1.
Edi Rama
–
Edi Kristaq Rama is an Albanian politician, artist, writer, and the current Prime Minister of Albania since 2013. He has also been leader of the Socialist Party of Albania since 2005, Rama served in the government as Minister of Culture, Youth, and Sports from 1998 to 2000, and he was Mayor of Tirana from 2000 to 2011. He led a coalition of socialist and left-wing parties that won the June 2013 parliamentary election, Rama was born in Tirana to Kristaq Rama, a sculptor and native of Durrës, and Aneta Rama, a graduate in medicine from Vuno. Kristaq Rama was member of the Presidium. Edi Rama is a relative of late communist politician Spiro Koleka through his mother. ”As a teenager, Rama became involved in sports by becoming a player of Dinamo, a basketball team. Following the collapse of communism in Albania, he involved with the first democratic movements. He entered the student movement but soon left after a quarrel over ideological matters, meanwhile, while a professor at the Academy of Arts of Albania, Rama published a book with various notes together with publicist Ardian Klosi entitled Refleksione. He also became engaged – and later married – to actress Matilda Makoçi, with whom he had a son and he separated from Makoçi and in 1994 emigrated abroad. Upon arriving in France, he conducted the life of an artist by taking part in exhibitions with his close friend Anri Sala. In January 1997, during one of his trips back to Albania he was physically assaulted, in 1998, Rama was asked by Prime Minister Fatos Nano to become Minister of Culture. He accepted and immediately known for his extravagance in a variety of ways. In October 2000, he entered and won the race for the Tirana mayorship as a Socialist Party candidate against writer Besnik Mustafaj. After taking office, he undertook a campaign to return many portions of Tiranas center. In 2003, he appeared before the Albanian parliament in a commission on abuse of funds in the Municipality of Tirana. During the session, he was seen speaking using a loudspeaker, the commission was eventually closed and Rama acquitted. Also in 2003, he won a term by defeating lawyer Spartak Ngjela. During the later campaign, his rivals published some photos of Rama in intimate poses on a nudist beach in southern France, in October 2005, Rama became the leader of the Socialist Party following the resignation of Fatos Nano. As mayor he compiled the Tirana City Master Plan including the Skanderbeg Square project, in 2010, Rama married Lindita Basha, a civil society activist
2.
Official residence
–
An official residence is the residence at which a nations head of state, head of government, governor or other senior figure officially resides. It may or may not be the location where the individual conducts work-related functions or lives. This has occurred in the 21st century in Detroit and New York City, in the case of Denver, no mayor has ever lived in the official residence, the city instead makes it available to certain non-profit groups for special functions. The President uses own private residence, - Its address is 1 Cheongwadae-ro, Jongro-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea. It is located next to Gyeongbokgung, the palace during the Joseon Dynasty. Cheong Nam Dae - Cheong Nam Dae used to be one of the two residences for the President of Republic of Korea. It was returned to public in 2003, - It is located in Cheongwon-gun, North Chungcheong Province. Cheong Hae Dae - Cheong Hae Dae used to be one of the two residences for the President of Republic of Korea. Although the president no longer uses this facility this compound is still under the administration of the Republic of Korea Navy, - It is located on one of the islands of Geoje-shi, South Gyeongsang Province. Chongri Gonggwan - This is the residence for the Prime Minister of Republic of Korea. The Prime Minister, however, does not work here, - Its address is 111-2 Samcheongdong-gil, Jongro-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea. It is located close to Cheong Wa Dae, gukhoeuijang Gonggwan - This is the official residence for the Speaker of the National Assembly of Republic of Korea. The Speaker, also, does not work here, - It is located in Hannam-dong, Yongsan-gu, Seoul, where many foreign missions to Korea are located. Daebeobwonjang Gonggwan - This is the residence for the Chief Justice of Republic of Korea. The Chief Justice, also, does not work here, - It is also located in Hannam-dong, Yongsan-gu, Seoul. Most ministers of state and heads of administrative regions also have official residences, although they are not listed here. S
3.
President of Albania
–
The President of the Republic of Albania is the head of state of the Republic of Albania. The President is indirectly elected by the Assembly of Albania, the first President of Albanian Republic was Ahmet Zogu. The first President of the Republic of Albania was Ramiz Alia, the current President is Bujar Nishani, since 24 July 2012. Throughout all this period the function of the President of Republic, the very first government headed by Ismail Qemali who also enjoyed the competences of the head of State was created in 1912. On February 6,1914, Prince Wilhelm Wied was appointed as Head of State by the Ambassadors’ Conference, in 1924, Fan Noli was elected as head of government while exercising at the same time the functions of the head of State. After the frequent changes in governance, the National Assembly approved and passed the republican form of regime on January 25,1925, Albania was proclaimed a Monarchy and Ahmet Zogu was crowned the King of Albanians on September 28,1928. After Albania was occupied by Italy in April 1939 and the unification of the two countries, Victor Emmanuel III became the King of Albania, from 1943-1944 the regencies’ governance was introduced once again under the German occupation. The Presidential Council, headed by Ramiz Alia was founded on February 22,1991, there are four living former Albanian Presidents, An indirect presidential election was held in Albania on 30 May,4,8 and 11 June 2012. The first through third rounds of voting were inconclusive, the fourth round resulted in the incumbent partys member Bujar Nishani being elected as president
4.
