1.
Pearson Education
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Pearson Education is a British-owned education publishing and assessment service to schools and corporations, as well as directly to students. Pearson owns educational media brands including Addison–Wesley, Peachpit, Prentice Hall, eCollege, Longman, Poptropica, Scott Foresman, Pearson is part of Pearson PLC, which formerly owned the Financial Times. Pearson Education was rebranded to Pearson in 2011 and split into an International, although Pearson generates approximately 60% of its sales in North America, it operates in more than 70 countries. Pearson International is headquartered in London, and it maintains offices across Europe, Asia and its online chat support is based in the Philippines. Pearson North America is headquartered at 330 Hudson in New York City and it previously was located in Upper Saddle River, New Jersey. In 2010, Pearson agreed to a 5-year, $32 million, greyCampus partnered with Pearson for higher-education teaching-learning solutions under the Learningware brand. Que Publishing, an imprint of Pearson based out of Seattle, partnered with AARP in order to develop. The series, which includes My iPad For Seniors, and My Social Media for Seniors, are large-print, in the spring of 2012, tests that Pearson designed for the NYSED were found to contain over 30 errors, which caused controversy. One of the most prominent featured a passage about a talking pineapple on the 8th Grade ELA test, after public outcry, the NYSED announced it would not count the questions in scoring. In May 2015, the Wall Street Journal online reported British comedian John Oliver reviewing problems with Pearsons standardized tests on his HBO series Last Week Tonight, Pearsons products include MyMathLab and Mastering Platform. Pearson owns Cogmed, a fitness and working memory training program founded in 1999 by Swedish researcher Torkel Klingberg. Educational publishing companies List of largest UK book publishers Official website Official website Official website Official website
2.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
3.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey
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Upper Saddle River is a borough in Bergen County, New Jersey, United States. It is not to be confused with the borough of Saddle River. Upper Saddle River was settled in the 18th century principally by Dutch settlers who built mills along the Saddle River, the area was granted borough status in 1894 and remained principally rural until the 1950s. The suburban growth of New Jersey affected Upper Saddle River and surrounding municipalities, the population has remained fairly constant since 1970. Commerce and industry are concentrated along the western border along Route 17. Postal service is shared with the borough of Saddle River. The borough was formed during the Boroughitis phenomenon then sweeping through Bergen County, Upper Saddle Rivers referendum passed on November 20, one day after the referendum passed for Saddle River. According to the United States Census Bureau, the borough had an area of 5.281 square miles. The borough is bisected by the Saddle River, a tributary of the Passaic River, unincorporated communities, localities and place names located partially or completely within the township include Duffys Mills, Hoppers Mills and Posts Mills. Along with the borough of Saddle River, Upper Saddle River has traditionally ranked at. Recent development of housing and associated population expansion has shifted the boroughs standing slightly. As of the census of 2010, there were 8,208 people,2,639 households, the population density was 1,560.0 per square mile. There were 2,776 housing units at a density of 527.6 per square mile. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4. 33% of the population,10. 7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 5. 5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.11 and the family size was 3.37. In the borough, the population was out with 30. 6% under the age of 18,5. 3% from 18 to 24,18. 0% from 25 to 44,32. 9% from 45 to 64. The median age was 42.9 years, for every 100 females there were 96.1 males. For every 100 females ages 18 and old there were 93.8 males, the Census Bureaus 2006-2010 American Community Survey showed that median household income was $175,399 and the median family income was $179,241
4.
Book
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A book is a set of written, printed, illustrated, or blank sheets, made of paper, parchment, or other materials, fastened together to hinge at one side, with text and/or images printed in ink. A single sheet within a book is a leaf, and each side of a leaf is a page, a set of text-filled or illustrated pages produced in electronic format for reading on a computer screen, smartphone or e-reader device is known as an electronic book, or e-book. The term books may refer the body of works of literature. In library and information science, a book is called a monograph, to distinguish it from serial periodicals such as magazines, journals, in novels and sometimes other types of books, a book may be divided into several large sections, also called books. An avid reader or collector of books or a lover is a bibliophile or colloquially. A shop where books are bought and sold is a bookshop or bookstore, Books are also sold in some department stores, drugstores and newspaper vendors. Books can also be borrowed from libraries, google has estimated that as of 2010, approximately 130,000,000 distinct titles had been published. In some wealthier nations, printed books are giving way to the usage of electronic or e-books, the word book comes from Old English bōc, which in turn comes from the Germanic root *bōk-, cognate to beech. Similarly, in Slavic languages буква is cognate with beech, in Russian and in Serbian and Macedonian, the word букварь or буквар refers specifically to a primary school textbook that helps young children master the techniques of reading and writing. It is thus conjectured that the earliest Indo-European writings may have been carved on beech wood, similarly, the Latin word codex, meaning a book in the modern sense, originally meant block of wood. When writing systems were created in ancient civilizations, a variety of objects, such as stone, clay, tree bark, metal sheets, the study of such inscriptions forms a major part of history. The study of inscriptions is known as epigraphy, the Ancient Egyptians would often write on papyrus, a plant grown along the Nile River. At first the words were not separated from other and there was no punctuation. Texts were written right to left, left to right. The technical term for that last type of writing is boustrophedon, a tablet might be defined as a physically robust writing medium, suitable for casual transport and writing. See also stylus, the instrument used to write on a tablet, clay tablets were flattened and mostly dry pieces of clay that could be easily carried, and impressed with a stylus. They were used as a medium, especially for writing in cuneiform, throughout the Bronze Age. Tablets were used by traders to record sales of such as bushels of grain
5.
Pearson PLC
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Pearson PLC is a British multinational publishing and education company headquartered in London. It was founded as a business in the 1840s. It shut down its activities in the 1920s and switched to publishing. It is the largest education company and the largest book publisher in the world, Pearson has a primary listing on the London Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the FTSE100 Index. It has a listing on the New York Stock Exchange in the form of American Depository Receipts. The company was founded by Samuel Pearson in 1844 as a building and engineering concern operating in Yorkshire under the name S. Pearson & Son. In 1880, control passed to his grandson Weetman Dickinson Pearson, an engineer, in November 1915, the firm began construction of HM Factory, Gretna, the largest cordite factory in the UK during World War I. The construction business was shut down in the 1920s, among its final projects was completion of the Sennar Dam, in Sudan, in 1925. In 1919, the firm acquired a 45% stake in the London branch of merchant bankers Lazard Brothers, Pearson continued to hold a 50% stake until 1999. In 1921, Pearson purchased a number of daily and weekly newspapers in the United Kingdom. In 1957, it bought the Financial Times and acquired a 50% stake in The Economist and it purchased the publisher Longman in 1968. The company was first listed on the London Stock Exchange in 1969 and it went on to buy paperback publisher Penguin in 1970, and in 1972, childrens imprint Ladybird Books. In 1986, Pearson invested in the British Satellite Broadcasting consortium, which, during the 1990s, Pearson acquired a number of TV production and broadcasting assets and sold most of its non-media assets, under the leadership of future U. S. Westminster Press was sold to Newsquest in 1996, Pearson acquired the education division of HarperCollins in 1996 from News Corporation and acquired book publishers Scott Foresman & Co. in 1996. In 1998 Pearson acquired Prentice Hall Textbooks/Simon & Schuster Trade Books from Viacom and merged it with its own education unit, Addison-Wesley Longman to form Pearson Education. In 2002, Pearson sold its 22% stake in RTL Group for 1.5 billion Euros, and then purchased Rough Guides, the travel publisher, and brought it under Penguin. Pearson acquired Edexcel, a provider of qualifications in the UK, in 2003, Pearson purchased a series of other testing and assessment businesses, including Knowledge Technologies in 2004, AGS in 2005, and National Evaluation Systems and Promissor in 2006. Pearson then completed the acquisition of Harcourt Assessment, merging the businesses into Pearson Assessment & Information
6.
