1.
Presentation program
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A presentation program is a software package used to display information in the form of a slide show. It has three functions, an editor that allows text to be inserted and formatted, a method for inserting and manipulating graphic images. Early presentation graphics software ran on computer workstations, such as manufactured by Trollman, Genigraphics, Autographix. It became quite easy to make last-minute changes compared to traditional typesetting and it was also a lot easier to produce a large number of slides in a small amount of time. However, these also required skilled operators, and a single workstation represented an investment of $50,000 to $200,000. In the mid-1980s developments in the world of computers changed the way presentations were created, inexpensive, specialized applications now made it possible for anyone with a PC to create professional-looking presentation graphics. Originally these programs were used to generate 35 mm slides, to be presented using a slide projector, as these programs became more common in the late 1980s several companies set up services that would accept the shows on diskette and create slides or print transparencies. In the 1990s dedicated LCD-based screens that could be placed on the projectors started to replace the transparencies, the first commercial computer software specifically intended for creating WYSIWYG presentations was developed at Hewlett Packard in 1979 and called BRUNO and later HP-Draw. The first software displaying a presentation on a computer screen was VCN ExecuVision. This program allowed users to choose from a library of images to accompany the text of their presentation, a presentation program is supposed to help both the speaker with an easier access to his ideas and the participants with visual information which complements the talk. There are many different types of presentations including professional, education, entertainment, Presentation programs can either supplement or replace the use of older visualaid technology, such as pamphlets, handouts, chalkboards, flip charts, posters, slides and overhead transparencies. Text, graphics, movies, and other objects are positioned on individual pages or slides or foils, the slide analogy is a reference to the slide projector, a device that has become somewhat obsolete due to the use of presentation software. Slides can be printed, or displayed on-screen and navigated through at the command of the presenter, the slides can also be saved as images of any image file formats for any future reference. Transitions between slides can be animated in a variety of ways, as can the emergence of elements on a slide itself, typically a presentation has many constraints and the most important being the limited time to present consistent information. Many presentation programs come with pre-designed images and/or have the ability to import graphic images, such as Visio, some tools also have the ability to search and import images from Flickr or Google directly from the tool. Custom graphics can also be created in programs such as Adobe Photoshop or Adobe Illustrator. The concept of art originated with the image library that came as a complement with VCN ExecuVision. With the growth of digital photography and video, many programs that handle these types of media also include presentation functions for displaying them in a slide show format
2.
Collaboration tool
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A collaboration tool helps people to collaborate. The purpose of a tool is to support a group of two or more individuals to accomplish a common goal or objective they have set themselves. The first idea to use computers in order to work each other was formed in 1945 when Vannevar Bush shared his thoughts on a system he named memex in his famous article As We May Think. A system that stores books, records and communications of an individual, at this stage he called it an enlarged supplement to his memory. After six years Brian Wilson then shaped the term “Computer-Supported Cooperative Work in 1986 and this laid the foundation to develop further on the ideas of groupware and in the 1990s Lotus Notes, Microsoft Exchange Server and Outlook were invented – another great milestone. With the further development of Web 2.0 we use cloud-hosted Internet-based applications that give us even more ways to collaborate, form online communities, as the development of collaboration software has been going on for years now, they became very industry-specific and less flexible. According to The Kiel Approach to Collaborative Systems there are three viewpoints of collaboration - communication, coordination and collaboration and these categories are often used to structure the variety of collaboration tools available. Communication collaboration tools allow to exchange information between individuals, The invention of email as a collaboration tool changed the way we used to communicate in the workplace and it is the easiest method to make contact within an organization and is well established. Especially for organizing daily correspondence, email can reach people with just one click. Although email is still the most common used tool in communication collaboration it is not very efficient on a big scale, besides its flexibility it is not very well for group conversations as they grow too fast. As Cisco states in their Cisco Blog about the Future of Email, emails will improve productivity by organizing your data for you, voicemail as a collaboration tool is more and more integrated in services such as Google Voice. As pointed out in an IBM future scenario the role of voicemail could be that of what email is for us today, through instant messaging as a collaboration tool we are able to reach people within an organisation in real-time. In the future instant messaging is not a stand-alone software anymore, Voice over IP as a collaboration tool has quickly gained popularity among companies and is part of their communication portfolio. Coordination is defined as the deliberate and orderly alignment or adjustment of partners’ actions to achieve jointly determined goals, collaboration tools supporting this are the ones who allow you to set up group activities, schedules and deliverables. You will not find an organisation that has no online calendar, they are part of our professional behaviour at work and fully integrated in other systems. As a research paper from University of Bath explains, online calendars could in the future be much closely linked to data such as social media and have even a larger effect. Time trackers are used to measure the performance of employees. Its effect on productivity is discussed as being controversial, spreadsheets are like emails very popular within the corporate environment and as a collaboration tool essential for financial analysis or modelling
3.
Portuguese language
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Portuguese is a Romance language and the sole official language of Portugal, Brazil, Cape Verde, Guinea-Bissau, Mozambique, Angola, and São Tomé and Príncipe. It also has co-official language status in East Timor, Equatorial Guinea, Portuguese is part of the Ibero-Romance group that evolved from several dialects of Vulgar Latin in the medieval Kingdom of Galicia, and has kept some Celtic phonology. Portuguese is also termed the language of Camões, after Luís Vaz de Camões, one of the greatest literary figures in the Portuguese language and author of the Portuguese epic poem, the museum is the first of its kind in the world. In 2015 the museum was destroyed in a fire, but there are plans to reconstruct it, when the Romans arrived in the Iberian Peninsula in 216 BCE, they brought the Latin language with them, from which all Romance languages descend. Between 409 CE and 711 CE, as the Roman Empire collapsed in Western Europe, Portuguese evolved from the medieval language, known today by linguists as Galician-Portuguese, Old Portuguese or Old Galician, of the northwestern medieval Kingdom of Galicia. It is in Latin administrative documents of the 9th century that written Galician-Portuguese words and this phase is known as Proto-Portuguese, which lasted from the 9th century until the 12th-century independence of the County of Portugal from the Kingdom of León, by then reigning over Galicia. In the first part of the Galician-Portuguese period, the language was used for documents. For some time, it was the language of preference for poetry in Christian Hispania. Portugal became an independent kingdom in 1139, under King Afonso I of Portugal, in the second period of Old Portuguese, in the 15th and 16th centuries, with the Portuguese discoveries, the language was taken to many regions of Africa, Asia and the Americas. The language continued to be popular in parts of Asia until the 19th century, some Portuguese-speaking Christian communities in India, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, and Indonesia preserved their language even after they were isolated from Portugal. The end of the Old Portuguese period was marked by the publication of the Cancioneiro Geral by Garcia de Resende, Most literate Portuguese speakers were also literate in Latin, and thus they easily adopted Latin words into their writing—and eventually speech—in Portuguese. Portuguese is the language of the majority of people in Brazil and Portugal, perhaps 75% of the population of Angola speaks Portuguese natively, and 85% are fluent. Just over 40% of the population of Mozambique are native speakers of Portuguese, Portuguese is also spoken natively by 30% of the population in Guinea-Bissau, and a Portuguese-based creole is understood by all. No data is available for Cape Verde, but almost all the population is bilingual, there are also significant Portuguese speaking immigrant communities in many countries including Andorra, Bermuda, Canada, France, Japan, Jersey, Namibia, Paraguay, Macau, Switzerland, Venezuela. In some parts of former Portuguese India, namely Goa and Daman and Diu, in 2014, an estimated 1,500 students were learning Portuguese in Goa. Equatorial Guinea made an application for full membership to the CPLP in June 2010. In 2011, Portuguese became its official language and, in July 2014. Portuguese is a subject in The school curriculum in Uruguay
4.
Spanish language
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Spanish —also called Castilian —is a Romance language that originated in the Castile region of Spain, with hundreds of millions of native speakers around the world. It is usually considered the worlds second-most spoken native language after Mandarin Chinese and it is one of the few languages to use inverted question and exclamation marks. Spanish is a part of the Ibero-Romance group of languages, which evolved from several dialects of Vulgar Latin in Iberia after the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century. Beginning in the early 16th century, Spanish was taken to the colonies of the Spanish Empire, most notably to the Americas, as well as territories in Africa, Oceania, around 75% of modern Spanish is derived from Latin. Greek has also contributed substantially to Spanish vocabulary, especially through Latin, Spanish vocabulary has been in contact from an early date with Arabic, having developed during the Al-Andalus era in the Iberian Peninsula. With around 8% of its vocabulary being Arabic in origin, this language is the second most important influence after Latin and it has also been influenced by Basque as well as by neighboring Ibero-Romance languages. It also adopted words from languages such as Gothic language from the Visigoths in which many Spanish names and surnames have a Visigothic origin. Spanish is one of the six languages of the United Nations. It is the language in the world by the number of people who speak it as a mother tongue, after Mandarin Chinese. It is estimated more than 437 million people speak Spanish as a native language. Spanish is the official or national language in Spain, Equatorial Guinea, speakers in the Americas total some 418 million. In the European Union, Spanish is the tongue of 8% of the population. Spanish is the most popular second language learned in the United States, in 2011 it was estimated by the American Community Survey that of the 55 million Hispanic United States residents who are five years of age and over,38 million speak Spanish at home. The Spanish Constitution of 1978 uses the term castellano to define the language of the whole Spanish State in contrast to las demás lenguas españolas. Article III reads as follows, El castellano es la lengua española oficial del Estado, las demás lenguas españolas serán también oficiales en las respectivas Comunidades Autónomas. Castilian is the official Spanish language of the State, the other Spanish languages as well shall be official in their respective Autonomous Communities. The Spanish Royal Academy, on the hand, currently uses the term español in its publications. Two etymologies for español have been suggested, the Spanish Royal Academy Dictionary derives the term from the Provençal word espaignol, and that in turn from the Medieval Latin word Hispaniolus, from—or pertaining to—Hispania
5.
