1.
Official residence
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An official residence is the residence at which a nations head of state, head of government, governor or other senior figure officially resides. It may or may not be the location where the individual conducts work-related functions or lives. This has occurred in the 21st century in Detroit and New York City, in the case of Denver, no mayor has ever lived in the official residence, the city instead makes it available to certain non-profit groups for special functions. The President uses own private residence, - Its address is 1 Cheongwadae-ro, Jongro-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea. It is located next to Gyeongbokgung, the palace during the Joseon Dynasty. Cheong Nam Dae - Cheong Nam Dae used to be one of the two residences for the President of Republic of Korea. It was returned to public in 2003, - It is located in Cheongwon-gun, North Chungcheong Province. Cheong Hae Dae - Cheong Hae Dae used to be one of the two residences for the President of Republic of Korea. Although the president no longer uses this facility this compound is still under the administration of the Republic of Korea Navy, - It is located on one of the islands of Geoje-shi, South Gyeongsang Province. Chongri Gonggwan - This is the residence for the Prime Minister of Republic of Korea. The Prime Minister, however, does not work here, - Its address is 111-2 Samcheongdong-gil, Jongro-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea. It is located close to Cheong Wa Dae, gukhoeuijang Gonggwan - This is the official residence for the Speaker of the National Assembly of Republic of Korea. The Speaker, also, does not work here, - It is located in Hannam-dong, Yongsan-gu, Seoul, where many foreign missions to Korea are located. Daebeobwonjang Gonggwan - This is the residence for the Chief Justice of Republic of Korea. The Chief Justice, also, does not work here, - It is also located in Hannam-dong, Yongsan-gu, Seoul. Most ministers of state and heads of administrative regions also have official residences, although they are not listed here. S
2.
Astana
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Astana is the capital city of Kazakhstan. It is located on the Ishim River in the portion of Kazakhstan, within the Akmola Region. The 2014 census reported a population of 835,153 within the city limits, founded in 1830 as a settlement of Akmoly or Akmolinsky prikaz, it served as a defensive fortification for the Siberian Cossacks. In 1832 the settlement was granted a status and renamed Akmolinsk. On March 20,1961 the city was renamed Tselinograd to mark the evolution as a cultural. In 1992 it was renamed Akmola, the original name meaning a white grave. On December 10,1997 Akmola replaced Almaty as the capital of Kazakhstan, on May 6,1998 it was renamed Astana, which means the capital city in Kazakh. Modern Astana is a city, like Brasília in Brazil, Canberra in Australia. After Astana became the capital of Kazakhstan, the city changed its shape. The master plan of Astana was designed by Japanese architect Kisho Kurokawa, as the seat of the Government of Kazakhstan, Astana is the site of the Parliament House, the Supreme Court, the Ak Orda Presidential Palace and numerous government departments and agencies. It is home to many buildings, hotels and skyscrapers. Astana also has extensive healthcare, sports and education systems, the settlement of Akmoly, also known as Akmolinsky prikaz, was established on the Ishim River in 1830 as the seat of an okrug by a unit of the Siberian Cossacks headed by Fyodor Shubin. The name was given after a local landmark—Akmola literally means a white grave in Kazakh—although this theory is not universally accepted. In 1832, the settlement was granted town status and named Akmolinsk, the fairly advantageous position of the town was clear as early as 1863 in an abstract from the Geographic and Statistical Dictionary of the Russian Empire. It describes how picket roads and lines connected this geographic centre to Kargaly in the East, Aktau fort in the South, in 1838, at the height of the great national and liberation movement headed by Kenesary Khan, Akmolinsk fortress was burned. After the repression of the movement, the fortress was rebuilt. On 16 July 1863, Akmolinsk was officially declared an uyezd town, during the rapid development of the Russian capitalist market, the huge Saryarka areas were actively exploited by the colonial administration. To draft Regulation governing the Kazakh steppe the Government of the Russian Empire formed Steppe Commission in 1865, on 21 October 1868, Tsar Alexander II signed a draft Regulation on governing Turgay, Ural, Akmolinsk and Semipalatinsk Oblasts
3.