Safari Books Online
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Safari Books Online LLC is a digital library founded in July 2000 and headquartered in Sebastopol, California, with offices in Boston and Scottsdale. Safari characterizes itself as a platform for technology and business learning, Safari Books Online originated in 2001 as a joint venture between OReilly Media and the Pearson Technology Group. In 2014 OReilly Media acquired Pearsons stake, making Safari Books Online a wholly owned subsidiary of OReilly Media, Safari has a variety of subscription plans for individuals and institutions. Professional Societies like IEEE Computer Society and ACM provide access as part of their membership benefits, Safari purchased PubFactorys Electronic Platform, an electronic publishing platform, from RDW Group in 2012
7.
Gulf and Western Industries
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Gulf and Western Industries, Inc. was an American conglomerate. A partial list of Gulf and Westerns holdings between 1958 and 1982, with year of acquisition in parentheses, APS Holding Corp, after Stax was acquired, that label became a subsidiary of Dot, although Dot was not at all mentioned on the label. Later on, the operation was moved under Famous Music. Gulf and Western sold Stax back to its owners in 1970. A year before, Dots non–country music roster and catalog was moved to a newly created label and it assumed Dots status as the flagship label of Paramounts record operations, releasing music by pop artists and soundtracks from Paramounts films and television series. Dot meanwhile became a country label, Famous Music provided distribution for several independent labels, such as Neighborhood Records and Sire Records. Famous began distributing yet another independent label, Blue Thumb Records, in 1971, while working for Paramount, Barry Diller had proposed a fourth network, but he could not convince the board of trustees/directors of the wisdom of this idea. Fox owner News Corporation was, however, interested in starting a network. On June 5,1980, Gulf and Western unveiled a car, powered by a zinc chloride battery that would hold a charge for several hours. By years end, however, the U. S. Department of Energy reported that the battery had 65% less power than predicted and could be recharged only by highly trained personnel. In 1981, former officials of Gulf and Westerns Natural Resources Division led a buyout of New Jersey Zinc and made it a subsidiary of Horsehead Industries, Davis, who had come up through Paramount Pictures, as the new chief executive officer. Davis slimmed down the companys wilder diversifications and focused it on entertainment, in 1983, Gulf and Western sold Consolidated Cigar Corporation to five of its senior managers. Also in 1983, Gulf and Western sold the U. S. assets of Sega to pinball manufacturer Bally Manufacturing, the Japanese assets of Sega were purchased by a group of investors led by David Rosen and Hayao Nakayama. In 1984, Gulf and Western divested itself of its many Taylor Forge operations to private owners, Taylor Forges Somerville, NJ plant became Taylor Forge Stainless, while its facilities in Paola, KS and Greeley, KS became Taylor Forge Engineered Systems. South Puerto Rico Sugar Co. was sold to an investment group including The Fanjul Brothers in 1984, in 1985, APS auto parts, Kayser-Roth clothing and Simmons Bedding were sold to the Wickes Companies. The company, thus restructured, subsequently renamed itself Paramount Communications in 1989, the Gulf and Western Building by Thomas E. Stanley, was built in 1970 for the Gulf and Western company north of Columbus Circle, at the south-western corner of Central Park. The building occupies a block between Broadway and Central Park West and, at 583 feet, it commands the dramatic view to the north. Similarly, the space in the basement—named Paramount after the picture company that Gulf
8.
Simon & Schuster
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Simon & Schuster, Inc. a subsidiary of CBS Corporation, is an American publishing company founded in New York City in 1924 by Richard Simon and Max Schuster. As of 2016, Simon & Schuster publishes 2,000 titles annually under 35 different imprints, in 1924, Richard Simons aunt, a crossword puzzle enthusiast, asked whether there was a book of New York World crossword puzzles, which were very popular at the time. After discovering that none had been published, Simon and Max Schuster decided to launch a company to exploit the opportunity, at the time, Simon was a piano salesman and Schuster was editor of an automotive trade magazine. They pooled US$8,000 to start a company to publish crossword puzzles, fad publishing became the business model for the new publishing house, which set out to exploit current fads and trends and publish books with commercial appeal. Instead of signing authors with a manuscript, they came up with their own ideas. In the 1930, the moved to what was known as Publishers Row on Park Avenue in Manhattan. In 1939, with Robert Fair de Graff, Simon & Schuster founded Pocket Books, in 1942, Simon & Schuster, or Essandess as it is called in the initial announcement, launched the Little Golden Books series in cooperation with the Artists and Writers Guild. Simon & Schusters partner in the venture was the Western Printing and Lithographing Company, Western Printing bought out Simon & Schusters interest in 1958. In 1944, Marshall Field III, owner of the Chicago Sun, purchased Simon & Schuster, following Fields death in 1957, his heirs sold the company back to Richard Simon and Max Schuster, while Leon Shimkin and James Jacobson acquired Pocket Books. In the 1950s and 1960s, many publishers including Simon & Schuster turned toward educational publishing due to the boom market. Pocket Books focused on paperbacks for the market instead of textbooks. By 1964 it had published over 200 titles and was expected to put out another 400 by the end of that year, Books published under the imprint included classic reprints such as Lorna Doone, Ivanhoe, Tom Sawyer, Huckleberry Finn, and Robinson Crusoe. In 1966, Max Schuster retired and sold his half of Simon & Schuster to Leon Shimkin, Shimkin then merged Simon & Schuster with Pocket Books under the name of Simon & Schuster. Among his many bestsellers was Joseph Hellers Catch-22, in 1976, Gulf+Western headed by Charles Bluhdorn acquired S&S, which was grossing about US$50 million a year for $11 million, most of it in Gulf+Western stock. After the death of Bluhdorn in 1983, Simon & Schuster made the decision to diversify, bluhdorns successor Martin Davis told The New York Times, Society was undergoing dramatic changes, so that there was a greater need for textbooks, maps and educational information. We saw the opportunity to diversify into areas, which are more stable. In 1984, CEO Richard E. Snyder acquired Esquire Corporation, buying everything, Prentice Hall was brought into the company fold in 1985 for over $700 million and Martin Davis said that Prentice Hall became the road map for remodeling the company and a catalyst for change. This acquisition was followed by Silver Burdett in 1986, mapmaker Gousha in 1987, part of the acquisition included educational publisher Allyn & Bacon which according to Michael Korda became the nucleus of S&Ss educational and informational business
9.
Viacom (original)
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Viacom Inc. was an American media conglomerate. They also distributed syndicated shows which originated during the 1980s, with the biggest examples being The Cosby Show, on December 31,2005, the original incarnation of Viacom split into two new companies, resulting in the creation of CBS Corporation and the current incarnation of Viacom. The original Viacom began as CBS Films, Inc. the television division of CBS established in 1952. The division was spun off and renamed Viacom in 1970, amid new FCC rules forbidding television networks from owning syndication companies. Viacoms first non-programming acquisition came in 1978 when the company purchased the Sonderling Broadcasting chain, giving it radio stations in New York City, Washington, houston, and San Francisco, and one television station, WAST in Albany, New York. Later that year, Viacom added WHNB-TV in New Britain, Connecticut, in 1985, Viacom bought Warner-Amex Satellite Entertainment, which owned MTV and Nickelodeon, renaming the company MTV Networks. Viacom also received Warner-Amexs share of Viacom/WASEC joint venture Showtime Networks, Inc and this led to Viacom becoming a mass media company rather than simply a distribution company. In 1986, movie theater owner National Amusements bought controlling interest in Viacom, the acquisition of Paramount Communications in July 1994 made Viacom one of the worlds largest entertainment companies. In 1999, Viacom made its biggest acquisition to date by announcing plans to merge with its former parent CBS Corporation. The merger was approved in 2000, bringing cable channels TNN and Country Music Television under Viacoms wing, as well as CBSs production units and TV syndicaters Eyemark Entertainment and King World. CBSs production unit and King World operated under their own names, however, TNN, in 2001, Viacom completed its purchase of Black Entertainment Television. As with TNN/Spike TV and CMT, it was integrated into MTV Networks. As a result, BET was eventually de-integrated from MTV Networks, in 2002, Viacom bought independently run music channel TMF, which at the time was broadcasting in Belgium and the Netherlands. In June 2004, Viacom bought VIVA Media AG, the German equivalent to MTV, the same month, plans were announced to dispose of Viacoms interest in Blockbuster later that year by means of an exchange offer. Also in 2002, Viacom acquired the shares of Infinity Broadcasting radio chain. And in April 2003, Viacom acquired the ownership shares of Comedy Central from Time Warner. From the mid-1980s until 1995, Viacom operated several cable television systems generally located in the Dayton, San Francisco, several of these were in former CBS antenna television areas. The systems were known as Viacom Cablevision until the early 1990s, by 1995, Viacom Cable had about 1.1 million subscribers
10.