Ismail Qemali
–
Ismail Qemal Bej Vlora commonly known as Ismail Qemali was a leader of the Albanian national movement. Qemali was born to a family in Vlorë. During these years he took part in efforts for the standardization of the Albanian alphabet, however, his liberal policy recommendations caused him to fall out of favour with the Sultan again, and in May 1900 Ismail Qemali boarded the British ambassadors yacht and claimed asylum. He was conveyed out of Turkey and for the eight years lived in exile. Qemalis reasons for closer ties with Greece during this time was to thwart Bulgarian ambitions in the wider Balkans region, after the Young Turk Revolution of 1908, he became a deputy in the restored Ottoman Parliament, working with liberal politicians and the British. In 1909, during a rising against the Young Turks, he was briefly made President of the Ottoman National Assembly but was forced to leave Constantinople forever a day or two later, thereafter his political career concentrated solely on Albanian nationalism. The Athens embassy of the Ottoman Empire reported that Qemali negotiated with organization financed by wealthy Tosks and he was a principal figure in the Albanian Declaration of Independence and the formation of the independent Albania on 28 November 1912. This signaled the end of almost 500 years of Ottoman rule in Albania, together with Luigj Gurakuqi, he raised the flag on the balcony of the two-story building in Vlorë where the Declaration of Independence had just been signed. The establishment of the government was postponed for the session of the Assembly of Vlorë, held on 4 December 1912. Qemali was prime minister of Albania from 1912 to 1914, in November 1913, Albanian pro-Ottoman forces had offered the Albanian throne to the Ottoman war minister of Albanian origin, Izzet Pasha. The Ottoman Empire sent agents to encourage a revolt, hoping to restore Ottoman suzerainty over Albania, Izzet Pasha sent major Beqir Grebenali, another ethnic Albanian, to be one of his chief representatives in Albania. The Provisional Government of Albania under control of Ismail Qemali captured and executed major Beqir Grebenali, such provocative and damaging display of independence of Qemalis government angered Great Powers and International Commission of Control forced Qemali to step aside and leave Albania. He died of an apparent heart attack at dinner one evening. After his death, his body was brought to Vlorë and buried in the local Tekke of the Bektashi Order, Ismail Qemali is depicted on the obverses of the Albanian 200 lekë banknote of 1992–1996, and of the 500 lekë banknote issued since 1996. On 27 June 2012, Albanian President, Bamir Topi decorated Qemali with the Order of the National Flag, petro Poga Minister of Education, Dr. Ismail Kemal Bey and Sommerville Story, ed. The memoirs of Ismail Kemal Bey, twenty years in Paris with a pen, A. Xoxi, Koli, Ismail Qemali, jeta dhe vepra, Shtëpia Botuese 8 Nentori
5.
Albanian language
–
Centuries-old communities speaking Albanian-based dialects can be found scattered in Greece, Southern Italy, Sicily, and Ukraine. Due to the large Albanian diaspora, the number of speakers is much higher than the native speakers in Southeast Europe. The first audio recording of Albanian was made by Norbert Jokl on 4 April 1914 in Vienna, the Albanian language is part of the Indo-European language group. In general there is insufficient evidence to connect Albanian with one of those languages, Albanian is now considered an isolate within Indo-European, no extant language shares the same branch. The only other languages that are the surviving member of a branch of Indo-European are Armenian. Although Albanian shares lexical isoglosses with Greek, Balto-Slavic, and Germanic languages, in 1995, Ann Taylor, Donald Ringe and Tandy Warnow described as surprising their finding, using quantitative linguistic techniques, that Albanian appears to comprise a subgroup with Germanic. This theory is reinforced by subsequent research by the same authors, Albanian also shares two features with Balto-Slavic languages, a lengthening of syllabic consonants before voiced obstruents and a distinct treatment of long syllables ending in a sonorant. Other conservative features of Albanian include the retention of the distinction between active and middle voice, present tense and aorist. In another but uncommon hypothesis, Albanian is grouped with both Balto-Slavic and Germanic based on the merger of Proto-Indo-European *ǒ and *ǎ into *ǎ in a northern group. However, this shift is now regarded as only part of a larger push chain that affected all long vowels. The earliest loanwords attested in Albanian come from Doric Greek, whereas the strongest influence came from Latin, curtis, the loanwords do not necessarily indicate the geographical location of the ancestor of Albanian language. However, according to linguists, the borrowed words can help to get an idea about the place of origin. The period during which Proto-Albanian and Latin interacted was protracted and drawn out roughly from the 2nd century BC to the 5th century AD. This is borne out into three layers of borrowings, the largest number belonging to the second layer, which may be compared to, for example. The first, with the fewest borrowings, was a time of less important interaction, the final period, probably preceding the Slavic or Germanic invasions, also has a notably smaller number of borrowings. Other formative changes include the syncretism of several case endings, especially in the plural. Such borrowing indicates that the Romanians migrated from an area where the majority was Slavic to an area with a majority of Albanian speakers and their movement is probably related to the expansion of the Bulgarian Empire into Albania around that time. Jernej Kopitar was the first to note Latins influence on Albanian, Kopitar gave examples such as Albanian qiqer from Latin cicer, qytet from civitas, peshk from piscis and shigjetë from sagitta
6.