Korean language
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It is also one of the two official languages in the Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture and Changbai Korean Autonomous County of the Peoples Republic of China. Approximately 80 million people worldwide speak Korean and this implies that Korean is not an isolate, but a member of a small family. There is still debate on whether Korean and Japanese are related with each other, the Korean language is agglutinative in its morphology and SOV in its syntax. A relation of Korean with Japonic languages has been proposed by linguists like William George Aston, Chinese characters arrived in Korea together with Buddhism during the pre-Three Kingdoms period. Mainly privileged elites were educated to read and write in hanja, however, today, the hanja are largely unused in everyday life, but in South Korea they experience revivals on artistic works and are important in historic and/or linguistic studies of Korean. Since the Korean War, through 70 years of separation, North–South differences have developed in standard Korean, including variations in pronunciation, verb inflection, the Korean names for the language are based on the names for Korea used in North Korea and South Korea. In South Korea, the Korean language is referred to by names including hanguk-eo Korean language, hanguk-mal, Korean speech and uri-mal. In hanguk-eo and hanguk-mal, the first part of the word, hanguk, refers to the Korean nation while -eo and -mal mean language and speech, Korean is also simply referred to as guk-eo, literally national language. This name is based on the same Chinese characters meaning nation + language that are used in Taiwan and Japan to refer to their respective national languages. In North Korea and China, the language is most often called Chosŏn-mal, or more formally, the English word Korean is derived from Goryeo, which is thought to be the first dynasty known to Western countries. Korean people in the former USSR refer to themselves as Koryo-saram and Goryeo In, the majority of historical and modern linguists classify Korean as a language isolate. Such factors of typological divergence as Middle Mongolians exhibition of gender agreement can be used to argue that a relationship with Altaic is unlikely. Sergei Anatolyevich Starostin found about 25% of potential cognates in the Japanese–Korean 100-word Swadesh list, a good example might be Middle Korean sàm and Japanese asa, meaning hemp. Also, the doublet wo meaning hemp is attested in Western Old Japanese and it is thus plausible to assume a borrowed term. Among ancient languages, various relatives of Korean have been proposed. Some classify the language of Jeju Island as a distinct modern Koreanic language, Other famous theories are the Dravido-Korean languages theory and the mostly unknown southern-theory which suggest an Austronesian relation. Korean is spoken by the Korean people in North Korea and South Korea and by the Korean diaspora in countries including the Peoples Republic of China, the United States, Japan. Korean-speaking minorities exist in these states, but because of cultural assimilation into host countries, Korean is the official language of South Korea and North Korea
6.
Japanese language
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Japanese is an East Asian language spoken by about 125 million speakers, primarily in Japan, where it is the national language. It is a member of the Japonic language family, whose relation to language groups, particularly to Korean. Little is known of the prehistory, or when it first appeared in Japan. Chinese documents from the 3rd century recorded a few Japanese words, during the Heian period, Chinese had considerable influence on the vocabulary and phonology of Old Japanese. Late Middle Japanese saw changes in features that brought it closer to the modern language, the standard dialect moved from the Kansai region to the Edo region in the Early Modern Japanese period. Following the end in 1853 of Japans self-imposed isolation, the flow of loanwords from European languages increased significantly, English loanwords in particular have become frequent, and Japanese words from English roots have proliferated. Japanese is an agglutinative, mora-timed language with simple phonotactics, a vowel system, phonemic vowel and consonant length. Word order is normally subject–object–verb with particles marking the grammatical function of words, sentence-final particles are used to add emotional or emphatic impact, or make questions. Nouns have no number or gender, and there are no articles. Verbs are conjugated, primarily for tense and voice, but not person, Japanese equivalents of adjectives are also conjugated. Japanese has a system of honorifics with verb forms and vocabulary to indicate the relative status of the speaker, the listener. Japanese has no relationship with Chinese, but it makes extensive use of Chinese characters, or kanji, in its writing system. Along with kanji, the Japanese writing system uses two syllabic scripts, hiragana and katakana. Latin script is used in a fashion, such as for imported acronyms. Very little is known about the Japanese of this period, Old Japanese is the oldest attested stage of the Japanese language. Through the spread of Buddhism, the Chinese writing system was imported to Japan, the earliest texts found in Japan are written in Classical Chinese, but they may have been meant to be read as Japanese by the kanbun method. Some of these Chinese texts show the influences of Japanese grammar, in these hybrid texts, Chinese characters are also occasionally used phonetically to represent Japanese particles. The earliest text, the Kojiki, dates to the early 8th century, the end of Old Japanese coincides with the end of the Nara period in 794
7.
German language
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German is a West Germanic language that is mainly spoken in Central Europe. It is the most widely spoken and official language in Germany, Austria, Switzerland, South Tyrol, the German-speaking Community of Belgium and it is also one of the three official languages of Luxembourg. Major languages which are most similar to German include other members of the West Germanic language branch, such as Afrikaans, Dutch, English, Luxembourgish and it is the second most widely spoken Germanic language, after English. One of the languages of the world, German is the first language of about 95 million people worldwide. The German speaking countries are ranked fifth in terms of publication of new books. German derives most of its vocabulary from the Germanic branch of the Indo-European language family, a portion of German words are derived from Latin and Greek, and fewer are borrowed from French and English. With slightly different standardized variants, German is a pluricentric language, like English, German is also notable for its broad spectrum of dialects, with many unique varieties existing in Europe and also other parts of the world. The history of the German language begins with the High German consonant shift during the migration period, when Martin Luther translated the Bible, he based his translation primarily on the standard bureaucratic language used in Saxony, also known as Meißner Deutsch. Copies of Luthers Bible featured a long list of glosses for each region that translated words which were unknown in the region into the regional dialect. Roman Catholics initially rejected Luthers translation, and tried to create their own Catholic standard of the German language – the difference in relation to Protestant German was minimal. It was not until the middle of the 18th century that a widely accepted standard was created, until about 1800, standard German was mainly a written language, in urban northern Germany, the local Low German dialects were spoken. Standard German, which was different, was often learned as a foreign language with uncertain pronunciation. Northern German pronunciation was considered the standard in prescriptive pronunciation guides though, however, German was the language of commerce and government in the Habsburg Empire, which encompassed a large area of Central and Eastern Europe. Until the mid-19th century, it was essentially the language of townspeople throughout most of the Empire and its use indicated that the speaker was a merchant or someone from an urban area, regardless of nationality. Some cities, such as Prague and Budapest, were gradually Germanized in the years after their incorporation into the Habsburg domain, others, such as Pozsony, were originally settled during the Habsburg period, and were primarily German at that time. Prague, Budapest and Bratislava as well as cities like Zagreb, the most comprehensive guide to the vocabulary of the German language is found within the Deutsches Wörterbuch. This dictionary was created by the Brothers Grimm and is composed of 16 parts which were issued between 1852 and 1860, in 1872, grammatical and orthographic rules first appeared in the Duden Handbook. In 1901, the 2nd Orthographical Conference ended with a standardization of the German language in its written form
8.
Italian language
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By most measures, Italian, together with Sardinian, is the closest to Latin of the Romance languages. Italian is a language in Italy, Switzerland, San Marino, Vatican City. Italian is spoken by minorities in places such as France, Montenegro, Bosnia & Herzegovina, Crimea and Tunisia and by large expatriate communities in the Americas. Many speakers are native bilinguals of both standardized Italian and other regional languages, Italian is the fourth most studied language in the world. Italian is a major European language, being one of the languages of the Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe. It is the third most widely spoken first language in the European Union with 65 million native speakers, including Italian speakers in non-EU European countries and on other continents, the total number of speakers is around 85 million. Italian is the working language of the Holy See, serving as the lingua franca in the Roman Catholic hierarchy as well as the official language of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta. Italian is known as the language of music because of its use in musical terminology and its influence is also widespread in the arts and in the luxury goods market. Italian has been reported as the fourth or fifth most frequently taught foreign language in the world, Italian was adopted by the state after the Unification of Italy, having previously been a literary language based on Tuscan as spoken mostly by the upper class of Florentine society. Its development was influenced by other Italian languages and to some minor extent. Its vowels are the second-closest to Latin after Sardinian, unlike most other Romance languages, Italian retains Latins contrast between short and long consonants. As in most Romance languages, stress is distinctive, however, Italian as a language used in Italy and some surrounding regions has a longer history. What would come to be thought of as Italian was first formalized in the early 14th century through the works of Tuscan writer Dante Alighieri, written in his native Florentine. Dante is still credited with standardizing the Italian language, and thus the dialect of Florence became the basis for what would become the language of Italy. Italian was also one of the recognised languages in the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Italy has always had a dialect for each city, because the cities. Those dialects now have considerable variety, as Tuscan-derived Italian came to be used throughout Italy, features of local speech were naturally adopted, producing various versions of Regional Italian. Even in the case of Northern Italian languages, however, scholars are not to overstate the effects of outsiders on the natural indigenous developments of the languages
9.
French language
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French is a Romance language of the Indo-European family. It descended from the Vulgar Latin of the Roman Empire, as did all Romance languages, French has evolved from Gallo-Romance, the spoken Latin in Gaul, and more specifically in Northern Gaul. Its closest relatives are the other langues doïl—languages historically spoken in northern France and in southern Belgium, French was also influenced by native Celtic languages of Northern Roman Gaul like Gallia Belgica and by the Frankish language of the post-Roman Frankish invaders. Today, owing to Frances past overseas expansion, there are numerous French-based creole languages, a French-speaking person or nation may be referred to as Francophone in both English and French. French is a language in 29 countries, most of which are members of la francophonie. As of 2015, 40% of the population is in Europe, 35% in sub-Saharan Africa, 15% in North Africa and the Middle East, 8% in the Americas. French is the fourth-most widely spoken mother tongue in the European Union, 1/5 of Europeans who do not have French as a mother tongue speak French as a second language. As a result of French and Belgian colonialism from the 17th and 18th century onward, French was introduced to new territories in the Americas, Africa, most second-language speakers reside in Francophone Africa, in particular Gabon, Algeria, Mauritius, Senegal and Ivory Coast. In 2015, French was estimated to have 77 to 110 million native speakers, approximately 274 million people are able to speak the language. The Organisation internationale de la Francophonie estimates 700 million by 2050, in 2011, Bloomberg Businessweek ranked French the third most useful language for business, after English and Standard Mandarin Chinese. Under the Constitution of France, French has been the language of the Republic since 1992. France mandates the use of French in official government publications, public education except in specific cases, French is one of the four official languages of Switzerland and is spoken in the western part of Switzerland called Romandie, of which Geneva is the largest city. French is the language of about 23% of the Swiss population. French is also a language of Luxembourg, Monaco, and Aosta Valley, while French dialects remain spoken by minorities on the Channel Islands. A plurality of the worlds French-speaking population lives in Africa and this number does not include the people living in non-Francophone African countries who have learned French as a foreign language. Due to the rise of French in Africa, the total French-speaking population worldwide is expected to reach 700 million people in 2050, French is the fastest growing language on the continent. French is mostly a language in Africa, but it has become a first language in some urban areas, such as the region of Abidjan, Ivory Coast and in Libreville. There is not a single African French, but multiple forms that diverged through contact with various indigenous African languages, sub-Saharan Africa is the region where the French language is most likely to expand, because of the expansion of education and rapid population growth
10.