Kenneth R. Miller
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Kenneth Raymond Miller is an American cell biologist and molecular biologist who is currently Professor of Biology and Royce Family Professor for Teaching Excellence at Brown University. Millers primary research focus is the structure and function of cell membranes, Miller is a co-author of a major introductory college and high school biology textbook published by Prentice Hall since 1990. Miller, who is Roman Catholic, is known for his opposition to creationism. Miller graduated from Rahway High School in Rahway, New Jersey before attending Brown University, at Brown, he received his Sc. B. in biology in 1970. He earned his Ph. D. in biology from the University of Colorado at Boulder in 1974, from 1974 to 1980, he taught at Harvard University. His research involves problems of structure and function in biological membranes, in May 2014, Miller received the Laetare Medal at the University of Notre Dame. Miller is the co-author of an introductory college and high school biology textbook published by Prentice Hall since 1990. The current edition was published in 2010 by Pearson, Miller and Levine have also co-written a college-level textbook published by the former D. C. Heath and Company, first edition in 1991, entitled Biology, Miller has voiced his support for what he calls pro-science candidates in politics. He has campaigned for school board and education candidates who support the teaching of evolution in Kansas, in the science community, he has sought to elevate the understanding of scientists of the roots of the creationist movement, and to encourage the popularization of scientific concepts. Miller has appeared in court as a witness, and on panels debating the teaching of intelligent design in schools, in 2002, the Ohio State Board of Education held a public debate between two scientists, including Miller, and two proponents of intelligent design. In 2005, the judge ruled that the stickers violated the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment to the United States Constitution and this decision was vacated on appeal because of missing records of the previous trial. The case was remanded back to the court and was eventually settled out of court. Miller was also the lead expert witness in the Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District. The judge in that also ruled decisively in favor of the plaintiffs. In 2006 the American Society for Cell Biology gave him a Public Service Award, the American Association for the Advancement of Science also recognized Miller for his contribution to the public education of evolution in the United States. He won the 2008 AAAS Award for Public Understanding of Science, Miller has also spoken at the Veritas Forum on topics such as the relationship between science and religion and the existence of God. Miller is known for his appearances on the Comedy Central television show The Colbert Report, Miller has also made many appearances on C-SPAN debating proponents of creationism and intelligent design
11.
Artificial intelligence
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Artificial intelligence is intelligence exhibited by machines. Colloquially, the artificial intelligence is applied when a machine mimics cognitive functions that humans associate with other human minds, such as learning. As machines become increasingly capable, mental facilities once thought to require intelligence are removed from the definition, for instance, optical character recognition is no longer perceived as an example of artificial intelligence, having become a routine technology. AI research is divided into subfields that focus on specific problems or on specific approaches or on the use of a tool or towards satisfying particular applications. The central problems of AI research include reasoning, knowledge, planning, learning, natural language processing, perception, general intelligence is among the fields long-term goals. Approaches include statistical methods, computational intelligence, and traditional symbolic AI, Many tools are used in AI, including versions of search and mathematical optimization, logic, methods based on probability and economics. The AI field draws upon computer science, mathematics, psychology, linguistics, philosophy, neuroscience, the field was founded on the claim that human intelligence can be so precisely described that a machine can be made to simulate it. Some people also consider AI a danger to humanity if it progresses unabatedly, while thought-capable artificial beings appeared as storytelling devices in antiquity, the idea of actually trying to build a machine to perform useful reasoning may have begun with Ramon Llull. With his Calculus ratiocinator, Gottfried Leibniz extended the concept of the calculating machine, since the 19th century, artificial beings are common in fiction, as in Mary Shelleys Frankenstein or Karel Čapeks R. U. R. The study of mechanical or formal reasoning began with philosophers and mathematicians in antiquity, in the 19th century, George Boole refined those ideas into propositional logic and Gottlob Frege developed a notational system for mechanical reasoning. Around the 1940s, Alan Turings theory of computation suggested that a machine, by shuffling symbols as simple as 0 and 1 and this insight, that digital computers can simulate any process of formal reasoning, is known as the Church–Turing thesis. Along with concurrent discoveries in neurology, information theory and cybernetics, the first work that is now generally recognized as AI was McCullouch and Pitts 1943 formal design for Turing-complete artificial neurons. The field of AI research was born at a conference at Dartmouth College in 1956, attendees Allen Newell, Herbert Simon, John McCarthy, Marvin Minsky and Arthur Samuel became the founders and leaders of AI research. At the conference, Newell and Simon, together with programmer J. C, shaw, presented the first true artificial intelligence program, the Logic Theorist. This spurred tremendous research in the domain, computers were winning at checkers, solving problems in algebra, proving logical theorems. By the middle of the 1960s, research in the U. S. was heavily funded by the Department of Defense and laboratories had been established around the world. AIs founders were optimistic about the future, Herbert Simon predicted, machines will be capable, within twenty years, Marvin Minsky agreed, writing, within a generation. The problem of creating artificial intelligence will substantially be solved and they failed to recognize the difficulty of some of the remaining tasks
12.
Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach
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Artificial Intelligence, A Modern Approach is a university textbook on artificial intelligence, written by Stuart J. Russell and Peter Norvig. It was first published in 1995 and the edition of the book was released 11 December 2009. It is used in over 1100 universities worldwide and has called the most popular artificial intelligence textbook in the world. It is considered the text in the field of artificial intelligence. The book is intended for an audience but can also be used for graduate-level studies with the suggestion of adding some of the primary sources listed in the extensive bibliography. 1st 1995, red cover 2nd 2003 3rd 2009 Artificial Intelligence, the authors state that it is a large text which would take two semesters to cover all the chapters and projects. Part I, Artificial Intelligence - Sets the stage for the sections by viewing AI systems as intelligent agents that can decide what actions to take. Part II, Problem-solving - Focuses on methods for deciding what action to take when needing to think several steps such as playing a game of chess. Part III, Knowledge, reasoning, and planning - Discusses ways to represent knowledge about the intelligent agents environment, part IV, Uncertain knowledge and reasoning - This section is analogous to Parts III, but deals with reasoning and decision-making in the presence of uncertainty in the environment. Part VII, Conclusions - Considers the past and future of AI by discussing what AI really is, also the views of those philosophers who believe that AI can never succeed are given discussion. Programs in the book are presented in pseudo code with implementations in Java, Python, there are also unsupported implementations in Prolog, C++, and C#
13.
Peter Norvig
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Peter Norvig is an American computer scientist. He is a director of research at Google Inc. and used to be its director of search quality, Norvig received a Bachelor of Science in applied mathematics from Brown University and a Ph. D. in computer science from the University of California, Berkeley. Norvig has been an assistant professor at the University of Southern California, Norvig is one of the creators of JScheme. In 2006 he was inducted as a fellow of the Association for Computing Machinery, Norvig is listed under Academic Faculty & Advisors for the Singularity University. In 2011, Norvig worked with Sebastian Thrun to develop an online course in Artificial Intelligence that had more than 160,000 students enrolled. He also teaches a course via the Udacity platform. He believes that a revolution, fostered by computer tools, is pending. The article was shared and discussed, and has attracted contributed translations to over 20 languages. Norvig is also known for his Gettysburg Powerpoint Presentation, a satire about bad presentation practices using Abraham Lincolns famous Gettysburg Address
14.
