1.
White House
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The White House is the official residence and principal workplace of the President of the United States, located at 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue NW in Washington, D. C. It has been the residence of every U. S. president since John Adams in 1800, the term White House is often used to refer to actions of the president and his advisers, as in The White House announced that. The residence was designed by Irish-born architect James Hoban in the Neoclassical style, construction took place between 1792 and 1800 using Aquia Creek sandstone painted white. When Thomas Jefferson moved into the house in 1801, he added low colonnades on each wing that concealed stables and storage. In 1814, during the War of 1812, the mansion was set ablaze by the British Army in the Burning of Washington, destroying the interior, reconstruction began almost immediately, and President James Monroe moved into the partially reconstructed Executive Residence in October 1817. Exterior construction continued with the addition of the semi-circular South portico in 1824, because of crowding within the executive mansion itself, President Theodore Roosevelt had all work offices relocated to the newly constructed West Wing in 1901. Eight years later in 1909, President William Howard Taft expanded the West Wing and created the first Oval Office, in the main mansion, the third-floor attic was converted to living quarters in 1927 by augmenting the existing hip roof with long shed dormers. A newly constructed East Wing was used as an area for social events. East Wing alterations were completed in 1946, creating additional office space, by 1948, the houses load-bearing exterior walls and internal wood beams were found to be close to failure. Under Harry S. Truman, the rooms were completely dismantled. Once this work was completed, the rooms were rebuilt. The Executive Residence is made up of six stories—the Ground Floor, State Floor, Second Floor, the property is a National Heritage Site owned by the National Park Service and is part of the Presidents Park. In 2007, it was ranked second on the American Institute of Architects list of Americas Favorite Architecture, in May 1790, New York began construction of Government House for his official residence, but he never occupied it. The national capital moved to Philadelphia in December 1790, the July 1790 Residence Act named Philadelphia, Pennsylvania the temporary national capital for a 10-year period while the Federal City was under construction. The City of Philadelphia rented Robert Morriss city house at 190 High Street for Washingtons presidential residence, the first president occupied the Market Street mansion from November 1790 to March 1797, and altered it in ways that may have influenced the design of the White House. As part of an effort to have Philadelphia named the permanent national capital, Pennsylvania built a much grander presidential mansion several blocks away. President John Adams also occupied the Market Street mansion from March 1797 to May 1800, on Saturday, November 1,1800, he became the first president to occupy the White House. The Presidents House in Philadelphia became a hotel and was demolished in 1832, the Presidents House was a major feature of Pierre Charles LEnfants plan for the newly established federal city, Washington, D. C
2.
Family Dining Room
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The Family Dining Room is a dining room located on the State Floor of the White House, the official residence of the President of the United States. The room is used for smaller, more private meals than those served in the State Dining Room, architect James Hobans 1792 design for the White House featured a Grand Stair in the western part of the mansion on the State Floor. Not completed when the White House was occupied in 1800, the Grand Stairs were probably finished by architect Benjamin Henry Latrobe in 1803 or shortly thereafter, to the north of this wing was a Public Dining Room and a Porters Lodge and a narrow, winding Private Stair. To the south of the Grand Stair was a smaller room, to the east of this room was a Presidents Antechamber. An oval-shaped Drawing Room and a Common Dining Room served as additional dining and living space, during the presidential administration of Thomas Jefferson, the Common Dining Room rather than the Public Dining Room was used primarily for family meals. At Jeffersons request, Latrobe drafted plans for altering the State Floor, in 1807, he proposed turning the Porters Lodge into a sitting room, and partitioning the Public Dining Room. The eastern part of the room would contain a toilet and dressing room, Latrobe envisioned this as private space for the president to use during the day, or as quarters for a high-ranking presidential aide. Latrobes changes, however, were never implemented, following the Burning of Washington and the near-destruction of the White House in 1814, the State Floor was rebuilt. This 1817 recreation saw the old Cabinet Room/Presidential Library turned into the State Dining Room, the Public Dining Room now became the Private Dining Room. The room was partitioned to make it smaller, and the third of the room turned into a pantry. An 1829, 18-light chandelier was moved from the East Room into the State Dining Room in 1834 to provide light, in time, the term Family Dining Room began to replace the name Private Dining Room. In 1869, President Ulysses S. Grant rebuilt the Grand Stair, now, only a single staircase led up the north wall to the landing, while a second stair on the south wall led from the landing to the Second Floor. Because so much new room was created on the landing by this renovation, in 1880, during the administration of Rutherford B. Hayes, First Lady Lucy Webb Hayes purchased a large mahogany table, the table was transformed into a console table two years later. During the first administration of President Chester A. Arthur, the D. C. firm of W. B, moses & Son manufactured a large table for the dining room, which could be extended with leaves, and a mahogany sideboard. An oak sideboard was supplied by John C, eighteen leather-upholstered dining room chairs were ordered in 1882 from Hertz Brothers of New York, and another 12 more in 1883. A few years later,22 copies of these chairs were manufactured by Daniel G. Hatch & Company of Washington, but by 1901, these 40 chairs were moved to the State Dining Room. The White House was extensively renovated in 1902, during which the Stair Hall and its staircase were demolished, renovations by architect Charles Follen McKim during the administration of Theodore Roosevelt architecturally transformed the Family Dining Room
3.
North Lawn (White House)
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Because it is bordered by Pennsylvania Avenue, the White Houses official street address, the North Lawn is sometimes described as the front lawn. A semicircular driveway runs from the northwest gate through the North Portico, a circular pool with fountain is centered on the north portico of the White House. Visiting heads of state enter the White House grounds, and are welcomed here prior to a state dinner. Public tours, which begin on East Executive Drive, exit through the North Portico, White House correspondents, for television news, often stand on the North Lawn with the North Portico as a backdrop. A reviewing stand is erected on the North Lawn facing Pennsylvania Avenue prior to the inauguration of the president, the president uses the enclosed structure to review the parade, which proceeds from the U. S. Capitol. Pierre-Charles LEnfants 1793 plan of the city of Washington placed the Presidents House facing a convergence of radial avenues centered on the North Lawn, in 1850, landscape designer Andrew Jackson Davis attempted to soften the geometry of the LEnfant plan. In 1848 a bronze statue of Thomas Jefferson was placed in middle of the lawn by President James K. Polk, it was replaced by a pool, the bedding scheme on the North Lawn was greatly simplified. Later, in 1934, President Franklin Delano Roosevelt engaged Frederick Law Olmsted, Jr. to evaluate the grounds, Olmsted understood the need to offer presidents and their families a modicum of privacy balancing with the requirement for public views of the White House. The lawn is planted with a variety called tall fescue. Trees on the North lawn include fern-leaf beech, American elm, white oak, white saucer magnolia, red maple, American Chestnut Tree and American and English boxwood. The pool is planted seasonally with borders of tulips edged by grape hyacinth for spring, red geranium and Dusty Miller in summer, abbott James A. and Elaine M. Rice. Designing Camelot, The Kennedy White House Restoration, an Invitation to the White House, At Home with History. The White House Gardens Concepts and Design of the Rose Garden, White House Historical Association and the National Geographic Society,1986. Seale, William, The White House, The History of an American Idea, White House Historical Association,1992,2001. White House Historical Association and the National Geographic Society,1996, the White House, An Historic Guide. White House Historical Association and the National Geographic Society,2001, History of the White House Gardens and Grounds White House Museum page on the North Lawn
4.
Dumbwaiter
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A dumbwaiter is a small freight elevator or lift intended to carry objects rather than people. Dumbwaiters found within modern structures, including commercial, public and private buildings, are often connected between multiple floors. When installed in restaurants, schools, kindergartens, hospitals, retirement homes or in private homes, the term seems to have been popularized in the United States in the 1840s, after the model of earlier dumbwaiters now known as serving trays and lazy Susans. The mechanical dumbwaiter was invented by George W. Cannon, a New York City inventor, Cannon first filed for the patent of a brake system that could be used for a dumbwaiter on January 6,1883. Cannon later filed for the patent on the mechanical dumbwaiter on February 17,1887, Cannon reportedly generated a vast amount of royalties from the dumbwaiter patents until his death in 1897. Dumbwaiter Lifts in London were extremely popular in the houses of the rich, maids would use them to deliver laundry to the laundry room from different rooms in the house. They negated the need to carry handfuls of dirty washing through the house, saving time, a legal complaint about a Manhattan restaurants dumbwaiter in 1915, which also mentions that food orders are shouted up and down the shaft, describes its operation and limitations as follows. Great play between the cart of the dumb-waiter and the guides on which it runs, with the result that the running of the cart is accompanied by a loud noise. The rope which operates the cart of the runs in a wheel with a very shallow groove, so that the rope is liable to. The cart has no shock absorbers at the top, so that when it strikes the top of the shaft or wheel there is a loud report and he ropes of the dumb-waiter strike such wall at frequent intervals with a loud report. He dumb-waiter is often negligently operated, by running it faster than necessary, more recent dumbwaiters can be more sophisticated, using electric motors, automatic control systems, and custom freight containers of other kinds of elevators. Building codes have regulated the construction and operation of dumbwaiters in parts of North America since the 19th century, modern dumbwaiters in the United States and Canada must comply with American Society of Mechanical Engineers codes and, therefore, have features similar to those of passenger elevators. The construction, operation and usage of dumbwaiters varies widely according to country, the origins of a Dumb Waiter lift. Matot Commercial Dumbwaiter Information Butlers Buddy Inc, media related to Food elevators at Wikimedia Commons Butlers Buddy Inc. Butlers Buddy Dumbwaiter Kits
5.
Louisa Adams
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Louisa Catherine Johnson Adams, wife of John Quincy Adams, was First Lady of the United States from 1825 to 1829. There would not be another foreign-born First Lady until 2017, when Slovenian-born Melania Trump became First Lady following the election of her husband, joshua Johnson was originally from Maryland. Louisa had six sisters, Ann, Caroline, Harriet, Catherine, Elizabeth, and Adelaide, and she grew up in London and Nantes, France, where the family took refuge during the American Revolution. She met John Quincy Adams at her fathers house in Coopers Row, near Tower Hill and her father had been appointed as United States consul general in 1790, and Adams first visited him in November 1795. Adams at first showed interest in her sister but soon settled on Louisa. Adams, aged 30, married Louisa, aged 22, on July 26,1797, at the church of All Hallows-by-the-Tower. Her parents left Europe in 1797 and went to the U. S, when her father was forced into bankruptcy, President John Adams appointed him as U. S. Her father died in Frederick, Maryland, in 1802 of severe fever and some mental problems and her mother died in September 1811, in her mid-fifties, and is buried in Rock Creek Cemetery. Louisa was sickly, plagued by headaches and frequent fainting spells. She had several miscarriages over the course of her marriage and she left her two older sons in Massachusetts for education in 1809 when she took two-year-old Charles Francis Adams to Russia, where Adams served as a Minister. Despite the glamour of the court, she had to struggle with cold winters, strange customs, limited funds. An infant daughter born in 1811 died the next year, peace negotiations called Adams to Ghent in 1814 and then to London. To join him, she made a journey across war-ravaged Europe by coach in winter. Roving bands of stragglers and highwaymen filled her with unspeakable terrors for her son, the next two years gave her an interlude of family life in the country of her birth. Music enhanced her Tuesday evenings at home, and theater parties contributed to her reputation as an outstanding hostess, the pleasures of moving into the White House in 1825 were dimmed by the bitter politics of the election, paired with her deep depression. Though she continued her weekly drawing rooms, she preferred quiet evenings of reading, composing music and verse, as First Lady, she became reclusive and depressed. For a time, she regretted ever having married into the Adams family, in his diary for June 23,1828, her husband recorded her winding silk from several hundred silkworms that she has been rearing, evidently in the White House. She thought she was retiring to Massachusetts permanently, but in 1831 her husband began seventeen years of service in the United States House of Representatives, the untimely deaths of her two oldest sons added to her burdens
6.