Hungarian language
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Hungarian is the official language of Hungary and one of the 24 official languages of the European Union. Outside Hungary it is spoken by communities of Hungarian people in neighbouring countries. Like Finnish and Estonian, it belongs to the Uralic language family, its closest relatives being Mansi and it is one of several European languages not part of the Indo-European languages, and the most widely-spoken European language that does not belong to the Indo-European family. The Hungarian name for the language is magyar or magyar nyelv, the word Magyar is used as an English and Hungarian word to refer to Hungarian people as an ethnic group. Hungarian is a member of the Uralic language family, the name of Hungary could be a result of regular sound changes of Ungrian/Ugrian, and the fact that the Eastern Slavs referred to Hungarians as Ǫgry/Ǫgrove seemed to confirm that. Current literature favors the hypothesis that it comes from the name of the Turkic tribe Onogur, there are numerous regular sound correspondences between Hungarian and the other Ugric languages. For example, Hungarian /aː/ corresponds to Khanty /o/ in certain positions, for example, Hungarian ház house vs. Khanty xot house, and Hungarian száz hundred vs. Khanty sot hundred. The distance between the Ugric and Finnic languages is greater, but the correspondences are also regular, during the later half of the 19th century, a competing hypothesis proposed a Turkic affinity of Hungarian. Following an academic debate known as Az ugor-török háború, the Finno-Ugric hypothesis was concluded the sounder of the two, foremost based on work by the German linguist Josef Budenz. The traditional view argues that the Hungarian language separated from its Ugric relatives in the first half of the 1st millennium b. c. e. in western Siberia, east of the southern Urals. The Hungarians gradually changed their lifestyle from settled hunters to nomadic pastoralists, in Hungarian, Iranian loans date back to the time immediately following the breakup of Ugric and probably span well over a millennium. Among these include tehén ‘cow’, tíz ‘ten’, tej ‘milk’, increasing archaeological evidence from present-day southern Bashkortostan found in the previous decades confirms the existence of Hungarian settlements between the Volga River and Ural Mountains. The Onogurs later had a influence on the language, especially between the 5th-9th centuries. This layer of Turkic loans is large and varied, and includes words borrowed from Oghur Turkic, e. g. borjú ‘calf’, dél ‘noon, many words related to agriculture, to state administration or even to family relations have such backgrounds. Hungarian syntax and grammar were not influenced in a dramatic way during these 300 years. After the arrival of the Hungarians into the Carpathian Basin the language came into contact with different speech communities, Turkic loans from this period come mainly from the Pechenegs and Cumanians who settled in Hungary during the 12th-13th centuries, e. g. koboz ‘cobza’, komondor ‘mop dog’. Hungarian borrowed many words from especially the neighbouring Slavic languages, in exchange, these languages also borrowed words from Hungarian, e. g. Serbo-Croatian ašov from Hung ásó ‘spade’. Approximately 1. 6% of the Romanian lexicon is of Hungarian origin, on the basis of the growing genetic evidence, the accepted origin theory is contested by geneticists too
11.
Hungary
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Hungary is a unitary parliamentary republic in Central Europe. With about 10 million inhabitants, Hungary is a member state of the European Union. The official language is Hungarian, which is the most widely spoken language in Europe. Hungarys capital and largest metropolis is Budapest, a significant economic hub, major urban areas include Debrecen, Szeged, Miskolc, Pécs and Győr. His great-grandson Stephen I ascended to the throne in 1000, converting the country to a Christian kingdom, by the 12th century, Hungary became a middle power within the Western world, reaching a golden age by the 15th century. Hungarys current borders were established in 1920 by the Treaty of Trianon after World War I, when the country lost 71% of its territory, 58% of its population, following the interwar period, Hungary joined the Axis Powers in World War II, suffering significant damage and casualties. Hungary became a state of the Soviet Union, which contributed to the establishment of a four-decade-long communist dictatorship. On 23 October 1989, Hungary became again a democratic parliamentary republic, in the 21st century, Hungary is a middle power and has the worlds 57th largest economy by nominal GDP, as well as the 58th largest by PPP, out of 188 countries measured by the IMF. As a substantial actor in several industrial and technological sectors, it is both the worlds 36th largest exporter and importer of goods, Hungary is a high-income economy with a very high standard of living. It keeps up a security and universal health care system. Hungary joined the European Union in 2004 and part of the Schengen Area since 2007, Hungary is a member of the United Nations, NATO, WTO, World Bank, the AIIB, the Council of Europe and Visegrád Group. Well known for its cultural history, Hungary has been contributed significantly to arts, music, literature, sports and science. Hungary is the 11th most popular country as a tourist destination in Europe and it is home to the largest thermal water cave system, the second largest thermal lake in the world, the largest lake in Central Europe, and the largest natural grasslands in Europe. The H in the name of Hungary is most likely due to historical associations with the Huns. The rest of the word comes from the Latinized form of Medieval Greek Oungroi, according to an explanation the Greek name was borrowed from Proto-Slavic Ǫgǔri, in turn borrowed from Oghur-Turkic Onogur. Onogur was the name for the tribes who later joined the Bulgar tribal confederacy that ruled the eastern parts of Hungary after the Avars. The Hungarians likely belonged to the Onogur tribal alliance and it is possible they became its ethnic majority. The Hungarian endonym is Magyarország, composed of magyar and ország, the word magyar is taken from the name of one of the seven major semi-nomadic Hungarian tribes, magyeri
12.
Entrepreneurship
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What appears as a real opportunity ex ante might actually be a non-opportunity or one that cannot be actualized by entrepreneurs lacking the necessary business skills, financial or social capital. Traditionally, an entrepreneur has been defined as a person who starts, organizes and manages any enterprise, especially a business, usually with considerable initiative and risk. Rather than working as an employee, an entrepreneur runs a business and assumes all the risk and reward of a given business venture, idea. The entrepreneur is commonly seen as a leader and innovator of new ideas. They act as the manager and oversee the launch and growth of an enterprise, Entrepreneurship is the process by which an individual identifies a business opportunity and acquires and deploys the necessary resources required for its exploitation. For Schumpeter, the changes and dynamic disequilibrium brought on by the innovating entrepreneur, the ‘norm’ of a healthy economy. Entrepreneurial spirit is characterized by innovation and risk-taking, for example, in the 2000s, the field of social entrepreneurship has been identified, in which entrepreneurs combine business activities with humanitarian, environmental or community goals. In the 2010s, entrepreneurship can be studied in college or university as part of the disciplines of management or business administration, Entrepreneur, is a loanword from French. First used in 1723, today the term entrepreneur implies qualities of leadership, initiative, economist Robert Reich has called team-building, leadership, and management ability essential qualities for the entrepreneur. Historically the study of entrepreneurship reaches back to the work in the late 17th and early 18th centuries of Richard Cantillon and Adam Smith, which was foundational to classical economics. In the 20th century, entrepreneurship was studied by Joseph Schumpeter in the 1930s and other Austrian economists such as Carl Menger, Ludwig von Mises, the term entrepreneurship was coined around the 1920s, while the loan from French of the word entrepreneur dates to the 1850s. According to Schumpeter, an entrepreneur is willing and able to convert a new idea or invention into a successful innovation, thus, creative destruction is largely responsible for long-term economic growth. The idea that leads to economic growth is an interpretation of the residual in endogenous growth theory. For Schumpeter, entrepreneurship resulted in new industries and in new combinations of currently existing inputs, Schumpeters initial example of this was the combination of a steam engine and then current wagon making technologies to produce the horseless carriage. In this case the innovation, the car, was transformational and it did not immediately replace the horse-drawn carriage, but in time, incremental improvements reduced the cost and improved the technology, leading to the modern auto industry. Despite Schumpeters early 20th-century contributions, traditional microeconomic theory did not formally consider the entrepreneur in its theoretical frameworks, in this treatment, the entrepreneur was an implied but unspecified actor, consistent with the concept of the entrepreneur being the agent of x-efficiency. For Schumpeter, the entrepreneur did not bear risk, the capitalist did, Schumpeter was of the opinion that entrepreneurs shift the Production Possibility Curve to a higher level using innovations. Cantillon emphasized the willingness of the entrepreneur to assume risk and to deal with uncertainty, thus, he draws attention to the function of the entrepreneur, and distinguishes clearly between the function of the entrepreneur and the owner who provides the money
13.
Peter Arvai
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Peter Arvai is a Swedish businessman of Hungarian parentage. He is CEO and co-founder of Prezi, a presentation software company. As an entrepreneur, he founded omvard, peter Arvai was one of the developers of Patented Web feed message browsing along with Joacim Boivie and Joakim Hilj. He is originally from Karlskoga, Sweden, and he mentions that his parents were Hungarian and he lived and worked in Budapest, Tokyo, Stockholm, Singapore and San Francisco. Peter Arvai attended Stockholm University in 2001 and graduated with a Masters in Business Administration in 2006, during his time at Stockholm University, Arvai participated in the 12 month Vulcanus in Japan programme, established by the EU and the Japanese Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry. During this time he studied Japanese and completed a program at Fuji Xerox in Japan. As part of his business program, Arvai studied economics in Singapore for an exchange semester, Arvai was one of the first batch of students to attend the newly introduced Master in Media Technology and Engineering program at the Royal Institute of Technology. After graduating Arvai co-founded the programs alumni group, Arvai launched omvard. se, a company that helps patients compare treatment outcomes between hospitals. Omvard. se won best website of Sweden 2009, in 2009, Arvai approached TED Conference given the companies’ common vision of promoting the open exchange of ideas and he had pitched the investment idea to in the conference. TED Conference, Accel Partners and Sunstone Capital were Prezis investors that participated in Series A, Arvai speaks English, Swedish, Hungarian and Japanese fluently, is a Bikram Yoga enthusiast and has expressed interest in writing a Swedish-language cookbook on everyday Japanese cuisine
14.
Venture capital
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Venture capital firms or funds invest in these early-stage companies in exchange for equity–an ownership stake–in the companies they invest in. Venture capitalists take on the risk of financing risky start-ups in the hopes some of the firms they support will become successful. The start-ups are usually based on a technology or business model and they are usually from the high technology industries, such as information technology. The typical venture capital investment occurs after a seed funding round. The first round of venture capital to fund growth is called the Series A round. This institution helps identify promising new firms and provide them with finance, technical expertise, mentoring, marketing know-how, and business models. Once integrated into the network, these firms are more likely to succeed. However, venture capitalists decisions are often biased, exhibiting for instance overconfidence and illusion of control, a venture may be defined as a project prospective converted into a process with an adequate assumed risk and investment. With few exceptions, private equity in the first half of the 20th century was the domain of wealthy individuals, the Wallenbergs, Vanderbilts, Whitneys, Rockefellers, and Warburgs were notable investors in private companies in the first half of the century. In 1938, Laurance S. Rockefeller helped finance the creation of both Eastern Air Lines and Douglas Aircraft, and the Rockefeller family had vast holdings in a variety of companies. Eric M. Warburg founded E. M. Warburg & Co. in 1938, which would ultimately become Warburg Pincus, with investments in both leveraged buyouts and venture capital. The Wallenberg family started Investor AB in 1916 in Sweden and were early investors in several Swedish companies such as ABB, Atlas Copco, Ericsson, before World War II, money orders remained primarily the domain of wealthy individuals and families. Georges Doriot, the father of capitalism, founded INSEAD in 1957. Along with Ralph Flanders and Karl Compton, Doriot founded ARDC in 1946 to encourage investment in businesses run by soldiers returning from World War II. ARDC became the first institutional private-equity investment firm to raise capital from other than wealthy families. ARDC is credited with the first trick when its 1957 investment of $70,000 in Digital Equipment Corporation would be valued at over $355 million after the initial public offering in 1968. Former employees of ARDC went on to several prominent venture-capital firms including Greylock Partners and Morgan, Holland Ventures. ARDC continued investing until 1971, when Doriot retired, in 1972 Doriot merged ARDC with Textron after having invested in over 150 companies
15.