Head of government
–
The term head of government is often differentiated from the term head of state, as they may be separate positions, individuals, and/or roles depending on the country. In parliamentary systems, including constitutional monarchies, the head of government is the de facto leader of the government. For example, in the United Kingdom, the prime minister advises the Queen on the appointment of the cabinet, advice she is required to accept. On the other hand, the Queens long service as the head of state enables her to provide the prime minister with information and insight into many matters to better run the government. However, because the United Kingdom is a monarchy, the Prime Minister uses his or her own discretion regarding whether or not to follow the Queens advice. The Queen also is entitled to appoint a new Prime Minister, in presidential republics or in absolute monarchies, the head of state is also usually the head of government. The relationship between that leader and the government, however, can vary greatly, ranging from separation of powers to autocracy, in semi-presidential systems, the head of government may answer to both the head of state and the legislature, with the specifics provided by each countrys constitution. A modern example is the present French government, which originated as the French Fifth Republic in 1958, in France, the president, the head of state, appoints the prime minister, who is the head of government. In some cases, the head of state may represent one political party, in this case, known as cohabitation, the prime minister, along with the cabinet, controls domestic policy, with the presidents influence is largely restricted to foreign affairs. In directorial systems, the executive responsibilities of the head of government are spread among a group of people, a prominent example is the Swiss Federal Council, where each member of the council heads a department and also votes on proposals relating to all departments. A common title for many heads of government is prime minister, various constitutions use different titles, and even the same title can have various multiple meanings, depending on the constitutional order and political system of the state in question. In addition to prime minister, titles used for the democratic model, some of these titles relate to governments below the national level. Have been used by various Empires, Kingdoms and Princely States of India as a title for the Prime Minister, maltese, In Malta, the head of government is Prim Ministru. In this case, the prime minister serves at the pleasure of the monarch, some such titles are diwan, mahamantri, pradhan, wasir or vizier. However, just because the head of state is the de jure dominant position does not mean that he/she will not always be the de facto political leader, in some cases, the head of state is a figurehead whilst the head of the government leads the ruling party. In some cases a head of government may even pass on the title in hereditary fashion, the ability to vote down legislative proposals of the government. Control over or ability to vote down fiscal measures and the budget, all of these requirements directly impact the Head of governments role. Many parliamentary systems require ministers to serve in parliament, while others ban ministers from sitting in parliament, heads of government are typically removed from power in a parliamentary system by Resignation, following, Defeat in a general election
7.
Albania
–
Albania, officially the Republic of Albania, is a country in Southeastern Europe. It has a population of 3.03 million as of 2016, Tirana is the nations capital and largest city, followed by Durrës and Vlorë. The country has a coastline on the shore of the Mediterranean Sea, the Adriatic Sea to the west. Albania is less than 72 km from Italy, across the Strait of Otranto which connects the Adriatic Sea to the Ionian Sea. In antiquity, the area of Albania was home to several Illyrian, Thracian. After the Illyrian Wars, it part of the Roman provinces of Dalmatia, Macedonia and Moesia Superior. In 1190, the first Albanian state, the Principality of Arbanon was established by archon Progon in the region of Krujë, the territory of Albania was conquered by the Ottoman Empire in the 15th century, of which it remained part of for the next five centuries. After the collapse of the Ottoman Empire in Europe, following the Balkan Wars, the Kingdom of Albania was invaded by Italy in 1939, which formed Greater Albania, before becoming a Nazi German protectorate in 1943. The following year, a socialist Peoples Republic was established under the leadership of Enver Hoxha, Albania experienced widespread social and political transformations in the communist era, as well as isolation from much of the international community. In 1991, the Socialist Republic was dissolved and the Republic of Albania was established, Albania is a democratic and developing country with an upper-middle income economy. The service sector dominates the economy, followed by the industrial. After the fall of communism in Albania, Free-market reforms have opened the country to foreign investment, especially in the development of energy, Albania has a high HDI and provides universal health care system and free primary and secondary education to its citizens. Albania is a member of the United Nations, NATO, WTO, World Bank, the Council of Europe, the OSCE and it is also an official candidate for membership in the European Union. Albania is one of the members of the Energy Community, Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation. It is home to the largest lake in Southern Europe and one of the oldest lakes in Europe, Albania is the Medieval Latin name of the country. The name may have a continuation in the name of a settlement called Albanon and Arbanon. During the Middle Ages, the Albanians called their country Arbëri or Arbëni, Albanians today call their country Shqipëri. As early as the 17th century the placename Shqipëria and the ethnic demonym Shqiptarë gradually replaced Arbëria, the two terms are popularly interpreted as Land of the Eagles and Children of the Eagles
8.
