1.
Official residence
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An official residence is the residence at which a nations head of state, head of government, governor or other senior figure officially resides. It may or may not be the location where the individual conducts work-related functions or lives. This has occurred in the 21st century in Detroit and New York City, in the case of Denver, no mayor has ever lived in the official residence, the city instead makes it available to certain non-profit groups for special functions. The President uses own private residence, - Its address is 1 Cheongwadae-ro, Jongro-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea. It is located next to Gyeongbokgung, the palace during the Joseon Dynasty. Cheong Nam Dae - Cheong Nam Dae used to be one of the two residences for the President of Republic of Korea. It was returned to public in 2003, - It is located in Cheongwon-gun, North Chungcheong Province. Cheong Hae Dae - Cheong Hae Dae used to be one of the two residences for the President of Republic of Korea. Although the president no longer uses this facility this compound is still under the administration of the Republic of Korea Navy, - It is located on one of the islands of Geoje-shi, South Gyeongsang Province. Chongri Gonggwan - This is the residence for the Prime Minister of Republic of Korea. The Prime Minister, however, does not work here, - Its address is 111-2 Samcheongdong-gil, Jongro-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea. It is located close to Cheong Wa Dae, gukhoeuijang Gonggwan - This is the official residence for the Speaker of the National Assembly of Republic of Korea. The Speaker, also, does not work here, - It is located in Hannam-dong, Yongsan-gu, Seoul, where many foreign missions to Korea are located. Daebeobwonjang Gonggwan - This is the residence for the Chief Justice of Republic of Korea. The Chief Justice, also, does not work here, - It is also located in Hannam-dong, Yongsan-gu, Seoul. Most ministers of state and heads of administrative regions also have official residences, although they are not listed here. S
2.
Colombia
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Colombia, officially the Republic of Colombia, is a transcontinental country largely situated in the northwest of South America, with territories in Central America. Colombia shares a border to the northwest with Panama, to the east with Venezuela and Brazil and to the south with Ecuador and it shares its maritime limits with Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Honduras, Jamaica, Haiti and the Dominican Republic. It is a unitary, constitutional republic comprising thirty-two departments, the territory of what is now Colombia was originally inhabited by indigenous peoples including the Muisca, the Quimbaya and the Tairona. The Spanish arrived in 1499 and initiated a period of conquest and colonization ultimately creating the Viceroyalty of New Granada, independence from Spain was won in 1819, but by 1830 the Gran Colombia Federation was dissolved. What is now Colombia and Panama emerged as the Republic of New Granada, the new nation experimented with federalism as the Granadine Confederation, and then the United States of Colombia, before the Republic of Colombia was finally declared in 1886. Since the 1960s the country has suffered from an asymmetric low-intensity armed conflict, Colombia is one of the most ethnically and linguistically diverse countries in the world, and thereby possesses a rich cultural heritage. Cultural diversity has also influenced by Colombias varied geography. The urban centres are located in the highlands of the Andes mountains. Colombian territory also encompasses Amazon rainforest, tropical grassland and both Caribbean and Pacific coastlines, ecologically, it is one of the worlds 17 megadiverse countries, and the most densely biodiverse of these per square kilometer. Colombia is a power and a regional actor with the fourth-largest economy in Latin America, is part of the CIVETS group of six leading emerging markets and is an accessing member to the OECD. Colombia has an economy with macroeconomic stability and favorable growth prospects in the long run. The name Colombia is derived from the last name of Christopher Columbus and it was conceived by the Venezuelan revolutionary Francisco de Miranda as a reference to all the New World, but especially to those portions under Spanish and Portuguese rule. The name was adopted by the Republic of Colombia of 1819. When Venezuela, Ecuador and Cundinamarca came to exist as independent states, New Granada officially changed its name in 1858 to the Granadine Confederation. In 1863 the name was changed, this time to United States of Colombia. To refer to country, the Colombian government uses the terms Colombia. Owing to its location, the present territory of Colombia was a corridor of early human migration from Mesoamerica, the oldest archaeological finds are from the Pubenza and El Totumo sites in the Magdalena Valley 100 km southwest of Bogotá. These sites date from the Paleoindian period, at Puerto Hormiga and other sites, traces from the Archaic Period have been found
3.
