973 and 1977 they released five albums with English lyrics. They also had several successful European and American tours, playing at the popular Reading Festival in England, PFM introduced new sounds, such as the synthesizer, to the Italian musical world. They were also among the first to combine classical and traditional Italian musical influences in a Rock music context. Such innovations and their longevity have earned PFM a place among the most important bands in the Progressive rock genre, the original core members of PFM were Franco Mussida, Franz Di Cioccio, Flavio Premoli, and Giorgio Piazza. They appeared on recordings for other artists during this period. I quelli released one album and some successful Italian singles, Premiata Forneria Marconi was officially formed in Milan in 1970 when the members of I quelli met Mauro Pagani from the group Dalton. Pagani helped the group expand their sound to include violin and flute, by this time they were already highly experienced musicians who were easily able to play the kind of complex progressive heavy rock played by the leading English and American groups. Their early live performances included songs by such as King Crimson. Other early influences included Chicago, Ekseption, and The Flock and they had a long name, as Italian progressive bands tended to have back then, and so were usually referred to as La Premiata, and later PFM. After rejecting Isotta-Fraschini the group settled on Paganis suggestion, Forneria Marconi, borrowed from the sign of a shop in the small town of Chiari. However, record producer and friend Alessandro Colombini suggested the name was not strong enough, some objected that Premiata Forneria Marconi was too long a name, but the groups philosophy stated that the more difficult to remember a bands name, the more difficult to forget it. In June 1971, PFM were contestants at a festival called the first Festival dAvanguardia e Nuove Tendenze in Viareggio. Later in 1971 the group signed with the Numero Uno division of RCA Records in Italy and it received wide recognition as the first Italian hit record to feature the synthesizer. Both songs are regularly performed by the group. Flavio Premoli also did a demonstration of the capabilities of his Minimoog during a PFM television performance broadcast by RAI. In early 1972, PFM released their first album, Storia di un minuto, the album topped the Italian charts in its first week and was the first by an Italian rock group to achieve this kind of success. It contained re-recorded versions of songs from the first single, as well as È Festa, which continue to be concert favorites
4.
Marco Sfogli
–
Marco Sfogli is an Italian guitarist. He has appeared on several albums, born in 1980, his first attempt with music came in 1984 when he played with his parents in Schwetzingen, Germany during an encore. In 1989 when he received his first Washburn electric guitar as a gift and he started to play along with his heroes. In 1992 he left the guitar to study the drums, Being a drummer first, in 1996 he left the drums because of his growing interest in guitar, especially after an intense listening of Images and Words by Dream Theater. Today, hes a player, a composer and an arranger. He has worked for a lot of artists since, in 2005 he flew to Canada to record James LaBries third solo release titled Elements of Persuasion which has become a hit with progressive metal fans. Now member of the James LaBrie band, he put out his first solo record titled Theres Hope on Feb. 15th 2008 through Lion Music, in 2010 he also worked on the James LaBrie record Static Impulse as guitar player, co-writer and engineer. He released his solo album in 2012, titled reMarcoble. In 2013 he joined the James LaBries band for the time for the recording of the album Impermanent Resonance. In March 2015, he was announced as new player for the Italian progressive band PFM. Recently has been using a prototype of what would become his signature model. He uses Victory amps, specifically the lunchbox series V30 and Kraken and the DV Mark Multiamp for live
5.
Italian progressive rock
–
Progressive rock is a broad subgenre of rock music that developed in the United Kingdom and United States throughout the mid to late 1960s. Prog is based on fusions of styles, approaches and genres, Prog saw a high level of popularity in the early-to-mid 1970s, but faded soon after. Conventional wisdom holds that the rise of rock caused this. Music critics, who labelled the concepts as pretentious and the sounds as pompous and overblown. Early groups who exhibited progressive features are described as proto-prog. In 1967, progressive rock constituted a diversity of loosely associated style codes, the Canterbury scene, originating in the late 1960s, denoted a subset of prog bands who emphasised the use of wind instruments, complex chord changes and long improvisations. Rock in Opposition, from the late 1970s, was more avant-garde, in the 1980s, a new subgenre, neo-progressive rock, enjoyed some commercial success, although it was also accused of being derivative and lacking in innovation. Post-progressive draws upon newer developments in music and the avant-garde since the mid 1970s. The term progressive rock is synonymous with art rock, classical rock, historically, art rock has been used to describe at least two related, but distinct, types of rock music. Similarities between the two terms are that they describe a mostly British attempt to elevate rock music to new levels of artistic credibility. However, art rock is likely to have experimental or avant-garde influences. Prog was devised in the 1990s as a term, but later became a transferable adjective. Although a unidirectional English progressive style emerged in the late 1960s, by 1967, critics of the genre often limit its scope to a stereotype of long solos, overlong albums, fantasy lyrics, grandiose stage sets and costumes, and an obsessive dedication to technical skill. Author Kevin Holm-Hudson believes that rock is a style far more diverse than what is heard from its mainstream groups. They each do so largely unconsciously, academic John S. Cotner contests Macans view that progressive rock cannot exist without the continuous and overt assimilation of classical music into rock. Debate about the criteria and scope of the genre continues in the 2010s. In early references to the music, progressive was partly related to progressive politics, Cotner also says that progressive rock incorporates both formal and eclectic elements, It consists of a combination of factors – some of them intramusical, others extramusical or social. One way of conceptualising rock and roll in relation to music is that progressive music pushed the genre into greater complexity while retracing the roots of romantic
6.
Italy
–
Italy, officially the Italian Republic, is a unitary parliamentary republic in Europe. Located in the heart of the Mediterranean Sea, Italy shares open land borders with France, Switzerland, Austria, Slovenia, San Marino, Italy covers an area of 301,338 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal and Mediterranean climate. Due to its shape, it is referred to in Italy as lo Stivale. With 61 million inhabitants, it is the fourth most populous EU member state, the Italic tribe known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom, which eventually became a republic that conquered and assimilated other nearby civilisations. The legacy of the Roman Empire is widespread and can be observed in the distribution of civilian law, republican governments, Christianity. The Renaissance began in Italy and spread to the rest of Europe, bringing a renewed interest in humanism, science, exploration, Italian culture flourished at this time, producing famous scholars, artists and polymaths such as Leonardo da Vinci, Galileo, Michelangelo and Machiavelli. The weakened sovereigns soon fell victim to conquest by European powers such as France, Spain and Austria. Despite being one of the victors in World War I, Italy entered a period of economic crisis and social turmoil. The subsequent participation in World War II on the Axis side ended in defeat, economic destruction. Today, Italy has the third largest economy in the Eurozone and it has a very high level of human development and is ranked sixth in the world for life expectancy. The country plays a prominent role in regional and global economic, military, cultural and diplomatic affairs, as a reflection of its cultural wealth, Italy is home to 51 World Heritage Sites, the most in the world, and is the fifth most visited country. The assumptions on the etymology of the name Italia are very numerous, according to one of the more common explanations, the term Italia, from Latin, Italia, was borrowed through Greek from the Oscan Víteliú, meaning land of young cattle. The bull was a symbol of the southern Italic tribes and was often depicted goring the Roman wolf as a defiant symbol of free Italy during the Social War. Greek historian Dionysius of Halicarnassus states this account together with the legend that Italy was named after Italus, mentioned also by Aristotle and Thucydides. The name Italia originally applied only to a part of what is now Southern Italy – according to Antiochus of Syracuse, but by his time Oenotria and Italy had become synonymous, and the name also applied to most of Lucania as well. The Greeks gradually came to apply the name Italia to a larger region, excavations throughout Italy revealed a Neanderthal presence dating back to the Palaeolithic period, some 200,000 years ago, modern Humans arrived about 40,000 years ago. Other ancient Italian peoples of undetermined language families but of possible origins include the Rhaetian people and Cammuni. Also the Phoenicians established colonies on the coasts of Sardinia and Sicily, the Roman legacy has deeply influenced the Western civilisation, shaping most of the modern world
7.
United Kingdom
–
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom or Britain, is a sovereign country in western Europe. Lying off the north-western coast of the European mainland, the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain, Northern Ireland is the only part of the United Kingdom that shares a land border with another sovereign state—the Republic of Ireland. The Irish Sea lies between Great Britain and Ireland, with an area of 242,500 square kilometres, the United Kingdom is the 78th-largest sovereign state in the world and the 11th-largest in Europe. It is also the 21st-most populous country, with an estimated 65.1 million inhabitants, together, this makes it the fourth-most densely populated country in the European Union. The United Kingdom is a monarchy with a parliamentary system of governance. The monarch is Queen Elizabeth II, who has reigned since 6 February 1952, other major urban areas in the United Kingdom include the regions of Birmingham, Leeds, Glasgow, Liverpool and Manchester. The United Kingdom consists of four countries—England, Scotland, Wales, the last three have devolved administrations, each with varying powers, based in their capitals, Edinburgh, Cardiff and Belfast, respectively. The relationships among the countries of the UK have changed over time, Wales was annexed by the Kingdom of England under the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542. A treaty between England and Scotland resulted in 1707 in a unified Kingdom of Great Britain, which merged in 1801 with the Kingdom of Ireland to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Five-sixths of Ireland seceded from the UK in 1922, leaving the present formulation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain, there are fourteen British Overseas Territories. These are the remnants of the British Empire which, at its height in the 1920s, British influence can be observed in the language, culture and legal systems of many of its former colonies. The United Kingdom is a country and has the worlds fifth-largest economy by nominal GDP. The UK is considered to have an economy and is categorised as very high in the Human Development Index. It was the worlds first industrialised country and the worlds foremost power during the 19th, the UK remains a great power with considerable economic, cultural, military, scientific and political influence internationally. It is a nuclear weapons state and its military expenditure ranks fourth or fifth in the world. The UK has been a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council since its first session in 1946 and it has been a leading member state of the EU and its predecessor, the European Economic Community, since 1973. However, on 23 June 2016, a referendum on the UKs membership of the EU resulted in a decision to leave. The Acts of Union 1800 united the Kingdom of Great Britain, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland have devolved self-government
8.