Politics of Albania
–
The Politics of Albania take place in a framework of a parliamentary representative democratic republic, wherein the Prime Minister is the head of government, and of a multi-party system. Executive power is exercised by the government, legislative power is vested in both the government and parliament, the Assembly of the Republic of Albania Kuvendi i Republikës së Shqipërisë. Since 1991 the introduction of pluralism, the party system is dominated by the Democratic Party of Albania, parliamentary elections are held every four years, the most recent in 2013. Its official journal is the Albanian Official Journal, the head of state in Albania is the President of the Republic. The President is elected to a 5-year term by the Assembly of the Republic of Albania by secret ballot, requiring a two-thirds majority of the votes of all deputies. Bujar Nishani was on 11 June 2012 elected president by a majority of deputies in the assembly. He took the oath of office on 25 July 2012, executive power rests with the Council of Ministers. The Chairman of the Council is appointed by the President, ministers are nominated by the President on the basis of the Prime Ministers recommendation, the Peoples Assembly must give final approval of the composition of the Council. The Council is responsible for carrying out foreign and domestic policies. It directs and controls the activities of the ministries and other state organs, the Assembly of the Republic of Albania Kuvendi i Republikës së Shqipërisë is the lawmaking body in Albania. There are 140 deputies in the Assembly, of which 100 are directly elected by a majority of the voters. The President of the Assembly has two deputies and chairs the Assembly, there are 15 permanent commissions, or committees. Parliamentary elections are held at least every 4 years, all laws passed by the parliament are published by the Albanian Official Journal, the official journal of the government of Albania. The court system consists of a Constitutional Court, the Court of Cassation, appeals courts, the Constitutional Court comprises nine members appointed by the Peoples Assembly for maximum 9-year terms. The Constitutional Court interprets the constitution, determines the constitutionality of laws, the remaining courts are each divided into three jurisdictions, criminal, civil, and military. The Court of Cassation is the highest court of appeal and consists of 11 members appointed by the Peoples Assembly, the President of the Republic chairs the High Council of Justice charged with appointing and dismissing other judges. The HCJ was expanded in late 1997 to comprise 13 members from among the branches of government. A college of three judges renders Albanian court verdicts, there is no trial, although the college is sometimes referred to in the Albanian press as the jury
9.
Council of Ministers (Albania)
–
The Cabinet of Albania, also known as Council of Ministers is the executive branch of Albania. The Chairman of the Council is appointed by the President, ministers are nominated by the President on the basis of the Prime Ministers recommendation, the Assembly of Albania must give final approval of the composition of the Council. The Council is responsible for carrying out foreign and domestic policies. It directs and controls the activities of the ministries and other state bodies, as of April 2017, after a reshuffle, 50% of the cabinet ministers are females. The Council is responsible to the Parliament of Albania, the Parliament may choose to pass a motion of censure forcing the Council of Ministers to resign. This has the effect of forcing the Government to be composed of members from the majority party in the Assembly or to be allied to the majority in a coalition. Ministers are required to answer written or oral questions put to them by members of Parliament, in addition, ministers attend sessions of the Parliament when laws concerning their assigned sectors and departmental portfolios are under consideration. Cabinet ministers cannot propose legislation without parliamentary approval, Ministers can however propose bills to Parliament and any such legislation is generally very likely to pass. On occasion, the majority opinion in Parliament may differ significantly from those of the executive, the Cabinet plays a major role in determining the agenda of the Parliament. It can propose laws and amendments during parliamentary sessions and it also has a number of procedures at its disposal to expedite parliamentary deliberations. List of Prime Ministers of Albania
10.
Legislative elections in Albania
–
Albania holds elections on a national level for a legislature. The Assembly of Albania has 140 members elected for four-year terms, the electoral system is closed list proportional representation. There are 12 multi-member constituencies corresponding to the countrys 12 administrative regions, within any constituency, parties must meet a threshold of 3 percent of votes, and pre-election coalitions must meet a threshold of 5 percent of votes. This electoral system replaced a system in November 2008. Under the old system,100 members were elected directly in single member constituencies with approximately equal numbers of voters,40 were elected from multi-name lists of parties or party coalitions according to their ranking. The change was criticised by the parties, but supported by the two main parties. It was considered an important step towards Albanias European integration, the president is elected by parliament. Albania has a multi-party system, with two or three parties and several other parties that are electorally successful. Electoral calendar Electoral system Adam Carrs Election Archive Parties and elections Real Time Elections Result June 2009
11.
Parliament of Albania
–
The Parliament of Albania, formerly the Peoples Parliament, is the unicameral parliament of the Republic of Albania. It has 140 members, elected for four-year terms, the electoral system is closed list proportional representation. There are 12 multi-member constituencies, corresponding to the countrys 12 administrative regions, within any constituency, parties must meet a threshold of three percent of votes, pre-election coalitions must meet a threshold of five percent. All laws passed by the parliament are published by the Albanian Official Journal, the legislative system in Albania has evolved under many different regimes, most notably in the period before 1947. From 1920 to 1923, Albanias legislature was known as the National Council, during the era of the Albanian Republic, Albania had a bicameral legislature, consisting of a Senate and a Chamber of Deputies. From 1928 to 1939, during the era of the first iteration of the Albanian Kingdom Albanias legislature was simply as the Parliament. From 1940-1943, during the Italian occupation of Albania and the existence of the 1939 Albanian Kingdom, from 1943 to 1944, during Nazi occupation of Albania and the formation of the 1943 Albanian Kingdom, Albanias legislature was known as the National Assembly. From 1944 to late 1945, a National Anti-fascist Liberation Council was formed by opposing the Nazi puppet government. During multiple periods of regime change Albanias legislature was known as the Constituent Assembly, from 1947 to 1999, during the era of the Peoples Socialist Republic of Albania, Albanias legislature was known as the Peoples Assembly. Since 1997, the parliament has been known simply as the Parliament, currently the President is elected by the parliament. The current members were chosen in the 2013 Albanian parliamentary election and this is a list of political parties with representation in the Albanian parliament following the general parliamentary elections of 2013. Since the end of the 2010 parliamentary season, the parliament has been renovated
12.