Paul Graham (computer programmer)
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Paul Graham is an English computer scientist, venture capitalist, and essayist. He is known for his work on Lisp, for co-founding Viaweb and he is the author of some programming books, such as, On Lisp, ANSI Common Lisp, and Hackers & Painters. In 1996, Graham and Robert Morris founded Viaweb, the first application service provider, viawebs software, originally written mostly in Common Lisp, allowed users to make their own Internet stores. In the summer of 1998 Viaweb was sold to Yahoo. for 455,000 shares of Yahoo and he later gained fame for his essays on his popular website paulgraham. com. In 2001, Graham announced that he was working on a new dialect of Lisp named Arc, Y Combinator has now invested in more than 1300 startups, including Justin. tv, Xobni, Dropbox, Airbnb and Stripe. In response to the proposed Stop Online Piracy Act, Graham announced in late 2011 that no representatives of any company supporting it would be invited to Y Combinators Demo Day events. BusinessWeek included Paul Graham in 2008 edition of its annual feature, in 2008, Paul Graham married Jessica Livingston. Graham has a Bachelor of Arts in philosophy from Cornell University and he then attended Harvard University, earning Master of Science and Doctor of Philosophy degrees in Computer Science. He has also studied painting at the Rhode Island School of Design, Graham also suggested that the hierarchy can be thought as a pyramid, as the highest forms of disagreement are rarer. Following this hierarchy, Graham notes that forms of name-calling are no different from crude insults. The hierarchy resembles Friedrich Glasls model of conflict escalation, Graham considers the hierarchy of programming languages with the example of Blub, a hypothetically average language right in the middle of the abstractness continuum. It is not the most powerful language, but it is more powerful than Cobol or machine language, Graham considers a hypothetical Blub programmer. When the programmer looks down the power continuum, he considers the lower languages to be less powerful because they miss some feature that a Blub programmer is used to, the concept has been cited by writers such as Joel Spolsky. Graham on Start-ups, Innovation, and Creativity, Arc website The Arc forum for users of the Arc language. A terse arc/lisp introductory tutorial Arc FAQ practical-scheme. net/wiliki/arcxref an arc wiki The Hundred-Year Language, an essay Paul Grahams essays in all languages
15.
Brian Kernighan
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Brian Wilson Kernighan is a Canadian computer scientist who worked at Bell Labs alongside Unix creators Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie and contributed to the development of Unix. He is also coauthor of the AWK and AMPL programming languages, the K of K&R C and the K in AWK both stand for Kernighan. Since 2000 Brian Kernighan has been a Professor at the Computer Science Department of Princeton University, born in Toronto, Kernighan attended the University of Toronto between 1960 and 1964, earning his Bachelors degree in engineering physics. He received his PhD in electrical engineering from Princeton University in 1969 for research supervised by Peter Weiner, Kernighan has held a professorship in the department of computer science at Princeton since 2000. Each fall he teaches a course called Computers in Our World, kernighans name became widely known through co-authorship of the first book on the C programming language with Dennis Ritchie. Kernighan affirmed that he had no part in the design of the C language and he authored many Unix programs, including ditroff. In collaboration with Shen Lin he devised well-known heuristics for two NP-complete optimization problems, graph partitioning and the travelling salesman problem, in a display of authorial equity, the former is usually called the Kernighan–Lin algorithm, while the latter is known as the Lin–Kernighan heuristic. Kernighan was the editor for Prentice Hall International. His Software Tools series spread the essence of C/Unix thinking with makeovers for BASIC, FORTRAN, and Pascal and he has said that if stranded on an island with only one programming language it would have to be C. Kernighan coined the term Unix and helped popularize Thompsons Unix philosophy, Kernighan is also known as a coiner of the expression What You See Is All You Get, which is a sarcastic variant of the original What You See Is What You Get. Kernighans term is used to indicate that WYSIWYG systems might throw away information in a document that could be useful in other contexts, kernighans original 1978 implementation of Hello, World. Was sold at The Algorithm Auction, the world’s first auction of computer algorithms, in 1996, Kernighan taught CS50 which is the Harvard University introductory course in Computer Science. His students on CS50 include David J. Malan who now runs the course, an Interview with Brian Kernighan — By Mihai Budiu, for PC Report Romania, August 2000 Transcript of an interview with Brian Kernighan. Archived from the original on 2009-04-28, archived from the original on 2009-05-28
16.
Dennis Ritchie
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Dennis MacAlistair Ritchie was an American computer scientist. He created the C programming language and, with long-time colleague Ken Thompson, Ritchie and Thompson received the Turing Award from the ACM in 1983, the Hamming Medal from the IEEE in 1990 and the National Medal of Technology from President Bill Clinton in 1999. Ritchie was the head of Lucent Technologies System Software Research Department when he retired in 2007 and he was the R in K&R C, and commonly known by his username dmr. Dennis Ritchie was born in Bronxville, New York and his father was Alistair E. Ritchie, a longtime Bell Labs scientist and co-author of The Design of Switching Circuits on switching circuit theory. As a child, Dennis moved with his family to Summit, New Jersey and he graduated from Harvard University with degrees in physics and applied mathematics. However, Ritchie never officially received his PhD degree, during the 1960s, Ritchie and Ken Thompson worked on the Multics operating system at Bell Labs. However, Bell Labs pulled out of the project in 1969, Thompson then found an old PDP-7 machine and developed his own application programs and operating system from scratch, aided by Ritchie and others. In 1970, Brian Kernighan suggested the name Unix, a pun on the name Multics, to supplement assembly language with a system-level programming language, Thompson created B. Later, B was replaced by C, created by Ritchie, during the 1970s, Ritchie collaborated with James Reeds and Robert Morris on a ciphertext-only attack on the M-209 US cipher machine that could solve messages of at least 2000–2500 letters. Ritchie relates that, after discussions with the NSA, the decided not to publish it. Ritchie was also involved with the development of the Plan 9 and Inferno operating systems, and they were so influential on Research Unix that Doug McIlroy later wrote, The names of Ritchie and Thompson may safely be assumed to be attached to almost everything not otherwise attributed. Ritchie liked to emphasize that he was just one member of a group and he suggested that many of the improvements he introduced simply looked like a good thing to do, and that anyone else in the same place at the same time might have done the same thing. But Bjarne Stroustrup who designed C++ said If Dennis had decided to spend that decade on esoteric math, nowadays, the C language is widely used today in application, operating system, and embedded system development, and its influence is seen in most modern programming languages. Unix has also been influential, establishing computing concepts and principles that have been widely adopted, in the same interview, he stated that he viewed both Unix and Linux as the continuation of ideas that were started by Ken and me and many others, many years ago. In 1983, Ritchie and Thompson received the Turing Award for their development of operating systems theory. Ritchies Turing Award lecture was titled Reflections on Software Research, in 1997, both Ritchie and Thompson were made Fellows of the Computer History Museum, for co-creation of the UNIX operating system, and for development of the C programming language. In 2011, Ritchie, along with Thompson, was awarded the Japan Prize for Information, Ritchie was found dead on October 12,2011, at the age of 70 at his home in Berkeley Heights, New Jersey, where he lived alone. First news of his death came from his colleague, Rob Pike
17.