Kazakhstan
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Kazakhstan, officially the Republic of Kazakhstan, is a transcontinental country in northern Central Asia and Eastern Europe. Kazakhstan is the worlds largest landlocked country, and the ninth largest in the world, Kazakhstan is the dominant nation of Central Asia economically, generating 60% of the regions GDP, primarily through its oil/gas industry. It also has vast mineral resources, Kazakhstan is officially a democratic, secular, unitary, constitutional republic with a diverse cultural heritage. Kazakhstan shares borders with Russia, China, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, and Turkmenistan, the terrain of Kazakhstan includes flatlands, steppe, taiga, rock canyons, hills, deltas, snow-capped mountains, and deserts. Kazakhstan has an estimated 18 million people as of 2014, Given its large area, its population density is among the lowest. The capital is Astana, where it was moved in 1997 from Almaty, the territory of Kazakhstan has historically been inhabited by nomadic tribes. This changed in the 13th century, when Genghis Khan occupied the country as part of the Mongolian Empire, following internal struggles among the conquerors, power eventually reverted to the nomads. By the 16th century, the Kazakh emerged as a distinct group, the Russians began advancing into the Kazakh steppe in the 18th century, and by the mid-19th century, they nominally ruled all of Kazakhstan as part of the Russian Empire. Following the 1917 Russian Revolution, and subsequent civil war, the territory of Kazakhstan was reorganised several times, in 1936, it was made the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic, part of the Soviet Union. Kazakhstan was the last of the Soviet republics to declare independence during the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, Kazakhstan has worked to develop its economy, especially its dominant hydrocarbon industry. Kazakhstans 131 ethnicities include Kazakhs, Russians, Uzbeks, Ukrainians, Germans, Tatars, the Kazakh language is the state language, and Russian has equal official status for all levels of administrative and institutional purposes. The name Kazakh comes from the ancient Turkic word qaz, to wander, the name Cossack is of the same origin. The Persian suffix -stan means land or place of, so Kazakhstan can be translated as land of the wanderers. Kazakhstan has been inhabited since the Neolithic Age, the regions climate, archaeologists believe that humans first domesticated the horse in the regions vast steppes. Central Asia was originally inhabited by the Scythians, the Cuman entered the steppes of modern-day Kazakhstan around the early 11th century, where they later joined with the Kipchak and established the vast Cuman-Kipchak confederation. Under the Mongol Empire, the largest in history, administrative districts were established. These eventually came under the rule of the emergent Kazakh Khanate, throughout this period, traditional nomadic life and a livestock-based economy continued to dominate the steppe. Nevertheless, the region was the focus of ever-increasing disputes between the native Kazakh emirs and the neighbouring Persian-speaking peoples to the south, at its height the Khanate would rule parts of Central Asia and control Cumania
4.
President of Kazakhstan
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The President of the Republic of Kazakhstan is the head of state, Commander-in-chief and holder of the highest office within the Republic of Kazakhstan. The authorities of this position are described in section of Constitution of Kazakhstan. The position was established on 24 April 1990, a year before the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the first, and as of 2017 current and only President of Kazakhstan is Nursultan Nazarbayev. The President of Kazakhstans decorations include a breast mark and Standard of The President of Kazakhstan, according to a post The President of Kazakhstan granted cavalierity of the order of the Gold Eagle. Article 46 says that the Presidents honor and dignity shall be inviolable, item 4 of the article outlines the special status and authority of the first president, and refers to a special constitutional act for definitions. According to this act, the first president possesses total, absolute, and till the death he sustains the government official. There is also pointed medical care, sanatorium, provision of pensions, on April 26,2015 Nursultan Nazarbayev was re-elected for his 5th presidency. The official ceremony of the inauguration took place at the Palace of Independence in Astana on April 29, prior to the 2011 election, President Nazarbayev wrote an op-ed for the Washington Post titled Kazakhstan’s steady progress toward democracy. Kazakhstans 5th presidential election was held on April 26,2015, Nursultan Nazarbayev was re-elected with 97. 7% of the vote. 858 observers from 19 countries were present at the stations during the election. OSCE spokesperson Cornelia Jonker criticised the lack of a choice for voters. The first column consecutively numbers the individuals who have served as president, list of leaders of Kazakhstan Official website of Kazakhstan President Nazarbayev Kazakhstan President Nazarbayev Biography
5.