Universal suffrage
–
The concept of universal suffrage, also known as general suffrage or common suffrage, consists of the right to vote of all except a small number of adult citizens. As minors are excluded, the concept is frequently described as universal adult suffrage. Many countries make an exception for small numbers of adults that are considered incapable of voting. Other countries also exclude people convicted of crimes or people in jail. In some countries, including the United States, it is very difficult, in any case, where universal suffrage exists, the right to vote is not restricted by race, sex, belief, wealth, or social status. The term active suffrage is sometimes used for the right to vote, passive suffrage for the right to run for office, the equivalent term when talking about both genders would then be universal full suffrage, or full universal suffrage. Greece recognized full male suffrage in 1830 and France and Switzerland have continuously done so since the 1848 Revolution, the German Empire implemented full male suffrage in 1871. In 1893, the self-governing colony New Zealand became the first country in the world to grant active universal suffrage by giving women the right to vote and it did not grant universal full suffrage until 1919. In 1902 Australia become the first country to grant full suffrage for women, however, universal suffrage was not implemented, as aboriginals didnt get the right to vote until 1962. It also elected the worlds first female members of parliament the following year, in most countries, universal suffrage followed about a generation after universal male suffrage. Notable exceptions in Europe were France, where women could not vote until 1944, Greece and it is worth noting that countries that took a long time to adopt womens suffrage had previously often been pioneers in granting universal male suffrage. In the first modern democracies, governments restricted the vote to those with property and wealth, in some jurisdictions, other restrictions existed, such as requiring voters to practice a given religion. In all modern democracies, the number of people who could vote has increased progressively with time, in the 19th century in Europe, Great Britain and North America, there were movements advocating universal suffrage. The democratic movement of the late 19th century, unifying liberals and social democrats, particularly in northern Europe, used the slogan Equal, the concept of universal suffrage requires the right to vote to be granted to all its residents. All countries, however, do not allow certain categories of citizens to vote, saudi Arabia was the last major country that did not allow women to vote, but admitted women both to voting and candidacy in the 2015 municipal elections. France, under the 1793 Jacobin constitution, was the first major country to enact suffrage for all adult males, the Second French Republic did institute adult male suffrage after the revolution of 1848. In 1867, Germany enacted suffrage for all adult males, in the United States following the American Civil War, slaves were freed and granted rights of citizens, including suffrage for adult males. Several European nations that had enacted universal suffrage had their legal process, or their status as an independent nation, interrupted during
13.
Secret ballot
–
The secret ballot is a voting method in which a voters choices in an election or a referendum are anonymous, forestalling attempts to influence the voter by intimidation and potential vote buying. The system is one means of achieving the goal of political privacy, Secret ballots are used in conjunction with many different voting systems. The most basic form of secret ballot uses blank pieces of paper, without revealing the votes to anyone, the voter would fold the ballot paper and place it in a sealed box, which is emptied later for counting. An aspect of secret voting is the provision of a booth to enable the voter to write on the ballot paper without others being able to see what is being written. Today, printed ballot papers are provided, with the names of the candidates or questions. Provisions are made at the place for the voters to record their preferences in secret. The ballots are designed to eliminate bias and to prevent anyone from linking voter to ballot, a problem of privacy arises with moves to improve efficiency of voting by the introduction of postal voting and electronic voting. Some countries permit proxy voting, which some argue is inconsistent with voting privacy, in ancient Greece, secret ballots were used in several situations, like ostracism, and also to remain hidden from people seeking favors. In ancient Rome, the laws regulating elections were known as Tabellariae Leges. Today the practice of casting secret ballots is so commonplace that most voters would not consider any other method might be used. Other methods which had used and which are still used in some places. Other public voting methods include raising a hand to indicate a vote, article 31 of the Constitution of the Year III of the revolution states that All elections are to be held by secret ballot. The same goes with the constitution of 1848, voters could hand-write the name of their candidate on their ballot at home or receive one in a distribution in the street. The ballot is folded in order to prevent other people from reading its content, louis-Napoléon Bonaparte attempted to abolish the secret ballot for the 1851 plebiscite with an electoral decree requesting electors to write down yes or no under the eyes of everyone. But he faced an opposition and finally changed his mind. According to the web site of the Assemblée nationale, the voting booth was permanently adopted only in 1913. The demand for a ballot was one of the six points of Chartism. The London School Board election of 1870 was the first large-scale election by secret ballot in Britain, the original ballot box, sealed in wax with a liquorice stamp, is held at Pontefract museum
14.