Constitutional history of Colombia
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The constitutional history of Colombia is the process of formation and evolution of the different constitutions that Colombia has had since its formation. The indigenous nations that inhabited the present territory of Colombia did not have written records and these were replaced by the New Laws of Indies of 1542. The Monarchy of Spain tried to enforce laws but revolts by Spaniards that benefited from oppressing the natives forced Charles V. At present, the version of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights forms the core of the political constitutions of many countries. The Constitution of Canada, for example, is short and is limited almost exclusively to human rights. The first written constitution as such with jurisdiction in Colombia was the Spanish Constitution of 1808, the Spanish Constitution of 1812 also had theoretical jurisdiction during the Reconquista of Spanish America until Independence in 1819. During colonial times, the Catholic Church was the most powerful institution after the Monarchy of Spain, the Church had control over the press, education, literacy and access to professions. It was the authority in matters of public and private morality. During the fight for independence, and after, the Church was losing its influence, in particular, the federalists wanted to create a constitution without clerical influence, whereas the centralists leaned towards the Church not only to preserve the faith but as a political body. The minimum geographic area able to send members to the congresses were the parishes, in larger urban areas there could be several parishes. It commissioned Camilo Torres Tenorio to draft the document known in Colombian history by the name Memorandum of Offenses, for reasons that are unknown, the Cabildo did not accept this document. Jose Maria Cárdenas, descendant of Camilo Torres, commented that the Cabildo was intimidated when shown the representation project, on July 20,1810, Colombia declared independence from Spain. The Memorandum of Offences was kept unpublished until 1832 and it shows the attitudes that Criollos had towards assuming a role in the government within the domains of Ferdinand VII of Spain. Some were royalists and others favored independence, the document demanded the same level of representation for Criollos in the American provinces as that of residents born in Spain. From 1809 to 1830 eight different provinces produced their own independent constitutions so there was not a single unified constitution in the country of Colombia, the Constitution of the Free State of Socorro in 1810 was the first of these. It was simultaneously federalist, democratic, liberal and catholic, Socorro was the capital of the province of Santander at the time, where 30 years before the second Revolt of the Comuneros took place. After the Colombian Declaration of Independence, the Junta of August 20,1810 was created, jose Miguel Pey de Andrade was appointed head of the Meeting, which makes him the first Chief of State. The Constituent Electoral College of the State of Cundinamarca can be considered the first Constituent National Assembly, the document was inspired by the United States Constitution
4.
Congress of Colombia
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The Congress of the Republic of Colombia is the name given to Colombias bicameral national legislature. The Congress of Colombia consists of the 102-seat Senate, and the 166-seat House of Representatives, members of both houses are elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms. The composition, organization and powers of Congress and the procedure are established by the fourth title of the Colombian Constitution. According to article 114 of the Constitution, the Congress amends the constitution, makes the law and exercises control over the government. In addition, the Constitution and the law grant other powers to Congress, including certain judicial powers and electing senior judges, both houses of Congress meet at the neoclassical Capitolio Nacional building in central Bogotá, the construction of which began in 1847 and was not concluded until 1926. Every house has its own election procedure and individual powers distinguishing them from the other, each house has its own eligibility requirements established by the Constitution, but there are common rules of ineligibility and incompatibility, determined by the Constitution. In addition, relatives through marriage or kinship who are registered candidates for the party for an office elected on the same day may not be members of Congress. The constitution also bans election to or membership in more than one office or body, the Council of State rules on the loss of mandate within twenty days of the request made by a citizen or the executive committee of the appropriate house. Members of Congress enjoy immunity for their opinions and the votes that they cast in the exercise of their office, for crimes committed during their term, only