Andrew Jackson Donelson
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Andrew Jackson Donelson was an American diplomat and the Know Nothing nominee for Vice President of the United States in 1856 on a ticket with former President Millard Fillmore. One of the three sons of Samuel and Mary Donelson, Andrew Jackson Donelson was born in Nashville, Tennessee and his younger brother, Daniel Smith Donelson, was the Confederate brigadier general after whom Fort Donelson was named. Donelsons father died when Donelson was about five, when his mother remarried, Donelson moved to The Hermitage, the home of his aunt, Rachel Donelson Jackson, and her husband, Donelsons namesake, future President of the United States Andrew Jackson. Rachel and Andrew Jackson adopted all three Donelson sons, including Andrew, Donelson attended Cumberland College in Nashville and then joined the United States Military Academy at West Point, New York, graduating second in his class in 1820. His two years as an officer in the United States Army were spent as aide-de-camp to Andrew Jackson, by then a major general, with the campaign over, Donelson resigned his commission and studied law at Transylvania University in Lexington, Kentucky. A year later, he started practicing law in Nashville and, less than a year after that, had married his first cousin, Emily Tennessee Donelson. Donelson assisted his uncle during the 1824 and 1828 presidential campaigns and, in 1829 and his wife Emily served as White House hostess and unofficial First Lady of the United States due to Rachel Jacksons death in December,1828. Donelson remained Jacksons private secretary throughout his administration, during his stay in Washington, Donelson had his new home, Poplar Grove, constructed on the land he had inherited from his father, which was adjacent to the Hermitage. In 1836, Tulip Grove was completed, shortly afterward Emily died of tuberculosis, leaving four young children. Donelson moved back to Nashville after Jacksons retirement the following year and these services included writing newspaper editorials defending Democratic principles and helping Democratic candidates campaign for state, local, and national offices. In 1841, Donelson married another cousin, Elizabeth Randolph, with whom he would have eight more children, Elizabeth Martin Randolph was a widow of Meriwether Lewis Randolph, a son of Martha Jefferson Randolph, and a grandson of Thomas Jefferson). In 1844, Donelson was instrumental in helping James K. Polk win the Democratic presidential nomination over Martin Van Buren, Donelson was successful in this endeavor, and Texas joined the United States on December 29,1845. He was then made Minister to Prussia in 1846, a position he would hold until President Polks Democratic administration was replaced by the Whig administration of Zachary Taylor in 1849. Between September 1848 and November 1849, during the time of the Frankfurt Parliament, in 1851, Donelson became the editor of the Washington Union, a Democratic newspaper. However, as became the dominant issue of American politics, Donelson became unpopular with several factions within the Democratic party. In 1856, Donelson was nominated as the mate of former President Millard Fillmore on the American Party ticket. Fillmore and Donelson managed to garner only 8 electoral votes from Maryland, in 1858, Donelson sold Tulip Grove and moved to Memphis, Tennessee. During the Civil War, Donelson was harassed by both sides of the conflict and he also lost two of his sons in the war
7.
William Henry Harrison
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William Henry Harrison Sr. was the ninth President of the United States, an American military officer, and the last president born as a British subject. He was 68 years,23 days old at the time of his inauguration and he died of complications from pneumonia 31 days into his term, serving the shortest tenure in United States presidential history. He was the first president to die in office, and his death sparked a constitutional crisis. He was the grandfather of Benjamin Harrison, who served as the 23rd United States President from 1889 to 1893, before election as president, Harrison served as the first congressional delegate from the Northwest Territory and the first Governor of Indiana Territory. He gained national fame for leading U. S. forces against Native Americans at the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811, as a general officer in the subsequent War of 1812, his most notable action was in the Battle of the Thames in 1813. This battle resulted in the death of Tecumseh and the dissolution of the Indian coalition which Tecumseh had led, after the war, Harrison moved to Ohio, where he was elected to the United States House of Representatives. In 1824, the legislature elected him to the United States Senate. He served a term after being appointed as Minister Plenipotentiary to Gran Colombia in May 1828. In Santa Fe de Bogotá, he spoke with president Simón Bolívar, returning to his farm in Ohio, Harrison lived in relative retirement until he was nominated for the presidency as one of several Whig Party candidates in the election of 1836. He received more votes than any other Whig, but was defeated by Democrat Martin Van Buren and he retired again to his farm. Van Buren soon became a target of criticism from the Whigs surrounding economic difficulties following the Panic of 1837. John Tyler of Virginia was selected as his running mate, Harrison and Tyler defeated Van Buren in the 1840 election. However, Harrison died of pneumonia in April 1841, a month after taking office, Tyler then assumed all of the powers and duties of the president, setting a major precedent. Harrison was a member of a prominent political family of entirely English descent, Harrison was also the last U. S. president born as a British subject before American Revolution. Benjamin Harrison V, Williams father, was a Virginia planter who served as a delegate to the Continental Congress, the senior Harrison also served in the Virginia legislature as the fifth governor of Virginia in the years during and after the American Revolutionary War. Williams older brother, Carter Bassett Harrison, represented Virginia in the U. S. House, Harrison was tutored at home before he entered Hampden–Sydney College, the Presbyterian school in Virginia in 1787 at age 14. He remained at the school until 1790, receiving an education that included Latin, Greek, French, logic. Harrisons Episcopalian father removed him from the college, possibly because of a revival that was occurring at the school
8.
Edward VII
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Edward VII was King of the United Kingdom and the British Dominions and Emperor of India from 22 January 1901 until his death in 1910. The eldest son of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, before his accession to the throne, he served as heir apparent and held the title of Prince of Wales for longer than any of his predecessors. During the long reign of his mother, he was excluded from political power. He travelled throughout Britain performing ceremonial duties, and represented Britain on visits abroad. His tours of North America in 1860 and the Indian subcontinent in 1875 were popular successes, as king, Edward played a role in the modernisation of the British Home Fleet and the reorganisation of the British Army after the Second Boer War. He reinstituted traditional ceremonies as public displays and broadened the range of people with whom royalty socialised and he died in 1910 in the midst of a constitutional crisis that was resolved the following year by the Parliament Act 1911, which restricted the power of the unelected House of Lords. Edward was born at 10,48 in the morning on 9 November 1841 in Buckingham Palace and he was the eldest son and second child of Queen Victoria and her husband Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. He was christened Albert Edward at St Georges Chapel, Windsor Castle and he was named Albert after his father and Edward after his maternal grandfather Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn. He was known as Bertie to the family throughout his life. As the eldest son of the British sovereign, he was automatically Duke of Cornwall, as a son of Prince Albert, he also held the titles of Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha and Duke of Saxony. He was created Prince of Wales and Earl of Chester on 8 December 1841, Earl of Dublin on 17 January 1850, a Knight of the Garter on 9 November 1858, and a Knight of the Thistle on 24 May 1867. In 1863, he renounced his rights to the Duchy of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha in favour of his younger brother. Queen Victoria and Prince Albert were determined that their eldest son should have an education that would prepare him to be a constitutional monarch. At age seven, Edward embarked on an educational programme devised by Prince Albert. Unlike his elder sister Victoria, Edward did not excel in his studies and he tried to meet the expectations of his parents, but to no avail. Although Edward was not a diligent student—his true talents were those of charm, sociability and tact—Benjamin Disraeli described him as informed, intelligent, after the completion of his secondary-level studies, his tutor was replaced by a personal governor, Robert Bruce. After an educational trip to Rome, undertaken in the first few months of 1859, he spent the summer of that year studying at the University of Edinburgh under, among others, in October, he matriculated as an undergraduate at Christ Church, Oxford. Now released from the strictures imposed by his parents, he enjoyed studying for the first time
9.
Prince of Wales
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Charles, Prince of Wales is the eldest child and heir apparent of Queen Elizabeth II. Known alternatively in South West England as Duke of Cornwall and in Scotland as Duke of Rothesay, he is the heir apparent in British history. He is also the oldest person to be next in line to the throne since Sophia of Hanover, Charles was born at Buckingham Palace as the first grandchild of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth. After earning a bachelor of degree from Trinity College, Cambridge. In 1981, he married Lady Diana Spencer and they had two sons, Prince William later to become Duke of Cambridge, and Prince Harry, in 1996, the couple divorced, following well-publicised extramarital affairs. Diana died in a car crash in Paris the following year, in 2005, Charles married Camilla Parker Bowles. Charles has sought to raise awareness of the dangers facing the natural environment. As an environmentalist, he has received awards and recognition from environmental groups around the world. His support for alternative medicine, including homeopathy, has been criticised by some in the medical community and he has been outspoken on the role of architecture in society and the conservation of historic buildings. Subsequently, Charles created Poundbury, a new town based on his theories. He has authored a number of books, including A Vision of Britain, A Personal View of Architecture in 1989 and he was baptised in the palaces Music Room by the Archbishop of Canterbury, Geoffrey Fisher, on 15 December 1948. When Prince Charles was aged three his mothers accession as Queen Elizabeth II made him her heir apparent. As the monarchs eldest son, he took the titles Duke of Cornwall, Duke of Rothesay, Earl of Carrick, Baron of Renfrew, Lord of the Isles and Prince. Charles attended his mothers coronation at Westminster Abbey on 2 June 1953, seated alongside his grandmother, as was customary for upper-class children at the time, a governess, Catherine Peebles, was appointed and undertook his education between the ages of five and eight. Buckingham Palace announced in 1955 that Charles would attend school rather than have a private tutor, Charles then attended two of his fathers former schools, Cheam Preparatory School in Berkshire, England, followed by Gordonstoun in the north-east of Scotland. He reportedly despised the school, which he described as Colditz in kilts. Upon his return to Gordonstoun, Charles emulated his father in becoming Head Boy and he left in 1967, with six GCE O-levels and two A-levels in history and French, at grades B and C, respectively. Tradition was broken again when Charles proceeded straight from school into university
10.
Mary Todd Lincoln
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Mary Ann Todd Lincoln was the wife of the 16th President of the United States, Abraham Lincoln, and was First Lady of the United States from 1861 to 1865. She dropped the name Ann after her sister, Ann Todd, was born. A member of a large, wealthy Kentucky family, Mary was well educated, after living in the Todd House and finishing school during her teens, she moved to Springfield, Illinois, where she lived with her married sister Elizabeth Edwards. Before she married Abraham Lincoln, Mary was courted by his political opponent Stephen A. Douglas. She and Lincoln had four sons together, only one of whom outlived her and their home of about 17 years still stands at Eighth and Jackson Streets in Springfield, Illinois. She supported her throughout his presidency. She witnessed his fatal shooting when they were together in the Presidents Box at Fords Theatre on Tenth Street in Washington, Mary was involuntarily institutionalized for psychiatric disease ten years after her husbands murder. She also complained of physical symptoms during her adult life. Mary was born in Lexington, Kentucky as the fourth of seven children of Robert Smith Todd, a banker and her family were slaveholders, and Mary was raised in comfort and refinement. When Mary was six, her mother died, two years later, her father married Elizabeth Betsy Humphreys and they had nine children together. Mary had a relationship with her stepmother. From 1832, Mary and her family lived in what is now known as the Mary Todd Lincoln House, Marys paternal great-grandfather, David Levi Todd, was born in County Longford, Ireland, and immigrated through Pennsylvania to Kentucky. Her great-great maternal grandfather Samuel McDowell was born in Scotland, other Todd ancestors came from England. At an early age Mary was sent to Madame Mantelles finishing school and she learned to speak French fluently and studied dance, drama, music, and social graces. By age 20, she was regarded as witty and gregarious, like her family, she was a Whig. Mary began living with her sister Elizabeth Porter Edwards in Springfield, Elizabeth, married to Ninian W. Edwards, son of a former governor, served as Marys guardian. Mary Todd married Abraham Lincoln on November 4,1842, at her sister Elizabeths home in Springfield and she was 23 years old and he was 33 years of age. Their four sons, all born in Springfield, were, Robert Todd Lincoln, -– lawyer, diplomat, businessman
11.