Alt attribute
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The alt attribute is the HTML attribute used in HTML and XHTML documents to specify alternative text that is to be rendered when the element to which it is applied cannot be rendered. The alt attribute is used by screen reader software so that a person who is listening to the content of a webpage can interact with this element, every image should have an alt attribute to be accessible, but it need not contain text. It can be an empty or null attribute, alt=, the attribute was introduced in HTML2 and in HTML4.01 was required for the img and area tags. It is optional for the tag and the deprecated applet tag. Here is an image for which the alt attribute is In the sky flies a red flag with a white cross whose vertical bar is shifted toward the flagpole. The HTML for this image might be something like the following, a text browser such as Lynx will display the alt text instead of the image. An alternative alt attribute value would be The Danish flag, the alt attribute does not always have to literally describe the contents of the image. Keep in mind the purpose and context of the image and what would be useful to someone who cannot see it, the alt attribute is supposed to be an alternative for the image, usually stating its purpose. Internet Explorer 7 and earlier render text in alt attributes as tooltip text, as of Internet Explorer 8 alt attributes no longer render as tooltips. The alt attribute is commonly, but incorrectly, referred to as the alt tag, the W3C recommends that images that convey no information, but are purely decorative, be specified in CSS rather than in the HTML markup. However, it may sometimes be necessary to include an image as an HTML img tag. In this case, if the image truly does not add to the content and this makes the page navigable for users of screen readers or non-graphical browsers. If no alt attribute has been supplied, then browsers that cannot display the image will still display something there, e. g. the URL of the image, or a fixed text string. Longdesc attribute Including an image, the IMG element from the HTML4.01 specification The img element from the HTML5 specification Techniques for WCAG2
16.
HTML element
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An HTML element is an individual component of an HTML document or web page, once this has been parsed into the Document Object Model. HTML is composed of a tree of HTML nodes, such as text nodes, each node can have HTML attributes specified. Nodes can also have content, including nodes and text. Many HTML nodes represent semantics, or meaning, for example, the title node represents the title of the document. HTML documents are delivered as documents and these are then parsed, which turns them into the Document Object Model internal representation, within the web browser. Presentation by the web browser, such as screen rendering or access by JavaScript, is performed on this internal model. Early HTML documents, and to an extent today, were largely invalid HTML. The parsing process was required to fix-up these errors, as best it could. The resultant model was not correct, but it would at least be valid. A valid model was produced, no matter how bad the tag soup supplied had been, only in the rarest cases would the parser abandon parsing altogether. Elements and tags are terms that are widely confused, HTML documents contain tags, but do not contain the elements. The elements are generated after the parsing step, from these tags. As is generally understood, the position of an element is indicated as spanning from a tag, possibly including some child content. This is the case for many, but not all, elements within an HTML document, as HTML is based on SGML, its parsing also depends on the use of a DTD, specifically an HTML DTD such as that for HTML4.01. The DTD specifies which element types are possible and it specifies the valid combinations in which they may appear in a document. It is part of general SGML behaviour that where only one structure is possible. As a simple example, the <p> start tag indicating the start of a paragraph element should be closed by an end tag. Also the DTD states that paragraph elements cannot be nested, SGML is complex, which has limited its widespread adoption and understanding
17.
Accessibility
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Accessibility refers to the design of products, devices, services, or environments for people who experience disabilities. The concept of design and practice of accessible development ensures both direct access and indirect access meaning compatibility with a persons assistive technology. Accessibility can be viewed as the ability to access and benefit from some system or entity and this is about making things accessible to all people. Article 9 of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities commits signatories to provide for full accessibility in their countries. Accessible facilities therefore extend to such as Braille signage, elevators, audio signals at pedestrian crossings, walkway contours, website design. Government mandates including Section 508, WCAG, DDA are all enforcing practices to standardize accessibility testing engineering in product development, existing private businesses are required to increase the accessibility of their facilities when making any other renovations in proportion to the cost of the other renovations. The United States Access Board is A Federal Agency Committed to Accessible Design for People with Disabilities, the Job Accommodation Network discusses accommodations for people with disabilities in the workplace. Many states in the US have their own disability laws, in Australia, the Disability Discrimination Act 1992 has numerous provisions for accessibility. In South Africa the Promotion of Equality and Prevention of Unfair Discrimination Act 2000 has numerous provisions for accessibility, in the UK, the Equality Act 2010 has numerous provisions for accessibility. In Sri Lanka, the Supreme Court, on 27 April 2011 gave an order to boost the inherent right of disabled persons to have unhindered access to public buildings. The Act refers to legislation regarding accessibility in e. g. ICT. In Canada, relevant federal legislation includes the Canadian Human Rights Act, the Employment Equity Act, legislation may also be enacted on a state, provincial or local level. In Ontario, Canada, the Ontarians with Disabilities Act of 2001 is meant to improve the identification, removal, the European Union, which has signed the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, also has adopted a European Disability Strategy for 2010-20. A European Accessibility Act was proposed in late 2012 and this Act would establish standards within member countries for accessible products, services, and public buildings. Assistive technology is the creation of a new device that assists a person in completing a task that would otherwise be impossible. Adaptive technology is the modification, or adaptation, of existing devices, methods, or the creation of new uses for existing devices, to enable a person to complete a task. Examples include the use of controls, and the autocomplete feature in computer word processing programs. Adaptations to wheelchair tires are another example, widening the tires enables wheelchair users to move over soft surfaces, such as snow on ski hills
18.
Freemium
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Freemium is a pricing strategy by which a product or service is provided free of charge, but money is charged for proprietary features, functionality, or virtual goods. The business model called shareware has been in use for software since the 1980s and this is often in a time-limited or feature-limited version to promote a paid-for full version. The model is suited to software as the cost of distribution is negligible. Thus little is lost by giving it away for free, then offer premium priced value added services or an enhanced version of your service to your customer base. Jarid Lukin of Alacra, one of Wilsons portfolio companies, then suggested the term freemium for this model, in 2009, Chris Anderson published the book Free, which examines the popularity of this business model. As well as for software and services, it is now also often used by Web 2.0. The freemium model is related to tiered services. It has become a popular model, with notable examples including LinkedIn, Badoo. A freemium model is used to build a consumer base when the marginal cost of producing extra units is low. In the Christian 5033 religious education sector, Christian Leaders Institute uses the model to train Christian leaders. CLI offers free training to receive unofficial certificates, diplomas and degrees at no charge, the infrastructure cost to provide this training and these unofficial awards is supported by donations to the mission, which receive tax deductions in the United States. If CLI students want official awards, they are required to make minimal non-tax deductible donations that cover the costs of processing, verification. Cloud service providers – ranging from Infrastructure providers, platform providers to service providers – use freemium pattern in their business models. Companies such as Rackspace, Heroku, and Amazon use freemium business patterns by providing services for free. Amazon, for example, allows anyone to create a cloud in their infrastructure as a trial service for 12 months. Other examples include free-to-play games – video games that can be downloaded without paying, other software makes its features available for trial period, and then at the end of that period it stops working. This is an evaluation, and at the end of the evaluation period does not work at all. This is not to be confused with the model, where the user has access to a limited free version without time restraint
19.
Data visualization
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Data visualization or data visualisation is viewed by many disciplines as a modern equivalent of visual communication. A primary goal of data visualization is to communicate clearly and efficiently via statistical graphics, plots. Numerical data may be encoded using dots, lines, or bars, effective visualization helps users analyze and reason about data and evidence. It makes complex data more accessible, understandable and usable, users may have particular analytical tasks, such as making comparisons or understanding causality, and the design principle of the graphic follows the task. Tables are generally used where users will look up a specific measurement, Data visualization is both an art and a science. It is viewed as a branch of statistics by some. Increased amounts of data created by Internet activity and an number of sensors in the environment are referred to as big data or Internet of things. Processing, analyzing and communicating this data present ethical and analytical challenges for data visualization, the field of data science and practitioners called data scientists help address this challenge. Data visualization refers to the used to communicate data or information by encoding it as visual objects contained in graphics. The goal is to communicate clearly and efficiently to users. It is one of the steps in analysis or data science. According to Friedman the main goal of data visualization is to communicate clearly and effectively through graphical means. It doesnt mean that data needs to look boring to be functional or extremely sophisticated to look beautiful. Yet designers often fail to achieve a balance between form and function, creating gorgeous data visualizations which fail to serve their main purpose — to communicate information. Indeed, Fernanda Viegas and Martin M. Wattenberg have suggested that an ideal visualization should not only communicate clearly, Data visualization is closely related to information graphics, information visualization, scientific visualization, exploratory data analysis and statistical graphics. In the new millennium, data visualization has become an area of research, teaching. According to Post et al. it has united scientific and information visualization, professor Edward Tufte explained that users of information displays are executing particular analytical tasks such as making comparisons or determining causality. The design principle of the information graphic should support the analytical task, indeed graphics can be more precise and revealing than conventional statistical computations
20.
Productivity software
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Its names arose from the fact that it increases productivity, especially of individual office workers, from typists to knowledge workers, although its scope is now wider than that. Office suites, which word processing, spreadsheet, and relational database programs to the desktop in the 1980s, are the core example of productivity software. Some 78% of middle-skill occupations now require the use of productivity software, in the 2010s, productivity software has become even more consumerized than it already was, as computing becomes ever more integrated into daily personal life. Productivity software traditionally run directly on a computer, for example, Commodore Plus/4 model of computer contained in ROM four applications of productivity software. Productivity software is one of the people use personal computers. Productivity software help the professional or common user to enhance and complete their tasks, an office suite is a collection of bundled productivity software intended to be used by knowledge workers. The components are generally distributed together, have a consistent user interface and usually can interact with each other, the earliest office suite for personal computers was Starburst in the early 1980s, comprising the word processor WordStar, together with companion apps CalcStar and DataStar. Various other suites arose in the 1980s, and over the course of the 1990s Microsoft Office came to dominate the market, existing office suites contain wide range of various components
21.