Term of office
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A term of office is the length of time a person serves in a particular elected office. In many jurisdictions there is a limit on how long terms of office may be before the officeholder must be subject to re-election. Some jurisdictions exercise term limits, setting a number of terms an individual may hold in a particular office. Being the origin of the Westminster system, aspects of the United Kingdoms system of government are replicated in other countries. The monarch serves as head of state until his or her death or abdication, in the United Kingdom Members of Parliament in the House of Commons are elected for the duration of the parliament. Following dissolution of the Parliament, an election is held which consists of simultaneous elections for all seats. For most MPs this means that their terms of office are identical to the duration of the Parliament, an MP elected in a by-election mid-way through a Parliament, regardless of how long they have occupied the seat, is not exempt from facing re-election at the next general election. The Septennial Act 1715 provided that a Parliament expired seven years after it had been summoned, prior to the Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011 parliaments had no minimum duration. Parliaments could be dissolved early by the monarch at the Prime Ministers request, the Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011 mandated that Parliaments should last their full five years. Early dissolution is possible, but under much more limited circumstances. Hereditary peers and life peers retain membership of the House of Lords for life, Lords Spiritual hold membership of the House of Lords until the end of their time as bishops, though a senior bishop may be made a life peer upon the end of their bishopric. The devolved administrations in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland are variations on the system of government used at Westminster, the office of the leader of the devolved administrations has no numeric term limit imposed upon it. However, in the case of the Scottish Government and the Welsh Assembly Government there are fixed terms for which the legislatures can sit and this is imposed at four years. Elections may be held before this time but only if no administration can be formed, offices of local government other regional elected officials follow similar rules to the national offices discussed above, with persons elected to fixed terms of a few years. Federal judges have different terms in office, however, the majority of the federal judiciary, Article III judges, such as those of the Supreme Court, courts of appeal, and federal district courts, serve for life. The terms of office for officials in state governments according to the provisions of state constitutions. The term for state governors is four years in all states but Vermont and New Hampshire, the National Conference of State Legislatures reported in January 2007 that among state legislatures,44 states had terms of office for the lower house of the state legislature at two years. Five had terms of office at four years,37 states had terms of office for the upper house of the state legislature at four years
6.
Politics of Kazakhstan
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The politics of Kazakhstan takes place in the framework of a presidential republic, whereby the President of Kazakhstan is head of state and nominates the head of government. Executive power is exercised by the government, legislative power is vested in both the government and the two chambers of parliament. The president is elected by popular vote for a five-year term, the prime minister and first deputy prime minister are appointed by the president. Council of Ministers is also appointed by the president, the president is the head of state. He also is the commander in chief of the armed forces, on top of this the election was unconstitutionally called two years ahead of schedule. Free access to the media is also denied to opposing opinions, in 2002 a law set very stringent requirements for the maintenance of legal status of a political party, which lowered the number of legal parties from 19 in 2002 to 8 in 2003. The prime minister, who serves at the pleasure of the president, chairs the Cabinet of Ministers, there are three deputy prime ministers and 16 ministers in the Cabinet. Bakhytzhan Sagintayev became the Prime Minister in September 2016, the legislature, known as the Parliament, has two chambers. The Lower House Assembly has 107 seats, elected for a term,98 seats are from party lists,9 - from Assembly of People. All MPs are elected for 5 years, the Upper House Senate has 47 members,40 of whom are elected for six-year terms in double-seat constituencies by the local assemblies, half renewed every two years, and 7 presidential appointees. In addition, ex-presidents are ex officio senators for life, majilis deputies and the government both have the right of legislative initiative, though most legislation considered by the Parliament is proposed by the government. Several deputies are elected from the Assembly of People of Kazakhstan, there are 44 judges on the Supreme Court of Kazakhstan. There are seven members of the Constitutional Council, out of the 7 members,3 are appointed by the president. There are local and oblast level courts, and a national-level Supreme Court, local level courts serve as courts of first instance for less serious crimes such as theft and vandalism. Oblast level courts hear more serious cases and also hear cases in rural areas where no local courts have been established. A judgment by a court may be appealed to the oblast level. The Supreme Court hears appeals from the oblast courts, the constitution establishes a seven-member Constitutional Council to determine the constitutionality of laws adopted by the legislature. It also rules on challenges to elections and referendums and interprets the constitution, the president appoints three of its members, including the chair
7.