Rosewood
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Rosewood refers to any of a number of richly hued timbers, often brownish with darker veining but found in many different hues. All genuine rosewoods belong to the genus Dalbergia and it is best known as Brazilian Rosewood, but also as Bahia rosewood. This wood has a sweet smell, which persists for many years. Another classic rosewood comes from Dalbergia latifolia known as Indian rosewood or sonokeling and it is native to India and is also grown in plantations elsewhere in Pakistan. Madagascar rosewood, known as bois de rose, is prized for its red color. It is overexploited in the wild, despite a 2010 moratorium on trade and illegal logging, throughout southeast Asia Dalbergia oliveri is harvested for use in woodworking. It has a fragrant and dense grain near the core, however the outer sapwood is soft. Dalbergia cultrata that has variegated burgundy to light color, a blackwood timber is sold as Burmese Rosewood. Products built with rosewood based engineered woods are sold as Malaysian Rosewood or as Dalbergia oliveri, some rosewood comes from Dalbergia retusa, also known as the Nicaraguan rosewood or as palisander is controlled by CITES under Appendix 2 which allows some commercial activity. Several species are known as Guatemalan rosewood or Panama rosewood, D. tucerencis, D. tucarensis, stevensonii, also on CITES Appendix 2, is used for marimba keys, guitar parts, clarinets and other musical and ornamental applications. Not all species in the large genus Dalbergia yield rosewoods, only about a species do. The woods of some species in the genus Dalbergia are notable—even famous—woods in their own right, African blackwood, cocobolo, kingwood. The woods of some species are usable for tool handles at best. The timber trade will sell many timbers under the name due to some similarities. A fair number of these come from other legume genera. Another that may be found in market from Southeast Asia is Pterocarpus indicus, Dalbergia sissoo is timber from rosewood species from India and Bangladesh, usually known as Sheesham or North-Indian Rosewood. It is extremely dense and has mild rot resistance, but it is porous and its exterior is soft and it is used for making cabinets, flooring and carving. It is exported as quality veneers, due to its after work quality when sealed and dyed, it is often sold as genuine rosewood or as teak
12.
Chest of drawers
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A chest of drawers, also called a bureau, is a piece of furniture that has multiple parallel, horizontal drawers stacked one above another. In American English a dresser is a piece of furniture, usually waist high, in British English a dresser or a Welsh dresser has shelves in the upper section for storing or displaying tableware. Chests of drawers have traditionally made and used for storing clothing, especially underwear, socks. They are usually placed in a bedroom for this purpose, but can actually be used to store anything that will fit inside, various personal sundry items are also often stored in a chest of drawers. It has a history as one of the stand-bys of a carpenters workshop. A typical chest is approximately rectangular in shape and often has short legs at the bottom corners for placement on the floor. Chests of drawers often come in 5-, 6-, and 7-drawer varieties, the chest illustrated at right would be described as a 5 over 2 chest-on-chest, the latter term deriving from the fact that at one time it would have been made as 2 separable pieces. They are commonly made of wood, similar to other kinds of furniture. The inside of the drawers can be accessed by pulling out at the front side. It is often placed so that the side faces a wall since access to the back is not necessary. The lateral sides are usually made such that they can be placed against a wall or in a corner. Although they can be plain in appearance, chests of drawers can also be made with a fancy or ornamental appearance, including finishes, traditionally, drawers would slide out on smooth wood rails. Most modern cabinets use roll-out shelf sliders, made of metal, most chests of drawers fall into one of two types, those which are about waist-high or bench-high and those which are about shoulder-high. Both types typically have a surface on top. Waist-high chests often have a mirror placed vertically on top, which is bought with the piece. While a user is getting dressed or otherwise preparing their grooming, a chifforobe is a combination of a wardrobe and a chest of drawers. In late medieval Europe the chest came into use, especially in homes of the nobility. This type, also known as a coffer was more or less a simple joined wooden box with a hinged lid and it may or may not have stood on feet
13.
Headboard (furniture)
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The headboard is a piece of furniture that attaches to the head of a bed. Historically, they served to isolate sleepers from drafts and cold in less insulated buildings, and thus were made of wood, constructed to create space from the wall they allowed falling colder air to sink to the floor rather than onto the bed. Today, in better heated and insulated residences, headboards chiefly serve a function, as well as minor practical functions. They may include storage space for books and personal items, and conveniences such as lights and those of hospital beds may incorporate critical care functions. A headboard may often be complemented by a footboard for aesthetic balance
14.
Canopy bed
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A canopy bed is a decorative bed somewhat similar to a four-poster bed. A typical canopy bed usually features posts at each of the four corners extending four feet high or more above the mattress. Ornate or decorative fabric is draped across the upper space between the posts and a solid swath of cloth may create a ceiling, or canopy directly over the bed. The canopy bed came into more for utilitarian means rather than for extravagance or decadence. Canopy beds with curtains that could completely enclose the bed were used by lords and noblemen in medieval Europe for warmth and privacy, until the 16th century, these beds, even those of the nobles, were fairly plain and understated. During this period, carved work on the headboard and posts became popular, in pre-Republican China, until 1911, the familys canopy bed was the most important piece of household furniture, and often part of the brides dowry. As signifiers of status, these beds were often decorated with auspicious motifs, particularly relating to fertility, longevity. Today’s canopy beds generally fit one of two categories, traditional or contemporary. Most of the traditional canopy beds have a Victorian aesthetic, with metal rod frames or intricately carved wood frames. These throwbacks also often feature ruffled, pleated elaborate draping, sometimes rather heavy cloth. In contrast, contemporary canopy beds generally employ a simpler design, the individual parts of modern canopy beds are called as follows, Bed frame, A typical metal frame that supports the mattress and box spring independent of the headboard or footboard. Bedposts, Both head posts and foot posts are posts placed on either side of the headboard and footboard that extend from the floor to the top of the headboard, footboard. Bed rails, Wood or metal rails that rest on top of, canopy, A framed rooflike structure suspended over a bed by the bed rails. Casters, Wheels attached to a bedpost or feet, center supports, Additional feet or leg supports placed underneath the bed rails to provide additional support at the center for a large mattress or split box spring. Crown, The apex of a raised canopy, finials, Decorative end caps for the bed posts, used to hold a canopy in place. Footboard, The solid or upholstered focal point of a bed attached at or to the foot of the bed. Foot, The portion of the bed at your feet—the foot of the bed usually faces out into the room, head, The portion of the bed that you lay your head on. It is usually the anchor of the bed and is placed against a wall or focal point, headboard, The solid or upholstered focal point of a bed attached at or to the head of the bed
15.
Crown (headgear)
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In art, the crown may be shown being offered to those on Earth by angels. In religious art, a crown of stars is used similarly to a halo, crowns worn by rulers often contain jewels. A crown is often an emblem of the monarchy, a monarchs government, the word itself is used, particularly in Commonwealth countries, as an abstract name for the monarchy itself, as distinct from the individual who inhabits it. A specific type of crown is employed in heraldry under strict rules, costume headgear imitating a monarchs crown is also called a crown. Such costume crowns may be worn by actors portraying a monarch, people at parties, or ritual monarchs such as the king of a Carnival krewe. The nuptial crown, sometimes called a coronal, worn by a bride, in the present day, it is most common in Eastern Orthodox cultures. The Eastern Orthodox marriage service has a section called the crowning, wherein the bride and groom are crowned as king, in Greek weddings, the crowns are diadems usually made of white flowers, synthetic or real, often adorned with silver or mother of pearl. They are placed on the heads of the newlyweds and are held together by a ribbon of white silk and they are then kept by the couple as a reminder of their special day. In Slavic weddings, the crowns are made of ornate metal, designed to resemble an imperial crown. A parish usually owns one set to use for all the couples that are married there since these are more expensive than Greek-style crowns. This was common in Catholic countries in the past, a Crown of thorns according to the Bible, was placed on the head of Jesus before his crucifixion and has become a common symbol of martyrdom. According to Roman Catholic tradition, the Blessed Virgin Mary was crowned as Queen of Heaven after her assumption into heaven and she is often depicted wearing a crown, and statues of her in churches and shrines are ceremonially crowned during May. The Crown of Immortality is also common in historical symbolism, dancers of certain traditional Thai dances often wear crowns on their head. These are inspired in the worn by deities and by kings. Three distinct categories of crowns exist in those monarchies that use crowns or state regalia, coronation, worn by monarchs when being crowned. State, worn by monarchs on other state occasions, consort crowns, worn by queens consort, signifying rank granted as a constitutional courtesy protocol. In Classical antiquity, the crown that was awarded to people other than rulers, such as triumphal military generals or athletes, was actually a wreath or chaplet. Numerous crowns of various forms were used in antiquity, such as the Hedjet, Deshret, the Pschent double crown and it was referred to as the chaplet studded with sunbeams” by Lucian, about 180 AD
16.
Satin
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Satin is a weave that typically has a glossy surface and a dull back. The satin weave is characterized by four or more fill or weft yarns floating over a warp yarn or vice versa, four warp yarns floating over a single weft yarn. Floats are missed interfacings, where the yarn lies on top of the weft in a warp-faced satin. These floats explain the even sheen, as unlike in other weaves, the light reflecting is not scattered as much by the fibres, satin is usually a warp-faced weaving technique in which warp yarns are floated over weft yarns, although there are also weft-faced satins. If the yarns used are short-staple yarns such as cotton, the fabric formed is considered a sateen, a satin fabric tends to have a high luster due to the high number of floats on the fabric. Because of this it is used in making bed sheets, many variations can be made of the basic satin weave including a granite weave and a check weave. Satin weaves, twill weaves, and plain weaves are the three types of weaving by which the majority of woven products are formed. Satin is commonly used in apparel, satin baseball jackets, athletic shorts, womens lingerie, nightgowns, blouses, and evening gowns and it is also used in the production of pointe shoes for use in ballet. Other uses include interior furnishing fabrics, upholstery, and bed sheets, originally, during the Middle Ages, satin was made of silk, consequently it was very expensive, used only by the upper classes. Satin became famous in Europe during the twelfth century, the name derives its origin from the Chinese port city of Quanzhou, whose name in Arabic was Zayton. During the latter part of the Middle Ages, it was a shipping port of silk. In a satin weave, the fill yarn passes over multiple warp yarns before interlacing under one warp yarn, common satin weaves are, 4-harness satin weave, also called crowfoot satin, in which the fill yarn passes over three warp yarns and under one warp yarn. It is more pliable than a plain weave, 5-harness satin weave, the fill yarn passes over four warp yarns and then under one yarn. 8-harness satin weave, in which the fill yarn passes over 7 warp yarns and then 1 warp yarn, is the most pliable satin weave, antique satin is a type of satin-back shantung, woven with slubbed or unevenly spun weft yarns. Baronet or baronette has a back and a rayon or silk front. Charmeuse is a lightweight, draping satin-weave fabric with a dull reverse, double face satin is woven with a glossy surface on both sides. It is possible for both sides to have a different pattern, albeit using the same colors, duchess satin is a particularly luxurious, heavy, stiff satin. Farmers satin or Venetian cloth is made from mercerised cotton, gattar is satin made with a silk warp and a cotton weft
17.