Andrew S. Tanenbaum
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Andrew Stuart Andy Tanenbaum is an American computer scientist and professor emeritus of computer science at the Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam in the Netherlands. He is best known as the author of MINIX, a free Unix-like operating system for teaching purposes and he regards his teaching job as his most important work. Since 2004 he has operated Electoral-vote. com, a dedicated to analysis of polling data in federal elections in the United States. Tanenbaum was born in New York City and grew up in suburban White Plains and he received his bachelor of Science degree in Physics from MIT in 1965 and his Ph. D. degree in astrophysics from the University of California, Berkeley in 1971. Tanenbaum also served as a lobbyist for the Sierra Club and he moved to the Netherlands to live with his wife, who is Dutch, but he retains his United States citizenship. He teaches courses about Computer Organization and Operating Systems and supervises the work of Ph. D. candidates at the VU University Amsterdam, on 9 July 2014, he announced his retirement. Tanenbaum is well recognized for his textbooks on computer science and they include, Computer Networks, co-authored with David J. In his autobiography Just for Fun, Torvalds describes it as the book that launched me to new heights and they have appeared in over 175 editions and are used at universities around the world. These schools were intended to bring professors and Ph. D. students from different Dutch universities together to help them cooperate, Tanenbaum was one of the cofounders and first Dean of the Advanced School for Computing and Imaging. This school initially consisted of nearly 200 faculty members and Ph. D. students from the Vrije Universiteit, University of Amsterdam, Delft University of Technology and they were especially working on problems in advanced computer systems such as parallel computing and image analysis and processing. ASCI has since grown to include researchers from nearly a dozen universities in The Netherlands, Belgium, ASCI offers Ph. D. level courses, has an annual conference, and runs various workshops every year. The Amsterdam Compiler Kit is a toolkit for producing portable compilers and it was started sometime before 1981 and Andrew Tanenbaum was the architect from the start until version 5.5. In 1987, Tanenbaum wrote a clone of UNIX, called MINIX and it was targeted at students and others who wanted to learn how an operating system worked. Consequently, he wrote a book listed the source code in an appendix. The source code itself was available on a set of floppy disks, within three months, a Usenet newsgroup, comp. os. minix, had sprung up with over 40,000 subscribers discussing and improving the system. One of these subscribers was a Finnish student named Linus Torvalds who began adding new features to MINIX, on October 5,1991, Torvalds announced his own kernel, called Linux, which originally used the MINIX file system, but it is not based on MINIX code. Although MINIX and Linux have diverged, MINIX continues to be developed, the focus is on building a highly modular, reliable, and secure, operating system. The system is based on a microkernel, with only 5000 lines of running in kernel mode
18.
International Standard Serial Number
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An International Standard Serial Number is an eight-digit serial number used to uniquely identify a serial publication. The ISSN is especially helpful in distinguishing between serials with the same title, ISSN are used in ordering, cataloging, interlibrary loans, and other practices in connection with serial literature. The ISSN system was first drafted as an International Organization for Standardization international standard in 1971, ISO subcommittee TC 46/SC9 is responsible for maintaining the standard. When a serial with the content is published in more than one media type. For example, many serials are published both in print and electronic media, the ISSN system refers to these types as print ISSN and electronic ISSN, respectively. The format of the ISSN is an eight digit code, divided by a hyphen into two four-digit numbers, as an integer number, it can be represented by the first seven digits. The last code digit, which may be 0-9 or an X, is a check digit. Formally, the form of the ISSN code can be expressed as follows, NNNN-NNNC where N is in the set, a digit character. The ISSN of the journal Hearing Research, for example, is 0378-5955, where the final 5 is the check digit, for calculations, an upper case X in the check digit position indicates a check digit of 10. To confirm the check digit, calculate the sum of all eight digits of the ISSN multiplied by its position in the number, the modulus 11 of the sum must be 0. There is an online ISSN checker that can validate an ISSN, ISSN codes are assigned by a network of ISSN National Centres, usually located at national libraries and coordinated by the ISSN International Centre based in Paris. The International Centre is an organization created in 1974 through an agreement between UNESCO and the French government. The International Centre maintains a database of all ISSNs assigned worldwide, at the end of 2016, the ISSN Register contained records for 1,943,572 items. ISSN and ISBN codes are similar in concept, where ISBNs are assigned to individual books, an ISBN might be assigned for particular issues of a serial, in addition to the ISSN code for the serial as a whole. An ISSN, unlike the ISBN code, is an identifier associated with a serial title. For this reason a new ISSN is assigned to a serial each time it undergoes a major title change, separate ISSNs are needed for serials in different media. Thus, the print and electronic versions of a serial need separate ISSNs. Also, a CD-ROM version and a web version of a serial require different ISSNs since two different media are involved, however, the same ISSN can be used for different file formats of the same online serial
19.
Addison-Wesley
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Addison-Wesley is a publisher of textbooks and computer literature. It is an imprint of Pearson PLC, a global publishing, in addition to publishing books, Addison-Wesley also distributes its technical titles through the Safari Books Online e-reference service. Addison-Wesleys majority of sales derive from the United States and Europe, the Addison-Wesley Professional Imprint produces content including books, eBooks, and video for the professional IT worker including developers, programmers, managers, system administrators. Classic titles include The Art of Computer Programming, The C++ Programming Language, The Mythical Man-Month, Addison-Wesley Professional is also a partner with Safari Books Online. Its first computer book was Programs for an Electronic Digital Computer, by Wilkes, Wheeler, in 1977, Addison-Wesley acquired W. A. Benjamin Company, and merged it with the Cummings division of the company to form Benjamin Cummings. It was purchased by the publishing and education company, Pearson PLC in 1988. The trade publishing division of Addison-Wesley was sold to Perseus Books Group in 1997, Pearson acquired the educational division of Simon & Schuster in 1998, and merged it with Addison Wesley Longman to form Pearson Education and subsequently rebranded to Pearson in 2011. Pearson moved the former Addison Wesley Longman offices from Reading, Massachusetts to Boston in 2004 and its current executives hail from the original Addison-Wesley with a storied history of their own. Addison-Wesley Secondary Math, An Integrated Approach, Focus on Algebra The Art of Computer Programming by Donald Knuth The Feynman Lectures on Physics by Richard Feynman, Robert B. Leighton, and Matthew Sands Concrete Mathematics, A Foundation For Computer Science by Ronald Graham, Donald Knuth, exploratory data analysis by John W. Tukey, based on a course taught at Princeton. The Mythical Man-Month by Fred P. Brooks
20.
Scott Foresman
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Scott Foresman is an elementary educational publisher for PreK through Grade 6 in all subject areas. It is owned by Pearson Education, Scott Foresman and Company was founded in 1896 by Erastus Howard Scott, Editor and President, Hugh A. Foresman, Salesman and Secretary, and his brother, William Coates Foresman, Treasurer. However, the companys origins extend back several years earlier, E. H. Scott started in business in 1889, when he and C. J. Albert of the Albert Teachers Agency formed a partnership, Albert and Scott. During this early period, the company occupied less than 100 square feet in an office on Wabash Avenue in Chicago, the company’s first publication was Bellum Helveticum, a high school Latin textbook, copyright 1889. In 1894, Hugh Foresman purchased the interest of Mr. Albert, the following year, the corporation Albert and Scott purchased the publishing business, rights, and stock of George Sherwood and Company, which also published textbooks. Also in 1895, the firm moved its business to larger quarters at 307 S. Wabash Avenue in Chicago, on February 13,1896, W. Coates Foresman decided to join the business, and the corporate name was changed to Scott, Foresman and Company. That same year, the company purchased S. C. Griggs and Company, whose catalogue included a long list of miscellaneous books. When the company had been in business for one year. In 1897, the state of Kansas awarded Scott, Foresman, the following year, the firm moved to 623 South Wabash Avenue. In 1898, Hugh Foresman was elected Vice President, at this time, the company decided to publish books in the elementary field. The Dick and Jane series began in the 1930s and was the creation of Zerna Sharp, in 1966, Scott, Foresman moved from Chicago into its current location in Glenview, Illinois designed by Jeffery Finkle and a new distribution center was opened in Pinola, Indiana. Scott, Foresman became a corporation and was listed on the New York Stock Exchange. William Morrow and Company was acquired by Scott, Foresman in 1967, Scott Foresman acquired South-Western Publishing the same year, which it owned until its 1986 sale to International Thomson. In 1986, Time Inc. bought Scott, Foresman, around that time the comma was dropped from the companys name. Three years later, Time sold Scott Foresman to HarperCollins, the publishing subsidiary of News Corporation. In 1998, News Corp sold the brand to Pearson PLC, the publisher and owner of Penguin. Then Scott Foresman, along more than 100 other educational brands, merged to become Pearson, with Scott Foresman adopting the new name. These dictionaries were abandoned in the first year of Scott Foresmans acquisition by Pearson Education in 1998
21.