United States
–
Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
9.
Europe
–
Europe is a continent that comprises the westernmost part of Eurasia. Europe is bordered by the Arctic Ocean to the north, the Atlantic Ocean to the west, yet the non-oceanic borders of Europe—a concept dating back to classical antiquity—are arbitrary. Europe covers about 10,180,000 square kilometres, or 2% of the Earths surface, politically, Europe is divided into about fifty sovereign states of which the Russian Federation is the largest and most populous, spanning 39% of the continent and comprising 15% of its population. Europe had a population of about 740 million as of 2015. Further from the sea, seasonal differences are more noticeable than close to the coast, Europe, in particular ancient Greece, was the birthplace of Western civilization. The fall of the Western Roman Empire, during the period, marked the end of ancient history. Renaissance humanism, exploration, art, and science led to the modern era, from the Age of Discovery onwards, Europe played a predominant role in global affairs. Between the 16th and 20th centuries, European powers controlled at times the Americas, most of Africa, Oceania. The Industrial Revolution, which began in Great Britain at the end of the 18th century, gave rise to economic, cultural, and social change in Western Europe. During the Cold War, Europe was divided along the Iron Curtain between NATO in the west and the Warsaw Pact in the east, until the revolutions of 1989 and fall of the Berlin Wall. In 1955, the Council of Europe was formed following a speech by Sir Winston Churchill and it includes all states except for Belarus, Kazakhstan and Vatican City. Further European integration by some states led to the formation of the European Union, the EU originated in Western Europe but has been expanding eastward since the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991. The European Anthem is Ode to Joy and states celebrate peace, in classical Greek mythology, Europa is the name of either a Phoenician princess or of a queen of Crete. The name contains the elements εὐρύς, wide, broad and ὤψ eye, broad has been an epithet of Earth herself in the reconstructed Proto-Indo-European religion and the poetry devoted to it. For the second part also the divine attributes of grey-eyed Athena or ox-eyed Hera. The same naming motive according to cartographic convention appears in Greek Ανατολή, Martin Litchfield West stated that phonologically, the match between Europas name and any form of the Semitic word is very poor. Next to these there is also a Proto-Indo-European root *h1regʷos, meaning darkness. Most major world languages use words derived from Eurṓpē or Europa to refer to the continent, in some Turkic languages the originally Persian name Frangistan is used casually in referring to much of Europe, besides official names such as Avrupa or Evropa
10.
Americas
–
The Americas, also collectively called America, encompass the totality of the continents of North America and South America. Together they make up most of the land in Earths western hemisphere, along with their associated islands, they cover 8% of Earths total surface area and 28. 4% of its land area. The topography is dominated by the American Cordillera, a chain of mountains that runs the length of the west coast. The flatter eastern side of the Americas is dominated by river basins, such as the Amazon, St. Lawrence River / Great Lakes basin, Mississippi. Humans first settled the Americas from Asia between 42,000 and 17,000 years ago, a second migration of Na-Dene speakers followed later from Asia. The subsequent migration of the Inuit into the neoarctic around 3500 BCE completed what is regarded as the settlement by the indigenous peoples of the Americas. The first known European settlement in the Americas was by the Norse explorer Leif Ericson, however, the colonization never became permanent and was later abandoned. The voyages of Christopher Columbus from 1492 to 1502 resulted in permanent contact with European powers, diseases introduced from Europe and Africa devastated the indigenous peoples, and the European powers colonized the Americas. Mass emigration from Europe, including numbers of indentured servants. Decolonization of the Americas began with the American Revolution in 1776, the population is over 1 billion, with over 65% of them living in one of the three most populous countries. As of the beginning of the 2010s, the most populous urban agglomerations are Mexico City, New York, Sao Paulo, Los Angeles, Buenos Aires and Rio de Janeiro, all of them megacities. The name America was first recorded in 1507 in the Cosmographiae Introductio, apparently written by Matthias Ringmann and it first applied to both North and South America by Gerardus Mercator in 1538. Amerigen means land of Amerigo and derives from Amerigo and gen, America accorded with the feminine names of Asia, Africa, and Europa. When conceived as a continent, the form is generally the continent of America in the singular. However, without a context, singular America in English commonly refers to the United States of America. In some countries of the world, America is considered a continent encompassing the North America and South America subcontinents, the first inhabitants migrated into the Americas from Asia. Habitation sites are known in Alaska and the Yukon from at least 20,000 years ago, beyond that, the specifics of the Paleo-Indian migration to and throughout the Americas, including the dates and routes traveled, are subject to ongoing research and discussion. Widespread habitation of the Americas occurred during the glacial maximum
11.
Reading Festival
–
The Reading and Leeds Festivals are a pair of annual rock music festivals that take place in Reading and Leeds in England. The events take place simultaneously on the Friday, Saturday and Sunday of the August bank holiday weekend, the Reading Festival is held at Little Johns Farm on Richfield Avenue in central Reading, near the Caversham Bridge. The Leeds event is held in Bramham Park, near Wetherby, campsites are available at both sites and weekend tickets include camping. It has had various musical phases over the years, as detailed below, in the twin-site era, rock, alternative, indie, punk and metal have tended to dominate. The festivals are run by Festival Republic, which was divested from Mean Fiddler Music Group, for promotional purposes during 1998–2007 they were known as the Carling Weekend, Reading and the Carling Weekend, Leeds. These titles were used when not required, although NME were contractually obliged to do so as part of their involvement. In November 2007, the organisers welcomed Reading Festival reclaiming its prestigious name when the title was abolished after 9 years. In 2011, the capacity of the Reading site was 87,000 and this was an increase of several thousand on previous years. The festival typically has the following stages, Main stage – major rock, indie, metal, nME/Radio 1 stage – less well-known acts, building up to an alternative headline act. Dance tent – dance music acts, previously sharing a day with the Lock Up stage, Lock Up Stage – underground punk and hardcore acts. Due to demand, from 2006 this stage took up two days rather than previous years where it was one day. Festival Republic stage – acts with less popular appeal and breakthrough acts, 1Xtra Stage – new stage for 2013 that stages Hip-Hop, RnB and Rap artists. Alternative tent – comedy and cabaret acts plus DJs, BBC Introducing Stage – Typically unsigned/not well known acts. The Reading Festival officially began life as the National Jazz Festival, however, the festivals roots can be traced further back to the Beaulieu Jazz Festivals of the 1950s held on the estate of Lord Montague at Beaulieu in the New Forest, Hampshire. When alcochol-fuelled violence at the start of the 1960s led to the cancellation of the Beaulieu Jazz Festival its mantle was inherited by the new National Jazz Festival and this format continued until 1967 when jazz was relegated to just the Saturday afternoon session and by 1969 had disappeared entirely. 1964 saw a Friday evening session added to the existing weekend format, the following year a second stage was added, but this innovation was not to last and by the time the Festival was relocated to Sunbury in 1968 the single-stage format returned. Plumpton Racecourse then hosted the Festival for a stint from 1969. In 1984, many acts were booked to appear, tickets were on sale with Marillion due to be one of this years headliners
12.
Synthesizer
–
A synthesizer is an electronic musical instrument that generates electric signals that are converted to sound through instrument amplifiers and loudspeakers or headphones. Synthesizers may either imitate instruments like piano, Hammond organ, flute, vocals, natural sounds like ocean waves, etc. or generate new electronic timbres. Synthesizers without built-in controllers are called sound modules, and are controlled via USB, MIDI or CV/gate using a controller device. Synthesizers use various methods to generate electronic signals, synthesizers were first used in pop music in the 1960s. In the 1970s, synths were used in disco, especially in the late 1970s, in the 1980s, the invention of the relatively inexpensive, mass market Yamaha DX7 synth made synthesizers widely available. 1980s pop and dance music often made use of synthesizers. In the 2010s, synthesizers are used in genres of pop, rock. Contemporary classical music composers from the 20th and 21st century write compositions for synthesizer, the beginnings of the synthesizer are difficult to trace, as it is difficult to draw a distinction between synthesizers and some early electric or electronic musical instruments. One of the earliest electric musical instruments, the telegraph, was invented in 1876 by American electrical engineer Elisha Gray. He accidentally discovered the sound generation from a self-vibrating electromechanical circuit and this musical telegraph used steel reeds with oscillations created by electromagnets transmitted over a telegraph line. Gray also built a simple loudspeaker device into later models, consisting of a diaphragm in a magnetic field. This instrument was a remote electromechanical musical instrument that used telegraphy, though it lacked an arbitrary sound-synthesis function, some have erroneously called it the first synthesizer. In 1897, Thaddeus Cahill invented the Teleharmonium, which used dynamos, and was capable of additive synthesis like the Hammond organ, however, Cahills business was unsuccessful for various reasons, and similar but more compact instruments were subsequently developed, such as electronic and tonewheel organs. In 1906, American engineer, Lee De Forest ushered in the electronics age and he invented the first amplifying vacuum tube, called the Audion tube. This led to new entertainment technologies, including radio and sound films, ondes Martenot and Trautonium were continuously developed for several decades, finally developing qualities similar to later synthesizers. In the 1920s, Arseny Avraamov developed various systems of graphic sonic art, in 1938, USSR engineer Yevgeny Murzin designed a compositional tool called ANS, one of the earliest real-time additive synthesizers using optoelectronics. The earliest polyphonic synthesizers were developed in Germany and the United States, during the three years that Hammond manufactured this model,1,069 units were shipped, but production was discontinued at the start of World War II. Both instruments were the forerunners of the electronic organs and polyphonic synthesizers
13.