Lace
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Lace is a delicate fabric made of yarn or thread in an open weblike pattern, made by machine or by hand. Originally linen, silk, gold, or silver threads were used, now lace is often made with cotton thread, although linen and silk threads are still available. Manufactured lace may be made of synthetic fiber, a few modern artists make lace with a fine copper or silver wire instead of thread. The word lace is from Middle English, from Old French las, noose, strin, from Vulgar Latin *laceum, from Latin laqueus, noose, probably akin to lacere, there are many types of lace, classified by how they are made. These include, Needle lace, such as Venetian Gros Point, is using a needle. This is the most flexible of the lace-making arts, while some types can be made more quickly than the finest of bobbin laces, others are very time-consuming. Some purists regard needle lace as the height of lace-making, the finest antique needle laces were made from a very fine thread that is not manufactured today. Cutwork, or whitework, is constructed by removing threads from a woven background. Bobbin lace, as the name suggests, is made with bobbins, the bobbins, turned from wood, bone, or plastic, hold threads which are woven together and held in place with pins stuck in the pattern on the pillow. The pillow contains straw, preferably oat straw or other such as sawdust, insulation styrofoam. Chantilly lace is a type of bobbin lace, tape lace makes the tape in the lace as it is worked, or uses a machine- or hand-made textile strip formed into a design, then joined and embellished with needle or bobbin lace. Knotted lace includes macramé and tatting, tatted lace is made with a shuttle or a tatting needle. Crocheted lace includes Irish crochet, pineapple crochet, and filet crochet, knitted lace includes Shetland lace, such as the wedding ring shawl, a lace shawl so fine that it can be pulled through a wedding ring. Machine-made lace is any style of lace created or replicated using mechanical means, chemical lace, the stitching area is stitched with embroidery threads that form a continuous motif. Afterwards, the areas are removed and only the embroidery remains. The stitching ground is made of a water-soluble or non-heat-resistant material, the origin of lace is disputed by historians. An Italian claim is a will of 1493 by the Milanese Sforza family, a Flemish claim is lace on the alb of a worshiping priest in a painting about 1485 by Hans Memling. But since lace evolved from techniques, it is impossible to say that it originated in any one place
18.
Carpet
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A carpet is a textile floor covering typically consisting of an upper layer of pile attached to a backing. The pile was made from wool, but, since the 20th century, synthetic fibers such as polypropylene, nylon or polyester are often used. The pile usually consists of twisted tufts which are typically heat-treated to maintain their structure, Carpets can be made in any colour by using differently dyed fibers. Carpets can have different types of patterns and motifs used to decorate the surface. In the 2000s, carpets are used in industrial and commercial establishments such as stores and hotels. Carpet is commonly made in widths of 12 feet and 15 feet in the USA,4 m and 5 m in Europe. Wall-to-wall carpet is distinguished from rugs or mats, which are loose-laid floor coverings, as wall-to-wall carpet is fixed to the floor, child labour has often been used in Asia for hand knotting rugs. The term carpet comes from Old French carpite, one derivation of the term states that the French term came from the Old Italian carpita, from the verb carpire meaning to pluck. The Online Etymology Dictionary states that the carpet was first used in English in the late 13th century, with the meaning coarse cloth. The Online Etymology Dictionary states that the term comes, the meaning of the term carpet shifted in the 15th century to refer to floor coverings. The term carpet is used interchangeably with the term rug. Some sources define a carpet as stretching from wall to wall, another definition treats rugs as of lower quality or of smaller size, with carpets quite often having finished ends. A third common definition is that a carpet is fixed in place while a rug is simply laid out on the floor. Historically, the carpet was also applied to table and wall coverings. The term rug was first used in English in the 1550s, the term is of. Scandinavian origin, compare Norwegian dialectal rugga coarse coverlet, from Old Norse rogg shaggy tuft, from Proto-Germanic *rawwa-, perhaps related to rag and rough. The meaning of rug. evolved to coverlet, wrap, then mat for the floor, the carpet is produced on a loom quite similar to woven fabric. The pile can be plush or Berber, plush carpet is a cut pile and Berber carpet is a loop pile. There are new styles of carpet combining the two styles called cut and loop carpeting, normally many colored yarns are used and this process is capable of producing intricate patterns from predetermined designs
19.
Portulaca grandiflora
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Portulaca grandiflora, is a flowering plant in the family Portulacaceae, native to Argentina, southern Brazil, and Uruguay and often cultivated in gardens. It has many names, including rose moss, eleven oclock, Mexican rose, moss rose, Vietnam Rose, sun rose, rock rose. It is also seen in South Asia and widely spread in most of the cities with old 18th-, in Pakistan it is called Gul Dopheri, meaning After Noon Flower, as flowers bloom whole after noon in summers heat. In Bangladesh, it is called time fuul, meaning time flower, in India, it is called nau bajiya or 9 oclock flower as it blooms in morning around 9,00 am. In the Philippines, it is called uru-alas dose or like twelve oclock because it loses its bloom by noon, in Vietnam, it is called hoa mười giờ meaning ten oclock flower, because the flower is usually in full bloom at 10,00 in the morning. Its buds are often chewed by small birds like the house sparrow and it is a small, but fast-growing annual plant growing to 30 cm tall, though usually less. However if it is cultivated properly it can reach this height. The leaves are thick and fleshy, up to 2.5 cm long, the flowers are 2. 5–3 cm diameter with five petals, variably red, orange, pink, white, and yellow. It requires ample sunlight and well-drained soils and it requires almost no attention and spreads itself very easily. In places with old architecture it can grow between the stones of the road or sidewalk, seeds are often sold as mixtures, such as Double Flowering Mixture
20.
William Wallace Lincoln
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William Wallace Willie Lincoln was the third son of Abraham Lincoln and Mary Todd Lincoln. He was named after Marys brother-in-law Dr. William Wallace, Willie and his younger brother Tad were considered notorious hellions when they lived in Springfield. They were recorded by Abrahams law partner William Herndon for turning their law office upside down, upon their fathers election as President, Willie and Tad moved into the White House and it became their new playground. At the request of Mrs. Lincoln, Julia Taft brought her brothers, 12-year-old Bud and 8-year-old Holly to the White House and they became playmates of Willie. Willie and Tad became ill in early 1862, while Tad was not as badly affected, Willies condition fluctuated from day to day. The most likely cause of the illness was typhoid fever, which was contracted by consumption of contaminated food/water. The White House drew its water from the Potomac River, along which thousands of soldiers, gradually Willie weakened, and his parents spent much time at his bedside. Finally, on Thursday, February 20,1862, at 5,00 p. m and he was too good for this earth. I know that he is better off in heaven. It is hard, hard to have him die, Willies younger brother, Tad, cried for nearly a month because he and Willie were very close. Lincoln generated no official correspondence for four days, Mary was so distraught that Lincoln feared for her sanity. Willie was buried in Oak Hill Cemetery in Georgetown, after his fathers assassination in 1865, Willies casket was exhumed and he was moved to a temporary tomb. He was re-interred at Oak Ridge Cemetery in Springfield, Illinois on September 19,1871, alongside the remains of his father and his brother Eddie, Tad and Mary Todd Lincoln were later buried in the same tomb. Lincoln family tree Photographs of Willie Lincoln Willie Lincoln brief biography Song, Little Willies Grave by Wallace/Thomas
21.
Embalming
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Embalming is the art and science of preserving human remains by treating them to forestall decomposition. The intention is to keep them suitable for display at a funeral, for religious reasons, or for medical. The three goals of embalming are sanitization, presentation, and preservation, Embalming has a very long and cross-cultural history, with many cultures giving the embalming processes a greater religious meaning. Embalming preserves the human body intact, whereas taxidermy is the recreation of a form often using only the creatures skin mounted on an anatomical form. The Chinchorro culture in the Atacama desert of present-day Chile and Peru are among the earliest cultures known to have performed artificial mummification as early as 5000-6000 BC, perhaps the ancient culture that had developed embalming to the greatest extent was Egypt. As early as the First Dynasty, specialized priests were in charge of embalming and they did so by removing organs, ridding the body of moisture, and covering the body with natron. The Ancient Egyptians believed that preservation of the mummy empowered the soul after death, other cultures known to have used embalming techniques in antiquity include the Meroites, Guanches, Peruvians, Jivaro Indians, Aztecs, Toltecs, Mayans, and Tibetan and southern Nigerian tribes. In China, artificially preserved remains have been recovered from the period of the Han dynasty, the examples being that of Xin Zhui. While these remains have been well preserved, the embalming fluids and methods used are unknown. In Europe the knowledge and practice of preservation had spread from these ancient cultures becoming widely spread by about 500 AD. Early methods used are documented by contemporary physicians such as Peter Forestus, the first attempts to inject the vascular system were made by Alessandro Giliani of Persiceto, who died in 1326. Various attempts and procedures have been reported by Leonardo da Vinci, Jacobus Berengar, Bartholomeo Eustachius, Reinier de Graaf, Jan Swammerdam, in the United States, the Civil War era sparked an interest in embalming and it became very common across the nation. The modern method of embalming involves the injection of various chemical solutions into the network of the cadaver to prevent decomposition. William Harvey, the 17th century English physician who was the first to detail the system of blood circulation, the Scottish surgeon William Hunter was the first to apply these methods to the art of embalming as part of mortuary practice. He wrote a widely read report on the methods for arterial. His brother, John Hunter, applied these methods and advertised his services to the general public from the mid-18th century. One of his more notorious customers was the dentist Martin Van Butchell, when his wife Mary died on January 14,1775, he decided to have her embalmed and turn her into an attraction in order to draw more customers. Hunter injected the body with preservatives and color additives that gave a glow to the cheeks, replaced her eyes with glass eyes
22.
Abraham Lincoln
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Abraham Lincoln was an American politician and lawyer who served as the 16th President of the United States from March 1861 until his assassination in April 1865. Lincoln led the United States through its Civil War—its bloodiest war and perhaps its greatest moral, constitutional, in doing so, he preserved the Union, abolished slavery, strengthened the federal government, and modernized the economy. Born in Hodgenville, Kentucky, Lincoln grew up on the frontier in Kentucky. Largely self-educated, he became a lawyer in Illinois, a Whig Party leader, elected to the United States House of Representatives in 1846, Lincoln promoted rapid modernization of the economy through banks, tariffs, and railroads. Reentering politics in 1854, he became a leader in building the new Republican Party, in 1860, Lincoln secured the Republican Party presidential nomination as a moderate from a swing state. Though he gained little support in the slaveholding states of the South. Subsequently, on April 12,1861, a Confederate attack on Fort Sumter inspired the North to enthusiastically rally behind the Union. Politically, Lincoln fought back by pitting his opponents against each other, by carefully planned political patronage and his Gettysburg Address became an iconic endorsement of the principles of nationalism, republicanism, equal rights, liberty, and democracy. Lincoln initially concentrated on the military and political dimensions of the war and his primary goal was to reunite the nation. He suspended habeas corpus, leading to the ex parte Merryman decision. Lincoln closely supervised the war effort, especially the selection of top generals, including his most successful general, Lincoln tried repeatedly to capture the Confederate capital at Richmond, each time a general failed, Lincoln substituted another, until finally Grant succeeded. As the war progressed, his moves toward ending slavery included the Emancipation Proclamation of 1863. On April 14,1865, five days after the surrender of Confederate commanding general Robert E. Lee, Lincoln was assassinated by John Wilkes Booth, a Confederate sympathizer. Secretary of War Edwin Stanton launched a manhunt for Booth, and 12 days later on April 26, Lincoln has been consistently ranked both by scholars and the public as among the greatest U. S. presidents. Abraham Lincoln was born February 12,1809, the child of Thomas and Nancy Hanks Lincoln, in a one-room log cabin on the Sinking Spring Farm near Hodgenville. He was a descendant of Samuel Lincoln, an Englishman who migrated from Hingham, Norfolk to its namesake of Hingham, samuels grandson and great-grandson began the familys western migration, which passed through New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Virginia. Lincolns paternal grandfather and namesake, Captain Abraham Lincoln, moved the family from Virginia to Jefferson County, Captain Lincoln was killed in an Indian raid in 1786. His children, including eight-year-old Thomas, the presidents father
23.