Constitution of Kazakhstan
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The Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan is the highest law of Kazakhstan, as stated in Article 4. The Constitution was approved by referendum on 30 August 1995, the preamble of the constitution emphasizes the importance of freedom, equality and concord and Kazakhstans role in the international community. Article 1 establishes the state as a democracy that values individual life, rights. It outlines social and political stability, economic development, patriotism and this is the first article in which the Parliament is mentioned. Article 2 states that Kazakhstan is a state and the government is presidential. The government has jurisdiction over, and is responsible for, all territory in Kazakhstan, regional, political divisions, including location of the capital, are left open to lower level legislation. Republic of Kazakhstan and Kazakhstan are considered one and the same, the governments power is derived from the people and citizens have the right to vote in referendums and free elections. Representation of the people is a right reserved to the executive and legislative branches, the government is divided between the executive, legislative, and judicial branches. Each branch is prevented from abusing its power by a system of checks and this is the first article to mention constitutional limits on the executive branch. The Constitution is made the highest law, the government shall publish all laws
8.
Human rights in Kazakhstan
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Kazakhstans human rights situation is uniformly described as poor by independent observers. Human Rights Watch says that Kazakhstan heavily restricts freedom of assembly, speech, in 2014, authorities closed newspapers, jailed or fined dozens of people after peaceful but unsanctioned protests, and fined or detained worshipers for practicing religion outside state controls. Government critics, including opposition leader Vladimir Kozlov, remained in detention after unfair trials, torture remains common in places of detention. Kazakhstans political structure concentrates power in the presidency, no election ever held in Kazakhstan has met international standards. In 2012 Kazakhstan was elected as a member of the United Nations Human Rights Council, Kazakh authorities reportedly attempted to restrict freedom of speech and shut down independent media and civil society groups. In September, the Vremya printing house unexpectedly cancelled contracts with seven newspapers, likewise, other printing firms in Kazakhstans former capital, Almaty, also refused to print the publications. After a week-long hunger strike by the editors of these papers, virtually all of Kazakhstans broadcast media are owned by firms closely associated with the government, newspapers are some of the few sources of independent reporting. Some outsider observers, including HRW, have noted increasing anxiety in the Kazakh government after recent democratic revolutions in former Soviet states including Georgia, Ukraine and Kyrgyzstan. Efforts to restrict dissent ahead of the 2 December 2005 elections may have indicated the governments attempt to prevent such transformation from occurring in Kazakhstan, in 2016 Astana hosted a roundtable discussion on Human Rights Day, December 10. According to a US government report released in 2014, in Kazakhstan, the executive branch sharply limited judicial independence. Prosecutors enjoyed a role and had the authority to suspend court decisions. Corruption was evident at every stage of the judicial process, in 1992 after gaining independence Kazakhstan adopted the Law on Freedom of Religion and Religious Associations, which aimed to ensure inter-faith tolerance and religious freedom. As of 2014, there were over 3400 religious organizations in Kazakhstan, Human Rights watch however has said that Minority religious groups continued to be subjected to fines and short-term detention in 2014 for violating a restrictive religion law. A UN special rapporteur on freedom of religion recommended far-reaching reforms to the 2011 religion law, finding, for example, suffer from serious infringements of their freedom of religion. In order to promote dialogue and prevent religious conflict worldwide, Kazakhstan hosts regular Congress of the Leaders of World. The first congress was held in 2003 and was attended by 17 religious delegations, in order to address the threat of religious extremism, the Congress of the Leaders of World and Traditional Religions held international conference, Religions against Terrorism, on May 31,2016. One day later the Congress held its 15th session in Astana, the Forum 18 News Service reported, Riot police who took part in the destruction threw personal belongings of the Hare Krishna devotees into the snow, and many devotees were left without clothes. Power for lighting and heating systems had been cut off before the demolition began, furniture and larger household belongings were loaded onto trucks
9.