Symphonic music
–
The term orchestra derives from the Greek ὀρχήστρα, the name for the area in front of a stage in ancient Greek theatre reserved for the Greek chorus. A full-size orchestra may sometimes be called an orchestra or philharmonic orchestra. The actual number of employed in a given performance may vary from seventy to over one hundred musicians, depending on the work being played. The term chamber orchestra usually refers to smaller-sized ensembles of about fifty musicians or fewer, the typical orchestra grew in size throughout the 18th and 19th centuries, reaching a peak with the large orchestras called for in the works of Richard Wagner, and later, Gustav Mahler. Orchestras are usually led by a conductor who directs the performance with movements of the hands and arms, the conductor unifies the orchestra, sets the tempo and shapes the sound of the ensemble. The first violin, commonly called the concertmaster, also plays an important role in leading the musicians, the typical symphony orchestra consists of four groups of related musical instruments called the woodwinds, brass, percussion, and strings. The orchestra, depending on the size, contains almost all of the instruments in each group. Chamber orchestra usually refers to smaller-sized ensembles, a chamber orchestra might employ as many as fifty musicians. The term concert orchestra may also be used, as in the BBC Concert Orchestra, the so-called standard complement of doubled winds and brass in the orchestra from the first half of the 19th century is generally attributed to the forces called for by Beethoven. The composers instrumentation almost always included paired flutes, oboes, clarinets, bassoons, horns, the exceptions to this are his Symphony No. 4, Violin Concerto, and Piano Concerto No,4, which each specify a single flute. Beethoven carefully calculated the expansion of this particular timbral palette in Symphonies 3,5,6, the third horn in the Eroica Symphony arrives to provide not only some harmonic flexibility, but also the effect of choral brass in the Trio movement. Piccolo, contrabassoon, and trombones add to the finale of his Symphony No.5. A piccolo and a pair of trombones help deliver the effect of storm and sunshine in the Sixth, for several decades after his death, symphonic instrumentation was faithful to Beethovens well-established model, with few exceptions. Apart from the core orchestral complement, various instruments are called for occasionally. These include the guitar, heckelphone, flugelhorn, cornet, harpsichord. Saxophones, for example, appear in some 19th- through 21st-century scores.6 and 9 and William Waltons Belshazzars Feast, and many other works as a member of the orchestral ensemble. The euphonium is featured in a few late Romantic and 20th-century works, usually playing parts marked tenor tuba, including Gustav Holsts The Planets, cornets appear in Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovskys ballet Swan Lake, Claude Debussys La Mer, and several orchestral works by Hector Berlioz
14.
Classical music
–
Classical music is art music produced or rooted in the traditions of Western music, including both liturgical and secular music. The central norms of this tradition became codified between 1550 and 1900, which is known as the common-practice period, Western staff notation is used by composers to indicate to the performer the pitches, tempo, meter and rhythms for a piece of music. This can leave less room for such as improvisation and ad libitum ornamentation. The term classical music did not appear until the early 19th century, the earliest reference to classical music recorded by the Oxford English Dictionary is from about 1836. This score typically determines details of rhythm, pitch, and, the written quality of the music has enabled a high level of complexity within them, J. S. The use of written notation also preserves a record of the works, Musical notation enables 2000s-era performers to sing a choral work from the 1300s Renaissance era or a 1700s Baroque concerto with many of the features of the music being reproduced. That said, the score does not provide complete and exact instructions on how to perform a historical work, even if the tempo is written with an Italian instruction, we do not know exactly how fast the piece should be played. Bach was particularly noted for his complex improvisations, during the Classical era, the composer-performer Mozart was noted for his ability to improvise melodies in different styles. During the Classical era, some virtuoso soloists would improvise the cadenza sections of a concerto, during the Romantic era, Beethoven would improvise at the piano. The instruments currently used in most classical music were largely invented before the mid-19th century and they consist of the instruments found in an orchestra or in a concert band, together with several other solo instruments. The symphony orchestra is the most widely known medium for music and includes members of the string, woodwind, brass. The concert band consists of members of the woodwind, brass and it generally has a larger variety and number of woodwind and brass instruments than the orchestra but does not have a string section. However, many bands use a double bass. Many of the used to perform medieval music still exist. Medieval instruments included the flute, the recorder and plucked string instruments like the lute. As well, early versions of the organ, fiddle, Medieval instruments in Europe had most commonly been used singly, often self accompanied with a drone note, or occasionally in parts. From at least as early as the 13th century through the 15th century there was a division of instruments into haut, during the earlier medieval period, the vocal music from the liturgical genre, predominantly Gregorian chant, was monophonic, using a single, unaccompanied vocal melody line. Polyphonic vocal genres, which used multiple independent vocal melodies, began to develop during the medieval era, becoming prevalent by the later 13th
15.
Music of Italy
–
The music of Italy ranges across a broad spectrum of opera and instrumental classical music and a body of popular music drawn from both native and imported sources. Music has traditionally one of the cultural markers of Italian national and ethnic identity and holds an important position in society. Instrumental and vocal music is an iconic part of Italian identity, spanning experimental art music and international fusions to symphonic music. Opera is integral to Italian musical culture, and has become a segment of popular music. Italian folk music is an important part of the musical heritage. Italian music has held up in high esteem in history. More than other elements of Italian culture, Italian music is generally eclectic, No parochial protectionist movement has ever attempted to keep Italian music pure and free from foreign influence, except briefly under the Fascist regime of the 1920s and 30s. As a result, Italian music has elements of the many peoples that have dominated or influenced the country, including French, German. The countrys historical contributions to music are also an important part of national pride, Italy has a strong sense of national identity through distinctive culture - a sense of an appreciation of beauty and emotionality, which is strongly evidenced in the music. Cultural, political and social issues are also expressed through music in Italy. Allegiance to music is integrally woven into the identity of Italians. Most folk musics are localized, and unique to a region or city. The musical output of Italy remains characterized by diversity and creative independence a rich variety of types of expression. With the growing industrialization that accelerated during the 20th and 21st century, Italian society gradually moved from a base to an urban. Immigration from North Africa, Asia, and other European countries led to diversification of Italian music. Traditional music came to exist only in pockets, especially as part of dedicated campaigns to retain local musical identities. Music and politics have been intertwined for centuries in Italy, composers who strayed ran certain risks. Among the best known of such cases was the Neapolitan composer Domenico Cimarosa, when the republic fell, he was tried for treason along with other revolutionaries
16.
Rock music
–
It has its roots in 1940s and 1950s rock and roll, itself heavily influenced by blues, rhythm and blues and country music. Rock music also drew strongly on a number of genres such as electric blues and folk. Musically, rock has centered on the guitar, usually as part of a rock group with electric bass guitar. Typically, rock is song-based music usually with a 4/4 time signature using a verse-chorus form, like pop music, lyrics often stress romantic love but also address a wide variety of other themes that are frequently social or political in emphasis. Punk was an influence into the 1980s on the subsequent development of subgenres, including new wave, post-punk. From the 1990s alternative rock began to rock music and break through into the mainstream in the form of grunge, Britpop. Similarly, 1970s punk culture spawned the visually distinctive goth and emo subcultures and this trio of instruments has often been complemented by the inclusion of other instruments, particularly keyboards such as the piano, Hammond organ and synthesizers. The basic rock instrumentation was adapted from the blues band instrumentation. A group of musicians performing rock music is termed a rock band or rock group, Rock music is traditionally built on a foundation of simple unsyncopated rhythms in a 4/4 meter, with a repetitive snare drum back beat on beats two and four. Melodies are often derived from older musical modes, including the Dorian and Mixolydian, harmonies range from the common triad to parallel fourths and fifths and dissonant harmonic progressions. Critics have stressed the eclecticism and stylistic diversity of rock, because of its complex history and tendency to borrow from other musical and cultural forms, it has been argued that it is impossible to bind rock music to a rigidly delineated musical definition. These themes were inherited from a variety of sources, including the Tin Pan Alley pop tradition, folk music and rhythm, as a result, it has been seen as articulating the concerns of this group in both style and lyrics. Christgau, writing in 1972, said in spite of some exceptions, rock and roll usually implies an identification of male sexuality, according to Simon Frith rock was something more than pop, something more than rock and roll. Rock musicians combined an emphasis on skill and technique with the concept of art as artistic expression, original. The foundations of music are in rock and roll, which originated in the United States during the late 1940s and early 1950s. Its immediate origins lay in a melding of various musical genres of the time, including rhythm and blues and gospel music, with country. In 1951, Cleveland, Ohio disc jockey Alan Freed began playing rhythm and blues music for a multi-racial audience, debate surrounds which record should be considered the first rock and roll record. Other artists with rock and roll hits included Chuck Berry, Bo Diddley, Fats Domino, Little Richard, Jerry Lee Lewis
17.