Eliza McCardle Johnson
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Eliza McCardle Johnson was the First Lady of the United States and the wife of Andrew Johnson, the 17th President of the United States. Born at Greeneville, Tennessee, the child of John McCardle, a shoemaker. She was raised by her mother in Greeneville, Tennessee. One day in September 1826, Eliza was chatting with classmates from Rhea Academy when she spotted Andrew Johnson and they instantly took a liking to each other. Andrew Johnson,18, married Eliza McCardle,16, on May 17,1827, mordecai Lincoln, a distant relative of Abraham Lincoln, presided over the nuptials. At 16, Eliza Johnson married at a younger age than any other First Lady and she was rather tall and had hazel eyes, brown hair and a good figure. She was better educated than Johnson, who by this time had barely taught himself to read, Johnson credited his wife for teaching him to do arithmetic and to write, as he had never attended school. She tutored him patiently, while he labored in his tailor shop and she often read aloud to him. The Johnsons had three sons and two daughters, all born in Greeneville, Martha Johnson and she married David T. Patterson, who after the Civil War served as U. S. She served as official White House hostess in place of her mother, the Pattersons maintained a farm outside Greeneville. At the outbreak of the Civil War, he remained loyal to the Union, while recruiting Tennessee boys for the Union Army, he became the object of an intense Confederate manhunt. He joined the Middle Tennessee Union Infantry as an assistant surgeon, he was thrown from his horse and she married Dan Stover, who served as colonel of the Fourth Tennessee Union Infantry during the Civil War. The Stovers lived on a farm in Carter County, Tennessee, following the death of her husband in 1864, she married W. R. Brown. Robert Johnson – lawyer and politician and he served for a time in the Tennessee state legislature. During the Civil War, he was commissioned colonel of the First Tennessee Union Cavalry and he was private secretary to his father during his tenure as president. He became alcoholic and committed suicide at age 35 and he founded the weekly Greeneville Intelligencer, but it failed after two years. He died soon thereafter at age 27 and she supported her husband in his political career, but had tried to avoid public appearances. During the American Civil War, Confederate authorities ordered her to evacuate her home in Greeneville, she took refuge in Nashville, Tennessee
24.
Nellie Grant
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Nellie Grant was the third child and only daughter of U. S. President Ulysses S. Grant and First Lady Julia Grant. Born near St. Louis, Missouri, she was first named Julia, at the insistence of her father and she died on August 30,1922 at age 67. They lived together in England for a time but later separated, sartoris died in 1893, leaving her a wealthy young widow. She married a second time to Frank Hatch Jones a lawyer originally from Springfield who lived in Chicago, at the time of her fathers death, she was honored with a popular poem Nellie by the writer Eugene Field. Upon her own death, her remains were buried in Oak Ridge Cemetery in Springfield, catton, Bruce, Grant Takes Command, Little, Brown and Company,1968, Library of Congress Catalog Card No. Eicher, John H. and Eicher, David J. Civil War High Commands, Stanford University Press,2001, garland, Hamlin, Ulysses S. Grant, His Life and Character, Macmillan Company,1898. Personal Memoirs of U. S. Grant, Charles L. Webster & Company, 1885–86, lewis, Lloyd, Captain Sam Grant, Little, Brown, and Co. McFeely, William S. Grant, A Biography, W. W. Norton & Co,1981, mcPherson, James M. Battle Cry of Freedom, The Civil War Era, Oxford University Press,1988, ISBN 0-19-503863-0. Simpson, Brooks D. Ulysses S. Grant, Triumph Over Adversity, 1822-1865, Houghton Mifflin,2000, smith, Jean Edward, Grant, Simon and Schuster,2001, ISBN 0-684-84927-5. Nothing but Victory, The Army of the Tennessee,1861 –1865, Alfred A. Knopf,2005, commanding Generals and Chiefs of Staff. United States Army Center of Military History
25.
Frances Folsom Cleveland Preston
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Frances Clara Folsom Cleveland Preston was married to the President of the United States Grover Cleveland and was the First Lady of the United States from 1886 to 1889 and again from 1893 to 1897. Becoming First Lady at age 21, she remains the youngest wife of a sitting president. Frances Clara Folsom was born in Buffalo, New York, as the daughter of Oscar Folsom, who was a lawyer and descendant of the earliest European settlers of Exeter, New Hampshire, and Emma Harmon. All of Frances Clevelands ancestors were from England and settled in what would become Massachusetts, Rhode Island and New Hampshire and she was their only child to survive infancy. She originally had the first name Frank, but later decided to adopt the feminine variant Frances, a longtime close friend of Oscar Folsom, Grover Cleveland, at age 27, met his future wife shortly after she was born. He took an avuncular interest in the child, buying her a baby carriage, when her father, Oscar Folsom, died in a carriage accident on July 23,1875, without having written a will, the court appointed Cleveland administrator of his estate. This brought Cleveland into still more contact with Frances, then age 11 and she attended Central High School in Buffalo, and Medina High School in Medina, New York and went on to attend Wells College in Aurora, New York. Sometime while she was in college, Clevelands feelings for her took a romantic turn and he proposed by letter in August 1885, soon after her graduation. They did not announce their engagement, however, until just five days before the wedding, in honor of Frances Cleveland, Cleveland Hall was constructed in 1911 on the Wells College campus. Originally a library, the building currently holds foreign language classes, Frances Folsom, who was 21 years old, married President Grover Cleveland, age 49, on June 2,1886, at the White House. This was the time a president married in the Executive Mansion. Their age difference of 28 years is the second largest of any presidential marriage, the words honor, love, and keep were substituted for honor, love and obey. John Philip Sousa and the Marine Band provided the music, the couple spent a five-day honeymoon at Deer Park in the Cumberland Mountains of Western Maryland. The new First Lady was the object of media interest. She took over the duties of being White House hostess, and she held two receptions a week—one on Saturday afternoons, when women with jobs were free to come. Clevelands sister Rose Cleveland had been her bachelor brothers hostess in the first 15 months of his first term of office, after her brothers marriage, Rose happily gave up the duties of hostess for her own work in education. After Grover Cleveland was defeated in the 1888 presidential election, the Clevelands lived in New York City. Upon leaving the White House at the end of her husbands first term and she proved correct, becoming the only First Lady to preside at two non-consecutive administrations
26.
Mary Harrison McKee
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Mary Scott Harrison McKee was the only daughter of President Benjamin Harrison and his wife Caroline Scott Harrison. After her mother died in 1892, McKee served as her fathers de facto First Lady for the remainder of his term, married and with children by the time her father was elected as president, Mary and her family lived at the White House during her fathers term. She assisted by serving as a hostess, Mary Scott Harrison was born in Indianapolis, Indiana and was educated in public schools. In November 1884, Mary Harrison married James Robert McKee, a native of Madison, after her father was elected president in 1888, she and her family lived with her parents in the White House through his term. Traveling frequently to Boston on business, McKee became acquainted with Charles A. Coffin, in 1893 McKee became one of the founding generation of the General Electric company when Coffin merged his company with that of Thomas Edison. McKee rose to become a vice-president of the company and worked for GE until 1913, Mary and James McKee had two children, Benjamin Harrison McKee and Mary Lodge McKee. Their daughter married a Mr. Reisinger, following her mothers death in October 1892, Mary McKee served as her fathers First Lady for the remainder of his term. As a widower, her father became involved with his late wifes niece and secretary. She was 25 years younger than Benjamin Harrison,27 days younger than Mary Harrison McKee, Mary McKee and her brother opposed their fathers relationship and remarriage. McKee became estranged from her father, and neither she nor her brother attended the Harrison-Dimmick wedding in 1896, McKee and her father never spoke again. She returned to Indianapolis in his illness in March 1901. Mary McKee died at the age of 72 and she was buried at Crown Hill Cemetery in Indianapolis, Indiana, as her parents were. Her husband survived her, living independently in Greenwich, Connecticut, according to his note, McKee was despondent because of failing health and required surgery, he committed suicide at age 84 in October 1942. Mary McKee is the most recent First Lady of the United States who was not married to the sitting president, original text based on First Ladies, Mary Harrison McKee, White House biography
27.
William McKinley
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McKinley was the last president to have served in the American Civil War, beginning as a private in the Union Army and ending as a brevet major. After the war, he settled in Canton, Ohio, where he practiced law, in 1876, he was elected to Congress, where he became the Republican Partys expert on the protective tariff, which he promised would bring prosperity. His 1890 McKinley Tariff was highly controversial, which together with a Democratic redistricting aimed at gerrymandering him out of office and he was elected Ohios governor in 1891 and 1893, steering a moderate course between capital and labor interests. With the aid of his close adviser Mark Hanna, he secured the Republican nomination for president in 1896 and he defeated his Democratic rival, William Jennings Bryan, after a front-porch campaign in which he advocated sound money and promised that high tariffs would restore prosperity. Rapid economic growth marked McKinleys presidency and he promoted the 1897 Dingley Tariff to protect manufacturers and factory workers from foreign competition, and in 1900, he secured the passage of the Gold Standard Act. The United States annexed the independent Republic of Hawaii in 1898, McKinley defeated Bryan again in the 1900 presidential election, in a campaign focused on imperialism, protectionism, and free silver. William McKinley, Jr. was born in 1843 in Niles, Ohio, there, the elder McKinley was born in Pine Township, Mercer County. The family moved to Ohio when the senior McKinley was a boy and he met Nancy Allison there, and married her later. The Allison family was of mostly English descent and among Pennsylvanias earliest settlers, the family trade on both sides was iron-making, and McKinley senior operated foundries throughout Ohio, in New Lisbon, Niles, Poland, and finally Canton. The McKinley household was, like many from Ohios Western Reserve, steeped in Whiggish and abolitionist sentiment, William followed in the Methodist tradition, becoming active in the local Methodist church at the age of sixteen. He was a lifelong pious Methodist, in 1852, the family moved from Niles to Poland, Ohio so that their children could attend the better schools there. Graduating in 1859, he enrolled the following year at Allegheny College in Meadville and he remained at Allegheny for only one year, returning home in 1860 after becoming ill and depressed. He also spent time at Mount Union College in Alliance, Ohio and he did not graduate from either university. Although his health recovered, family finances declined and McKinley was unable to return to Allegheny, first working as a clerk and later taking a job teaching at a school near Poland. When the Southern states seceded from the Union and the American Civil War began, among them were McKinley and his cousin William McKinley Osbourne, who enlisted as privates in the newly formed Poland Guards in June 1861. The men left for Columbus where they were consolidated with other units to form the 23rd Ohio Infantry. The men were unhappy to learn that, unlike Ohios earlier volunteer regiments, they would not be permitted to elect their officers, they would be designated by Ohios governor, William Dennison. Dennison appointed Colonel William Rosecrans as the commander of the regiment, McKinley quickly took to the soldiers life and wrote a series of letters to his hometown newspaper extolling the army and the Union cause
28.
Ida Saxton McKinley
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Ida Saxton McKinley was the First Lady of the United States from 1897 until 1901. Ida was born in Canton, Ohio, the daughter of James Saxton, prominent Canton banker. Her grandfather, John Saxton, in 1815 founded The Repository, a graduate of Brook Hall Seminary, a finishing school in Media, Pennsylvania, Ida was refined, charming, and strikingly attractive when she met William Bill McKinley at a picnic in 1867. They did not begin courting until after she returned from a Grand Tour of Europe in 1869, while single, she worked for a time as a cashier in her fathers bank, a position then usually reserved for men. William McKinley, aged 27, married Ida Saxton, aged 23, on January 25,1871, at the First Presbyterian Church in Canton, then still under construction. Following the wedding, performed by the Reverend E. Buckingham and the Reverend Dr. Endsley, possessed of a fragile, nervous temperament, Mrs. McKinley broke down under the loss of her mother and two young daughters within a short span of time. She developed epilepsy and became dependent on her husband. Her seizures at times occurred in public, she had one at McKinleys inaugural ball as Governor of Ohio and she often took barbiturates, laudanum, and other sedatives for her condition. The McKinleys had two daughters, Katherine McKinley – died of typhoid fever, President McKinley took great care to accommodate her condition. In a break with tradition, he insisted that his wife be seated next to him at state dinners rather than at the end of the table. At receiving lines, she remained seated. Many of the social chores normally assumed by the First Lady fell to Mrs. Jennie Tuttle Hobart, guests noted that whenever Mrs. McKinley was about to undergo a seizure, the President would gently place a napkin or handkerchief over her face to conceal her contorted features. When it passed, he would remove it and resume whatever he was doing as if nothing had happened, the Presidents patient devotion and loving attention was the talk of the capital. President McKinley has made it pretty hard for the rest of us here in Washington. The First Lady often traveled with the President, Mrs. McKinley traveled to California with the President in May 1901, but became so ill in San Francisco that the planned tour of the Northwest was cancelled. She was also with him on the trip to Buffalo, New York in September of that year when he was assassinated, with the assassination of her husband by Leon Czolgosz in Buffalo, New York in September 1901, Mrs. McKinley lost much of her will to live. Although she bore up well in the days between the shooting and the death, she could not bring herself to attend his funeral. Her health eroded as she withdrew to the safety of her home and she was cared for by her younger sister
29.