the Supreme Court of Justice may order the arrest and try them. Permanent absences include death, physical incapacity, nullification of the election, justified and accepted resignation, disciplinary sanctions, temporary absences include maternity leave and temporary deprivation of liberty from crimes other than those signalled in the paragraph below. These rules not only apply to Congress, but to all other elected bodies - departmental assemblies, municipal councils. These provisions were strengthened by the 2015 constitutional reform, which added fraudulent wrongdoings against public administration as a crime not resulting in replacement, to summon and require ministers, permanent secretaries and heads of administrative departments to attend sessions. In cases the officials fail to attend without an excuse deemed reasonable by the house, propose censure motions against ministers, permanent secretaries and heads of administrative departments for matters related to their official duties or for ignoring the summons of Congress. A censure motion must be tabled by at least a tenth of the members of the house. Approval of the motion requires a majority, and, if successful. If unsuccessful, no new motion on the matter may be proposed unless it is supported by new facts. The decision of a house is binding on the other. Commissions of either house may also summon any natural or juridical person to testify during a session on matters directly related to investigations pursued by the committee
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Independent Movement of Absolute Renovation
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The party also has functions as a non-profit organization. Commonly, the party is known in Colombia as Movimiento MIRA or just MIRA, members and affiliates are known as Miraists, and their ideology is called Miraism. On a global level, MIRA has been registered with the World Intellectual Property Organization of the United Nations since September 27,2011, in Asia, it is present in Japan. At the elections of 2002 the party won as one of the small parties parliamentary representation. The MIRA Movement took part in the elections of 2006. In 2010, MIRA took part in the elections, in which it won 1 out of 166 deputies and 3 out of 100 senators. The current party Chairman is Carlos Alberto Baena, the MIRA party was created on 2 March 2000 by Carlos Alberto Baena and Alexandra Moreno Piraquive, being elected as party Chairman and Vice chairwoman, respectively. The first elections in which the MIRA party participated were the elections of the 28th October 2000. Carlos Alberto Baena was elected thanks to 20,701 votes. In the Quindío department, the economist Bernardo Valencia Cardona was elected deputy, in the Risaralda department, Martha Cecilia Alzate was elected deputy. Besides, the party obtained councillors in several municipalities and seats in several Local Administrative Units, in total, the party obtained 53 curule seats, becoming the 18th political force in the Colombian politic spectrum. The party also obtained 84 curule seats, included 10 councillor curule seats, in this period, Alexandra Moreno assumed the chairmanship of the party. On 12 March 2006, the MIRA party obtained 237,512 votes in the parliamentary elections, as a result, Alexandra Moreno kept her seat as senator and Manuel Antonio Virgüez obtains a seat as senator. At the same time, Gloria Stella Díaz is elected as representative for Bogota thanks to 52,713 votes, after this results, the MIRA party became the ninth political force in Colombia. In the regional elections of 2007, the MIRA party obtained for the first time a mayorship, Carlos Enrique López was elected as mayor of the Calarcá municipality in the Quindío department. Martha Liliana Agudelo, Martha Cecilia Alzate and Guillermina Bravo Montaño were elected as deputies of the Quindío, Risaralda and Valle del Cauca departments, besides, the MIRA party obtained 35 councillors and 265 other curule seats. Carlos Alberto Baena is re-elected as party Chairman and Manuel Antonio Virgüez is elected as Vice chairman in 2008, in 2009 the party participated in the popular consultation done on 27 September to select its candidates to the Congress of Colombia. In that opportunity, the party surpassed the expected votation of 80,000 votes and this popular consultation was the first which allowed the participation of under-age people
6.
Military Forces of Colombia
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The Military Forces of Colombia are the armed forces of the Republic of Colombia. 9% of its GDP to defense. By 2008 this figure had risen to 4. 8%, ranking it 14th in the world, the armed forces number about 250,000 uniformed personnel,145,000 military and 105,000 police. These figures do not include assistance personnel such as cooks, medics, mechanics and this makes the Colombian military one of the largest and most well-equipped in Latin America. Many Colombian military personnel have received training assistance directly in Colombia
7.