Longman
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Longman is a publishing company founded in London, England, in 1724 and is owned by Pearson PLC. Since 1968, Longman has been used primarily as an imprint by Pearsons Schools business, the Longman brand is also used for the Longman Schools in China and the Longman Dictionary. The Longman company was founded by Thomas Longman, the son of Ezekiel Longman, Thomas was apprenticed in 1716 to John Osborn, a London bookseller, and at the expiration of his apprenticeship married Osborns daughter. In August 1724, he purchased the stock and household goods of William Taylor, taylors two shops in Paternoster Row, London, were known respectively as the Black Swan and the Ship, and became the publishing house premises. Longman entered into partnership with his father-in-law, Osborn, who held one-sixth of the shares in Ephraim Chamberss Cyclopaedia, Longman himself was one of the six booksellers who undertook the responsibility of Samuel Johnsons Dictionary. In 1754, Longman took into partnership his nephew, Thomas Longman, upon the death of his uncle in 1755, Longman became sole proprietor. He greatly extended the colonial trade of the firm, in 1794 he took Owen Rees as a partner, in the same year, Thomas Brown entered the house as an apprentice. Of these, Thomas Norton Longman succeeded to the business, in 1804 two more partners were admitted, and the former apprentice Brown became a partner in 1811, in 1824 the title of the firm was changed to Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, Brown & Green. In 1799 Longman purchased the copyright of Lindley Murrays English Grammar, in the following year Richmal Mangnalls Historical and Miscellaneous Questions for the Use of Young People was purchased, and went through 84 editions by 1857. About 1800 he also purchased the copyright of Southeys Joan of Arc and Wordsworths Lyrical Ballads and he published the works of Wordsworth, Coleridge, Southey and Scott, and acted as London agent for the Edinburgh Review, which was started in 1802. In 1802 appeared the first part of Reess Cyclopædia, edited by Abraham Rees and this was completed in 39 volumes plus 6 volumes of plates in 1819. They issued in 1829 Lardners Cabinet Encyclopaedia, and in 1832 McCullochs Commercial Dictionary, Thomas Norton Longman died on 29 August 1842, leaving his two sons, Thomas and William, in control of the business in Paternoster Row. The two brothers were known for their literary talent. The family control of the firm was continued by Thomas Norton Longman, in December 1940, Longmans Paternoster Row offices were destroyed in The Blitz, along with most of the companys stock. The company survived this crisis, however, and became a company in 1948. Longman was acquired by the global publisher Pearson, owner of Penguin and The Financial Times, in 1972, Mark Longman, last of the Longman family to run the company, died. Longman continued to exist as an imprint of Pearson, under the name Pearson Longman, Pearson Longman specialized in English, including English as a second or foreign language, history, economics, philosophy, political science, and religion. Longman is now used by Pearsons ELT business
22.
Adobe Systems
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Adobe Systems Incorporated /əˈdoʊbiː/ is an American multinational computer software company. The company is headquartered in San Jose, California, United States, Adobe has historically focused upon the creation of multimedia and creativity software products, with a more recent foray towards rich Internet application software development. It is best known for Photoshop, an image editing software, Acrobat Reader, Adobe was founded in February 1982 by John Warnock and Charles Geschke, who established the company after leaving Xerox PARC in order to develop and sell the PostScript page description language. In 1985, Apple Computer licensed PostScript for use in its LaserWriter printers, as of 2015, Adobe Systems has about 13,500 employees, about 40% of whom work in San Jose. The name of the company, Adobe, comes from Adobe Creek in Los Altos, California, Adobes corporate logo features a stylized A and was designed by the wife of John Warnock, Marva Warnock, who is a graphic designer. Adobes first products after PostScript were digital fonts, which released in a proprietary format called Type 1. Apple subsequently developed a standard, TrueType, which provided full scalability and precise control of the pixel pattern created by the fonts outlines. In the mid-1980s, Adobe entered the software market with Illustrator. Illustrator, which grew from the firms in-house font-development software, helped popularize PostScript-enabled laser printers, Adobe Systems entered NASDAQ in 1986. Its revenue has grown from roughly $1 billion in 1999 to roughly $4 billion in 2012, Adobes fiscal years run from December to November. For example, the 2007 fiscal year ended on November 30,2007, in 1989, Adobe introduced what was to become its flagship product, a graphics editing program for the Macintosh called Photoshop. Stable and full-featured, Photoshop 1.0 was ably marketed by Adobe, in 1993, Adobe introduced PDF, the Portable Document Format, and its Adobe Acrobat and Reader software. PDF is now an International Standard, ISO 32000-1,2008, in December 1991, Adobe released Adobe Premiere, which Adobe rebranded as Adobe Premiere Pro in 2003. In 1992, Adobe acquired OCR Systems, Inc, in 1994, Adobe acquired Aldus and added PageMaker and After Effects to its product line later in the year, it also controls the TIFF file format. In 1995, Adobe added FrameMaker, the long-document DTP application, in 1996, Adobe Systems Inc added Ares Software Corp. In 2002, Adobe acquired Canadian company Accelio, on December 12,2005, Adobe acquired its main rival, Macromedia, in a stock swap valued at about $3. Adobe released Adobe Media Player in April 2008, on April 27, Adobe discontinued development and sales of its older HTML/web development software, GoLive in favor of Dreamweaver. Adobe offered a discount on Dreamweaver for GoLive users and supports those who still use GoLive with online tutorials, on June 1, Adobe launched Acrobat. com, a series of web applications geared for collaborative work
23.
Apple Inc.
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Apple is an American multinational technology company headquartered in Cupertino, California that designs, develops, and sells consumer electronics, computer software, and online services. Apples consumer software includes the macOS and iOS operating systems, the media player, the Safari web browser. Its online services include the iTunes Store, the iOS App Store and Mac App Store, Apple Music, Apple was founded by Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak, and Ronald Wayne in April 1976 to develop and sell personal computers. It was incorporated as Apple Computer, Inc. in January 1977, Apple joined the Dow Jones Industrial Average in March 2015. In November 2014, Apple became the first U. S. company to be valued at over US$700 billion in addition to being the largest publicly traded corporation in the world by market capitalization. The company employs 115,000 full-time employees as of July 2015 and it operates the online Apple Store and iTunes Store, the latter of which is the worlds largest music retailer. Consumers use more than one billion Apple products worldwide as of March 2016, Apples worldwide annual revenue totaled $233 billion for the fiscal year ending in September 2015. This revenue accounts for approximately 1. 25% of the total United States GDP.1 billion, the corporation receives significant criticism regarding the labor practices of its contractors and its environmental and business practices, including the origins of source materials. Apple was founded on April 1,1976, by Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak, the Apple I kits were computers single-handedly designed and hand-built by Wozniak and first shown to the public at the Homebrew Computer Club. The Apple I was sold as a motherboard, which was less than what is now considered a personal computer. The Apple I went on sale in July 1976 and was market-priced at $666.66, Apple was incorporated January 3,1977, without Wayne, who sold his share of the company back to Jobs and Wozniak for $800. Multimillionaire Mike Markkula provided essential business expertise and funding of $250,000 during the incorporation of Apple, during the first five years of operations revenues grew exponentially, doubling about every four months. Between September 1977 and September 1980 yearly sales grew from $775,000 to $118m, the Apple II, also invented by Wozniak, was introduced on April 16,1977, at the first West Coast Computer Faire. It differed from its rivals, the TRS-80 and Commodore PET, because of its character cell-based color graphics. While early Apple II models used ordinary cassette tapes as storage devices, they were superseded by the introduction of a 5 1/4 inch floppy disk drive and interface called the Disk II. The Apple II was chosen to be the platform for the first killer app of the business world, VisiCalc. VisiCalc created a market for the Apple II and gave home users an additional reason to buy an Apple II. Before VisiCalc, Apple had been a distant third place competitor to Commodore, by the end of the 1970s, Apple had a staff of computer designers and a production line
24.