Alice Roosevelt Longworth
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Alice Lee Roosevelt Longworth was an American writer and prominent socialite. She was the eldest child of U. S. President Theodore Roosevelt, Alice led an unconventional and controversial life. She temporarily became a Democrat during the Kennedy and Johnson administrations, Alice Lee Roosevelt was born in the Roosevelt family home at 6 West 57th St. in New York City. Her mother, Alice Hathaway Lee Roosevelt, was a Boston banking heiress and her father, Theodore, was then a New York State Assemblyman. As an Oyster Bay Roosevelt, Alice is a descendant of the Schuyler family, two days after her birth, in the same house, her mother died of undiagnosed kidney failure. Eleven hours earlier that day, Theodores mother Martha Stewart Mittie Bulloch had also died of typhoid fever, Theodore was rendered so distraught by his wifes death that he could not bear to think about her. He almost never spoke of her again, would not allow her to be mentioned in his presence, therefore, his daughter Alice was called Baby Lee instead of her name. She continued this practice late in life, often preferring to be called Mrs. L rather than Alice, seeking solace, Theodore retreated from his life in New York and headed west, where he spent two years traveling and living on his ranch in North Dakota. He left his infant daughter in the care of his sister Anna, There are letters to Bamie that reveal Theodores concern for his daughter. In one 1884 letter, he wrote, I hope Mousiekins will be very cunning, Bamie had a significant influence on young Alice, who would later speak of her admiringly, If auntie Bye had been a man, she would have been president. Bamie took her into her care, moving Alice into her book-filled Manhattan house. After Theodores marriage to Edith Kermit Carow, Alice was raised by her father and stepmother, Theodore and Ediths five children were Theodore III, Kermit, Ethel, Archibald, and Quentin. They remained married until his death in January 1919, during much of Alices childhood, Bamie was a remote figure who eventually married and moved to London for a time. But later, as Alice became more independent and came into conflict with her father and stepmother, Aunt Bye provided needed structure, late in life, she said of her Aunt Bye, There is always someone in every family who keeps it together. In ours, it was Auntie Bye, Edith once angrily told her that if Alice Hathaway Lee had lived, she would have bored Theodore to death. Alice, frequently spoiled with gifts, matured into young womanhood and, in the course, when her father was Governor of New York, he and his wife proposed that Alice attend a conservative school for girls in New York City. Pulling out all the stops, Alice wrote, If you send me I will humiliate you, I will do something that will shame you. In later years, Alice expressed admiration for her stepmothers sense of humor, when her father took office in 1901 following the assassination of President William McKinley, Jr. Alice was known as a rule-breaker in an era when women were under great pressure to conform
30.
Ethel Roosevelt Derby
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Ethel Carow Roosevelt Derby was the youngest daughter and fourth child of the President of the United States Theodore Roosevelt. Ethel Carow Roosevelt was born in Oyster Bay, New York to Theodore Roosevelt, from an early age, young Ethel Carow showed practical leadership qualities. Her father once remarked, she had a way of doing everything and managing everybody and she quickly made her place in the family, causing upsets in her numerous fights with the sensitive Kermit. When she was four, her father was reprimanding Kermit by shaking his shoulder, Ethel, with tears in her eyes said, Shake me and she was thought to have resembled somewhat her older first-cousin, Eleanor Roosevelt. They each had soft, blue eyes, golden-blond hair but Ethel lacked Eleanors height and had a build in her waistline than did Eleanor. Many in the Roosevelt family thought her capable and charming, determined personality to be like that of her Aunt Bamie Cowles, at Sagamore Hill, Ethel aggressively took part in all the games, and especially enjoyed horseback riding with her mother. Like her mother, she enjoyed needlework, and easily managed the younger children, in the White House, Ethel often filled in for her mother by placing meal orders and delegating tasks to the staff. She was only 10 years old when her father became President after William McKinleys assassination in 1901. During her familys years in the White House, Ethel always tried to keep as low a profile possible because she did not seem to enjoy the attention as much as her half-sister Alice Roosevelt did. She was also encouraged to maintain her low-key persona by her mother Edith, Ethel attended school at the National Cathedral and had difficulty making friends due to her fathers position. Just months before the Roosevelts departure from the White House, Ethel had her Debut, Ethel was just 17 at the time of her debut, one year shy of the typical age of 18 that most women came out. The reason for this being the fact that the family was due to leave the White House less than three months following Ethels debut and this would be last opportunity to do so if Ethel was to come out from Pennsylvania Avenue. Ethels indomitable spirit in the face of tragedy has been chronicled, during World War I, Ethel, now a nurse, served in France in the same hospital where her husband served as a surgeon. Later, she became involved with the Red Cross, and served as Nassau County Chairman during World War II and her long involvement, even while traveling, is shown by her correspondence still residing in the Nassau County Red Cross archives. When the Red Cross recently brought her Fifty Year Service Pin to Sagamore Hill, they had to correct themselves—it was not fifty years of service, it was sixty. When it came time to have her portrait painted, she did not choose to wear a gown and jewels. She put in years of work to turn Sagamore Hill into a National Historic Site. Ethel was one of the first two women to serve on the Board of Trustees of the American Museum of Natural History, on April 4,1913, she married Richard Derby, a surgeon
31.
Eleanor Wilson McAdoo
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Eleanor Randolph Wilson McAdoo was the youngest daughter of US President Woodrow Wilson and Ellen Louise Axson. Wilson had two sisters, Margaret Woodrow Wilson and Jessie Woodrow Wilson Sayre and she was an American author who wrote about her father. Born in Middletown, Connecticut, she married Wilsons Secretary of the Treasury William Gibbs McAdoo at the White House on May 7,1914 and they had 2 daughters Ellen Wilson McAdoo and Mary Faith McAdoo. Because she had written a biography about her father, she served as a counselor on the 1944 biopic Wilson. In 1965, she became incapacitated after suffering a cerebral hemorrhage. McAdoo died at her home in Montecito, California, at 77 and she was interred at the Santa Barbara Cemetery, Santa Barbara, California. She was the last surviving child of Woodrow Wilson
32.
Franklin D. Roosevelt
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Franklin Delano Roosevelt, commonly known as FDR, was an American statesman and political leader who served as the 32nd President of the United States from 1933 until his death in 1945. A Democrat, he won a record four presidential elections and emerged as a figure in world events during the mid-20th century. He directed the United States government during most of the Great Depression and he is often rated by scholars as one of the three greatest U. S. Presidents, along with George Washington and Abraham Lincoln. Roosevelt was born in 1882 to an old, prominent Dutch family from Dutchess County and he attended the elite educational institutions of Groton School, Harvard College, and Columbia Law School. At age 23 in 1905, he married Eleanor Roosevelt, and he entered politics in 1910, serving in the New York State Senate, and then as Assistant Secretary of the Navy under President Woodrow Wilson. In 1920, Roosevelt was presidential candidate James M. Coxs running mate and he was in office from 1929 to 1933 and served as a reform governor, promoting the enactment of programs to combat the depression besetting the United States at the time. In the 1932 presidential election, Roosevelt defeated incumbent Republican president Herbert Hoover in a landslide to win the presidency, Roosevelt took office while in the United States was in the midst of the worst economic crisis in its history. Energized by his victory over polio, FDR relied on his persistent optimism and activism to renew the national spirit. He created numerous programs to support the unemployed and farmers, and to labor union growth while more closely regulating business. His support for the repeal of Prohibition in 1933 added to his popularity, the economy improved rapidly from 1933–37, but then relapsed into a deep recession in 1937–38. The bipartisan Conservative Coalition that formed in 1937 prevented his packing the Supreme Court, when the war began and unemployment ended, conservatives in Congress repealed the two major relief programs, the WPA and CCC. However, they kept most of the regulations on business, along with several smaller programs, major surviving programs include the Securities and Exchange Commission, the Wagner Act, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation and Social Security. His goal was to make America the Arsenal of Democracy, which would supply munitions to the Allies, in March 1941, Roosevelt, with Congressional approval, provided Lend-Lease aid to Britain and China. He supervised the mobilization of the U. S. economy to support the war effort, as an active military leader, Roosevelt implemented a war strategy on two fronts that ended in the defeat of the Axis Powers and initiate the development of the worlds first atomic bomb. His work also influenced the creation of the United Nations. Roosevelts physical health declined during the war years, and he died 11 weeks into his fourth term. One of the oldest Dutch families in New York State, the Roosevelts distinguished themselves in other than politics. One ancestor, Isaac Roosevelt, had served with the New York militia during the American Revolution, Roosevelt attended events of the New York society Sons of the American Revolution, and joined the organization while he was president
33.
Lorena Hickok
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Lorena Alice Hickok was an American journalist known for her close romantic relationship with First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt. Born in East Troy, Wisconsin to a dressmaker and a dairy-farmer, Hickok had a childhood marked by isolation. After her mothers death when Hickok was fourteen, she left home, worked on her own, by 1932, she had become the nations best-known female reporter. After being assigned to cover Roosevelt during her husbands first presidential campaign, for several years, the two corresponded almost every day, traveled together, and professed emotional and physical affection for one another. It is known, and was known in the White House press corps at the time, more than 3,000 letters from the pairs correspondence are preserved at the Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum. Hickok encouraged or inspired several of Eleanor Roosevelts initiatives, including her syndicated column, her all-women press conferences, as Hickok grew more demanding of the First Lady, however, the pairs initial closeness lessened. Following complications with her diabetes, Hickok resigned from FERA in 1936, from 1940 to 1945, she served as the executive secretary of the Womens Division of the Democratic National Committee, living at the White House for most of this time. As her diabetes steadily worsened, she lived out her years at Hyde Park to be near Roosevelt. Lorena Hickok, popularly known as Hick, was born in East Troy in Walworth County, Wisconsin, lorenas mother made dresses, while her father was a buttermaker. During childhood, Hickok experienced a family life, characterized by abuse, unemployment. When Hickok was ten, the moved to Bowdle, South Dakota. An introverted child, Hickok was embarrassed by her height, and later recalled that she spent most of her time in solitude, at fourteen, she left home following her mothers death, and worked as a maid until her mothers cousin, Ella Ellis, took her in. While living with Ellis, Hickok finished high school and enrolled at Lawrence College in Appleton, unable to fit in at college, Hickok failed out in her first year. She was hired to train arrivals and departures and write personal interest stories at The Battle Creek Evening News for $7 a week. She interviewed celebrities, including actress Lillian Russell, pianist Ignacy Paderewski and she also became close friends with diva Ernestine Schumann-Heink. Hickok moved to Minneapolis to work for the Minneapolis Tribune and she enrolled at the University of Minnesota, leaving upon being forced to live in a womens dormitory. She stayed with the Tribune where she was given opportunities unusual for a female reporter and she had a byline and was the papers chief reporter, covering politics, sports, and preparing editorials. During her tenure with the paper, she covered the football team
34.