Scientific visualization
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Scientific visualization is an interdisciplinary branch of science. It is also considered a subset of computer graphics, a branch of computer science, the purpose of scientific visualization is to graphically illustrate scientific data to enable scientists to understand, illustrate, and glean insight from their data. One of the earliest examples of scientific visualisation was Maxwells thermodynamic surface. This prefigured modern scientific techniques that use computer graphics. Scientific visualization using computer graphics gained in popularity as graphics matured, primary applications were scalar fields and vector fields from computer simulations and also measured data. The primary methods for visualizing two-dimensional scalar fields are color mapping and drawing contour lines, 2D vector fields are visualized using glyphs and streamlines or line integral convolution methods. For 3D scalar fields the primary methods are volume rendering and isosurfaces, methods for visualizing vector fields include glyphs such as arrows, streamlines and streaklines, particle tracing, line integral convolution and topological methods. Later, visualization techniques such as hyperstreamlines were developed to visualize 2D, computer animation is the art, technique, and science of creating moving images via the use of computers. It is becoming common to be created by means of 3D computer graphics, though 2D computer graphics are still widely used for stylistic, low bandwidth. Sometimes the target of the animation is the computer itself, but sometimes the target is another medium and it is also referred to as CGI, especially when used in films. Computer simulation is a program, or network of computers. The simultaneous visualization and simulation of a system is called visulation, computer simulations vary from computer programs that run a few minutes, to network-based groups of computers running for hours, to ongoing simulations that run for months. Information visualization focused on the creation of approaches for conveying information in intuitive ways. The key difference between scientific visualization and information visualization is that information visualization is often applied to data that is not generated by scientific inquiry, some examples are graphical representations of data for business, government, news and social media. Interface technology and perception shows how new interfaces and an understanding of underlying perceptual issues create new opportunities for the scientific visualization community. Rendering is the process of generating an image from a model, the model is a description of three-dimensional objects in a strictly defined language or data structure. It would contain geometry, viewpoint, texture, lighting, the image is a digital image or raster graphics image. The term may be by analogy with a rendering of a scene
22.
Brown University
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Brown is the seventh-oldest institution of higher education in the United States and one of the nine Colonial Colleges established before the American Revolution. At its foundation, Brown was the first college in the United States to accept students regardless of their religious affiliation and its engineering program was established in 1847 and was the first in the Ivy League. It was one of the early doctoral-granting U. S. institutions in the late 19th century, adding master, Browns New Curriculum is sometimes referred to in education theory as the Brown Curriculum and was adopted by faculty vote in 1969 after a period of student lobbying. In 1971, Browns coordinate womens institution Pembroke College was fully merged into the university, Pembroke Campus now operates as a place for dorms and classrooms. Undergraduate admissions is very selective, with a rate of 8.3 percent for the class of 2021. The University comprises The College, the Graduate School, Alpert Medical School, the School of Engineering, the School of Public Health, and the School of Professional Studies. The Brown/RISD Dual Degree Program, offered in conjunction with the Rhode Island School of Design, is a course that awards degrees from both institutions. Browns main campus is located in the College Hill Historic District in the city of Providence, the Universitys neighborhood is a federally listed architectural district with a dense concentration of Colonial-era buildings. On the western edge of the campus, Benefit Street contains one of the finest cohesive collections of restored seventeenth-, Browns faculty and alumni include eight Nobel Prize laureates, five National Humanities Medalists, and ten National Medal of Science laureates. Other notable alumni include eight billionaire graduates, a U. S. Supreme Court Chief Justice, to erect a public Building or Buildings for the boarding of the youth & the Residence of the Professors. Stiles and Ellery were co-authors of the Charter of the College two years later, there is further documentary evidence that Stiles was making plans for a college in 1762. On January 20, Chauncey Whittelsey, pastor of the First Church of New Haven, answered a letter from Stiles, should you make any Progress in the Affair of a Colledge, I should be glad to hear of it, I heartily wish you Success therein. Isaac Backus was the historian of the New England Baptists and an inaugural Trustee of Brown, Mr. James Manning, who took his first degree in New-Jersey college in September,1762, was esteemed a suitable leader in this important work. Manning arrived at Newport in July 1763 and was introduced to Stiles, stiless first draft was read to the General Assembly in August 1763 and rejected by Baptist members who worried that the College Board of Fellows would under-represent the Baptists. A revised Charter written by Stiles and Ellery was adopted by the Assembly on March 3,1764, in September 1764, the inaugural meeting of the College Corporation was held at Newport. Governor Stephen Hopkins was chosen chancellor, former and future governor Samuel Ward was vice chancellor, John Tillinghast treasurer, the Charter stipulated that the Board of Trustees be composed of 22 Baptists, five Quakers, five Episcopalians, and four Congregationalists. Of the 12 Fellows, eight should be Baptists—including the College president—and the rest indifferently of any or all Denominations, the Charter was not the grant of King George III, as is sometimes supposed, but rather an Act of the colonial General Assembly. In two particulars, the Charter may be said to be a uniquely progressive document, the oft-repeated statement is inaccurate that Browns Charter alone prohibited a religious test for College membership, other college charters were also liberal in that particular
23.
University of Edinburgh
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The University of Edinburgh, founded in 1582, is the sixth oldest university in the English-speaking world and one of Scotlands ancient universities. The university is deeply embedded in the fabric of the city of Edinburgh, the University of Edinburgh was ranked 17th and 21st in the world by the 2014–15 and 2015-16 QS rankings. It is now ranked 19th in the according to 2016-17 QS Rankings. It is ranked 16th in the world in arts and humanities by the 2015–16 Times Higher Education Ranking and it is ranked the 23rd most employable university in the world by the 2015 Global Employability University Ranking. It is ranked as the 6th best university in Europe by the U. S. News Best Global Universities Ranking and it is a member of both the Russell Group, and the League of European Research Universities, a consortium of 21 research universities in Europe. It has the third largest endowment of any university in the United Kingdom, after the universities of Cambridge and it continues to have links to the British Royal Family, having had the Duke of Edinburgh as its Chancellor from 1953 to 2010 and Princess Anne since 2011. Edinburgh receives approximately 50,000 applications every year, making it the fourth most popular university in the UK by volume of applicants, after St Andrews, it is the most difficult university to gain admission into in Scotland, and 9th overall in the UK. This was a move at the time, as most universities were established through Papal bulls. Established as the Tounis College, it opened its doors to students in October 1583, instruction began under the charge of another St Andrews graduate Robert Rollock. It was the fourth Scottish university in a period when the more populous. It was renamed King Jamess College in 1617, by the 18th century, the university was a leading centre of the Scottish Enlightenment. The universitys first custom-built building was the Old College, now Edinburgh Law School and its first forte in teaching was anatomy and the developing science of surgery, from which it expanded into many other subjects. From the basement of a nearby house ran the anatomy tunnel corridor and it went under what was then North College Street, and under the university buildings until it reached the universitys anatomy lecture theatre, delivering bodies for dissection. It was from this tunnel the body of William Burke was taken after he had been hanged, towards the end of the 19th century, Old College was becoming overcrowded and Robert Rowand Anderson was commissioned to design new Medical School premises in 1875. The medical school was more or less built to his design and was completed by the addition of the McEwan Hall in the 1880s. The building now known as New College was originally built as a Free Church college in the 1840s and has been the home of divinity at the university since the 1920s. The two oldest schools – law and divinity – are both well-esteemed, with law being based in Old College and divinity in New College on the Mound and they are also represented by the Edinburgh University Sports Union which was founded in 1866. The medical school is renowned throughout the world and it was widely considered the best medical school in the English-speaking world throughout the 18th century and first half of the 19th century
24.
Argument map
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In informal logic and philosophy, an argument map or argument diagram is a visual representation of the structure of an argument. An argument map typically includes the key components of the argument, traditionally called the conclusion, Argument maps can also show co-premises, objections, counterarguments, rebuttals, and lemmas. There are different styles of argument map but they are functionally equivalent and represent an arguments individual claims. Argument maps are used in the context of teaching and applying critical thinking. The purpose of mapping is to uncover the structure of arguments, identify unstated assumptions, evaluate the support an argument offers for a conclusion. Argument maps are designed to support deliberation of issues, ideas. An argument map is not to be confused with a map or a mind map. There is no consensus as to whether the conclusion should be at the top of the tree with the leading up to it or whether it should be at the bottom with the reasons leading down to it. Another variation diagrams an argument from left to right, according to Doug Walton and colleagues, an argument map has two basic components, One component is a set of circled numbers arrayed as points. Each number represents a proposition in the argument being diagrammed, the other component is a set of lines or arrows joining the points. The whole network of points and lines represents a kind of overview of the reasoning in the given argument, where several premises or groups of premises lead to a final conclusion the argument might be described as convergent. This is distinguished from a divergent argument where a single premise might be used to two separate conclusions. Intermediate conclusions or sub-conclusions, where a claim is supported by another claim that is used in turn to some further claim. An argument with this structure is called a complex argument. If there is a chain of claims containing at least one intermediate conclusion. Each of these structures can be represented by the equivalent box, in the following diagram, the contention is shown at the top, and the boxes linked to it represent supporting reasons, which comprise one or more premises. The green arrow indicates that the two support the contention, Argument maps can also represent counterarguments. Monroe Beardsleys 1950 book Practical Logic recommended the following procedure, Separate statements by brackets, put circles around the logical indicators
25.
Concept map
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A concept map or conceptual diagram is a diagram that depicts suggested relationships between concepts. It is a tool that instructional designers, engineers, technical writers. A concept map typically represents ideas and information as boxes or circles, the relationship between concepts can be articulated in linking phrases such as causes, requires, or contributes to. The technique for visualizing these relationships among different concepts is called concept mapping, Concept maps have been used to define the ontology of computer systems, for example with the object-role modeling or Unified Modeling Language formalism. In a concept map, each word or phrase connects to another, Concept maps are a way to develop logical thinking and study skills by revealing connections and helping students see how individual ideas form a larger whole. An example of the use of maps is provided in the context of learning about types of fuel. Concept maps were developed to enhance learning in the sciences. A well-made concept map grows within a context frame defined by an explicit focus question, some research evidence suggests that the brain stores knowledge as productions that act on declarative memory content, which is also referred to as chunks or propositions. Topic maps, Concept maps are similar to topic maps in that both allow to concepts or topics via graphs. Mind maps, Both concept maps and topic maps can be contrasted with mind mapping, another contrast between concept mapping and mind mapping is the speed and spontaneity when a mind map is created. A mind map reflects what you think about a single topic, a concept map can be a map, a system view, of a real system or set of concepts. Concept maps are more free form, as multiple hubs and clusters can be created, unlike mind maps, which fix on a single two centered approach. The technique of mapping was developed by Joseph D. Novak. Concept maps have their origin in the movement called constructivism. In particular, constructivists hold that learners construct knowledge. Novak taught students as young as six years old to make concept maps to represent their response to questions such as What is water. In his book Learning How to Learn, Novak states that a meaningful learning involves the assimilation of new concepts, various attempts have been made to conceptualize the process of creating concept maps. Ray McAleese, in a series of articles, has suggested that mapping is a process of off-loading, in this 1998 paper, McAleese draws on the work of Sowa and a paper by Sweller & Chandler
26.