Peachpit
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Peachpit is a publisher of books focused on the latest trends in graphic design, web design, and development. Peachpits parent company is Pearson Education, the largest book publisher in the world, which owns additional educational media brands including Addison-Wesley, Prentice Hall, Peachpit is the official publishing partner for Adobe Systems, Lynda. com, Apple Certified at Apple Inc, and other tech corporations. Peachpit Press was founded in 1986 by Ted Nace and Michael Gardner, Gardner served on the board of the company from 1986 to 1994 but did not take an active role in the company. Computer writer Elaine Weinmann described how Nace let authors typeset and illustrate their own books and described his approach as user-friendly. The company grew in size and sales, and had an orientation towards books relating to Apple computers. Nace served as publisher from 1986 until 1996, when Nancy Aldrich-Ruenzel assumed the publisher position, in 1994, Nace sold Peachpit Press to London-based media conglomerate Pearson PLC. Peachpit continued to out of Berkeley until a move to San Francisco in 2012. Although known as a Mac publisher Peachpit started out publishing Windows related books and its first Macintosh books were The Little Mac Book and The Mac is not a typewriter, both by writer Robin Williams. In 1992, Peachpit purchased the Macintosh Bible series from Arthur Naimans Goldstein, Peachpit became popular with the Mac community via its strong outreach and support of user groups. In 1998, when Apple user share was down to 4% of the computer market and Power Computing was making Mac clones. Peachpit’s popularity with Mac users grew even stronger with its Visual QuickStart Guides, how Your Computer Can Hurt You - and What You Can Do About It by Don SellersZap. is considered the first book written on computer safety. In order to make sure this book reached the hands of the people who needed it most, Peachpit gave away over 75,000 copies to companies and corporations who promised to provide it to their employees. Kid’s Web Kit by Lisa Lopuck When the web first began gaining popularity, Lisa Lopuck, who taught multimedia and Web design at San Francisco State University, wanted to help kids shape the future of the Web and wrote the first Web design book for kids. Ecolinking, Everyones Guide to Online Environmental Information by Don RittnerEcolinking was the first GREEN online guide and it brought forth the many ways computer users could go green. Computer Privacy Handbook by Andre Bacard Peachpit published the first guide to PGP, gay and Lesbian Online by Jeff DawsonGay and Lesbian Online was the first trade guide to lesbian and gay cyberspace. When it first published, it debuted at the Pride Parade where Peachpit set up a booth, exploring and Building Virtual Worlds on the Internet by Bruce Damer In 1997, six years before Second Life launched, Peachpit published Avatars with Bruce Damer. Although Peachpit Press is Peachpits flagship imprint, Peachpit also publishes or partners with Adobe Press, Apple Certified, lynda. com, and New Riders
25.
Wharton School Publishing
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Wharton School Publishing is a publishing house, a division of The Wharton School and Pearson, the worlds largest education publishing and technology company. The imprint brings together a variety of business educators and corporate executives on a list that features works in formats, including print, audio, electronic documents, CD-ROM. The imprint releases 35 to 40 peer-reviewed books a year in 11 languages, Arabic, Chinese, English, French, German, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Portuguese, Russian, and Spanish. Authors published by Wharton School Publishing have included Howard Moskowitz, Philip Kotler, Peter Drucker, prahalad, Russell L. Ackoff, Jerry I. Porras, Henry Mintzberg and Kenichi Ohmae, Wharton School Publishing distributes its titles through the Safari Books Online e-reference service. The Wharton School imprint is directed by Tim Moore and Jerry Wind, the Editorial Board of Wharton School Publishing comprises the 24 faculty members charged with finding both book ideas and new authors. Titles are vetted by a group of the Schools senior faculty members know who is breaking new ground. And differentiate between what is truly thought leadership vs. the latest fad thinking
26.
Connections Academy
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Connections Academy is an online school provider for grades K-12. It is based in Baltimore and is a division of Connections Education, LLC and it supports public online schools for grades K-12 across the United States. A private online school, International Connections Academy, is available to students who live abroad. Online schools are an alternative to public schools. Similar to charter schools, they are subsidized by the state, although they contract with many non-profit schools, they are not a non-profit organization. In the Spring of 2001, Sylvan Ventures started a business unit to create a virtual school program. The company first began providing online services to two schools in the Fall of 2002. In September 2004, Connections Academy was sold to a group led by Apollo Management. The company now operates public schools under management contracts from charter schools or school districts, a new corporate entity called Connections Education was established in early 2011. In this same year, on September 15,2011, Pearson, an international learning company, acquired Connections Education for in excess of $400 million
27.
Edexcel
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Edexcel, now known as Pearson - London Examinations, is a multinational education and examination body owned by Pearson. Pearson Edexcel, the privately owned examination board in the UK. It regulates school examinations under the British Curriculum and offers qualifications for schools on the international and regional scale, Edexcel is the UK’s largest awarding organisation offering academic and vocational qualifications in schools, colleges and work places in the UK and abroad. Edexcel was formed in 1996 by the merger of two bodies, the BTEC and ULEAC. In 2003, the Edexcel Foundation formed a partnership with Pearson PLC to set up a new company called London Qualifications Ltd, London Qualifications Limited changed its name to Edexcel Limited in November 2004, and is now known colloquially as Edexcel and formally as Edexcel Pearson - London Examinations. In 2005, Edexcel became the only large examination board to be held in private hands, Edexcel subsequently received investment from their new parent company. Edexcel also offers IAL, known as International Advanced Levels and it is offered only to schools outside the UK. It is considered by the UK NARIC to be of a standard as the GCE Advanced Level. In addition, Edexcel provides the Edexcel International Diploma which involves the study of 4 A-Levels, other exam boards do not allow the practice of checking discs, with AQA specifically instructing teachers not to open the packages containing the CDs before exams. The replacement paper was criticised for including questions that were not present on the syllabus, on a Sky News segment, presenter Adam Boulton answered one of the papers hardest questions with a former maths teacher. As a result, GCSE students all over the UK signed a petition made by a candidate requesting that the exam board lowers the grade boundaries as the examination was too hard. In the same year, a petition was started by a 17-year-old student requesting to Ensure the representation of women on the A-Level Music syllabus. The petition asks that music composed by women be added to the Edexcel A-Level Music syllabus which has a total of 63 different set works from a variety of musical genres, after six days, the petition had over 1,800 signatures and was featured in The Guardian
28.
Pearson College London (United Kingdom)
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Pearson College London is a British private, not-for-profit degree provider based in London owned by Pearson PLC. Pearson College London is the only FTSE100 company in the UK to design and deliver degrees, the creation of Pearson College London was announced in July 2011. Pearson College London launched its first degree programme in September 2012, in August 2013 it was announced that Pearson College London would begin offering business degrees validated by Ashridge Business School, whilst continuing with its partnership with Royal Holloway. In October 2013 Pearson College London acquired Escape Studios, Europes leading VFX academy, Escape Studios now also offers courses in VFX, Games and Animation at undergraduate, postgraduate and short course levels. Students of Pearson College London primarily study at Pearsons offices in London at 190 High Holborn, residential courses within the Business School have also previously been delivered at Royal Holloway, University of Londons campus in Egham, Surrey. Entry requirements vary depending upon the course and level of study. Applicants are also required to attend a day including an interview. Pearson College London offers undergraduate and postgraduate degrees and a range of short courses, the courses cover Accounting, Business, Enterprise, Law, Computer Animation, Video Games and Visual Effects. Courses can be studied full-time, part-time or online, depending on course is chosen. The degree programmes are validated by the University of Kent, industry partners within VFX, Games and Animation include Framestore, The Mill, Moving Picture Company, BlueBolt, Electric Theatre, Milk and Jellyfish Pictures
29.