Nursultan Nazarbayev
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Nursultan Äbishuly Nazarbayev is the President of Kazakhstan. He holds the title Leader of the Nation, in April 2015, Nazarbayev was re-elected with almost 98% of the vote. Nazarbayev has suppressed dissent, been accused of human rights abuses by several human rights organizations, no election held in Kazakhstan since independence has met international standards. In 2010 he announced reforms to encourage a multi-party system, in January 2017, President Nazarbayev proposed constitutional reforms that would delegate powers to the parliament. Nazarbayev was born in Chemolgan, a town near Almaty. His father was a labourer who worked for a wealthy local family until Soviet rule confiscated the familys farmland in the 1930s during Joseph Stalins collectivization policy. Following this, his father took the family to the mountains to live out a nomadic existence and his father avoided compulsory military service due to a withered arm he sustained when putting out a fire. At the end of World War II the family returned to the village of Chemolgan and he performed well at school, and was sent to a boarding school in Kaskelen. After leaving school he took up a one-year, government-funded scholarship at the Karaganda Steel Mill in Temirtau and he also spent time training at a steel plant in Dniprodzerzhynsk, and therefore was away from Temirtau when riots broke out there over working conditions. By 20, he was earning a good wage doing incredibly heavy. He joined the Communist Party in 1962, becoming a prominent member of the Young Communist League, and full-time worker for the party, and attended the Karagandy Polytechnic Institute. He was appointed secretary of the Communist Party Committee of the Karaganda Metallurgical Kombinat in 1972, in his role as a bureaucrat, Nazarbayev dealt with legal papers, logistical problems and industrial disputes, as well as meeting workers to solve individual issues. In 1984, Nazarbayev became the Prime Minister of Kazakhstan, under Dinmukhamed Kunayev, at the 16th session of the Communist Party of Kazakhstan in January 1986, Nazarbayev criticized Askar Kunayev, head of the Academy of Sciences, for not reforming his department. Dinmukhamed Kunayev, Nazarbayevs boss and Askars brother, felt deeply angered and betrayed, Kunayev went to Moscow and demanded Nazarbayevs dismissal while Nazarbayevs supporters campaigned for Kunayevs dismissal and Nazarbayevs promotion. Kunayev was ousted in 1986 and replaced by a Russian, Gennady Kolbin, Nazarbayev was named party leader on 22 June 1989-- only the second Kazakh to hold the post. He was Chairman of the Supreme Soviet from 22 February to 24 April 1990, on 24 April 1990, Nazarbayev was named the first President of Kazakhstan by the Supreme Soviet. He supported Russian President Boris Yeltsin against the coup in August 1991 by Soviet hardliners. Nazarbayev was close enough to Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev for Gorbachev to consider him for the post of Vice President of the Soviet Union, however, the Soviet Union disintegrated following the failed coup, though Nazarbayev was highly concerned with maintaining the close economic ties between Kazakhstan and Russia
10.
Parliament of Kazakhstan
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The Parliament of the Republic of Kazakhstan is the bicameral legislature of Kazakhstan, according to the 1995 Constitution of Kazakhstan. The lower house is the Majilis, with 107 seats, and are elected to four year terms, the upper house is the Senate, which has 47 members. As of January 2007, 10% of the representatives are women and 19% of local. Its predecessor was the Supreme Soviet, Kazakhstan held elections to the Senate on 1 October 2014. According to the Central Electoral Commission of Kazakhstan, it was an open, the OSCE commented that Preparations for the 26 April election were efficiently administered, however, necessary reforms for holding genuine democratic elections still have to materialize. The predominant position of the incumbent and the lack of genuine opposition limited voter choice, a restricted media environment stifled public debate and freedom of expression. About 250 observers from the Commonwealth of Independent States and the Shanghai Cooperation Organization were present for the voting, four women were among the 80 candidates vying for the 16 open Senate seats. The results to be announced on 7 October 2014, List of Chairmen of the Supreme Soviet of the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic Politics of Kazakhstan List of legislatures by country List of political parties in Kazakhstan Parliament website
11.
Senate of Kazakhstan
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The Senate of Kazakhastan is the upper house of two chambers in Kazakhstans legislature, known as the Parliament. Members of the Senate are elected on the basis of indirect suffrage by secret ballot, half of elected members of the Senate are up for election every three years. Fifteen members are appointed by the President of Kazakhstan with the view to ensure representation for all the national, cultural components of society. The term of office for the members of the Senate is 6 years, the Chairman of the Senate is a person elected by the Senate among the members of the House by a secret voting majority from the total number of deputies of the House. The candidature on the post of the Chairman of the Senate is nominated by the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan, kassym-Jomart Tokayev is the current Chairman of the Senate. There are two Deputy Chairmen of the Senate A member of the Parliament must be a citizen of the Republic of Kazakhstan who has been a permanent resident on its territory over the last ten years. Powers of a member of the Parliament commence from the moment of registration as a member of the Parliament by the Central Election Commission of the Republic. Administration of the oath is done by the President at a ceremony in the presence of members of the Government, senators, along with all other MPs, must participate in the work of the Parliament and its bodies, they may only vote in person. Member of the Senate exercises the right of a vote on all issues considered at sessions of Parliament. Committees of the Senate hold visiting sessions across regions in order to examine public opinion on bills under consideration by the Parliament, up to now members of the Senate have made more than thousand inquiries on various issues of state and public life. Parliament’s involvement in international activity of Kazakhstan and engagement of MPs in identifying and implementing foreign policy of our country has significantly increased, Parliament website Kazakhstan, Senate Selection Holds Unusual Significance
12.