Mind map
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A mind map is a diagram used to visually organize information. A mind map is hierarchical and shows relationships among pieces of the whole. It is often created around a concept, drawn as an image in the center of a blank page, to which associated representations of ideas such as images, words. Major ideas are connected directly to the concept, and other ideas branch out from those. Mind maps can be drawn by hand, either as rough notes during a lecture, meeting or planning session, for example, Mind maps are considered to be a type of spider diagram. A similar concept in the 1970s was idea sun bursting, some of the earliest examples of such graphical records were developed by Porphyry of Tyros, a noted thinker of the 3rd century, as he graphically visualized the concept categories of Aristotle. Philosopher Ramon Llull also used such techniques, the semantic network was developed in the late 1950s as a theory to understand human learning and developed further by Allan M. Collins and M. Ross Quillian during the early 1960s. Mind maps are similar in structure to concept maps, developed by learning experts in the 1970s. Buzans specific approach, and the introduction of the mind map arose during a 1974 BBC TV series he hosted, called Use Your Head. In this show, and companion series, Buzan promoted his conception of radial tree, diagramming key words in a colorful, radiant. Buzan says the idea was inspired by Alfred Korzybskis general semantics as popularized in science fiction novels, such as those of Robert A. Heinlein and A. E. van Vogt. He argues that while traditional outlines force readers to scan left to right and top to bottom, Buzan suggests the following guidelines for creating mind maps, Start in the center with an image of the topic, using at least 3 colors. Use images, symbols, codes, and dimensions throughout your mind map, select key words and print using upper or lower case letters. Each word/image is best alone and sitting on its own line, the lines should be connected, starting from the central image. The lines become thinner as they radiate out from the center, make the lines the same length as the word/image they support. Use multiple colors throughout the map, for visual stimulation. Develop your own style of mind mapping. Use emphasis and show associations in your mind map, keep the mind map clear by using radial hierarchy or outlines to embrace your branches
27.
Free and open-source software
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Free and open-source software is computer software that can be classified as both free software and open-source software. This is in contrast to proprietary software, where the software is under restrictive copyright, the benefits of using FOSS can include decreasing software costs, increasing security and stability, protecting privacy, and giving users more control over their own hardware. Free, open-source operating systems such as Linux and descendents of BSD are widely utilized today, powering millions of servers, desktops, smartphones, Free software licenses and open-source licenses are used by many software packages. In the 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s to 1980s, it was common for users to have the source code for all programs they used. Software, including source code, was shared by individuals who used computers. Most companies had a model based on hardware sales, and provided or bundled software with hardware. Organizations of users and suppliers were formed to facilitate the exchange of software, see, for example, SHARE, by the late 1960s, the prevailing business model around software was changing. In United States vs. IBM, filed 17 January 1969, while some software might always be free, there would be a growing amount of software that was for sale only. Software development for the GNU operating system began in January 1984, an article outlining the project and its goals was published in March 1985 titled the GNU Manifesto. The manifesto included significant explanation of the GNU philosophy, Free Software Definition, the Linux kernel, started by Linus Torvalds, was released as freely modifiable source code in 1991. Initially, Linux was not released under a free or open-source software license, however, with version 0.12 in February 1992, he relicensed the project under the GNU General Public License. Much like Unix, Torvalds kernel attracted the attention of volunteer programmers, freeBSD and NetBSD were released as free software when the USL v. BSDi lawsuit was settled out of court in 1993. OpenBSD forked from NetBSD in 1995, also in 1995, The Apache HTTP Server, commonly referred to as Apache, was released under the Apache License 1.0. In 1997, Eric Raymond published The Cathedral and the Bazaar and this code is today better known as Mozilla Firefox and Thunderbird. Netscapes act prompted Raymond and others to look into how to bring the FSFs free software ideas, the new name they chose was open source, and quickly Bruce Perens, publisher Tim OReilly, Linus Torvalds, and others signed on to the rebranding. The Open Source Initiative was founded in February 1998 to encourage use of the new term, a Microsoft executive publicly stated in 2001 that open source is an intellectual property destroyer. I cant imagine something that could be worse than this for the software business and this view perfectly summarizes the initial response to FOSS by some software corporations. IBM, Oracle, Google and State Farm are just a few of the companies with a serious public stake in todays competitive open-source market, there has been a significant shift in the corporate philosophy concerning the development of free and open-source software
28.
Dia (software)
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Dia /ˈdiə/ is free and open source general-purpose diagramming software, developed originally by Alexander Larsson. Dia uses a single document interface similar to GIMP and Inkscape. Dia has a design with several shape packages available for different needs, flowchart, network diagrams, circuit diagrams. It does not restrict symbols and connectors from various categories from being placed together, dia has special objects to help draw entity-relationship models, Unified Modeling Language diagrams, flowcharts, network diagrams, and simple electrical circuits. It is also possible to add support for new shapes by writing simple XML files, dia loads and saves diagrams in a custom XML format which is, by default, gzipped to save space. It can print large diagrams spanning multiple pages and can also be scripted using the Python programming language, james Henstridge then took over as the lead developer, but he also moved on to other projects. He was followed by Cyrille Chepelov and Lars Ræder Clausen in turn, dia is maintained by a group of developers, Hans Breuer, Steffen Macke, and Sameer Sahasrabuddhe. Dia is written in C, and has an extension system, which also supports writing extensions in Python
29.
LibreOffice
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LibreOffice is a free and open source office suite, a project of The Document Foundation. It was forked from OpenOffice. org in 2010, which was a version of the earlier StarOffice. The LibreOffice suite comprises programs for processing, the creation and editing of spreadsheets, slideshows, diagrams and drawings, working with databases. It is available in 110 languages, LibreOffice uses the international ISO/IEC standard OpenDocument file format as its native format to save documents for all of its applications. LibreOffice also supports the file formats of most other major office suites, including Microsoft Office, LibreOffice is available for a variety of computing platforms, including Microsoft Windows, macOS, and Linux, as well as in the form of an online office suite. It is the office suite of most popular Linux distributions. It is the most actively developed free and open-source office suite, with approximately 50 times the development activity of Apache OpenOffice, between January 2011 and October 2011, LibreOffice was downloaded approximately 7.5 million times. The project claims 120 million unique downloading addresses from May 2011 to May 2015, excluding Linux distributions, the Document Foundation developers target LibreOffice for Microsoft Windows, Linux and macOS. Community ports for FreeBSD, NetBSD, OpenBSD and Mac OS X10.5 PowerPC receive support from contributors to those projects, Libreoffice is also installable on OpenIndiana via SFE. LibreOffice Online will allow for the use of LibreOffice through a web browser by using the element of HTML5. Development was announced at the first LibreOffice Conference in October 2011, LibreOffice announced a collaboration with Icewarp and Collabora to work on the cross-platform interface. A version of the software was shown in a September 2015 conference, on 15 December 2015, Collabora, in partnership with ownCloud, released a technical preview of Libreoffice Online branded as Collabora Online Development Edition. By October 2016, Collabora had released nine updates to CODE, in 2011, developers announced plans to port LibreOffice both to Android and to iOS. A beta version of a document viewer for Android 4.0 or newer was released in January 2015, In May 2015, in January 2015, a LibreOffice Impress remote app was unveiled for the Pebble smartwatch. A detailed 60-page report in June 2015 compared the progress of the LibreOffice project with its cousin project Apache OpenOffice and it showed that OpenOffice received about 10% of the improvements LibreOffice did in the period of time studied. LibreOffice can use the GStreamer multimedia framework in Linux to render multimedia content such as videos in Impress and they are also used on the toolbars and menus by default. LibreOffice also ships with a theme which looks native on GTK-based Linux distributions. It also renders fonts via Cairo on Linux distributions, this means that text in LibreOffice is rendered the same as the rest of the Linux desktop, LibreOffice has a feature similar to WordArt called Fontwork
30.
PGF/TikZ
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PGF/TikZ is a tandem of languages for producing vector graphics from a geometric/algebraic description. PGF is a language, while TikZ is a set of higher-level macros that use PGF. The top-level PGF and TikZ commands are invoked as TeX macros, but in contrast with PSTricks, Till Tantau is the designer of these languages, and he is also the main developer of the only known interpreter for PGF and TikZ, which is written in TeX. PGF is an acronym for Portable Graphics Format, TikZ was introduced in version 0.95 of PGF, and it is a recursive acronym for TikZ ist kein Zeichenprogramm. The PGF/TikZ interpreter can be used from the popular LaTeX and ConTeXt macro packages, since TeX itself is not concerned with graphics, the interpreter supports multiple TeX output backends, dvips, dvipdfm/dvipdfmx/xdvipdfmx, TeX4ht, and pdftexs internal PDF output driver. The version 3.0.0 manual has 1165 pages, the standard LaTeX picture environment can also be used as a front end for PGF merely by using the pgfpict2e package. Several graphical editors can produce output for PGF/TikZ like the KDE program Cirkuit, export to TikZ is also available as extensions for Inkscape, Blender, MATLAB, matplotlib, Gnuplot and R. The project has been under constant development since 2005, most of the development is done by Till Tantau. Version 3.0.0 was released on 2013-12-20, one of the major new features is graph drawing using the graphdrawing package, which however requires LuaTeX. This version also added a new data visualization method and support for direct SVG output via the new dvisvgm driver, asymptote PSTricks MetaPost GeoGebra, free dynamic mathematics program with PGF/TikZ export PGF/TikZ on CTAN PGF on SourceForge. net PGF/TikZ manual PGF/TikZ gallery at TeXample. net LaTeXPiX. A freeware graphical editor generating PGF code, written for Microsoft Windows, combined wysiwyg/text editor designed for editing Tikz code, open source, written for Microsoft Windows and. NET4.0. Runs also on Linux using Mono, beta version 0.2.3 released in June 2013. Graphical editor that can generate PGF code and convert graphics in other formats into pgf, Tikz code editor with instantaneous preview. Open source, written for Microsoft Windows, Ubuntu and Debian, graTeX Free visual graph creator for LaTeX written in Java for MS Windows, Linux, MacOS
31.
