1.
Pearson Education
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Pearson Education is a British-owned education publishing and assessment service to schools and corporations, as well as directly to students. Pearson owns educational media brands including Addison–Wesley, Peachpit, Prentice Hall, eCollege, Longman, Poptropica, Scott Foresman, Pearson is part of Pearson PLC, which formerly owned the Financial Times. Pearson Education was rebranded to Pearson in 2011 and split into an International, although Pearson generates approximately 60% of its sales in North America, it operates in more than 70 countries. Pearson International is headquartered in London, and it maintains offices across Europe, Asia and its online chat support is based in the Philippines. Pearson North America is headquartered at 330 Hudson in New York City and it previously was located in Upper Saddle River, New Jersey. In 2010, Pearson agreed to a 5-year, $32 million, greyCampus partnered with Pearson for higher-education teaching-learning solutions under the Learningware brand. Que Publishing, an imprint of Pearson based out of Seattle, partnered with AARP in order to develop. The series, which includes My iPad For Seniors, and My Social Media for Seniors, are large-print, in the spring of 2012, tests that Pearson designed for the NYSED were found to contain over 30 errors, which caused controversy. One of the most prominent featured a passage about a talking pineapple on the 8th Grade ELA test, after public outcry, the NYSED announced it would not count the questions in scoring. In May 2015, the Wall Street Journal online reported British comedian John Oliver reviewing problems with Pearsons standardized tests on his HBO series Last Week Tonight, Pearsons products include MyMathLab and Mastering Platform. Pearson owns Cogmed, a fitness and working memory training program founded in 1999 by Swedish researcher Torkel Klingberg. Educational publishing companies List of largest UK book publishers Official website Official website Official website Official website
2.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
3.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey
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Upper Saddle River is a borough in Bergen County, New Jersey, United States. It is not to be confused with the borough of Saddle River. Upper Saddle River was settled in the 18th century principally by Dutch settlers who built mills along the Saddle River, the area was granted borough status in 1894 and remained principally rural until the 1950s. The suburban growth of New Jersey affected Upper Saddle River and surrounding municipalities, the population has remained fairly constant since 1970. Commerce and industry are concentrated along the western border along Route 17. Postal service is shared with the borough of Saddle River. The borough was formed during the Boroughitis phenomenon then sweeping through Bergen County, Upper Saddle Rivers referendum passed on November 20, one day after the referendum passed for Saddle River. According to the United States Census Bureau, the borough had an area of 5.281 square miles. The borough is bisected by the Saddle River, a tributary of the Passaic River, unincorporated communities, localities and place names located partially or completely within the township include Duffys Mills, Hoppers Mills and Posts Mills. Along with the borough of Saddle River, Upper Saddle River has traditionally ranked at. Recent development of housing and associated population expansion has shifted the boroughs standing slightly. As of the census of 2010, there were 8,208 people,2,639 households, the population density was 1,560.0 per square mile. There were 2,776 housing units at a density of 527.6 per square mile. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4. 33% of the population,10. 7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 5. 5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.11 and the family size was 3.37. In the borough, the population was out with 30. 6% under the age of 18,5. 3% from 18 to 24,18. 0% from 25 to 44,32. 9% from 45 to 64. The median age was 42.9 years, for every 100 females there were 96.1 males. For every 100 females ages 18 and old there were 93.8 males, the Census Bureaus 2006-2010 American Community Survey showed that median household income was $175,399 and the median family income was $179,241
4.