Lucio Battisti
–
Lucio Battisti was an Italian singer, songwriter and composer. He is considered to be one of the best-known and most influential musicians, Battisti started his career in 1966 and from 1969 to 1994 he released 18 albums in his home country. A significant part of his production was translated into Spanish, English, French, Battisti was born in Poggio Bustone, a town in the province of Rieti, and moved with his family to Rome in 1950. In Milan he found the support of the French talent scout, Christine Leroux, under Lerouxs wing Battisti penned three sizeable hits in 1966 for other artists. Mogol also pushed Ricordi to allow Battisti to sing his own songs, Battistis voice became the point of his strength. As a singer, he made his debut with the song Per una lira in 1966, despite the poor success. Battisti continued to write for others, in the late 1960s, with the same song, Battisti classified fourth in the Cantagiro, a then popular Italian Pop music competition. 1969 saw another one of Battistis compositions, Il Paradiso, become a hit in the UK when it was covered by the group Amen Corner as Half as Nice, hitting the number one spot on the singles chart. In the same period another English band, The Hollies – featuring Graham Nash – recorded a Battisti song in Italian, in the same year Battisti took part in the Festival of Sanremo, with the song Unavventura, and his popularity began to increase. His first great hit was Acqua azzurra, acqua chiara, which won the Festivalbar, the same year, Ricordi issued Battistis self-titled debut album. During this successful year he met Grazia Letizia Veronese, who married and lived with Battisti until his death. He also became a popular TV presence, in 1970 Battisti won Festivalbar for the second time in a row, with the song Fiori rosa, fiori di pesco, and started to collaborate with Mina, who sang some of Mogol-Battistis finest tunes. In December, Ricordi issued Battistis second LP, Emozioni, which was a compilation of previously released singles, the new label released Umanamente uomo, il sogno followed by the even more successful Il mio canto libero. The latter topped the Italian charts for 8 weeks, one of its songs – Io vorrei, non vorrei, ma se vuoi – was later recorded by Mick Ronson with lyrics translated by David Bowie, as Music Is Lethal. The song Il mio canto libero has remained one of the most popular songs among Italians, another successful album was Il nostro caro angelo. In 1977 he released Io tu noi tutti and he also relocated to Los Angeles, and issued an album, Images, that featured some of his biggest hits re-recorded in English. However, the attempt to equal his European success in the United States failed, in 1978 Battisti released Una donna per amico, recorded in London and produced by Geoff Westley, it was his best-selling LP. This was followed in 1980 by Una giornata uggiosa, produced by the same team and it contained Battistis last great success, Con il nastro rosa
18.
Mina (singer)
–
Anna Maria Quaini OMRI, known as Mina Mazzini or simply Mina, is an Italian singer. In performance, Mina combined several styles with traditional Italian melodies and swing music. Mina dominated the charts for fifteen years and reached an unsurpassed level of popularity. She has scored 79 albums and 71 singles on the Italian charts, Minas TV appearances in 1959 were the first for a female rock and roll singer in Italy. Her loud syncopated singing earned her the nickname Queen of Screamers, the public also labeled her the Tiger of Cremona for her wild gestures and body shakes. When she turned to light pop tunes, Minas chart-toppers in West Germany in 1962, Minas more refined sensual manner was introduced in 1960 with Gino Paolis ballad This World We Love In, which charted on the Billboard Hot 100 in 1961. Mina was banned from TV and radio in 1963 because her pregnancy and relationship with an actor did not accord with the dominant Catholic. After the ban, the broadcasting service RAI tried to continue to prohibit her songs. Minas cool act combined sex appeal with public smoking, dyed blonde hair, Minas voice has distinctive timbre and great power. Her main themes are anguished love stories performed in high dramatic tones, the singer combined classic Italian pop with elements of blues, R&B and soul music during the late 1960s, especially when she worked in collaboration with the singer-songwriter Lucio Battisti. The latter song was covered by several performers abroad, shirley Bassey carried Minas ballad Grande grande grande to charts in the U. S. U. K. and other English-speaking countries in 1973, Minas easy listening duet Parole parole was turned into a worldwide hit by Dalida and Alain Delon in 1974. Mina gave up public appearances in 1978 but has continued to release albums on a yearly basis to the present day. Anna Maria Mazzini was born into a family in Busto Arsizio. The family moved to work in Cremona in her childhood and she listened to American rock and roll and jazz records and was a frequent visitor at the Santa Tecla and the Taverna Messicana clubs of Milan, both known for promoting rock and roll. After finishing high school in 1958, she attended college where she majored in accounting. While on summer holiday in Versilia on 8 August 1958, Mazzini gave a performance of the song Unanima tra le mani to amuse her family after a concert at the La Bussola night club. During the following nights, Sergio Bernardini, the owner of the club, in September, she started her solo career with the backing of the band Happy Boys
19.
Adriano Celentano
–
Adriano Celentano is an Italian singer, composer, producer, comedian, actor, film director and TV host. He is dubbed as the Molleggiato because of his dancing, Celentano very often is credited as the author of both the music and lyrics of his songs. Due to his career and great successes both in Italy and in the rest of the world, he is considered one of the pillars of Italian music. Celentano is also recognized for being particularly perceptive to the changes in the music business and he is credited for having introduced rock and roll in Italy – a genre that exercised great appeal on young people of that time. Celentano is also an actor and has acted in about 40 films, Celentano was born in Milan at 14 Via Cristoforo Gluck, about which he later wrote the famous song Il ragazzo della via Gluck. His parents were from Foggia, in Apulia, and had moved north for work, heavily influenced by Elvis Presley and the 1950s rock and roll scene as well as American actor Jerry Lewis, Celentano started playing in a rock and roll band with Giorgio Gaber and Enzo Jannacci. He first appeared on screen in Ragazzi del Juke-Box a 1959 Italian musical film directed by Lucio Fulci, in 1960 Federico Fellini casted him as a rock and roll singer in his film La Dolce Vita. As a film director he frequently casted Ornella Muti, Eleonora Giorgi and he and Mori have three children, Rosita, Giacomo and Rosalinda Celentano, most notable to worldwide audiences for playing Satan in Mel Gibsons The Passion of the Christ. Celentano also hosted several Italian television shows, Celentano has retained his popularity in Italy for over 50 years, selling millions of records and appearing in numerous TV shows and movies. In the latter respect, he has also been a creator of a genre, with his characteristic walking. For the most part, his films were successful, indeed in the 1970s and part of the 1980s. As an actor, critics point to Serafino, directed by Pietro Germi and he has released forty albums, comprising twenty nine studio albums, three live albums, and eight compilations. Celentano has been a vegetarian since 2005 and a defender of animal rights. A football fan, Celentano is a well-known Inter Milan supporter and his last concert-event, after 18 years without live performances, was broadcast on Mediaset channel Canale 5, with over 9 million viewers
20.
King Crimson
–
King Crimson are an English rock band formed in London in 1968. Fripp is the only consistent member of the group, and is considered the bands leader, the band has earned a large cult following. King Crimsons debut album, In the Court of the Crimson King, remains its most successful and influential, with its elements of jazz, classical and their success increased following an opening act performance for the Rolling Stones at Hyde Park, London, in 1969. Following the less successful In the Wake of Poseidon, Lizard, and Islands, the reached a new creative peak with Larks Tongues in Aspic, Starless and Bible Black. Fripp disbanded the group in 1974, in 1981, King Crimson reformed with a change in musical direction which lasted for three years, resulting in the trio of albums Discipline, Beat, and Three of a Perfect Pair. Following a decade-long hiatus, Fripp revived the group in 1994, since 1997, several musicians have pursued aspects of the bands work and approaches through a series of related bands collectively referred to as ProjeKCts. In 2000, the band reunited once more and released The Construkction of Light, the bands most recent album is The Power to Believe. In 2009 the band undertook a tour to celebrate their 40th Anniversary, fellow Dorset musician Robert Fripp – a guitarist who did not sing – responded and the trio formed the band Giles, Giles and Fripp. Based on a format of pop songs and complex instrumentals. The band hovered on the edge of success, with several radio sessions and a television appearance, the album was no more of a success than the singles, and was even disparaged by Keith Moon of the Who in a magazine review. Attempting to expand their sound, the three recruited Ian McDonald on keyboards, reeds and woodwinds, McDonald brought along his then-girlfriend, former Fairport Convention singer Judy Dyble, whose brief tenure with the group ended when the two split. Would you like to get together on a couple of songs, Fripp, meanwhile, saw Clouds perform at the Marquee Club in London which inspired him to incorporate classical melodies and jazz-like improvisation in his song writing. No longer interested in pursuing Peter Giles more whimsical pop style, Fripp recommended his friend, singer and guitarist Greg Lake, join, Peter Giles later called it one of Fripps cute political moves. But he had become disillusioned with the lack of success and departed, leaving Lake to become bassist. The first incarnation of King Crimson formed in London on 30 November 1968, the bands name was coined by Sinfield, though it is not meant to be a synonym for Beelzebub, prince of demons. McDonald suggested the purchase a Mellotron, and they began using it to create an orchestral rock sound. Sinfield described Crimson thus, If it sounded at all popular, so it had to be complicated, it had to be more expansive chords, it had to have strange influences. If it sounded, like, too simple, wed make it more complicated, wed play it in 7/8 or 5/8, just to show off
21.