Margaret Truman
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First Ladies and First Families, including a biography of her father, President Harry S. Truman. The only child of Harry Truman and First Lady Bess Truman, she was a witty, Mary Margaret was born in Independence, Missouri on February 17,1924 and was christened Mary Margaret Truman but was called Margaret from early childhood. She attended school in Independence until her fathers 1934 election to the U. S. Senate, in 1942, she matriculated at George Washington University, where she was a member of Pi Beta Phi and earned a B. A. in History in 1946. In June 1944, she christened the battleship USS Missouri at Brooklyn Navy Yard, after operatic vocal training, Trumans singing career began with a debut radio recital in March 1947. Reviewers were not always kind, but her father was fiercely protective and she is flat a good deal of the time. And still cannot sing with anything approaching professional finish, President Truman wrote to Hume, Some day I hope to meet you, when that happens youll need a new nose, a lot of beefsteak for black eyes, and perhaps a supporter below. A1951 Time Magazine cover featured Truman with a musical note floating by her head. She performed on stage, radio, and television until the mid-1950s, Trumans professional acting debut occurred April 26,1951. She co-starred with James Stewart in the Jackpot episode of Screen Directors Playhouse on NBC radio, on March 17,1952, Truman was guest soloist on The Railroad Hour in a presentation of Sari. Truman also performed on the NBC Radio program The Big Show, there she met writer Goodman Ace, who gave her advice and pointers, Ace became a lifelong friend, advising Truman even after The Big Show. She became part of the team of NBC Radios Weekday show that premiered in 1955, paired with Mike Wallace, she presented news and interviews aimed at a female listening audience. She appeared several times as a panelist on the game show Whats My Line. in 1957, she sang and played piano on The Gisele MacKenzie Show Trumans full-length biography of her father, published shortly before his death, was critically acclaimed. She also wrote a biography of her mother and histories of the White House. Truman published regularly into her eighties and she served on the board of directors for the Harry S. Truman Presidential Library and Museum and the Board of Governors of the Roosevelt Institute. On April 21,1956, Truman married Clifton Daniel, a New York Times reporter and later editor, at Trinity Episcopal Church in Independence and they had four sons, Clifton Truman Daniel, Director of Public Relations for Harry S Truman College. William Wallace Daniel, a social worker and researcher at Columbia University. Harrison Gates Daniel Thomas Washington Daniel In later life, Truman lived in her Park Avenue home and she died on January 29,2008, in Chicago. She was said to have been suffering from an infection and had been breathing with the assistance of a respirator
35.
Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis
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Jacqueline Lee Jackie Kennedy Onassis was the wife of the 35th President of the United States, John F. Kennedy, and First Lady of the United States from 1961 until his assassination in 1963. Bouvier was the daughter of Wall Street stockbroker John Vernou Bouvier III. In 1951, she graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree in French literature from George Washington University, in 1952, Bouvier met Congressman John F. Kennedy at a dinner party. In November of that year, he was elected as a United States Senator from Massachusetts, and they had four children, two of whom died in infancy. As First Lady, she was known for her highly publicized restoration of the White House and her emphasis on arts, on November 22,1963, she was riding with the President in a motorcade in Dallas, Texas, when he was assassinated. She and her children withdrew from view after his funeral. Following her second death in 1975, she had a career as a book editor for the final two decades of her life. She is remembered for her contributions to the arts and preservation of historic architecture, as well as for her style, elegance. She was an icon, and her famous ensemble of pink Chanel suit. She ranks as one of the most popular First Ladies and in 1999 was named on Gallups list of Most Admired Men and Women in 20th-century America. Jacqueline Lee Bouvier was born on July 28,1929, at Southampton Hospital in Southampton, New York, to Wall Street stockbroker John Vernou Black Jack Bouvier III, Bouviers mother was of Irish descent, and her father had French, Scottish, and English ancestry. Named after her father, Bouvier was baptized at the Church of St. Ignatius Loyola in Manhattan and her younger sister Lee was born in 1933. Bouvier spent her childhood years in Manhattan and at Lasata. She idolized her father, who favored her over her sister. From an early age, Bouvier was an equestrienne and successfully competed in the sport. She also took lessons, was an avid reader, and excelled at learning languages. Bouvier enrolled in the Chapin School in Manhattan in 1935, which she attended for grades 1–6. She was a student but often misbehaved, one of her teachers described her as a darling child, the prettiest little girl, very clever, very artistic
36.
Louis XVI of France
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Louis XVI, born Louis-Auguste, was the last King of France and Navarre before the French Revolution, during which he was also known as Louis Capet. In 1765, at the death of his father, Louis, Dauphin of France, son and heir apparent of Louis XV of France, Louis XVI was guillotined on 21 January 1793. The first part of his reign was marked by attempts to reform France in accordance with Enlightenment ideas and these included efforts to abolish serfdom, remove the taille, and increase tolerance toward non-Catholics. The French nobility reacted to the reforms with hostility. Louis implemented deregulation of the market, advocated by his liberal minister Turgot. In periods of bad harvests, it would lead to food scarcity which would prompt the masses to revolt, from 1776, Louis XVI actively supported the North American colonists, who were seeking their independence from Great Britain, which was realized in the 1783 Treaty of Paris. The ensuing debt and financial crisis contributed to the unpopularity of the Ancien Régime and this led to the convening of the Estates-General of 1789. In 1789, the storming of the Bastille during riots in Paris marked the beginning of the French Revolution. Louiss indecisiveness and conservatism led some elements of the people of France to view him as a symbol of the tyranny of the Ancien Régime. The credibility of the king was deeply undermined, and the abolition of the monarchy, Louis XVI was the only King of France ever to be executed, and his death brought an end to more than a thousand years of continuous French monarchy. Louis-Auguste de France, who was given the title Duc de Berry at birth, was born in the Palace of Versailles. Out of seven children, he was the son of Louis, the Dauphin of France. His mother was Marie-Josèphe of Saxony, the daughter of Frederick Augustus II of Saxony, Prince-Elector of Saxony and King of Poland. A strong and healthy boy, but very shy, Louis-Auguste excelled in his studies and had a taste for Latin, history, geography, and astronomy. He enjoyed physical activities such as hunting with his grandfather, and rough-playing with his brothers, Louis-Stanislas, comte de Provence. From an early age, Louis-Auguste had been encouraged in another of his hobbies, locksmithing, upon the death of his father, who died of tuberculosis on 20 December 1765, the eleven-year-old Louis-Auguste became the new Dauphin. His mother never recovered from the loss of her husband, and died on 13 March 1767, throughout his education, Louis-Auguste received a mixture of studies particular to religion, morality, and humanities. His instructors may have also had a hand in shaping Louis-Auguste into the indecisive king that he became
37.
Sister Parish
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Sister Parish was an American interior decorator and socialite. She was the first interior designer brought in to decorate the Kennedy White House, despite Boudins growing influence, Parishs influence can still be seen at the White House, particularly in the Yellow Oval Room. Sister Parish was born Dorothy May Kinnicutt on July 15,1910, in Morristown and her parents were G. Hermann Kinnicutt and May Appleton Tuckerman. Sister was born at home in a four poster bed and her paternal grandfather was Francis Kinnicutt, Edith Whartons doctor and close friend. In addition to their New Jersey house, the family had homes in Manhattan, Maine and she was given the nickname Sister by her three year old brother Frankie. As a child, Parish attended the Peck School in New Jersey in the fall, during the winter, she attended Chapin in New York. Later, she boarded at Foxcroft School in Virginia, Parish was a debutante in 1927. Once she had completed high school, Parishs parents expected her to marry, on Valentines Day 1930, Dorothy May Kinnicutt married banker Henry Parish II at St. Georges Episcopal Church in New York. After the wedding, the couple lived on East End Avenue in Manhattan followed by a farmhouse on Long Lane in Far Hills, in decorating the Long Lane house, Parish found her own sense of style. She painted wood furniture white and used cotton fabrics such as ticking stripe and she experimented with brightly painted floors. Parishs new home was lighter and more casual than other high society homes of the 1930s, the Great Depression tightened the familys finances and in 1933 the 23 year old opened a decorating business. Her Far Hills office measured 14 feet by 14 feet and cost $35 a month, Parish outfitted the room with wicker furniture and hung a sign that said Mrs. Henry Parish II, Interiors. At the time she opened her business, Parish was completely untrained and she had never read a book on decorating or served any kind of apprenticeship. Parishs family helped influence her style, mays first cousin was acclaimed interior decorator Dorothy Draper. Parishs earliest work was decorating the houses of friends, Parish met Jacqueline Kennedy socially in the late 1950s and helped her decorate the Georgetown house the family lived in while John F. Kennedy was a Senator. After Kennedy was elected President in 1960, Jackie hired Parish to help with the redecorating of the White House, Parishs name lead to some confusion, with one newspaper proclaiming, Kennedys Pick Nun to Decorate White House. Prior to moving into the White House, the Kennedys leased a house in Virginia called Glen Ora. Parish spent $10,000 redecorating the home and the cost enraged Jack Kennedy, the Kennedys had to restore the house to its previous look before vacating
38.
France
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France, officially the French Republic, is a country with territory in western Europe and several overseas regions and territories. The European, or metropolitan, area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, Overseas France include French Guiana on the South American continent and several island territories in the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian oceans. France spans 643,801 square kilometres and had a population of almost 67 million people as of January 2017. It is a unitary republic with the capital in Paris. Other major urban centres include Marseille, Lyon, Lille, Nice, Toulouse, during the Iron Age, what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls, a Celtic people. The area was annexed in 51 BC by Rome, which held Gaul until 486, France emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages, with its victory in the Hundred Years War strengthening state-building and political centralisation. During the Renaissance, French culture flourished and a colonial empire was established. The 16th century was dominated by civil wars between Catholics and Protestants. France became Europes dominant cultural, political, and military power under Louis XIV, in the 19th century Napoleon took power and established the First French Empire, whose subsequent Napoleonic Wars shaped the course of continental Europe. Following the collapse of the Empire, France endured a succession of governments culminating with the establishment of the French Third Republic in 1870. Following liberation in 1944, a Fourth Republic was established and later dissolved in the course of the Algerian War, the Fifth Republic, led by Charles de Gaulle, was formed in 1958 and remains to this day. Algeria and nearly all the colonies became independent in the 1960s with minimal controversy and typically retained close economic. France has long been a centre of art, science. It hosts Europes fourth-largest number of cultural UNESCO World Heritage Sites and receives around 83 million foreign tourists annually, France is a developed country with the worlds sixth-largest economy by nominal GDP and ninth-largest by purchasing power parity. In terms of household wealth, it ranks fourth in the world. France performs well in international rankings of education, health care, life expectancy, France remains a great power in the world, being one of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council with the power to veto and an official nuclear-weapon state. It is a member state of the European Union and the Eurozone. It is also a member of the Group of 7, North Atlantic Treaty Organization, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, the World Trade Organization, originally applied to the whole Frankish Empire, the name France comes from the Latin Francia, or country of the Franks
39.
London
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London /ˈlʌndən/ is the capital and most populous city of England and the United Kingdom. Standing on the River Thames in the south east of the island of Great Britain and it was founded by the Romans, who named it Londinium. Londons ancient core, the City of London, largely retains its 1. 12-square-mile medieval boundaries. London is a global city in the arts, commerce, education, entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcare, media, professional services, research and development, tourism. It is crowned as the worlds largest financial centre and has the fifth- or sixth-largest metropolitan area GDP in the world, London is a world cultural capital. It is the worlds most-visited city as measured by international arrivals and has the worlds largest city airport system measured by passenger traffic, London is the worlds leading investment destination, hosting more international retailers and ultra high-net-worth individuals than any other city. Londons universities form the largest concentration of education institutes in Europe. In 2012, London became the first city to have hosted the modern Summer Olympic Games three times, London has a diverse range of people and cultures, and more than 300 languages are spoken in the region. Its estimated mid-2015 municipal population was 8,673,713, the largest of any city in the European Union, Londons urban area is the second most populous in the EU, after Paris, with 9,787,426 inhabitants at the 2011 census. The citys metropolitan area is the most populous in the EU with 13,879,757 inhabitants, the city-region therefore has a similar land area and population to that of the New York metropolitan area. London was the worlds most populous city from around 1831 to 1925, Other famous landmarks include Buckingham Palace, the London Eye, Piccadilly Circus, St Pauls Cathedral, Tower Bridge, Trafalgar Square, and The Shard. The London Underground is the oldest underground railway network in the world, the etymology of London is uncertain. It is an ancient name, found in sources from the 2nd century and it is recorded c.121 as Londinium, which points to Romano-British origin, and hand-written Roman tablets recovered in the city originating from AD 65/70-80 include the word Londinio. The earliest attempted explanation, now disregarded, is attributed to Geoffrey of Monmouth in Historia Regum Britanniae and this had it that the name originated from a supposed King Lud, who had allegedly taken over the city and named it Kaerlud. From 1898, it was accepted that the name was of Celtic origin and meant place belonging to a man called *Londinos. The ultimate difficulty lies in reconciling the Latin form Londinium with the modern Welsh Llundain, which should demand a form *lōndinion, from earlier *loundiniom. The possibility cannot be ruled out that the Welsh name was borrowed back in from English at a later date, and thus cannot be used as a basis from which to reconstruct the original name. Until 1889, the name London officially applied only to the City of London, two recent discoveries indicate probable very early settlements near the Thames in the London area
40.