Term of office
–
A term of office is the length of time a person serves in a particular elected office. In many jurisdictions there is a limit on how long terms of office may be before the officeholder must be subject to re-election. Some jurisdictions exercise term limits, setting a number of terms an individual may hold in a particular office. Being the origin of the Westminster system, aspects of the United Kingdoms system of government are replicated in other countries. The monarch serves as head of state until his or her death or abdication, in the United Kingdom Members of Parliament in the House of Commons are elected for the duration of the parliament. Following dissolution of the Parliament, an election is held which consists of simultaneous elections for all seats. For most MPs this means that their terms of office are identical to the duration of the Parliament, an MP elected in a by-election mid-way through a Parliament, regardless of how long they have occupied the seat, is not exempt from facing re-election at the next general election. The Septennial Act 1715 provided that a Parliament expired seven years after it had been summoned, prior to the Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011 parliaments had no minimum duration. Parliaments could be dissolved early by the monarch at the Prime Ministers request, the Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011 mandated that Parliaments should last their full five years. Early dissolution is possible, but under much more limited circumstances. Hereditary peers and life peers retain membership of the House of Lords for life, Lords Spiritual hold membership of the House of Lords until the end of their time as bishops, though a senior bishop may be made a life peer upon the end of their bishopric. The devolved administrations in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland are variations on the system of government used at Westminster, the office of the leader of the devolved administrations has no numeric term limit imposed upon it. However, in the case of the Scottish Government and the Welsh Assembly Government there are fixed terms for which the legislatures can sit and this is imposed at four years. Elections may be held before this time but only if no administration can be formed, offices of local government other regional elected officials follow similar rules to the national offices discussed above, with persons elected to fixed terms of a few years. Federal judges have different terms in office, however, the majority of the federal judiciary, Article III judges, such as those of the Supreme Court, courts of appeal, and federal district courts, serve for life. The terms of office for officials in state governments according to the provisions of state constitutions. The term for state governors is four years in all states but Vermont and New Hampshire, the National Conference of State Legislatures reported in January 2007 that among state legislatures,44 states had terms of office for the lower house of the state legislature at two years. Five had terms of office at four years,37 states had terms of office for the upper house of the state legislature at four years
15.
Socialist Party of Albania
–
The Socialist Party of Albania, is a social-democratic political party in Albania, it gained power following the 2013 parliamentary election. The party seated 66 MPs in the 2009 Albanian parliament and it achieved power in 1997 after a political crisis and governmental realignment. In the 2001 parliamentary election the party secured 73 seats in the Parliament, which enabled it to form the Government. In the general election of 3 July 2005, the Socialist Party lost its majority and the Democratic Party of Albania formed the new government, having secured, with its allies, a majority of 81 seats. The Socialist Party of Albania is an associate of the Party of European Socialists and its official newspaper is Zëri i Popullit, which had been the organ of its predecessor, the Communist Party of Labour of Albania. The party, formed in November 1941, has known as the Socialist Party since 1991. The Communist Party of Labour of Albania, the ruling party since the end of World War II, was the most rigid Stalinist party in Europe under its founder. However, Hoxhas successor, Ramiz Alia, was forced to introduce limited reforms in the late 1980s, finally, on 11 December 1990, Alia announced that the PPSh had given up its monopoly of power. The PPSh won the Constitutional Assembly elections of March 1991—the first free elections held in the country in almost 80 years, by this time, however, it was no longer a Marxist–Leninist party. At an extraordinary congress in June 1991, in its efforts to survive in the new system, fatos Nano, a man from the intelligentsia, was elected the new chairman. Nano helped to reform the old communist party and made it a member of the Socialist International, on 1 September 2005 Nano resigned as the chairman of the Socialist Party, after losing the elections. He was succeeded by Edi Rama, fatos Nano was the head of Socialist Party of Albania from 1991 to 2005. In 2005, after a defeat in the elections, he resigned from his post. PSs current leader is Edi Rama, former Mayor of Tirana, gramoz Ruçi, who was Interior Minister of the last cabinet of the communist regime and is well known for his loyalty to the party, is the head of the Socialist Group, which has 64 MPs. Ben Blushi is an important party politician that has strongly criticized the way Edi Rama is leading the Socialist Party. Vice-coordinators of the group are Erjon Braçe, Vasilika Hysi, Saimir Tahiri, Eduard Shalsi, arta Dade is the party secretary for international affairs, and she is assisted by Arben Ahmetaj, Taulant Balla, Olta Xhacka, Ditmir Bushati and Qemal Minxhozi. Ahmetaj and Balla usually deal with PS relationships with the left parties in Europe, especially with the Greek Panhellenic Socialist Movement. Blendi Klosi, is seen as a very important politician in PS
16.
Albanian parliamentary election, 2013
–
Parliamentary elections were held in Albania on 23 June 2013. The result was a victory for the Alliance for a European Albania led by the Socialist Party and its leader, the 140 members of Parliament were elected in twelve multi-member constituencies analogous to the countrys twelve counties. Within the constituencies, seats are elected by closed list proportional representation, with a threshold of 3% for parties. Seats were allocated to alliances using the system, then to political parties using the Sainte-Laguë method. Prior to the two major coalitions were formed, whilst four parties and two independent candidates ran alone. In total there were 66 parties, Alliance for Employment, Prosperity and Integration is a coalition of 25 centrist and center-right parties. It was led by the then Prime Minister, Sali Berisha, Alliance for a European Albania is a big tent coalition containing 37 opposition parties that vary from far left to right-wing. It was led by the then Leader of the Opposition, now Prime Minister, the Central Election Commission was criticised for not replacing three of the seven member committee who had resigned in April following a dispute between the government and the opposition. On election day, a shootout occurred in Laç resulting in the death of the LSI activist Gjon Pjeter Gjoni, early on election day both Sali Berisha and Edi Rama claimed victory. On 25 June, Edi Rama gave his speech saying, I will be your prime minister. The duty will be mine, the authority will be yours
17.