Book
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A book is a set of written, printed, illustrated, or blank sheets, made of paper, parchment, or other materials, fastened together to hinge at one side, with text and/or images printed in ink. A single sheet within a book is a leaf, and each side of a leaf is a page, a set of text-filled or illustrated pages produced in electronic format for reading on a computer screen, smartphone or e-reader device is known as an electronic book, or e-book. The term books may refer the body of works of literature. In library and information science, a book is called a monograph, to distinguish it from serial periodicals such as magazines, journals, in novels and sometimes other types of books, a book may be divided into several large sections, also called books. An avid reader or collector of books or a lover is a bibliophile or colloquially. A shop where books are bought and sold is a bookshop or bookstore, Books are also sold in some department stores, drugstores and newspaper vendors. Books can also be borrowed from libraries, google has estimated that as of 2010, approximately 130,000,000 distinct titles had been published. In some wealthier nations, printed books are giving way to the usage of electronic or e-books, the word book comes from Old English bōc, which in turn comes from the Germanic root *bōk-, cognate to beech. Similarly, in Slavic languages буква is cognate with beech, in Russian and in Serbian and Macedonian, the word букварь or буквар refers specifically to a primary school textbook that helps young children master the techniques of reading and writing. It is thus conjectured that the earliest Indo-European writings may have been carved on beech wood, similarly, the Latin word codex, meaning a book in the modern sense, originally meant block of wood. When writing systems were created in ancient civilizations, a variety of objects, such as stone, clay, tree bark, metal sheets, the study of such inscriptions forms a major part of history. The study of inscriptions is known as epigraphy, the Ancient Egyptians would often write on papyrus, a plant grown along the Nile River. At first the words were not separated from other and there was no punctuation. Texts were written right to left, left to right. The technical term for that last type of writing is boustrophedon, a tablet might be defined as a physically robust writing medium, suitable for casual transport and writing. See also stylus, the instrument used to write on a tablet, clay tablets were flattened and mostly dry pieces of clay that could be easily carried, and impressed with a stylus. They were used as a medium, especially for writing in cuneiform, throughout the Bronze Age. Tablets were used by traders to record sales of such as bushels of grain
5.
Pearson PLC
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Pearson PLC is a British multinational publishing and education company headquartered in London. It was founded as a business in the 1840s. It shut down its activities in the 1920s and switched to publishing. It is the largest education company and the largest book publisher in the world, Pearson has a primary listing on the London Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the FTSE100 Index. It has a listing on the New York Stock Exchange in the form of American Depository Receipts. The company was founded by Samuel Pearson in 1844 as a building and engineering concern operating in Yorkshire under the name S. Pearson & Son. In 1880, control passed to his grandson Weetman Dickinson Pearson, an engineer, in November 1915, the firm began construction of HM Factory, Gretna, the largest cordite factory in the UK during World War I. The construction business was shut down in the 1920s, among its final projects was completion of the Sennar Dam, in Sudan, in 1925. In 1919, the firm acquired a 45% stake in the London branch of merchant bankers Lazard Brothers, Pearson continued to hold a 50% stake until 1999. In 1921, Pearson purchased a number of daily and weekly newspapers in the United Kingdom. In 1957, it bought the Financial Times and acquired a 50% stake in The Economist and it purchased the publisher Longman in 1968. The company was first listed on the London Stock Exchange in 1969 and it went on to buy paperback publisher Penguin in 1970, and in 1972, childrens imprint Ladybird Books. In 1986, Pearson invested in the British Satellite Broadcasting consortium, which, during the 1990s, Pearson acquired a number of TV production and broadcasting assets and sold most of its non-media assets, under the leadership of future U. S. Westminster Press was sold to Newsquest in 1996, Pearson acquired the education division of HarperCollins in 1996 from News Corporation and acquired book publishers Scott Foresman & Co. in 1996. In 1998 Pearson acquired Prentice Hall Textbooks/Simon & Schuster Trade Books from Viacom and merged it with its own education unit, Addison-Wesley Longman to form Pearson Education. In 2002, Pearson sold its 22% stake in RTL Group for 1.5 billion Euros, and then purchased Rough Guides, the travel publisher, and brought it under Penguin. Pearson acquired Edexcel, a provider of qualifications in the UK, in 2003, Pearson purchased a series of other testing and assessment businesses, including Knowledge Technologies in 2004, AGS in 2005, and National Evaluation Systems and Promissor in 2006. Pearson then completed the acquisition of Harcourt Assessment, merging the businesses into Pearson Assessment & Information
6.
Safari Books Online
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Safari Books Online LLC is a digital library founded in July 2000 and headquartered in Sebastopol, California, with offices in Boston and Scottsdale. Safari characterizes itself as a platform for technology and business learning, Safari Books Online originated in 2001 as a joint venture between OReilly Media and the Pearson Technology Group. In 2014 OReilly Media acquired Pearsons stake, making Safari Books Online a wholly owned subsidiary of OReilly Media, Safari has a variety of subscription plans for individuals and institutions. Professional Societies like IEEE Computer Society and ACM provide access as part of their membership benefits, Safari purchased PubFactorys Electronic Platform, an electronic publishing platform, from RDW Group in 2012
7.