Shell Mex House
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Shell Mex House is a grade II listed building situated at number 80, Strand, London, UK. The current building was built in 1930–31 on the site of the Hotel Cecil and stands behind the facade of the Hotel. Broadly Art Deco in style, it was designed by Ernest Joseph of the firm of Messrs Joseph. The clock, which was known for a time as Big Benzene, is the biggest in London and it has faces looking towards the river and towards the Strand. It was described by architectural historian Nikolaus Pevsner as thoroughly unsubtle, the building was for many years the London headquarters of Shell-Mex and BP Ltd for which it was originally built. Shell-Mex and BP Ltd was a joint venture created by Shell. Upon the brand separation of Shell-Mex and BP Ltd in 1975, Shell Mex House became the office of Shell UK Ltd. Changes in the way that Shell was run in the 1990s led to the disposal of the property by Shell, other notable businesses in this building are Aimia, which manages the Nectar loyalty card, and PricewaterhouseCoopers. PwC have temporarily accommodated some teams on the floor whilst their offices at Embankment Place in Villiers Street are being refurbished. The entrance of the building, which is set back from the Strand, is through a gated archway. A green plaque was affixed to the wall just inside the gate in March 2008, proclaiming, during the Second World War, the building became home to the Ministry of Supply which co-ordinated supply of equipment to the national armed forces. It was also the home of the Petroleum Board which handled the distribution and it was badly damaged by a bomb in 1940. The building reverted to Shell-Mex and BP Ltd on 1 July 1948 with a number of floors remaining occupied by the Ministry of Aviation until the mid-1970s. During this time, until the move to the present location in Farnborough. They were said to have offered £530 million for the building, but were competing with other interested groups, including Menorah, the Israeli insurer, an Irish company, and several British companies. An offer believed to be £520 million was made in December 2006 by Istithmar, the investment agency of the Dubai government, the property was subsequently sold in July 2007 to a fund managed by Westbrook Partners. In the final scene of the 2016 feature film Assassins Creed, the hero Callum Lynch and two other surviving assassins stand astride Shell Mex House and survey London
30.
Glen Moreno
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Glen Moreno is an American businessman. Glen Moreno was born in California in 1943 and he graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree from Stanford University in 1965 and was a Rotary Foundation Fellow at Delhi University in 1966. He achieved a Juris Doctorate from Harvard Law School in 1969, Moreno worked for 18 years at Citigroup in Europe and Asia, running the investment banking and trading divisions and becoming a group executive. Moreno is a director of Fidelity International, chairing its audit committee and he is said to be largely responsible for the rapid growth of Fidelity during that period. In October 2005 Moreno was appointed as Lord Stevensons replacement as chairman of Pearson PLC, the shortlist included Charles Gibson Smith, the chairman of the London Stock Exchange. Morenos appointment came as something of a surprise to the world as he was not widely known in the United Kingdom. His salary at Pearson was £425,000 per year, Moreno is also a senior independent director of Man Group plc, having been a non-executive director there since 1994, and persuaded the group to co-sponsor the Man Booker Prize for literature. He is also a governor of the Ditchley Foundation and a director of the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art, Moreno was appointed a non-executive director of UK Financial Investments Limited, a company established by the British government to manage its shareholding in nationalised banks. He became the chairman of the company when Sir Philip Hampton became chairman of the Royal Bank of Scotland. During this time Moreno stated that at no point have I sought the role on a permanent basis and he quit as acting chairman on 11 February 2009 after HM Treasury said that it would appoint a new permanent chairman. Moreno had been appointed as a trustee of LGT in 1999, Moreno sat on the LGTs development and compensation committee, which determined executive pay, and advised on investment strategy and policy. Moreno was renumerated with a salary of Swiss Fr130,000 per year and he has stated that he had no knowledge of the individual LGT clients. Morenos continued employment at the head of UKFI was criticised by the Conservative Party due to his links with LGT, further controversy erupted over Fidelity Internationals donations to the Conservative Party which have amounted to £495,000 since 1994. He was appointed as independent director of Lloyds Banking Group in February 2010. Morenos wife, sister, mother, and niece are all teachers and he splits his time between his London home and a cattle farm in Virginia, United States
31.
Weetman Pearson, 1st Viscount Cowdray
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He was the owner of the Pearson conglomerate. Pearson was born at Shelley, Woodhouse, Yorkshire, the son of George Pearson, the Pearson firm, started by his grandfather Samuel in 1844 and today known as a publishing house, initially focused on construction. He took over the company in 1880, eventually moving the headquarters from Yorkshire to London. An early proponent of globalization, S. Pearson & Son built the Admiralty Harbour at Dover, docks in Halifax, tunnels, railways and harbours around the world, and the Sennar Dam in Sudan. In 1900 his company took over the construction of the Great Northern and City Railway in London, in 1889, Porfirio Diaz, the President of Mexico, invited Pearson to his country to build a railroad—the Tehuantepec Railway—from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean. After nine years of relative unsuccess Pearson fired the English consulting geologists he had been using, and hired Americans formerly employed by the U. S. Geological Survey. One year later, Pearson began making major oil strikes, beginning with Potrero del Llano 4, in 1911, President Diaz was overthrown, and the Mexican Revolution began. The associated violence and turmoil had an effect on foreign investors in Mexicos oil industry. In October 1918 Calouste Gulbenkian offered, on behalf of the Royal Dutch Shell, to buy a portion of Mexican Eagle stock. Pearson was created a Baronet, of Paddockhurst, in the Parish of Worth, in the County of Sussex and he was first elected Liberal Member of Parliament for Colchester at a by-election in February 1895. He held the seat at the 1895 general election and retained it until 1910 when he was raised to the peerage as Baron Cowdray and his time is connected with a number of developments, most notably the opening of Colchester Castle to the public. Under his leadership during World War I, the munitions factory HM Factory, Gretna, in January 1917, he was sworn of the Privy Council and made Viscount Cowdray, of Cowdray in the County of Sussex. That same month, David Lloyd George requested that he become President of the Air Board, Cowdray agreed, provided that he receive no salary. Lord Cowdray worked diligently to improve the output of aircraft and produced an increase in the number of aircraft under his tenure. Yet he was criticized after German bombing produced over 600 casualties on 13 June, following the war, he was active in Liberal politics and in philanthropic activities. Lord Cowdray married Annie Cass, daughter of Sir John Cass and they had four children, Weetman Harold Miller Pearson, 2nd Viscount Cowdray, Bernard Clive Pearson, Francis Geoffrey Pearson, and Gertrude Mary Pearson. Gertrude Mary, Baroness Denman GBE, became the wife of Lord Denman, Lord Cowdray died in his sleep at Dunecht House, Aberdeenshire on 1 May 1927, aged 70. He was succeeded by his eldest son, Harold, hon. Francis Geoffrey Pearson was born on 23 August 1891
32.
Marjorie Scardino
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Dame Marjorie Morris Scardino, DBE, FRSA is an American-born British business executive. She is the former CEO of Pearson PLC, dame Marjorie became a trustee of Oxfam during her tenure at Pearson. She became the first female Chief Executive of a FTSE100 company when she was appointed CEO of Pearson in 1997 and she is also a non-executive director of Nokia and former CEO of the Economist Group. During her time at Pearson, she had tripled profits to a record £942m, in December 2013, she joined the board of Twitter as its first female director, after a controversy involving a lack of diversity on the Twitter board. Scardino was born in Flagstaff, Arizona in 1947, and grew up in Texarkana, while living in Texas she participated in rodeo riding as a teenager. Scardino is a graduate of Baylor University with a BA in French, before 1985, Scardino was the editor of the newspaper, The Georgia Gazette. She is the chair of the MacArthur Foundation and a board member of the Carter Center. She is an Honorary Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts and she also won the 2002 Benjamin Franklin Medal. In 2007, she was listed 17th on the Forbes list of the 100 most powerful women in the World, on October 3,2012, it was announced that she will step down as CEO of Pearson to be replaced by John Fallon. In December 2013, she joined the board of Twitter as its first female director, Scardino is married to Albert Scardino, whom she worked with during her time at The Georgia Gazette and later a media reporter for The New York Times. Her son is actor Hal Scardino, although she was born in the United States, she has taken British citizenship. Scardino received an Honorary Doctorate from Heriot-Watt University in 2001 In 2014, Chief executive at Pearson PLC Profile at Bloomberg Businessweek #3 of 10 Global Leaders at Fortune, September 29,2010 Works by or about Marjorie Scardino in libraries
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