Java (software platform)
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Java is used in a wide variety of computing platforms from embedded devices and mobile phones to enterprise servers and supercomputers. While they are less common than standalone Java applications, Java applets run in secure, sandboxed environments to provide many features of native applications, in addition, several languages have been designed to run natively on the JVM, including Scala, Clojure and Apache Groovy. Java syntax borrows heavily from C and C++, but object-oriented features are modeled after Smalltalk, Java eschews certain low-level constructs such as pointers and has a very simple memory model where every object is allocated on the heap and all variables of object types are references. Memory management is handled through integrated automatic garbage collection performed by the JVM, on November 13,2006, Sun Microsystems made the bulk of its implementation of Java available under the GNU General Public License. The latest version is Java 8, the only supported version as of 2016, Oracle has announced that using older versions of their JVM implementation presents serious risks due to unresolved security issues. The Java platform is a suite of programs that facilitate developing and running programs written in the Java programming language. A Java platform will include an engine, a compiler. Java ME, Specifies several different sets of libraries for devices with limited storage, display and it is often used to develop applications for mobile devices, PDAs, TV set-top boxes, and printers. Java SE, For general-purpose use on desktop PCs, servers, Java EE, Java SE plus various APIs which are useful for multi-tier client–server enterprise applications. The Java platform consists of programs, each of which provides a portion of its overall capabilities. For example, the Java compiler, which converts Java source code into Java bytecode, is provided as part of the Java Development Kit, the Java Runtime Environment, complementing the JVM with a just-in-time compiler, converts intermediate bytecode into native machine code on the fly. The Java platform also includes a set of libraries. The heart of the Java platform is the concept of a machine that executes Java bytecode programs. This bytecode is the same no matter what hardware or operating system the program is running under, there is a JIT compiler within the Java Virtual Machine, or JVM. The JIT compiler translates the Java bytecode into native processor instructions at run-time, the use of bytecode as an intermediate language permits Java programs to run on any platform that has a virtual machine available. Since JRE version 1.2, Suns JVM implementation has included a just-in-time compiler instead of an interpreter, although Java programs are cross-platform or platform independent, the code of the Java Virtual Machines that execute these programs is not. Every supported operating platform has its own JVM, in most modern operating systems, a large body of reusable code is provided to simplify the programmers job. This code is provided as a set of dynamically loadable libraries that applications can call at runtime
32.
Araucaria (software)
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Araucaria is an argument mapping software tool developed in 2001 by Chris Reed and Glenn Rowe, in the Argumentation Research Group at the School of Computing in the University of Dundee, Scotland. It is designed to visually represent arguments through diagrams that can be used for analysis and stored in Argument Markup Language, as a free software, it is available under the GNU General Public License and may be downloaded for free on the internet. The user interface is composed of a window, a schemes editor. When a text file is loaded into the program, the text is displayed in the panel of the main window. Highlighting portions of text before clicking on the panel creates corresponding nodes at the bottom of that panel. Nodes can then be paired together by dragging one to the other, to each node may be attached a value such as the ownership of the proposition, or an evaluation specifying the degree of confidence placed in premise. Similarly, symbols can be added to the arrows to state the strength of the inference, in addition, the user may link arguments, supply missing premises and use refutations. The diagram will always take the form of a structure in Araucaria. While Araucaria helps identify the structure of an argument, it provides freedom of analysis resources, the scheme editor allows the user to create argumentation schemes, group them together and save them into a scheme set file. The scheme set is applied to the diagram, entirely or in part. As an illustration, an argument scheme relying on symptoms could be applied to the following assertion, therefore, the bulb must be broken, with critical questions intended to determine if the result could stem from another reason. The AraucariaDB Online Repository can be browsed to retrieve specific arguments to fit a diagram, alternatively, an argument diagram, along with annotations, can be saved into the database. Araucaria was developed in Java in order to be supported on most platforms and it is licensed under the GNU General Public License and complies with free software standards. Argument Markup Language was created to maintain the relationship between text and diagram. To this end, tags are added to the text and specify the connection between each component, AML is designed to be an application of argumentation theory in artificial intelligence. Because it is based on XML, a widely used by developers. Likewise, AML data is available online after using style sheets to create HTML web pages. Araucaria itself is conceived to be compatible with other tools, one example of integration is the argumentation software library Argkit
33.
Compendium (software)
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Compendium is a computer program and social science tool that facilitates the mapping and management of ideas and arguments. The software provides an environment that allows people to structure and record collaboration as they discuss. The software was released by the not-for-profit Compendium Institute, the current version operationalises the Issue-Based Information System, an argumentation mapping structure first developed by Horst Rittel in the 1970s. Compendium adds hypertext functionality and database interoperability to the issue-based notation derived from IBIS, Compendium source code was fully released under LGPL licence on 13 January 2009. Compendium visually represents thoughts and illustrates the various interconnections between different issues, ideas, and arguments, the creation of issue maps graphically represents the relations between issues and ideas, and facilitates the understanding of interconnected topics through diagrammatic representation. The software can be used by a group of people in a manner to convey ideas to each other using visual diagrams. A group facilitation method called dialogue mapping is especially suited for use with Compendium, by using these argumentation schemes, users of Compendium can examine claims in more detail to uncover their implicit logical substructure and improve the rigor and depth of discussions. Ideas are represented as icons called nodes, there are ten types of node, question, answer, list view, map view, pro, con, note, decision, reference, argument. There are three types of relationship between nodes, associative, transclusive, categorical, images can be placed directly into a view, assigned to a node, or assigned to the background picture. The software is networked and supports concurrency and different views when using MySQL, selvin and Sierhuis built on Jeff Conklins earlier hypertext issue mapping software, gIBIS and QuestMap. Many associations have thence contributed ideas to the development of Compendium and these institutions include Blue Oxen Associates, Center for Creative Leadership, Open Universitys Knowledge Media Institute, Verizon, CogNexus Institute, and Agent iSolutions. In 2012 the Compendium community established CompendiumNG to further advance and develop the software, argument map Concept map Graph database Knowledge base List of concept- and mind-mapping software Buckingham Shum, Simon J. Argumentation schemes, Compendium templates for critical thinking. Buckingham Shum, Simon J. Hypermedia discourse, contesting networks of ideas, in Priss, Uta, Polovina, Simon, Hill, Richard. Conceptual structures, knowledge architectures for smart applications. Buckingham Shum, Simon J, Slack, Roger, Daw, Michael, Juby, Ben, Rowley, Andrew, Bachler, Michelle, Mancini, Clara, Michaelides, Danius, Procter, Rob, Roure, David de, Chown, Tim, Hewitt, Terry. Memetic, an infrastructure for meeting memory, cooperative systems design, seamless integration of artifacts and conversations — enhanced concepts of infrastructure for communication. Frontiers in artificial intelligence and applications, dialogue mapping, building shared understanding of wicked problems. Chichester, UK, Hoboken, NJ, John Wiley & Sons, using Compendium as a tool to support the design of learning activities
34.
FreeMind
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FreeMind is a free mind mapping application written in Java. FreeMind is licensed under the GNU General Public License Version 2 and it runs on Microsoft Windows, Linux and macOS via the Java Runtime Environment. As with other mind mapping software packages, FreeMind allows the user to edit a set of ideas around a central concept. The non-linear approach assists in brainstorming new outlines and projects as ideas are added around the mind map, as a Java application, FreeMind is portable across multiple platforms and retains the same user interface, causing some amount of variation from the common interface on each platform. FreeMind was a finalist for Best Project in SourceForge. nets Community Choice Awards for 2008, FreeMinds documentation is itself available as a FreeMind mindmap, demonstrating many of the features of the application. This is accessed from the menu, Help > Documentation. A flash based export of this documentation is available online and can be viewed from flash-enabled web browsers, the link can be found in the external links section. There are two forks of the FreeMind project. Freeplane is mainly developed by FreeMinds former developer Dimitri Polivaev and focuses on enhanced usability, sciPlore MindMapping, now Docear, focuses on enhanced PDF support and integration of reference management including BibTeX support. Mind map List of mind mapping software Official website FreeMind Review Online Demonstration of FreeMind Documentation
35.
Freeplane
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Freeplane is a free, open source software application for creating mind maps, and electronic outlines. Written in Java, Freeplane is supported on Windows, Mac OS X and Linux, in 2007, Freeplane was forked from the FreeMind project. New features of Freeplane stable release include, The first stable Freeplane 1.2. x was 1.2.20 released on October 20,2012 and it includes the following new features, Version 1.3 was published. New features of 1.3. x included, The latest release is 1.6.12, new features of Freeplane 1.5 include, One feature of Freeplane is the support for installable enhancements. Add-ons are a way to extend and customize Freeplane similar to how plug-ins and extensions can be used to extend, Freeplane add-ons can be used to provide a single function, a bundle of multiple functions, bind those functions to a menu item, etc. Available add-ons include, GTD support study planner more icons versioning, mind map List of mind mapping software Official website Freeplane on SourceForge. net FreeMind By Example covers usage of FreeMind and Freeplane
36.
XMind
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XMind is a mind mapping and brainstorming software, developed by XMind Ltd. In addition to the management elements, the software can capture ideas, clarify thinking, manage complex information, as of April 2013, XMind was selected as the most popular mind mapping software on Lifehacker. It supports mind maps, fishbone diagrams, tree diagrams, organization charts, spreadsheets and it is used for knowledge management, meeting minutes, task management, and GTD. Meanwhile, XMind can read FreeMind and MindManager files, and save to Evernote, for XMind Pro/Plus, it can even export the mind maps into Microsoft Word, PowerPoint, Excel, PDF, FreeMind and Mindjet MindManager documents. XMind can create maps to visualize information, facilitate communication. There are 3 different editions, XMind Free, XMind Plus, compared with XMind Free, XMind Plus and XMind Pro have more powerful features. XMind Free is the source package, and it supports the users to create mind maps in 10+ different structures freely. The drill down design allows the users to focus on a part of the map. The free edition also supports the import of MindManager and FreeMind files, export to image, XMind 6 and later can also save the mind map to Evernote. Working with the features above, users can operate their XMind files freely by paying $79 for one lifetime license, XMind Pro is the all-feature edition. In addition to the features of XMind Plus, it supports the user to give presentation, manage project, the audio notes, encrypt with password, powerful search and index view are also accessible. The download package from XMind website is the all-feature package, the features of XMind Plus/Pro can only be accessed after activating XMind with the corresponding license. XMind is dual-licensed under two open source licenses, the Eclipse Public License v1.0 and the GNU Lesser General Public License v3, the latest version is XMind XMind 8, v3.7.0. A proprietary version called XMind Pro is also available, offering certain features which currently remain unavailable in the source version. XMind Pro 2012 SE requires the user to maintain a license key, XMIND2008 won the Best Commercial RCP Application award at EclipseCon 2008. XMIND3 won the The Best Project for Academia award at SourceForge. net Community Choice Awards, XMIND was picked by PCWorld for inclusion in Productivity Software, Best of 2010. XMind 2013 was picked as the Most Popular Mind Mapping Software on Lifehacker and it depends on Java Runtime Environment 5.0 and later. XMind 3 saves content in an XMIND Workbook file format, the. xmind format suffix is used, whereas XMIND2008 used the. xmap suffix
37.