Gulf and Western Industries
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Gulf and Western Industries, Inc. was an American conglomerate. A partial list of Gulf and Westerns holdings between 1958 and 1982, with year of acquisition in parentheses, APS Holding Corp, after Stax was acquired, that label became a subsidiary of Dot, although Dot was not at all mentioned on the label. Later on, the operation was moved under Famous Music. Gulf and Western sold Stax back to its owners in 1970. A year before, Dots non–country music roster and catalog was moved to a newly created label and it assumed Dots status as the flagship label of Paramounts record operations, releasing music by pop artists and soundtracks from Paramounts films and television series. Dot meanwhile became a country label, Famous Music provided distribution for several independent labels, such as Neighborhood Records and Sire Records. Famous began distributing yet another independent label, Blue Thumb Records, in 1971, while working for Paramount, Barry Diller had proposed a fourth network, but he could not convince the board of trustees/directors of the wisdom of this idea. Fox owner News Corporation was, however, interested in starting a network. On June 5,1980, Gulf and Western unveiled a car, powered by a zinc chloride battery that would hold a charge for several hours. By years end, however, the U. S. Department of Energy reported that the battery had 65% less power than predicted and could be recharged only by highly trained personnel. In 1981, former officials of Gulf and Westerns Natural Resources Division led a buyout of New Jersey Zinc and made it a subsidiary of Horsehead Industries, Davis, who had come up through Paramount Pictures, as the new chief executive officer. Davis slimmed down the companys wilder diversifications and focused it on entertainment, in 1983, Gulf and Western sold Consolidated Cigar Corporation to five of its senior managers. Also in 1983, Gulf and Western sold the U. S. assets of Sega to pinball manufacturer Bally Manufacturing, the Japanese assets of Sega were purchased by a group of investors led by David Rosen and Hayao Nakayama. In 1984, Gulf and Western divested itself of its many Taylor Forge operations to private owners, Taylor Forges Somerville, NJ plant became Taylor Forge Stainless, while its facilities in Paola, KS and Greeley, KS became Taylor Forge Engineered Systems. South Puerto Rico Sugar Co. was sold to an investment group including The Fanjul Brothers in 1984, in 1985, APS auto parts, Kayser-Roth clothing and Simmons Bedding were sold to the Wickes Companies. The company, thus restructured, subsequently renamed itself Paramount Communications in 1989, the Gulf and Western Building by Thomas E. Stanley, was built in 1970 for the Gulf and Western company north of Columbus Circle, at the south-western corner of Central Park. The building occupies a block between Broadway and Central Park West and, at 583 feet, it commands the dramatic view to the north. Similarly, the space in the basement—named Paramount after the picture company that Gulf
8.
Simon & Schuster
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Simon & Schuster, Inc. a subsidiary of CBS Corporation, is an American publishing company founded in New York City in 1924 by Richard Simon and Max Schuster. As of 2016, Simon & Schuster publishes 2,000 titles annually under 35 different imprints, in 1924, Richard Simons aunt, a crossword puzzle enthusiast, asked whether there was a book of New York World crossword puzzles, which were very popular at the time. After discovering that none had been published, Simon and Max Schuster decided to launch a company to exploit the opportunity, at the time, Simon was a piano salesman and Schuster was editor of an automotive trade magazine. They pooled US$8,000 to start a company to publish crossword puzzles, fad publishing became the business model for the new publishing house, which set out to exploit current fads and trends and publish books with commercial appeal. Instead of signing authors with a manuscript, they came up with their own ideas. In the 1930, the moved to what was known as Publishers Row on Park Avenue in Manhattan. In 1939, with Robert Fair de Graff, Simon & Schuster founded Pocket Books, in 1942, Simon & Schuster, or Essandess as it is called in the initial announcement, launched the Little Golden Books series in cooperation with the Artists and Writers Guild. Simon & Schusters partner in the venture was the Western Printing and Lithographing Company, Western Printing bought out Simon & Schusters interest in 1958. In 1944, Marshall Field III, owner of the Chicago Sun, purchased Simon & Schuster, following Fields death in 1957, his heirs sold the company back to Richard Simon and Max Schuster, while Leon Shimkin and James Jacobson acquired Pocket Books. In the 1950s and 1960s, many publishers including Simon & Schuster turned toward educational publishing due to the boom market. Pocket Books focused on paperbacks for the market instead of textbooks. By 1964 it had published over 200 titles and was expected to put out another 400 by the end of that year, Books published under the imprint included classic reprints such as Lorna Doone, Ivanhoe, Tom Sawyer, Huckleberry Finn, and Robinson Crusoe. In 1966, Max Schuster retired and sold his half of Simon & Schuster to Leon Shimkin, Shimkin then merged Simon & Schuster with Pocket Books under the name of Simon & Schuster. Among his many bestsellers was Joseph Hellers Catch-22, in 1976, Gulf+Western headed by Charles Bluhdorn acquired S&S, which was grossing about US$50 million a year for $11 million, most of it in Gulf+Western stock. After the death of Bluhdorn in 1983, Simon & Schuster made the decision to diversify, bluhdorns successor Martin Davis told The New York Times, Society was undergoing dramatic changes, so that there was a greater need for textbooks, maps and educational information. We saw the opportunity to diversify into areas, which are more stable. In 1984, CEO Richard E. Snyder acquired Esquire Corporation, buying everything, Prentice Hall was brought into the company fold in 1985 for over $700 million and Martin Davis said that Prentice Hall became the road map for remodeling the company and a catalyst for change. This acquisition was followed by Silver Burdett in 1986, mapmaker Gousha in 1987, part of the acquisition included educational publisher Allyn & Bacon which according to Michael Korda became the nucleus of S&Ss educational and informational business
9.