Jethro Tull (band)
–
Jethro Tull were a British rock group, formed in Luton, Bedfordshire, on December 20,1967. Initially playing blues rock, the band developed its sound to incorporate elements of British folk music. The group first achieved success in 1969, with the folk-tinged blues album Stand Up, which reached No.1 in the UK charts, and they toured regularly in the UK. Jethro Tull have sold over 60 million albums worldwide, with 11 gold and they have been described by Rolling Stone as one of the most commercially successful and eccentric progressive rock bands. The last works as a group to new material were released in 2003. In April 2014, as he was concentrating on his solo career, however, in March 2017, Anderson released Jethro Tull - The String Quartets, an album of reimagined Tull songs, recorded with The Carducci String Quartet. Ian Anderson, Jeffrey Hammond and John Evan, who would become members of Jethro Tull, Anderson was born in Dunfermline, Scotland and grew up in Edinburgh before moving to Blackpool in January 1960. Evans had become a fan of the Beatles after seeing them play Love Me Do on Granada Televisions Scene at 6,30, though he was an accomplished pianist, he decided to take up the drums, as it was an instrument featured in the Beatles line-up. Anderson had acquired a Spanish guitar and taught himself how to play it, the pair recruited Hammond on bass, who brought along his collection of blues records to listen to. By 1964 the band had recruited guitarist Chris Riley and developed into a six-piece blue-eyed soul band called the John Evan Band, evans had shortened his surname to Evan at the insistence of Hammond, who thought it sounded better and more unusual. The group recruited Johnny Taylor as an agent and played gigs further afield around northwest England, playing a mixture of blues. Hammond subsequently quit the band to go to art school and he was briefly replaced by Derek Ward, then by Glenn Cornick. Riley also quit and was replaced by Neil Smith, the group recorded three songs at Regent Sound Studios in Denmark Street, London in April 1967, and appeared at The Marquee club in June. In November 1967, the moved to the London area. Anderson, Abrahams and Cornick decided to stay together, recruiting Abrahams friend Clive Bunker on drums, Cornick recalled that although Evan left, the band said he was welcome to rejoin at a later date. As the only member not having nearby family, Anderson lived in a bed-sit on the verge of starvation, Anderson recalled looking at a poster at a club and concluding that the band name he didnt recognise was his. Band names were supplied by their booking agents staff, one of whom. The name stuck because they happened to be using it the first time a club manager liked their show enough to them to return
22.
Chicago (band)
–
Chicago is an American rock band formed in 1967 in Chicago, Illinois. The self-described rock and roll band with horns began as a charged, sometimes experimental, rock band and later moved to a predominantly softer sound. The group had a stream of hits throughout the 1970s and 1980s. Chicago is one of the longest-running and most successful rock groups, according to Billboard, Chicago was the leading U. S. singles charting group during the 1970s. They have sold over 40 million units in the U. S. with 23 gold,18 platinum, over the course of their career they have had five number-one albums and 21 top-ten singles. They were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame on April 8,2016 at Barclays Center in Brooklyn, New York. Original band members Peter Cetera, Robert Lamm, and James Pankow are among the 2017 Songwriters Hall of Fame inductees for their efforts as members of the music group. Parazaider, Kath, Seraphine, Pankow and Loughnane met in 1967 while students at DePaul University, Lamm was recruited from Roosevelt University. The group of six called themselves The Big Thing, and continued playing top 40 hits, while gaining some success as a cover band, the group began working on original songs. In June 1968, at manager James William Guercios request, The Big Thing moved to Los Angeles, California, the band changed its name to Chicago Transit Authority. It was while performing on a basis at the Whisky a Go Go nightclub in West Hollywood that the band got exposure to more famous musical artists of the time. Subsequently, they were the act for Janis Joplin and Jimi Hendrix. As related to William James Ruhlmann by Walt Parazaider, Jimi Hendrix once told Parazaider, Jeez, your horn players are one set of lungs. Their first record, the eponymous Chicago Transit Authority, is a double album and it sold over one million copies by 1970, and was awarded a platinum disc. The album included a number of pop-rock songs – Does Anybody Really Know What Time It Is, beginnings, Questions 67 and 68, and Im a Man – which were later released as singles. After the release of their first album, the name was shortened to Chicago to avoid legal action being threatened by the actual mass-transit company of the same name. The band released an album, titled Chicago, which is another double-LP. The albums centerpiece track is a seven-part, 13-minute suite composed by Pankow called Ballet for a Girl in Buchannon, the suite yielded two top ten hits, Make Me Smile and Colour My World, both sung by Kath
23.
Ekseption
–
Ekseption was a Dutch rock band active from 1967 to 1989, playing mostly-instrumental progressive rock and classical rock. The central character in the changing list of members, the band member present on every album, was conservatory-trained trumpeter Rein van den Broek. The band knew some success in the 1970s, having Dutch top ten hit singles with their adaptations of Beethovens Fifth. The second album, Beggar Julias time trip, won the Dutch Edison Award for album of the year, Ekseption grew out of the high-school band The Jokers, which van den Broek formed in 1958. They changed their name to The Incrowd before discovering that name was already taken, finally they settled on the name Ekseption in 1967. Most of their subsequent albums contain both songs and re-interpreted classical pieces. It quickly became evident that van der Linden had assumed leadership of the group, jansen took Ekseption in a jazzier direction, with two LPs of original compositions, but lackluster sales caused the band to break up in 1976. An offshoot band, named Spin, formed later that year, in 1978 Trace and Spin merged to become Ekseption once again. Periodic reunions appeared until van der Lindens death in 2006, semi-official website General information Ekseption at AllMusic
24.
The Flock (band)
–
The Flock was an American, Chicago-based jazz-rock band, that released two records on Columbia records in 1969 and 1970. The violinist, Jerry Goodman, went on to become a member of Mahavishnu Orchestra, the members at the time of their 1969 studio recording were Fred Glickstein, Jerry Goodman, Jerry Smith, Ron Karpman, Rick Canoff, Tom Webb and Frank Posa. After a highly promising first album that was further outside, jazz/fusion-wise than either Chicago or BS&T, the new outfit featured a handful of older, established Flock compositions, but yet emphasized new material, co-written by Glickstein & Karpman with some arrangement contributions by Blecka. S. Henry Webb and also friends, Dennis Tiger & Jeff Gates, unfortunately, the bands live performances were never captured on tape and any attempts at studio recording fell by the wayside due to personal issues amongst the band. The Flock had three singles on Destination Records and one on the USA Records label, recorded in 1966 and 1967. All four singles are now available on CD and these singles were Cant You See, Are You The Kind, Take Me Back and What Would You Do If The Sun Died. There is film footage of the version of the Flock playing the song Big Bird at a rock festival in the Netherlands about 1970. Violinist Jerry Goodman is prominently featured in the video, but all members of the group, the Flock Dinosaur Swamps Inside Out Live in Europe Flock Rock - The Best Of The Flock 2131 South Michigan Ave 1. Https, //www. youtube. com/watch. v=Zfgb-C-L8k4 Official website New Flock page Allmusic Myspace. com
25.
Banco del Mutuo Soccorso
–
Banco del Mutuo Soccorso is an Italian rock band. A popular progressive rock band in the 1970s, they continued making music in the 1980s and 1990s, recently, they were still active, playing live in 2001 and 2008 at NEARfest. Their charismatic frontman, Francesco Di Giacomo, died in 2014 and they later recorded their eponymous debut in 1972, soon to be followed by Darwin. and in 1973 Io sono nato libero. Proving popular in Italy and becoming known abroad, the signed with Manticore Records together with the Premiata Forneria Marconi. In 1975 Banco was released, a collection of translated songs together with new material, come in unultima cena was also translated as As in a Last Supper. The late 1970s saw Banco del Mutuo Soccorso going in new directions, with a soundtrack in 1976s Garofano rosso. They changed their name to the simplified Banco, the 1980s saw Bancos musical direction change towards lighter pop and shorter songs, producing some hits. This is due to the success they had abroad with their albums with English lyrics. Gianni Nocenzi left the band for a solo career, in the 1990s and now back to using the longer name, they started playing their 1970s material again. They performed unplugged versions of their songs live and re-recorded their first albums, today, the band continues to play live, although no new material has been recorded since 1997. On 21 February 2014, Francesco di Giacomo died in a car accident, in Zagarolo, in September 2016 some Italian newspapers claimed that the band has taken on Tony DAlessio, best known from the Italian edition of X-Factor, as the new lead singer. Ciò che si vede è Live 1980 Il Balletto di Bronzo I Cervello La Locanda delle Fate Le Orme Osanna Nova La Premiata Forneria Marconi Il Rovescio della Medaglia Official band history
26.
Isotta-Fraschini
–
Isotta Fraschini is an Italian motors brand historically known for the production of cars as well as trucks, and engines for marine and aviation use. The company went bankrupt in 1999, in 2000, a new company was founded, under the name of Isotta Fraschini Milano. Isotta Fraschini currently has offices in Milan and Bari, the firm was named for its founders, Cesare Isotta and Vincenzo Fraschini, as Società Milanese Automobili Isotta, Fraschini & C. on 27 January 1900. The motto was Import, sell, repair cars, prior to establishing their own company in 1904, Isotta and Fraschini assembled Renaults. The first automobile bearing this marque featured an engine with an output of 24 horsepower. The car, driven by Vincenzo Fraschini, appeared in several races, in 1905, Isotta Fraschini gained notoriety in the Coppa Florio, where they entered a Tipo D with a 17. 2-litre 100 horsepower engine. For a short time in 1907, Isotta Fraschini merged with French automobile company Lorraine-Dietrich, the firm started making race cars using this same 100 horsepower engine, establishing the companys reputation and giving its name considerable cachet. It was also one of the first cars with four-wheel brakes and they were also among the early pioneers of overhead cam, with an engine designed by Giustino Cattaneo. Isotta Fraschini introduced their Tipo 8, the first production automobile to be powered by an engine, at the Paris Salon in 1919. With the growth of the middle class in North America in the 1920s. Early film stars Clara Bow and Rudolph Valentino drove Isotta Fraschinis, a 1929 Tipo 8A Castagna Transformable is featured in the 1950 film Sunset Boulevard and another appears in the 1934 film Death Takes a Holiday with Fredric March. An Isotta also makes a appearance in the 1946 film Without Reservations with John Wayne. Also, an Isotta Fraschini was gigolo Lindsay Marriotts car in Raymond Chandlers classic Farewell, My Lovely that was made into a motion picture starring Dick Powell and Claire Trevor. The grille of the Isotta with the lightning bolt insignia is seen parked in a ravine, an oversized Isotta is also the vehicle of choice for Dick and Nicole Diver in F. Scott Fitzgeralds 1933 novel Tender is the Night. Seriously affected by the crisis of the 1930s and by the disruptions of World War II. Only five of the last model, the Monterosa, were produced, the plants were converted to produce marine engines. The company was left on the register and in 1955 it was merged with engine manufacturer Breda Motori. The company started to produce buses again and in 1960s built a new diesel engine factory in Bari
27.