Kassym-Jomart Tokayev
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Kassym-Zhomart Kemeluly Tokayev is a Kazakh politician and diplomat who has served as Chairman of the Senate of Kazakhstan since 16 October 2013. He previously held the same post from 11 January 2007 to 15 April 2011, Tokayev served as Prime Minister of Kazakhstan from 1 October 1999 to 28 January 2002 and as Director General of the United Nations Office at Geneva from 12 March 2011 to 16 October 2013. His father, Kemel Tokayev, was a veteran of the Second World War and his mother, Turar Shabarbayeva, worked at the Alma-Ata Institute of Foreign Languages. In 1970, Kassym-Jomart Tokayev joined the Moscow State Institute of International relations, in his fifth year, he was sent to the training courses at the USSR Embassay in China for six months. In 1979, he returned to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the USSR, in 1983, he went to the People’s Republic of China for training courses at the Beijing Language Institute. In 1984–1985, he served in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and he was then posted to the Soviet Embassy in Beijing where he served until 1991 as Second Secretary, First Secretary, and Counsellor. In 1991, he enrolled at the Diplomatic Academy of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the USSR in Moscow in a course for senior diplomats. In 1992, Tokayev was appointed Deputy Foreign Minister of the Republic of Kazakhstan, in 1993, he became First Deputy Foreign Minister and in 1994 he was appointed Minister of Foreign Affairs. In March 1999, he was promoted to the post of Deputy Prime Minister, in October 1999, with the endorsement of the Parliament, he was appointed Prime Minister by Decree of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan. In January 2002, he resigned and was subsequently appointed Secretary of State – Minister of Foreign Affairs, Tokayev continued to serve as Minister of Foreign Affairs until January 2007 when he was elected Chairman of the Senate of the Parliament of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Tokayev held the post of Foreign Minister for ten years, as Minister of Foreign Affairs, Tokayev played an active role in the field of nuclear non-proliferation. In 1995 and 2005, he participated in the Review Conferences for the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons in New York, in 1996, he signed the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty in New York, and in 2005 the Treaty on a Nuclear-Weapons-Free Zone in Central Asia in Semipalatinsk. He was elected Chairman of the Council of Foreign Ministers of the Commonwealth of Independent States, Tokayev took part in ten sessions of the United Nations General Assembly. He holds the rank of Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary. As Chairman of the Senate of the Parliament of Kazakhstan, Tokayev was elected in 2008 Vice-President of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Organization for Security and his view on the political system of Kazakhstan, Strong President, authoritative Parliament, accountable Government. We must ensure the implementation of this important provision by legislative, and most importantly, it is essential to carry out the President’s demand on the national jurisdiction over the land as well as its efficient and rational use”. Mr. Tokayev made these comments during the hearings in the Senate on 29 April 2016. He serves as Secretary-General of the Conference on Disarmament and he is also the Designated Official for safety and security of UN personnel for Switzerland
13.
Mazhilis
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The Mazhilis is the lower house of the bicameral Parliament of Kazakhstan, known as the Parlamenti, in the Government of Kazakhstan. The upper house of Parliament is the Senate of Kazakhstan, members of Parliament are elected to five year terms. International observers reported procedural violations in the Majlis voting, the new parliament, which was seated in January 1996, included sixty-eight Kazak and thirty-one Russian deputies, even ten deputies were women
14.