Brooke Astor
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Brooke Astor was the author of two novels and two volumes of personal memoirs. Brooke was born in Portsmouth, New Hampshire, the child of John Henry Russell, Jr. the 16th Commandant of the Marine Corps. Her paternal grandfather John Henry Russell, Sr. was an admiral in the U. S. Navy. She was named for her grandmother and was known as Bobby to close friends. Due to her fathers career, she spent much of her living in China, the Dominican Republic, Haiti. Also, she briefly attended The Madeira School in 1919 but graduated from the Holton-Arms School in Washington and she married her first husband, John Dryden Kuser, shortly after her 17th birthday, on April 26,1919, in Washington, D. C. I certainly wouldnt advise getting married that young to anyone, she said later in life, at the age of sixteen, youre not jelled yet. The first thing you look at, you fall in love with, John was the son of the financier and conservationist Anthony Rudolph Kuser and Susie Fairfield Drydan. John Kuser later became a New Jersey Republican councilman, assemblyman and they also lived in Bernardsville, New Jersey. Brooke described her tumultuous first marriage as the Worst years of my life, which was punctuated by her husbands alleged physical abuse, alcoholism, and adultery. According to Frances Kiernans 2007 biography of Brooke Astor, when Brooke was six months pregnant with the only child. I learned about terrible manners from the family of my first husband and they didnt know how to treat people. Brooke and John had one son, Anthony Dryden Tony Kuser and she filed for divorce February 15,1930, in Reno, Nevada. It was finalized later that year, John married his second wife, Vieva Marie Fisher Banks September 6,1930, in Virginia City, Nevada. They had one daughter, Suzanne Dryden Kuser, and divorced in October 1935, a week later, Sen. Kuser married Louise Mattei Farry. In 1958, he married, as his wife, Grace Egglesfield Gibbons. An amateur ornithologist and president of the New Jersey Audubon Society and her second husband, whom she married in 1932, was Charles Henry Buddy Marshall. Astor later wrote that the marriage was a love match
41.
American Revolutionary War
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From about 1765 the American Revolution had led to increasing philosophical and political differences between Great Britain and its American colonies. The war represented a culmination of these differences in armed conflict between Patriots and the authority which they increasingly resisted. This resistance became particularly widespread in the New England Colonies, especially in the Province of Massachusetts Bay. On December 16,1773, Massachusetts members of the Patriot group Sons of Liberty destroyed a shipment of tea in Boston Harbor in an event that became known as the Boston Tea Party. Named the Coercive Acts by Parliament, these became known as the Intolerable Acts in America. The Massachusetts colonists responded with the Suffolk Resolves, establishing a government that removed control of the province from the Crown outside of Boston. Twelve colonies formed a Continental Congress to coordinate their resistance, and established committees, British attempts to seize the munitions of Massachusetts colonists in April 1775 led to the first open combat between Crown forces and Massachusetts militia, the Battles of Lexington and Concord. Militia forces proceeded to besiege the British forces in Boston, forcing them to evacuate the city in March 1776, the Continental Congress appointed George Washington to take command of the militia. Concurrent to the Boston campaign, an American attempt to invade Quebec, on July 2,1776, the Continental Congress formally voted for independence, issuing its Declaration on July 4. Sir William Howe began a British counterattack, focussing on recapturing New York City, Howe outmaneuvered and defeated Washington, leaving American confidence at a low ebb. Washington captured a Hessian force at Trenton and drove the British out of New Jersey, in 1777 the British sent a new army under John Burgoyne to move south from Canada and to isolate the New England colonies. However, instead of assisting Burgoyne, Howe took his army on a campaign against the revolutionary capital of Philadelphia. Burgoyne outran his supplies, was surrounded and surrendered at Saratoga in October 1777, the British defeat in the Saratoga Campaign had drastic consequences. Giving up on the North, the British decided to salvage their former colonies in the South, British forces under Lieutenant-General Charles Cornwallis seized Georgia and South Carolina, capturing an American army at Charleston, South Carolina. British strategy depended upon an uprising of large numbers of armed Loyalists, in 1779 Spain joined the war as an ally of France under the Pacte de Famille, intending to capture Gibraltar and British colonies in the Caribbean. Britain declared war on the Dutch Republic in December 1780, in 1781, after the British and their allies had suffered two decisive defeats at Kings Mountain and Cowpens, Cornwallis retreated to Virginia, intending on evacuation. A decisive French naval victory in September deprived the British of an escape route, a joint Franco-American army led by Count Rochambeau and Washington, laid siege to the British forces at Yorktown. With no sign of relief and the situation untenable, Cornwallis surrendered in October 1781, Whigs in Britain had long opposed the pro-war Tory majority in Parliament, but the defeat at Yorktown gave the Whigs the upper hand
42.
Diplomatic Reception Room (White House)
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The Diplomatic Reception Room is one of three oval rooms in the residence of the White House, the official home of the President of the United States. The room is the point of entry to the White House for a head of state following the State Arrival Ceremony on the South Lawn. The room has four doors, which lead to the Map Room, the Center Hall, the China Room, for its first hundred years, the ground floor of the White House was used as a service and work area. Domestic staff used it for storage, kitchens, and maintenance, White House domestic staff gathered in this room to do mending and to polish silver. In 1837, the Van Buren administration installed a furnace here for the White Houses first central heating system, later steam boilers replaced the gravity system, remaining until the 1902 renovation by McKim, Mead, and White. The 1902 renovation during the Theodore Roosevelt administration dramatically reconfigured the ground floor, multiple layers of rotting floor boards were removed and new flooring installed. Several new rooms were framed and finished with a plaster coat. A gentlemens and ladies lounge and guest bathrooms were created, charles Follen McKim admired James Hobans groin vault ceilings in the center hall. The hall was refurbished and the hall served to connect the new East and West wings. Though the ground floor room was much improved and now a part of the finished living space in the house. In 1935, Franklin Roosevelt had a chimney opened so he could conduct his fireside chats, White House architect Lorenzo Winslow designed a new chimney breast and mantel that, though intended to appear traditional, subtly evokes Art Moderne in its ribbed curved sides. The sweeping panorama on the elliptical walls provide a sense of space negating the lack of windows, additional Federal-era furniture was acquired, and upholsteries and the carpet furthered a soft gold and blue decor. A labeled mahogany bookcase-desk by John Shaw was made in Annapolis in 1797, a suite of lancet-arched side chairs and a pair of sofas with splayed legs are attributed to the workshop of New York cabinetmakers Abraham Slover and Jacob Taylor. Furniture is upholstered in a yellow silk damask, a rug in shades of blue and gold and incorporating the seals or coats of arms of the fifty United States in an elliptical border was specially made for the room in 1983. An English Regency chandelier of cut glass and bronze three-armed crystal sconces with glass chimneys illuminate the room, in March 2014, President Barack Obama was interviewed on Between Two Ferns with Zach Galifianakis. Towards the end of the video the room becomes the subject of conversation, abbott, James A. Rice, Elaine M. Designing Camelot, The Kennedy White House Restoration. An Invitation to the White House, At Home with History, mcKellar, Kenneth, Douglas W. Orr, Edward Martin, et al. Report of the Commission on the Renovation of the Executive Mansion, Commission on the Renovation of the Executive Mansion, Government Printing Office,1952
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Silk
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Silk is a natural protein fiber, some forms of which can be woven into textiles. The protein fiber of silk is composed mainly of fibroin and is produced by insect larvae to form cocoons. The best-known silk is obtained from the cocoons of the larvae of the mulberry silkworm Bombyx mori reared in captivity, Silk is produced by several insects, but generally only the silk of moth caterpillars has been used for textile manufacturing. There has been research into other types of silk, which differ at the molecular level. Silk is mainly produced by the larvae of insects undergoing complete metamorphosis, Silk production also occurs in Hymenoptera, silverfish, mayflies, thrips, leafhoppers, beetles, lacewings, fleas, flies, and midges. Other types of arthropod produce silk, most notably various arachnids such as spiders, the word silk comes from Old English sioloc, from Greek σηρικός serikos, silken, ultimately from an Asian source. Several kinds of silk, which are produced by caterpillars other than the mulberry silkworm, have been known and used in China, South Asia. However, the scale of production was far smaller than for cultivated silks. Thus, the way to obtain silk suitable for spinning into textiles in areas where commercial silks are not cultivated was by tedious. Commercial silks originate from reared silkworm pupae, which are bred to produce a silk thread with no mineral on the surface. The pupae are killed by either dipping them in boiling water before the adult moths emerge or by piercing them with a needle. These factors all contribute to the ability of the cocoon to be unravelled as one continuous thread. Wild silks also tend to be difficult to dye than silk from the cultivated silkworm. Genetic modification of domesticated silkworms is used to facilitate the production of more types of silk. Silk fabric was first developed in ancient China, the earliest example of silk fabric is from 3630 BC, and it was used as wrapping for the body of a child from a Yangshao culture site in Qingtaicun at Xingyang, Henan. Legend gives credit for developing silk to a Chinese empress, Leizu, because of its texture and lustre, silk rapidly became a popular luxury fabric in the many areas accessible to Chinese merchants. Silk was in demand, and became a staple of pre-industrial international trade. In July 2007, archaeologists discovered intricately woven and dyed silk textiles in a tomb in Jiangxi province, Silk is described in a chapter on mulberry planting by Si Shengzhi of the Western Han
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Damask
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Damask is a reversible figured fabric of silk, wool, linen, cotton, or synthetic fibres, with a pattern formed by weaving. Damasks are woven with one warp yarn and one weft yarn, usually with the pattern in warp-faced satin weave, twill damasks include a twill-woven ground or pattern. The production of damask was one of the five basic weaving techniques—the others being tabby, twill, lampas, damasks derive their name from the city of Damascus—in that period a large city active both in trading and in manufacture. Damasks became scarce after the 9th century outside of Islamic Spain, the word damask first appeared in records in a Western European language in the mid-14th century in French. By the 14th century, damasks were being woven on draw looms in Italy, from the 14th to 16th century, most damasks were woven in one colour with a glossy warp-faced satin pattern against a duller ground. Two-colour damasks had contrasting colour warps and wefts, and polychrome damasks added gold, medieval damasks were usually woven in silk, but weavers also produced wool and linen damasks. Modern damasks are woven on computerized Jacquard looms, Damask weaves are commonly produced in monochromatic weaves in silk, linen, or synthetic fibres such as rayon and feature patterns of flowers, fruit, and other designs. The long floats of satin-woven warp and weft threads cause soft highlights on the fabric which reflect light differently according to the position of the observer, Damask weaves appear most commonly in table linens and furnishing fabrics, but they are also used for clothing. The Damask weave is used throughout the fashion industry due to its versatility and high-quality finish. Damask is usually used for mid-to-high-quality garments, meaning the label tends to have a higher definition and a more “expensive” look