Brescia
–
Brescia is a city and comune in the region of Lombardy in northern Italy. It is situated at the foot of the Alps, a few kilometres from the lakes Garda, with a population of 196,480, it is the second largest city in the region and the fourth of northwest Italy. The urban area of Brescia extends beyond the city limits and has a population of 672,822. The city is the capital of the Province of Brescia, one of the largest in Italy. Founded over 3,200 years ago, Brescia has been an important regional centre since pre-Roman times, Brescia is considered the industrial capital of Italy. The metallurgy and the production of tools and firearms are of particular economic significance, along with mechanical. In addition, Brescia is the setting for most of the action in Alessandro Manzonis 1822 play Adelchi, Brescia and its territory will be the European Region of Gastronomy in 2017. Various myths relate to the founding of Brescia, one assigns it to Hercules while another attributes its foundation as Altilia by a fugitive from the siege of Troy. According to another myth, the founder was the king of the Ligures, Cidnus, colle Cidneo was named after that version, and it is the site of the medieval castle. Others scholars attribute the founding of Brescia to the Etruscans, the Gallic Cenomani, allies of the Insubres, invaded in the 7th century BC, and used the town as their capital. The city became Roman in 225 BC, when the Cenomani submitted to the Romans, during the Carthaginian Wars, Brixia was allied with the Romans. During a Celtic alliance against the city remained fateful to the Romans, with their Roman allies the city remain and attacked and destroyed the Insubres by surprise. Subsequently, the city and the tribe entered the Roman world peacefully as faithful allies, in 89 BC, Brixia was recognized as civitas and in 41 BC, its inhabitants received Roman citizenship. Augustus founded a colony there in 27 BC, and he. Roman Brixia had at least three temples, an aqueduct, a theatre, a forum with another temple built under Vespasianus, when Constantine advanced against Maxentius in 312, an engagement took place at Brixia in which the enemy was forced to retreat as far as Verona. In 402, the city was ravaged by the Visigoths of Alaric I, during the 452 invasion of the Huns under Attila, the city was besieged and sacked. Forty years later, it was one of the first conquests by the Gothic general Theoderic the Great in his war against Odoacer, in 568, Brescia was taken from the Byzantines by the Lombards, who made it the capital of one of their semi-independent duchies. The first duke was Alachis, who died in 573, later dukes included the future kings of the Lombards Rothari and Rodoald, and Alachis II, a fervent anti-Catholic who was killed in battle at Cornate dAdda in 688
28.
Viareggio
–
Viareggio is a city and comune in northern Tuscany, Italy, on the coast of the Tyrrhenian Sea. With a population of over 64,000, it is the second largest city within the province of Lucca, the symbol of the carnival of Viareggio and its official mask is Burlamacco, designed and invented by Uberto Bonetti in 1930. The city traces its roots back to the first half of the 16th century when it became the gate to the sea for the Republic of Lucca. Viareggio hosts the Premio letterario Viareggio Répaci for literature, established in 1929, the entire area of Viareggio extends over the coastal flooding plain of Versilia. Located on the Ligurian Sea, it has 10 kilometres of beaches, of which 6 kilometres are managed by private beach resorts. The municipal area comprises the Lake of Massaciuccoli and several canals, the most important ones of which are known as Burlamacca, Farabola, Fossa dellAbate, and Fosso Le Quindici. The climate is characterised by high levels of humidity and a yearly rainfall off 900 to 1,000 millimetres as a result of the proximity of the Apuanian Alps to the coast. The main winds blow from the south-east, the Libeccio and the Ponente which batter the coast for two to three days in a row and cause severe storms. During winter months, high temperatures can vary between 14–15 °C and 4–5 °C, while night temperatures can reach below 0 °C. In the summer, temperatures peak around 31–33 °C, the very high summer humidity and low cloud cover can mean that the heat index temperature is 20 °C or more higher than the air temperature. In 180 BC the Romans defeated the Ligurians and started colonising the Versilia, the most widely accepted theory recognises the citys name as deriving from the Latin Via Regis, the name of the Medieval road linking the fortification built on the beach to Lucca. According to other historians, instead, the name derives from Vicus Regius and this theory is based on the fact that in imperial times, there was a small inhabited centre in the area known as Gli Ortacci which belonged to the empire, hence regius. Several hillside towns started developing in the Middle Ages, some of which are still active, the area currently hosting the city of Viareggio was still marshland and not inhabited. The first mention of Viareggio dates back to 1169 when a tower guarding the coast was built. A little over two years later, in a building named Turris de Via Regia was erected, taking its name from the road that linked it to Lucca. In the following years the area around Viareggio, was involved in the hostilities between Pisa and Lucca, in their attempt to control over the coastal area. The conflict was spurred by the desire of the Lucchesi to finally gain access to the sea and it is during these years that the feudal Lords of Versilia were forced to abdicate in favour of Castruccio Castracani. In the following years the area upon which Viareggio would eventually be built was marked by a number of battles, invasions
29.
Mia Martini
–
Mia Martini was an Italian singer. She was born Domenica Berté in 1947 in Bagnara Calabra (province of Reggio Calabria, in southern Italy, the youngest of them, Loredana Berté, was born on the same day and month as Martini, and also became famous as a singer. Her father, Giuseppe Radames Berté, was a teacher of Latin and her mother, Maria Salvina Dato, was an elementary school teacher. Mimi as Domenica was known, spent her childhood in Macerata, in 1962, she convinced her mother to take her Milan for an audition. She recorded her first records as Mimì Berté, but soon decided to change her name to Mia Martini and she represented Italy at the Eurovision Song Contest twice, in 1977 with Libera, and in 1992 with Rapsodia. That same year she recorded Per amarti, written by Bruno Lauzi and she won the World Popular Song Festival Yamaha in Tokyo with Ritratto di donna who comes to the first positions in the Japanese charts. In 1982 she participated at the Sanremo Festival, in late 1983, she decided to retire. In 1992, she was back in the race at the Sanremo Festival with Gli uomini non cambiano, by Giancarlo Bigazzi and Beppe Dati. She won second place, allowing her to represent Italy at Eurovision again, which that year was held in Sweden and she suffered from painful fibroids, for which she took prescription medication. On 14 May 1995, her body was found in the apartment in Via Liguria 2, according to the coroners report, her death was by cardiac arrest caused by an overdose of drugs
30.
RCA Records
–
RCA Records is an American record label owned by Sony Music Entertainment, a subsidiary of Sony Corporation of America, Inc. It is one of SMEs three flagship labels, alongside Columbia Records and Epic Records. The label has released multiple genres of music, including pop, rock, hip hop, R&B, blues, jazz, the companys name is derived from the initials of the labels former parent company, the Radio Corporation of America. It is the second oldest recording company in US history, after sister label Columbia Records, RCAs Canadian unit is Sonys oldest label in Canada. It was one of only two Canadian record companies to survive the Great Depression, kelly, Enrique Iglesias, Foo Fighters, Kings of Leon, Kesha, Miley Cyrus, Giorgio Moroder, Jennifer Hudson, DAngelo, Pink, Tinashe, G-Eazy, Pitbull, Zayn and Wizkid. In 1929, the Radio Corporation of America purchased the Victor Talking Machine Company, then the worlds largest manufacturer of phonographs and phonograph records. The company then became RCA Victor but retained use of the Victor Records name on their labels until the beginning of 1946 when the labels were finally switched over to RCA Victor. With Victor, RCA acquired New World rights to the famous Nipper His Masters Voice trademark, in Shanghai, China, in 1931, RCA Victors British affiliate the Gramophone Company merged with the Columbia Graphophone Company to form EMI. This gave RCA head David Sarnoff a seat on the EMI board, in September 1931, RCA Victor introduced the first 33⅓ rpm records sold to the public, calling them Program Transcriptions. In the depths of the Great Depression, the format was a commercial failure, during the early part of the depression, RCA made a number of attempts to produce a successful cheap label to compete with the dime store labels. The first was the short-lived Timely Tunes label in 1931 sold at Montgomery Ward, in 1932, Bluebird Records was created as a sub-label of RCA Victor. It was originally an 8-inch record with a blue label. In 1933, RCA reintroduced Bluebird and Electradisk as a standard 10-inch label, another cheap label, Sunrise, was produced. The same musical couplings were issued on all three labels and Bluebird Records still survives eight decades after Electradisk and Sunrise were discontinued, RCA also produced records for Montgomery Ward label during the 1930s. Besides manufacturing records for themselves, RCA Victor operated RCA Custom which was the leading record manufacturer for independent record labels, RCA Custom also pressed record compilations for The Readers Digest Association. RCA sold its interest in EMI in 1935, but EMI continued to distribute RCA recordings in the UK, RCA also manufactured and distributed HMV classical recordings on the RCA and HMV labels in North America. During World War II, ties between RCA and its Japanese affiliate JVC were severed, the Japanese record company is today called Victor Entertainment and is still a JVC subsidiary. From 1942 to 1944, RCA Victor was seriously impacted by the American Federation of Musicians recording ban, virtually all union musicians could not make recordings during that period
31.