Deputy Prime Minister of Albania
–
The Deputy Prime Ministers of Albania is the deputy head of government of the Republic of Albania. The Deputy Prime Minister is second senior minister of cabinet in the branch of government in a parliamentary system. Executive power rests with the Council of Ministers, the Chairman of the Council is appointed by the President, ministers are nominated by the President on the basis of the Prime Ministers recommendation. The Peoples Assembly must give approval of the composition of the Council. The Council is responsible for carrying out foreign and domestic policies. It directs and controls the activities of the ministries and other state organs, the first Deputy Prime Minister of Albania was Dom Nikollë Kaçorri. The current Deputy Prime Minister is Niko Peleshi, since 15 September 2013
18.
Oath of office
–
Such oaths are often required by the laws of the state, religious body, or other organization before the person may actually exercise the powers of the office or any religious body. It may be administered at an inauguration, coronation, enthronement, or other connected with the taking up of office itself. In some cases it may be administered privately and then repeated during a public ceremony, some oaths of office are a statement of loyalty to a constitution or other legal text or to a person or other office-holder. Under the laws of a state it may be considered treason or a crime to betray a sworn oath of office. The word oath and the phrase I swear refer to a solemn vow, for those who choose not to, the alternative terms solemn promise and I promise are sometimes used. All members of the Australian Parliament are required to take before taking their seat in Parliament an Oath or Affirmation of Allegiance before the Governor-General of Australia. The requirement to take the oath is set out in section 42 of the Australian Constitution, the oath is, I, do swear that I will be faithful and bear true allegiance to Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth the Second, Her heirs and successors according to law. In addition to swearing, the Oath of Allegiance upon becoming a Member of Parliament, the wording of this oath is not prescribed within the Constitution and is ultimately determined by the Prime Minister of the day. Traditionally the oath has repeated the swearing of allegiance to the Sovereign, the President, Prime Minister, Chief Justice, Speaker, Ministers take their oath of office. The oath is taken in Bengali, President, The President takes oath from the Speaker, আমি. I shall possess pure faith and obedience to Bangladesh, I shall preserve, support and secure the constitution and I shall deal with all with equity as suggested by laws, without being affected by fear or mercy, love or hatred. Ministers, The members of the cabinet is appointed and sworn in by the President, I shall possess pure faith and obedience to Bangladesh. I shall preserve, support and secure the constitution and I shall deal with all with equity as suggested by laws, without being affected by fear or mercy, love or hatred. Speaker, The Speaker of the Jatiya Sangsad, takes the oath of his or her office as well as the oath, since the acts of president is practiced by the Speaker, whenever necessary. I shall possess pure faith and obedience to Bangladesh, I shall preserve, support and secure the constitution and I shall deal with all with equity as suggested by laws, without being affected by fear or mercy, love or hatred. The deputy speaker takes a likely oath, Chief Justice, The Chief Justice, Justices of the Appelate Division and High Court Division of the Supreme Court of Bangladesh takes the following oath of office from the President, আমি. I shall possess pure faith and obedience to Bangladesh, I shall preserve, support and secure the constitution and the laws and I shall deal with all with equity as suggested by laws, without being affected by fear or mercy, love or hatred. Others, The Election Commissioners, members of the Public Service Commission, the representatives of the people in the local government takes oath from the Prime Minister or the minister in charge of the Local Government Division
19.
Official
–
An official is someone who holds an office in an organization or government and participates in the exercise of authority. A government official or functionary is an official who is involved in administration or government, through either election, appointment, selection. A bureaucrat or civil servant is a member of the bureaucracy, an elected official is a person who is an official by virtue of an election. Officials may also be appointed ex officio, some official positions may be inherited. A person who holds an office is referred to as an incumbent. The word official as a noun has been recorded since the Middle English period and it comes from the Old French official, from the Latin officialis, the noun use of the original adjective officialis from officium. The meaning person in charge of public work or duty was first recorded in 1555. The adjective is first attested in English in 1533 via the Old French oficial, the informal term officialese, the jargon of officialdom, was first recorded in 1884. An officialis was the term for any member of the officium of a high dignitary such as a governor. The 1983 Code of Canon Law gives precedence to the title Judicial Vicar, the Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches uses only the title Judicial Vicar. The title of principal, together with that of vicar-general, has in Anglicanism been merged in that of Diocesan chancellor of a diocese. The term officer is close to being a synonym, a functionary is someone who carries out a particular role within an organization, this again is quite a close synonym for official, as a noun, but with connotations closer to bureaucrat. Any such person acts in their capacity, in carrying out the duties of their office, they are also said to officiate. A public official is an official of central or local government, some examples, An official holiday is a public holiday, having national recognition. An official language is a recognised by a government, for its own use in administration. An official spokesperson is an individual empowered to speak for the government, or some part of it such as a ministry, on a range of issues and on the record for the media. An official statement is an issued by an organisation as an expression of its position or opinion. Official policy is policy publicly acknowledged and defended by an organisation, in these cases unofficial is an antonym, and variously may mean informal, unrecognised, personal or unacknowledged
20.