Viacom (original)
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Viacom Inc. was an American media conglomerate. They also distributed syndicated shows which originated during the 1980s, with the biggest examples being The Cosby Show, on December 31,2005, the original incarnation of Viacom split into two new companies, resulting in the creation of CBS Corporation and the current incarnation of Viacom. The original Viacom began as CBS Films, Inc. the television division of CBS established in 1952. The division was spun off and renamed Viacom in 1970, amid new FCC rules forbidding television networks from owning syndication companies. Viacoms first non-programming acquisition came in 1978 when the company purchased the Sonderling Broadcasting chain, giving it radio stations in New York City, Washington, houston, and San Francisco, and one television station, WAST in Albany, New York. Later that year, Viacom added WHNB-TV in New Britain, Connecticut, in 1985, Viacom bought Warner-Amex Satellite Entertainment, which owned MTV and Nickelodeon, renaming the company MTV Networks. Viacom also received Warner-Amexs share of Viacom/WASEC joint venture Showtime Networks, Inc and this led to Viacom becoming a mass media company rather than simply a distribution company. In 1986, movie theater owner National Amusements bought controlling interest in Viacom, the acquisition of Paramount Communications in July 1994 made Viacom one of the worlds largest entertainment companies. In 1999, Viacom made its biggest acquisition to date by announcing plans to merge with its former parent CBS Corporation. The merger was approved in 2000, bringing cable channels TNN and Country Music Television under Viacoms wing, as well as CBSs production units and TV syndicaters Eyemark Entertainment and King World. CBSs production unit and King World operated under their own names, however, TNN, in 2001, Viacom completed its purchase of Black Entertainment Television. As with TNN/Spike TV and CMT, it was integrated into MTV Networks. As a result, BET was eventually de-integrated from MTV Networks, in 2002, Viacom bought independently run music channel TMF, which at the time was broadcasting in Belgium and the Netherlands. In June 2004, Viacom bought VIVA Media AG, the German equivalent to MTV, the same month, plans were announced to dispose of Viacoms interest in Blockbuster later that year by means of an exchange offer. Also in 2002, Viacom acquired the shares of Infinity Broadcasting radio chain. And in April 2003, Viacom acquired the ownership shares of Comedy Central from Time Warner. From the mid-1980s until 1995, Viacom operated several cable television systems generally located in the Dayton, San Francisco, several of these were in former CBS antenna television areas. The systems were known as Viacom Cablevision until the early 1990s, by 1995, Viacom Cable had about 1.1 million subscribers
10.