Minimoog
–
The Minimoog is a monophonic analog synthesizer, invented by Bill Hemsath and Robert Moog. It was released in 1970 by R. A, Moog Inc. and production was stopped in 1981. It was re-designed by Robert Moog in 2002 and released as Minimoog Voyager, in May 2016, Moog announced a limited-run pilot production reissue of the Model D, to be launched at Moogfest. It has subsequently gone into full production, the Minimoog was designed in response to the use of synthesizers in rock/pop music. It later surpassed this original purpose, however, and became a distinctive and it remains in demand today, over four decades after its introduction, for its intuitive design and powerful bass and lead sounds. Four prototypes were made over the years before a design was decided upon to release as a commercial product. The Minimoog Model D adapted some of the circuitry from earlier modular instruments, to produce a sound, the musician would first choose a sound shape to be generated from the VCO and/or the type of noise. The filtered signal is routed to the voltage-controlled amplifier, where its contour is shaped by a dedicated ADS envelope generator. Part of the appeal of this instrument over the early modular Moogs was that the Minimoog required no patch cables, its signal and control voltage path is hard-wired, while this imposed the signal flow limitation outlined above, there are ways to tweak the sound. For example, in reality, the Minimoog has six sound sources, the voltage-controlled filter and voltage-controlled amplifier each have their own ADSD envelope generator. Musicians who are familiar with more modern synthesizers might expect the last letter to be R for Release, however, on the Minimoog, the envelopes are ADSD, as the decay setting also sets the time for what is regularly known as release. In other words, there are three knobs to control 4 sections of the sound — a shortcoming that doesnt seem to diminish the Minimoogs popularity in any way. There is also a switch above the pitch and modulation wheels to engage the final stage as well as a switch for engaging the glide circuit. The VCF is of transistor ladder type, a design patented by Moog, rumors that Moog had to go to court over the patent seem to be nothing more, differences with ARP at one point were settled amicably. The output of the third oscillator and/or the noise generator can also be routed to the control inputs of the filter and/or oscillators. The amount of pitch or filter modulation thus realized is controlled by the modulation wheel, in this way, the third oscillator is frequently used as a low-frequency oscillator to control pitch and/or harmonic content. External pitch control does not pass through the circuit, nor is it presented to the VCF tracking switches — the external inputs were not designed for external keyboard control. The lowest note played on the keyboard determines the pitch, a condition that is referred to as low-note priority, the envelope generators do not re-trigger unless all notes are lifted before the next note is played, an important characteristic which allows phrasing
32.
Storia di un minuto
–
Storia di un minuto is the first album of the Italian progressive rock band Premiata Forneria Marconi. It was released by the Numero Uno division of RCA Records in Italy, the album topped the Italian album charts after only one week and was the first album by an Italian rock group to achieve this kind of success. Storia di un minuto is essentially a rock album with traces of symphonic rock. The album received a review from Allmusic, and was deemed as one of the greatest debuts in the history of prog rock. It contains re-recorded versions of songs from their first single Impressioni di settembre b/w La carrozza di Hans, also included are È Festa and Dove. Which continue to be parts of their live concerts. The album quintessentially follows the lines of rock and symphonic rock, yet it includes elements of other genres, ranging from classical. Nevertheless, the style is eclectic, going from pop-oriented melodies to more heavy rock-sounding tracks. Storia di un minuto was acclaimed in an Allmusic review, where it was given out of five stars
33.
Per un amico
–
Per un amico is the second album from the Italian progressive rock band Premiata Forneria Marconi. Released in 1972 by all the members of the group. The album remains popular among rock fans throughout Italy and the group will usually still perform all tracks on the album today. The album, still progressive at heart, additionally borrows influences from a variety of genres and subgenres. In an Allmusic review, Per un amico was lauded as a classic within the genre, many of the songs from this album would appear either in their original form or re-recorded with vocals in English on PFMs English-language albums Photos of Ghosts. Per un amico is rooted within the rock genre, yet includes elements of music ranging from avant-garde to hard rock. The lyrics in the album are sung in Italian. Robert Taylor, in an Allmusic review, gave the album a four-and-a-half stars out of five, All songs written by Mauro Pagani, Franco Mussida, Flavio Premoli, except Generale. Rolling Stone listed the album at 19th in their 50 Greatest Prog Rock Albums of All Time list
34.
Multitrack recording
–
Multitracking became possible in the mid-1950s when the idea of simultaneously recording different audio channels to separate discrete tracks on the same reel-to-reel tape was developed. Prior to the development of recording, all of the singers, band instrumentalists, and/or orchestra accompanists had to sing. Multitracking allowed the engineer to adjust the levels and tone of each individual track, as well, different electronic effects such as reverb could be applied to specific tracks, such as the lead vocals, while not being applied to other tracks where this effect would not be desirable. In the 1980s and 1990s, computers provided means by which sound recording and reproduction could be digitized, revolutionizing audio recording and distribution. Though magnetic tape has not been replaced as a recording medium. Even in the 2010s, with digital multitracking being the dominant technology, with the introduction of SMPTE timecode in the early 1970s, engineers began to use computers to perfectly synchronize separate audio and video playback, and or multiple audio tape machines. In this system, one track of each carried the timecode signal. Some large studios were able to link multiple 24-track machines together, an extreme example of this occurred in 1982, when the rock group Toto recorded Toto IV on three synchronized 24-track machines. This setup theoretically provided for up to 69 audio tracks, which is far more than necessary for most recording projects. For computer-based systems, the trend in the 2000s is towards unlimited numbers of tracks, although issues such as RAM memory. Moreover, on computer-based systems, the number of available recording tracks is limited by the number of sound card discrete analog or digital inputs. At any given point on the tape, any of the tracks on the device can be recording or playing back using sel-sync or Selective Synchronous recording. They might then record a version on track 4 while listening to the other tracks. All the tracks can then be played back in perfect synchrony and this can be repeated until all of the available tracks have been used, or in some cases, reused. During mix down a set of playback heads with higher fidelity are used. Before all tracks are filled, any number of existing tracks can be bounced into one or two tracks, and the original tracks erased, making room for more tracks to be reused for fresh recording. In 1963, The Beatles were using twin track for Please Please Me, the Beach Boys Pet Sounds also made innovative use of multitracking with 8-track machines of the day. Motown also began recording with 8-track machines in 1965 before moving to 16-track machines in mid-1969, a recording engineer can record only the section being worked on, without erasing any other section of that track
35.
Greg Lake
–
Born and raised in Dorset, Lake began to play the guitar at the age of 12 and wrote his first song, Lucky Man, at the same age. He became a full time musician at 17, playing in rock bands until fellow Dorset guitarist Robert Fripp invited him to join King Crimson as their singer. They found commercial success with their debut album, In the Court of the Crimson King. Lake left the band in 1970 and achieved significant success in the 1970s and beyond as the singer, guitarist, bassist, as a member of ELP, Lake wrote and recorded several popular songs including Lucky Man and From the Beginning. Both songs entered the UK and US singles charts, Lake launched a solo career, beginning with his 1975 single I Believe in Father Christmas which reached number two in the UK. He went on to solo albums and singles thereafter, collaborating with several artists in the process. Lake performed with groups in the 1980s, and occasional ELP reunions in the 1990s. He died on 7 December 2016 in London, after suffering from cancer, Greg Lake was born on 10 November 1947 in the Parkstone area of Poole in Dorset to Harry, an engineer, and Pearl, a housewife. He grew up in the suburb of Oakdale. He later described his upbringing as a happy one, Lake discovered rock and roll in 1957 when he bought Little Richards Lucille. At the age of 12, he first learned to play the guitar and wrote his first song, Lucky Man and he named his mother, a pianist, as his initial musical influence and she bought Lake a second hand guitar to learn on. Lake then took lessons from Don Strike, who had a shop in Westbourne. After roughly one year with Strike, Lake ended his tuition as he wished to learn songs by The Shadows, a band of his. Lakes second guitar was a pink Fender Stratocaster, Lake attended Oakdale Junior School followed by Henry Harbin Secondary Modern School, and left the latter in 1963 or 1964. He then took up work loading and unloading cargo at the Poole docks, Lake then decided to become a full time musician at the age of 17. Lake joined his first band, Unit Four, playing songs as their singer and guitarist. Following their split, Lake and Unit Four bassist Dave Genes formed another covers group and he then became a member of The Shame, where he is featured on their single, Dont Go Away Little Girl, written by Janis Ian. During his stay in Carlisle for a gig, Lake contracted pneumonia and his band mates refused to drive back home that night, leaving Lake to sleep in the van where he woke up blue
36.
Emerson, Lake & Palmer
–
Emerson, Lake & Palmer were an English progressive rock supergroup formed in London in 1970. The band consisted of keyboardist Keith Emerson, singer, bassist, and producer Greg Lake, after forming in early 1970, the band came to prominence following their performance at the Isle of Wight Festival in August 1970. In their first year, the signed with Atlantic Records and released Emerson, Lake & Palmer and Tarkus. The bands success continued with Pictures at an Exhibition, Trilogy, after a three-year break, Emerson, Lake & Palmer released Works Volume 1 and Works Volume 2 which began their decline in popularity. After Love Beach, the disbanded in 1979. The band reformed partially in the 1980s with Emerson, Lake & Powell featuring Cozy Powell in place of Palmer, Robert Berry then replaced Lake, forming 3. In 1991, the trio reformed and released two more albums, Black Moon and In the Hot Seat, and toured at various times between 1992 and 1998. Their final performance took place in 2010 at the High Voltage Festival in London to commemorate the bands 40th anniversary, both Emerson and Lake died in 2016, leaving Palmer as the only surviving member of the band. Keith Emerson and Greg Lake met in December 1969 when Emersons then band The Nice, Emerson was looking to form a new band, and Lake wished to leave King Crimson. During a soundcheck before one of the shows, Emerson described the first time he and Lake played together, Greg was moving a line and I played the piano in back. The pair had met twice before in England in 1969 when the Nice and King Crimson performed at the Jazz and Blues Pop Festival in Plumpton and Fairfield Halls in Croydon. When Emerson and Lake decided to form a new group, they initially approached drummer Mitch Mitchell who was at an end following the break-up of The Jimi Hendrix Experience. The two then hired a studio by Soho Square and began to audition new drummers and he soon received a call from Lakes management asking to reconsider, after several weeks of further sessions, Palmer agreed to join. He bought a copy of the score, and Lake and Palmer agreed to adapt it and their first live gig as Emerson, Lake & Palmer followed at Plymouth Guildhall on 23 August 1970, supported by local band Earth. They travelled to the venue in a transit van previously owned by progressive rock band Yes. A small venue situated outside London was deliberately chosen in case the concert was a failure, but the concert was well received. Their second gig took place on 29 August with a set at the Isle of Wight Festival which was attended by an estimated 600,000 people and drew considerable attention from the public and music press. At the end of Pictures at an Exhibition, the band fired two cannons that Emerson had tested in a field near Heathrow Airport, Emerson believed that Ertegun agreed to take the band on because we could sell out 20, 000-seaters before we even had a record out
37.