Application software
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An application program is a computer program designed to perform a group of coordinated functions, tasks, or activities for the benefit of the user. Examples of an application include a processor, a spreadsheet, an accounting application, a web browser, a media player, an aeronautical flight simulator. The collective noun application software refers to all applications collectively and this contrasts with system software, which is mainly involved with running the computer. Applications may be bundled with the computer and its software or published separately. Apps built for mobile platforms are called mobile apps, in information technology, an application is a computer program designed to help people perform an activity. An application thus differs from a system, a utility. Depending on the activity for which it was designed, an application can manipulate text, numbers, graphics, some application packages focus on a single task, such as word processing, others, called integrated software include several applications. User-written software tailors systems to meet the specific needs. User-written software includes templates, word processor macros, scientific simulations, graphics. Even email filters are a kind of user software, users create this software themselves and often overlook how important it is. The delineation between system software such as operating systems and application software is not exact, however, and is occasionally the object of controversy. As another example, the GNU/Linux naming controversy is, in part, the above definitions may exclude some applications that may exist on some computers in large organizations. For an alternative definition of an app, see Application Portfolio Management, the word application, once used as an adjective, is not restricted to the of or pertaining to application software meaning. Sometimes a new and popular application arises which only runs on one platform and this is called a killer application or killer app. There are many different ways to divide up different types of application software, web apps have indeed greatly increased in popularity for some uses, but the advantages of applications make them unlikely to disappear soon, if ever. Furthermore, the two can be complementary, and even integrated, Application software can also be seen as being either horizontal or vertical. Horizontal applications are more popular and widespread, because they are general purpose, vertical applications are niche products, designed for a particular type of industry or business, or department within an organization. Integrated suites of software will try to handle every aspect possible of, for example, manufacturing or banking systems, or accounting
38.
ConceptDraw MINDMAP
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ConceptDraw MINDMAP is proprietary mind mapping and brainstorming software developed by CS Odessa for Microsoft Windows and Apple macOS operating systems. The mind mapping technology of visual thinking was invented by Tony Buzan in the 1960s, the first version of ConceptDraw MINDMAP was released in 2001. Since 2008 it has been a part of the ConceptDraw Office software package for Windows, using a standard file format allows interchange of files between, mind maps, project files and diagrams. ConceptDraw MINDMAP can import OPML files, text outlines, MS Project, MS Word and MS PowerPoint files, along with mind mapping formats, such as MindManager. Export options include MS Project, MS Word, MS PowerPoint and MindManager as well, and also Adobe PDF, HTML, through the set of plug-ins ConceptDraw MINDMAP is compatible with Twitter, Skype and Evernote services
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ConceptDraw PRO
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It can also be used for creating professional and technical diagrams, such as, UML diagrams, DFD, ERD, computer networks topology, engineering schemes and other technical graphic formats. The program was developed by CS Odessa in 1999 for Microsoft Windows, since 2008, it has formed a part of ConceptDraw Office. The software also contains a set of tools for vector graphics drawing, along with a presentation mode. Since its 10th version ConceptDraw PRO has supported the round trip import and export of the Microsoft Visio 2013 file format along with the XML file format used by Visio for previous versions and it can export and import MS PowerPoint files and a variety of other graphic file formats. It can also be export files to Adobe PDF and SWF, ConceptDraw PRO can import data from other ConceptDraw Office applications, such as ConceptDraw MINDMAP and ConceptDraw PROJECT. MS Visio OmniGraffle SmartDraw ConceptDraw PRO Official site ConceptDraw PRO Video Lessons
40.
Microsoft Visio
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Microsoft Visio is a diagramming and vector graphics application and is part of the Microsoft Office family. The product was first introduced in 1992, made by the Shapeware Corporation and it was acquired by Microsoft in 2000. Microsoft made Visio 2013 for Windows available in two editions, Standard and Professional, the Premium edition features three additional diagram types, as well as intelligent rules, validation, and subprocess. Visio Professional is also offered as a component of an Office365 subscription. On 22 September 2015, Visio 2016 was released alongside Microsoft Office 2016, Database modeling in Visio revolves around a Database Model Diagram. Visio 2010 and earlier versions read and write drawings in VSD or VDX file formats, all of the previous versions of Visio used VSD, the proprietary binary-file format. VDX is a well-documented XML Schema-based format, Visio 2013 drops support for writing VDX files in favor of the new VSDX and VSDM file formats. Created based on Open Packaging Conventions standard, a VSDX or VSDM file consists of a group of XML files archived inside a Zip file, VSDX and VSDM files differ only in that VSDM files may contain macros. Since these files are susceptible to virus infection, the program enforces strict security on them. While VSD files use LZW-like lossless compression, VDX is not compressed, hence, a VDX file typically take up 3 to 5 times more storage. VSDX and VSDM files use the same compression as Zip files, Visio 2010 and earlier use VSD by default. Visio also supports saving files in SVG files, other diagramming files and images, Visio began as a standalone product produced by Shapeware Corporation, version 1.0 shipped in 1992. A pre-release, Version 0.92, was distributed free on a disk along with a Microsoft Windows systems readiness evaluation utility. In 1995, Shapeware Corporation changed their name to Visio Corporation to take advantage of market recognition, Microsoft acquired Visio in 2000, re-branding it as a Microsoft Office application. Like Microsoft Project, however, it has never included in any of the Office suites. Microsoft included a Visio for Enterprise Architects edition with some editions of Visual Studio. NET2003, along with Microsoft Visio 2002 Professional, Microsoft introduced Visio Enterprise Network Tools and Visio Network Center. Visio Enterprise Network Tools was a product that enabled automated network. Visio Network Center was a website where users could locate the latest network documentation content
41.
MindManager
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MindManager is a commercial mind mapping software application developed by Mindjet. The software provides ways for users to visualize information in mind maps, MindManager can be used to manage projects, organize information, and for brainstorming. As of December 2015, Mindjet had approximately two million users, including customers such as Dow, Microsoft, Pfizer, and Cisco. MindManager provides ways for users to visualize information using mind maps, the digital mind maps can be used as a “virtual whiteboard” for brainstorming, managing and planning projects, compiling research, organizing large amounts of information, and for strategic planning. MindManager also has features that allow budget calculations and formulas, Gantt chart views of project timelines, documents can be attached to mind map topics and viewed within the MindManager application. Links, images, and notes can also be added to mind map topics, the software that became MindManager was originally developed by Mike Jetter in the mid-1990s while he was recovering from a bone marrow transplant to treat leukemia. Jetters goal was to develop a program that would overcome the limitations of creating maps with pen and paper. Following his release from hospital, Jetter decided to sell the software, the softwares mind maps were initially based on the method created by Tony Buzan. Over time, however, Mindjet has developed its own style of mind mapping, the software was originally marketed under the name MindMan — The Creative MindManager. In 1999, it was rebranded as MindManager, originally only available for Windows, MindManager expanded to Mac OS X in 2006. With the release of version 7, the Windows version of MindManager adopted the ribbon interface first seen in Microsoft Office 2007, in 2011, mobile versions of MindManager were released for both iOS and Android. In September 2012, the Mindjet company combined all of its software, including MindManager, Mindjet Connect, Mindjet moved away from the single-product offering in mid-2013. The stand-alone mind mapping product was again named MindManager, with an expansive version tailored to large enterprise adoptions called MindManager Enterprise released in 2014. MindManager Enterprise added sharing options including viewing/editing within Microsoft SharePoint, a MindManager mind map viewer also became available with MindManager Enterprise 2016. On August 9,2016, Corel announced that they had acquired the Mindjet MindManager business, MindManager has received generally positive notice from reviewers. MindManager 2016 for Windows took first place in Biggerplates MindMappers Choice poll, MindManager 8 received four out of five stars from TechRadar, while MindManager 9 received 3.5 out of 5 stars from PC Magazine and 4 out of 5 stars from Macworld. MindManager was chosen as one of the top 5 best mind mapping tools, brainstorming List of concept- and mind-mapping software Official website
42.
MindMapper
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MindMapper offers integration with Microsoft Office and Unicode support. Dashboard is bird’s-eye view the past, present and future activities, the visual map is a project blueprint that facilitates ideation and collaboration. The Planner is a management tool that fosters project execution. MindMapper was first developed as an tool to help with industrial simulation projects for SimTech Systems in 1997. 2014, MindMapper 14 Dec.2015, MindMapper 16 with Planner and Mapper Jan
43.
OmniGraffle
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OmniGraffle is a diagramming and digital illustration application for macOS and iOS created by The Omni Group. OmniGraffle is used to create graphics and visuals, the application features several design tools, along with a drag-and-drop WYSIWYG interface and a notes function that to annotate and create specification documentation for prototypes and mockups. While OmniGraffle can produce graphics and visuals, its used as a tool to create content maps, screen flows. Visuals are often referred to as “graffles, although OmniGraffle is an industry tool, it lacks interactivity capabilities and is not easily used for team collaboration due to its limitations as a desktop and tablet application. Pro export options include SVG, Photoshop, object-geometry controls, AppleScript automation, features such as shared layers, Visio support, tables, non-destructive shape combinations, notes, and custom data are available to iOS users as an in-app purchase. OmniGraffle design tools include canvases, templates, stencils, vector drawing, other features include auto layout and document management. Canvases are spaces where users can create shapes, attributes to creating a canvas include canvas name, sizing options, grid and dimension selections, and diagram layout. Users may create and also share canvases and layers, with automatic updates available and this gives users the option to create layers once, toggle layers to appear on desired canvases, and update automatically if changes occur. Template documents can be manipulated by users for their purposes, a wide variety of sample templates are preloaded and available for users. Users may also create, edit, and save templates for creating consistent graffles, stencils are clip art files that serve as elements, such as icons or buttons, for OmniGraffle documents. A wide variety of sample stencils are pre-loaded and available for immediate use, users can also create, share, download, and preview stencils online as well through OmniGraffles Stenciltown or other stencil libraries, such as Graffletopia. Because OmniGraffle visuals are vector-based, visuals are composed of mathematical representations of pixels, rather than creating free-hand drawn work, users utilize vectors to create these visuals. To minimize user-end visual creation, vector drawing also allows for all images to be recreated. Smart Guides is a tool that can be turned on or off, while moving objects around the canvas, Smart Guides provides users with highlighted grid lines to easily align objects on the canvas. It also provides additional ease for users with a dynamic snap-to-grid functionality for accurately snapping objects into alignment around the canvas, OmniGraffle supports filesharing and Visio support in its Pro distribution. All users can export their graffles to JPEG, BMP, EPS, GIF, HTML Images, Template, Stencil, PNG, OO3, TIFF, additionally, OmniGraffle Pro users can import Visio, Photoshop with layers, and XCode. In many respects, OmniGraffle is similar to Microsoft Visio, the Pro version of OmniGraffle can both import and export Visio files created using Visios XML export function. However, Omnigraffle doesnt provide CAD integration like Visio, since it lacks features such as DWG or DXF, import/export functions
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