Colombian conflict
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Two of the most important forces that have contributed to the Colombian conflict are multinational companies and the United States. The reasons for fighting vary from group to group, the FARC and other guerrilla movements claim to be fighting for the rights of the poor in Colombia to protect them from government violence and to provide social justice through communism. The Colombian government claims to be fighting for order and stability, the paramilitary groups claim to be reacting to perceived threats by guerrilla movements. Both guerrilla and paramilitary groups have been accused of engaging in drug trafficking, all of the parties engaged in the conflict have been criticized for numerous human rights violations. 16. 9% of the population in Colombia has been a victim of the war. 2.3 million children have been displaced from their homes, in total, one in three of the 7.6 million registered victims of the conflict are children, and since 1985,8,000 minors have disappeared. On 23 June 2016, the Colombian government and the FARC rebels signed a ceasefire deal. However, on October 2,2016, a majority of the Colombian public rejected the deal, in October 2016, Juan Manuel Santos was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for his efforts to bring the countrys more than 50-year-long civil war to an end. The Colombian government and the FARC on November 24 signed a peace deal. The House of Representatives unanimously approved the plan on November 30, the armed conflict in Colombia emerged due to a combination of economic, political and social factors in the country 60 years ago. In the early period, guerrilla groups like the FARC, the ELN and others focused on slogan of greater equality through communism, in 1985, the FARC co-created the left-wing Patriotic Union political party. Eventually, the UP distanced itself from insurgent groups, initially, a group of Americans began to smuggle marijuana during the decades of the sixties and seventies. Later, the American Mafia began to establish drug trafficking in Colombia in cooperation with local marijuana producers, cocaine manufactured in Colombia were historically mostly consumed in the US as well as Europe. Organized crime in Colombia grew increasingly powerful in the 1970s and 80s with the introduction of drug trafficking to the United States from Colombia. These funds helped finance paramilitaries and guerrillas, allowing organizations to buy weapons which were then sometimes used to attack military. During the presidency of Álvaro Uribe, the government applied more pressure on the FARC. After the offensive, many security indicators improved, as part of a controversial peace process, the AUC as a formal organization had ceased to function. Colombia achieved a great decrease in production, leading White House drug czar R. Gil Kerlikowske to announce that Colombia is no longer the worlds biggest producer of cocaine
8.
Head of state
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A head of state is the public persona that officially represents the national unity and legitimacy of a sovereign state. In some countries, the head of state is a figurehead with limited or no executive power, while in others. Former French president Charles de Gaulle, while developing the current Constitution of France, some academic writers discuss states and governments in terms of models. An independent nation state normally has a head of state, the non-executive model, in which the head of state has either none or very limited executive powers, and mainly has a ceremonial and symbolic role. In parliamentary systems the head of state may be merely the chief executive officer, heading the executive branch of the state. This accountability and legitimacy requires that someone be chosen who has a majority support in the legislature and it also gives the legislature the right to vote down the head of government and their cabinet, forcing it either to resign or seek a parliamentary dissolution. In parliamentary constitutional monarchies, the legitimacy of the head of state typically derives from the tacit approval of the people via the elected representatives. In reality, numerous variants exist to the position of a head of state within a parliamentary system, usually, the king had the power of declaring war without previous consent of the parliament. For example, under the 1848 constitution of the Kingdom of Italy, the Statuto Albertino—the parliamentary approval to the government appointed by the king—was customary, so, Italy had a de facto parliamentarian system, but a de jure presidential system. These officials are excluded completely from the executive, they do not possess even theoretical executive powers or any role, even formal, hence their states governments are not referred to by the traditional parliamentary model head of state styles of His/Her Majestys Government or His/Her Excellencys Government. Within this general category, variants in terms of powers and functions may exist, the constitution explicitly vests all executive power in the Cabinet, who is chaired by the prime minister and responsible to the Diet. The emperor is defined in the constitution as the symbol of the State and of the unity of the people and he is a ceremonial figurehead with no independent discretionary powers related to the governance of Japan. Today, the Speaker of the Riksdag appoints the prime minister, Cabinet members are appointed and dismissed at the sole discretion of the prime minister. In contrast, the contact the President of Ireland has with the Irish government is through a formal briefing session given by the taoiseach to the president. However, he or she has no access to documentation and all access to ministers goes through the Department of the Taoiseach. The president does, however, hold limited reserve powers, such as referring a bill to the court to test its constitutionality. The most extreme non-executive republican Head of State is the President of Israel, semi-presidential systems combine features of presidential and parliamentary systems, notably a requirement that the government be answerable to both the president and the legislature. The constitution of the Fifth French Republic provides for a minister who is chosen by the president
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