Photos of Ghosts
–
Photos of Ghosts is the first English language album by the Italian progressive rock band Premiata Forneria Marconi, also known as PFM. Released in the U. S. in October 1973, it was the first album by an Italian rock group to appear on the American charts, the album peaked at #180 on the Billboard 200 albums chart in November 1973. PFM was discovered by Greg Lake of Emerson, Lake & Palmer while on an Italian tour, the band was signed to Manticore Records, a label created by ELP, soon after. Five of seven songs on this album have new lyrics written by former King Crimson lyricist Peter Sinfield, Sinfield produced the new recording and mixing at Command Studios in London. The best known song from album, Celebration, had significant airplay on FM Album-oriented rock stations across the U. S. The version heard here is a 1973 re-recording made specifically for this album and it was originally recorded in 1971 as È festa for PFMs debut album, Storia di un minuto. Also unique to this album is a new instrumental titled Old Rain, Photos of Ghosts includes the entirety of PFMs second album Per un amico. Four of those five recordings have new English lyrics, Mr.9 till 5 was originally an instrumental titled Generale. Il Banchetto is a version of the Italian track from Per un amico. River of Life Appena un po -7,00 Celebration È festa -3,53 Photos of Ghosts Per un amico -5,23 Old Rain -3,41 Il banchetto -8,36 Mr.9 til 5 Generale
38.
Billboard 200
–
The Billboard 200 is a record chart ranking the 200 most popular music albums and EPs in the United States, published weekly by Billboard magazine. It is frequently used to convey the popularity of an artist or groups of artists, often, a recording act will be remembered by its number ones, those of their albums that outperformed all others during at least one week. The chart is based mostly on sales of albums in the United States, the weekly sales period was originally Monday to Sunday when Nielsen started tracking sales in 1991, but since July 2015, tracking week begins on Friday and ends on Thursday. A new chart is published the following Tuesday with an issue post-dated to the Saturday of the following week, the charts streaming schedule is also tracked from Friday to Thursday. Example, Friday January 1 – sales tracking week begins Thursday January 7 – sales tracking week ends Tuesday January 12 – new chart published, New product is released to the American market on Fridays. Digital downloads of albums are included in Billboard 200 tabulation. Albums that are not licensed for sale in the United States are not eligible to chart. As of the issue dated April 15,2017, the album on the Billboard 200 is More Life by Drake. Billboard began an album chart in 1945, initially only five positions long, the album chart was not published on a weekly basis, sometimes three to seven weeks passing before it was updated. A biweekly, 15-position Best-Selling Popular Albums chart appeared in 1955, the position count varied anywhere from 10 to 30 albums. The first number-one album on the new weekly list was Belafonte by Harry Belafonte, the chart was renamed to Best-Selling Pop Albums later in 1956, and then to Best-Selling Pop LPs in 1957. Beginning on May 25,1959, Billboard split the ranking into two charts Best-Selling Stereophonic LPs for stereo albums and Best-Selling Monophonic LPs for mono albums and these were renamed to Stereo Action Charts and Mono Action Charts in 1960. In January 1961, they became Action Albums—Stereophonic and Action Albums—Monophonic, three months later, they became Top LPs—Stereo and Top LPs—Monaural. On August 17,1963 the stereo and mono charts were combined into a 150-position chart called Top LPs, on April 1,1967, the chart was expanded to 175 positions, then finally to 200 positions on May 13,1967. In 1960, Billboard began concurrently publishing album charts which ranked sales of older or mid-priced titles and these Essential Inventory charts were divided by stereo and mono albums, and featured titles that had already appeared on the main stereo and mono album charts. In January 1961, the Action Charts became Action Albums—Monophonic, Albums appeared on either chart for up to nine weeks, then were moved to an Essential Inventory list of approximately 200 titles, with no numerical ranking. This list continued to be published until the consolidated Top LPs chart debuted in 1963, in 1982, Billboard began publishing a Midline Albums chart which ranked older or mid-priced titles. The chart held 50 positions and was published on a bi-weekly basis, on May 25,1991, Billboard premiered the Top Pop Catalog Albums chart
39.
Peter Sinfield
–
In 2005, Sinfield was noted as a Prog rock hero in Q magazine, for his impressive lyrical contribution and creative influence while working within the rock music industry. As a lyricist, Sinfield has an approach to the sounds of words, filled with surreal imagery. Sinfield was born at Fulham, London, to mixed English-Irish ancestry and he seldom had contact with his father Ian. It was there that Sinfield discovered a love of words and their use and meanings and he came to devour books of all kinds, especially poetry. He later attended Ranelagh Grammar School in Bracknell, Berkshire and he left school at sixteen and worked briefly as a travel agent, believing that this would allow him to see the world. He then went on to work for a company for six years, travelling around Europe when he could. He spent a number of years drifting around Morocco and Spain before returning to England, mcDonald let the others know that he was already working with someone who could write lyrics. Peter Giles left the group at about time, to be replaced by Greg Lake. In his own words, I became their pet hippie, because I could tell them where to go to buy the funny clothes that they saw everyone wearing, Sinfield also came up with the name King Crimson. Sinfield loved working with the band and, in addition to writing the lyrics that came to be part of King Crimsons trademark. He was not a good enough singer to contribute to the vocals. However, Sinfield occasionally added touches of EMS VCS3 synthesizer, see, e. g. the Ladies of the Road album recorded live on tour in 1971 and 72 or Indoor Games and Happy Family on the Lizard album. Fripp became involved with projects, which left Sinfield with much of the responsibility for the final version and design of the album. Even so, the relationship between Sinfield and Fripp had become strained as the band progressed. On their next album, Islands, Sinfield began exploring new lyrical territory, on 1 January 1972, however, following a tour of the United States, Fripp got tired of Sinfields fantasy-based lyrics and Sinfield left. In 1972, Sinfield remained associated with E. G, Sinfields debut album, Still, united numerous former and future Crimson alumni. Sinfield intended Still as the start of a career, but while working on it, he was approached by Emerson, Lake & Palmer. Still was originally released on ELP’s own Manticore label in 1973, already having a fear of the stage which he had little time to overcome due to writing demands, his solo career was put on hold and he worked with ELP for the next few years
40.
London
–
London /ˈlʌndən/ is the capital and most populous city of England and the United Kingdom. Standing on the River Thames in the south east of the island of Great Britain and it was founded by the Romans, who named it Londinium. Londons ancient core, the City of London, largely retains its 1. 12-square-mile medieval boundaries. London is a global city in the arts, commerce, education, entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcare, media, professional services, research and development, tourism. It is crowned as the worlds largest financial centre and has the fifth- or sixth-largest metropolitan area GDP in the world, London is a world cultural capital. It is the worlds most-visited city as measured by international arrivals and has the worlds largest city airport system measured by passenger traffic, London is the worlds leading investment destination, hosting more international retailers and ultra high-net-worth individuals than any other city. Londons universities form the largest concentration of education institutes in Europe. In 2012, London became the first city to have hosted the modern Summer Olympic Games three times, London has a diverse range of people and cultures, and more than 300 languages are spoken in the region. Its estimated mid-2015 municipal population was 8,673,713, the largest of any city in the European Union, Londons urban area is the second most populous in the EU, after Paris, with 9,787,426 inhabitants at the 2011 census. The citys metropolitan area is the most populous in the EU with 13,879,757 inhabitants, the city-region therefore has a similar land area and population to that of the New York metropolitan area. London was the worlds most populous city from around 1831 to 1925, Other famous landmarks include Buckingham Palace, the London Eye, Piccadilly Circus, St Pauls Cathedral, Tower Bridge, Trafalgar Square, and The Shard. The London Underground is the oldest underground railway network in the world, the etymology of London is uncertain. It is an ancient name, found in sources from the 2nd century and it is recorded c.121 as Londinium, which points to Romano-British origin, and hand-written Roman tablets recovered in the city originating from AD 65/70-80 include the word Londinio. The earliest attempted explanation, now disregarded, is attributed to Geoffrey of Monmouth in Historia Regum Britanniae and this had it that the name originated from a supposed King Lud, who had allegedly taken over the city and named it Kaerlud. From 1898, it was accepted that the name was of Celtic origin and meant place belonging to a man called *Londinos. The ultimate difficulty lies in reconciling the Latin form Londinium with the modern Welsh Llundain, which should demand a form *lōndinion, from earlier *loundiniom. The possibility cannot be ruled out that the Welsh name was borrowed back in from English at a later date, and thus cannot be used as a basis from which to reconstruct the original name. Until 1889, the name London officially applied only to the City of London, two recent discoveries indicate probable very early settlements near the Thames in the London area