Kenneth R. Miller
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Kenneth Raymond Miller is an American cell biologist and molecular biologist who is currently Professor of Biology and Royce Family Professor for Teaching Excellence at Brown University. Millers primary research focus is the structure and function of cell membranes, Miller is a co-author of a major introductory college and high school biology textbook published by Prentice Hall since 1990. Miller, who is Roman Catholic, is known for his opposition to creationism. Miller graduated from Rahway High School in Rahway, New Jersey before attending Brown University, at Brown, he received his Sc. B. in biology in 1970. He earned his Ph. D. in biology from the University of Colorado at Boulder in 1974, from 1974 to 1980, he taught at Harvard University. His research involves problems of structure and function in biological membranes, in May 2014, Miller received the Laetare Medal at the University of Notre Dame. Miller is the co-author of an introductory college and high school biology textbook published by Prentice Hall since 1990. The current edition was published in 2010 by Pearson, Miller and Levine have also co-written a college-level textbook published by the former D. C. Heath and Company, first edition in 1991, entitled Biology, Miller has voiced his support for what he calls pro-science candidates in politics. He has campaigned for school board and education candidates who support the teaching of evolution in Kansas, in the science community, he has sought to elevate the understanding of scientists of the roots of the creationist movement, and to encourage the popularization of scientific concepts. Miller has appeared in court as a witness, and on panels debating the teaching of intelligent design in schools, in 2002, the Ohio State Board of Education held a public debate between two scientists, including Miller, and two proponents of intelligent design. In 2005, the judge ruled that the stickers violated the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment to the United States Constitution and this decision was vacated on appeal because of missing records of the previous trial. The case was remanded back to the court and was eventually settled out of court. Miller was also the lead expert witness in the Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District. The judge in that also ruled decisively in favor of the plaintiffs. In 2006 the American Society for Cell Biology gave him a Public Service Award, the American Association for the Advancement of Science also recognized Miller for his contribution to the public education of evolution in the United States. He won the 2008 AAAS Award for Public Understanding of Science, Miller has also spoken at the Veritas Forum on topics such as the relationship between science and religion and the existence of God. Miller is known for his appearances on the Comedy Central television show The Colbert Report, Miller has also made many appearances on C-SPAN debating proponents of creationism and intelligent design
11.
Artificial intelligence
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Artificial intelligence is intelligence exhibited by machines. Colloquially, the artificial intelligence is applied when a machine mimics cognitive functions that humans associate with other human minds, such as learning. As machines become increasingly capable, mental facilities once thought to require intelligence are removed from the definition, for instance, optical character recognition is no longer perceived as an example of artificial intelligence, having become a routine technology. AI research is divided into subfields that focus on specific problems or on specific approaches or on the use of a tool or towards satisfying particular applications. The central problems of AI research include reasoning, knowledge, planning, learning, natural language processing, perception, general intelligence is among the fields long-term goals. Approaches include statistical methods, computational intelligence, and traditional symbolic AI, Many tools are used in AI, including versions of search and mathematical optimization, logic, methods based on probability and economics. The AI field draws upon computer science, mathematics, psychology, linguistics, philosophy, neuroscience, the field was founded on the claim that human intelligence can be so precisely described that a machine can be made to simulate it. Some people also consider AI a danger to humanity if it progresses unabatedly, while thought-capable artificial beings appeared as storytelling devices in antiquity, the idea of actually trying to build a machine to perform useful reasoning may have begun with Ramon Llull. With his Calculus ratiocinator, Gottfried Leibniz extended the concept of the calculating machine, since the 19th century, artificial beings are common in fiction, as in Mary Shelleys Frankenstein or Karel Čapeks R. U. R. The study of mechanical or formal reasoning began with philosophers and mathematicians in antiquity, in the 19th century, George Boole refined those ideas into propositional logic and Gottlob Frege developed a notational system for mechanical reasoning. Around the 1940s, Alan Turings theory of computation suggested that a machine, by shuffling symbols as simple as 0 and 1 and this insight, that digital computers can simulate any process of formal reasoning, is known as the Church–Turing thesis. Along with concurrent discoveries in neurology, information theory and cybernetics, the first work that is now generally recognized as AI was McCullouch and Pitts 1943 formal design for Turing-complete artificial neurons. The field of AI research was born at a conference at Dartmouth College in 1956, attendees Allen Newell, Herbert Simon, John McCarthy, Marvin Minsky and Arthur Samuel became the founders and leaders of AI research. At the conference, Newell and Simon, together with programmer J. C, shaw, presented the first true artificial intelligence program, the Logic Theorist. This spurred tremendous research in the domain, computers were winning at checkers, solving problems in algebra, proving logical theorems. By the middle of the 1960s, research in the U. S. was heavily funded by the Department of Defense and laboratories had been established around the world. AIs founders were optimistic about the future, Herbert Simon predicted, machines will be capable, within twenty years, Marvin Minsky agreed, writing, within a generation. The problem of creating artificial intelligence will substantially be solved and they failed to recognize the difficulty of some of the remaining tasks
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