Tirana
–
Tirana /tᵻˈrɑːnə/ is the capital and largest city of Albania and as well the heart of Albanias cultural, economic and governmental activity. It is located on the center of the country surrounded by hills with the Dajti Mountain on the east. The city is located some 700 kilometres north of Athens,290 km west of Skopje,250 km south-east of Pristina and 160 km south of Podgorica. Tirana is a city with a history dating from the Paleolithic times back 10,000 to 30,000 years ago to the present day. The oldest settlement located in the area of the city was the Cave of Pellumbas, as argued by various archaeologists, Tirana and its suburbs are filled with ancient Illyrian toponyms as its precincts are some of the earliest regions in Albania to be inhabited. One of the ancient monuments, the Tirana Mosaic is believed to have part of a 3rd century ancient Roman house. Later, in the 5th and 6th centuries, a Paleo-Christian Basilica was built around this site, Tirana was founded as a city in 1614 although the area has been continuously inhabited since antiquity. An almost unimportant centre until the beginning of the 20th century, the Congress of Lushnjë proclaimed Tirana as the capital of Albania, Tirana is one of largest cities in the Balkan Peninsula ranking 7th with a population of 800,000 and the largest Albanian-speaking city in the world. The municipality, has a population of 800,986. It is also the biggest Metropolitan area in Albania and the one with a population of over 800.000. Being Albanias primate city, Tirana is the political, social and cultural center of Albania. Almost all of the largest companies, media and scientific institutions have their headquarters in the city, the city is ranked in the Top 10 of the sunniest cities in Europe with a total of 2,544 hours of sun. As argued by various archaeologists, Tirana and its suburbs are filled with Illyrian toponyms, as its precincts are some of the earliest inhabited regions in Albania. A castle possibly called Tirkan or Theranda, whose remnants are found along Murat Toptani Street, was built by Emperor Justinian in 520 A. D. the area had no special importance in Illyrian and classical times. Records from the first land registrations under the Ottomans in 1431–32 show that Tirana consisted of 60 inhabited areas, Tirana is mentioned since 1572 as Borgo di Tirana. In 1614, Sulejman Bargjini, a ruler, built the Old mosque, a small commercial centre. During this period, the Ethem Bey Mosque, built by Molla Bey of Petrela, was constructed and it employed the best artisans in the country and was completed in 1821 by Mollas son Etëhem, who was also Sulejman Bargjinis grandnephew. In 1800, the first newcomers arrived in the settlement, the so-called ortodoksit and they were Vlachs from villages near Korçë and Pogradec, who settled around modern day Park on the Artificial Lake
21.
Florestano Di Fausto
–
Florestano Di Fausto was an Italian architect, engineer and politician who is best known for his building designs in the Italian overseas territories around the Mediterranean. He is considered the most important colonial architect of the Fascist age in Italy and has described as the architect of the Mediterranean. His legacy, long neglected, has been highlighted since the 1990s, born in Rocca Canterano, a town near Rome, Florestano Di Fausto studied in Rome, first getting the Laurea in Architecture at the Accademia di belle Arti, and then in civil Engineering. His first work, from 1916 to 1923, was the part of the tomb of Pope Pius X in St. Peters Basilica in the Vatican. It was followed by the design of the Calvary and of the chapel of relics of Passover in the Roman basilica of Santa Croce in Gerusalemme, inaugurated in 1930 but finished only in 1952. Between 1926–28 Di Fausto, who had connections with Benito Mussolini, designed the city plan. The Italian dictator had decided to move his hometown, Predappio, in 1923, Di Fausto started to work for the governor of the Italian Islands of the Aegean, Mario Lago. The new city was erected outside the walls, south of the west bank of the Mandraki harbour, and was conceived as a garden city and this style was well suited for the multi-ethnic population of the island. Since 1926 ever increasing differences of opinion with the governor pushed him to abandon his commitments in the Aegean. To keep this pace of work, the architect worked also during his frequent boat trips between Italy and Rhodes. On 21 February 1930 he had a bad accident in the northern Tyrrhenian Sea. The latter complex, placed in position in a pine wood in front of the sea. Here is particularly noteworthy the chirurgic tuberculosis pavilion, with a body containing the operation room. From this body diverge two long angled wings which host the patients, the Peasant house in Latina, with a central tower and strutting wings, was demolished in the sixties. The dairy in Pescara, also demolished ın 2010 amidst much controversy and legal fıghts, was a three-body building upholstered with Clinker, in that case, Di Fausto radically altered a pre-existing edifice, transforming it in a typical stile littorio building. Between 1937 and 1939 he erected in Via Agri, Rome, the Villino Staccioli, the Stacciolis, a family from the Abruzzi, were the owners of a building company which executed many among the architects works in Italy and abroad. In the same period, he was also in Albania. In the same years he designed also the palace of Durrës, with a central tower
.svg){kind=small}
.svg){kind=small}
.svg){kind=small}
.svg){kind=small}
.svg){kind=small}
.svg){kind=small}
.svg){kind=small}