Nurlan Nigmatulin
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Nurlan Nigmatulin is a Kazakh politician, who has been Chairman of the Mazhilis of the Parliament of the Republic of Kazakhstan since 2016. From 1984 to 1985 Nigmatulin worked as an engineer in the Director of Transportation Department in Production Association Karagandaoblgas,1990 –1993 - Committee of Youth Organizations of Kazakhstan, Chairman. 1993 –1995 - President of Kazakh-American Joint Venture Tengri,1995 –1999 - State Inspector, Deputy Head of Organizational-Control Department of the President Administration of Kazakhstan. 1999 –2002 - Deputy Governor of Astana city 2002 –2004 - Vice-Minister of Transport,2004, June –2006, January - Deputy Head of the President Administration of the Republic of Kazakhstan. 2006, January –2009, November - Governor of Karaganda Region,2009, November -2012, September - First Deputy Chairman of Nur Otan Peoples Democratic Party. 20 January 2012 –3 April 2014 - Chairman of Mazhilis of the Parliament of the Republic of Kazakhstan,3 April 2014 -21 June 2016 - Head of the Executive Office of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Since 22 June 2016 - Chairman of Mazhilis of the Parliament of the Republic of Kazakhstan, 1999-2002 - Member of the Political Council of Otan Party. 2000-2002 - Chairman of the Astana city branch of the OtanParty, 2002-2003 - Member of the Board of Directors of CJSC National Information Technologies. 2002-2003 - Chairman of the Board of Directors of Аstana International Airport,2003 - Chairman of the Board of Directors of KazakhTelecom. 2007 - Chairman of the Board of Directors of Аir Astana Married, sons – Nurzhan, Nurkhan, Madi and two grandchildren. Twin-brother Yerlan Nigmatulin – Member of the Senate of the Parliament of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Member of Committee on the Environment and Rural Development
15.
Elections in Kazakhstan
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Elections in Kazakhstan are held on a national level to elect a President and the Parliament, which is divided into two bodies, the Majilis and the Senate. Local elections for maslikhats are held five years. Elections are administered by the Central Election Commission of the Republic of Kazakhstan, there are more than 10 political parties in Kazakhstan. Kazakhstan’s political opposition is the most developed in the region in terms of its abilities and resources. The OSCE Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights has deployed election monitors to Kazakhstan for observation of parliamentary, in the recent Kazakh elections, many Kazakh voters were offered a choice of voting on electronic voting machines or on paper ballots. At least some of the boxes used in Kazakhstan are transparent in order to defend against ballot box stuffing. Each polling place was equipped with both a large box and smaller mobile ballot boxes. The latter are designed to be carried, by poll-workers, to voters outside the polling place and this is an alternative to offering absentee ballots or proxy voting for voters with disabilities that prevent them from going to the polls. Electronic voting in Kazakhstan is based on the AIS Sailau electronic voting system developed in Belarus and this system is best described as an indirect-recording electronic voting system, as opposed to the DRE voting machines that have been more widely studied. In this system, the touch-screen voting terminal in the voting booth serves as a ballot marking device, the voting terminal itself retains no record of the vote after the voter takes the smart card. Candidates for elected office in Kazakhstan can receive financial support to cover campaign costs. In Senate elections, each candidate receives about $2,170, there have been several international election observation missions organised in Kazakhstan. The OSCE has observed the elections, kazakhstans president is elected by the people and serves for at most two five-year terms. Term limits were removed for the incumbent Nursultan Nazarbayev on 18 May 2007, early presidential elections were called by President Nazarbayev and were held on April 26,2015. President Barack Obama sent a letter to President Nazarbayev congratulating him on his reelection in the April 26 election, the legislature, known as the Parliament, has two chambers. The Assembly has 107 seats, elected for a term,98 elected in general elections by proportional representation with 7% threshold and 9 elected by the Assembly of Kazakhstani Nation. The Senate has 47 members,40 of whom are elected to terms in double-seat constituencies by the local assemblies. In addition, ex-presidents are ex officio senators for life, as of March 2015, none of the elections held in Kazakhstan have been considered free or fair by Western countries or international observers
16.
Kazakh presidential election, 2005
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Kazakhstan held a presidential election on 4 December 2005. Incumbent President Nursultan Nazarbayev, in power since 1989, sought, opposition candidates were allowed some access to the mass media, but this was still restricted. According to western election observers, opposition candidates also suffered considerable harassment, the Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe criticized the elections, calling them unfair, but noted improvements. Zamanbek Nurkadilov, described as the figure of the opposition, was unable to take part. A former mayor of Almaty and government minister, Nurkadilov had joined the opposition and he was found shot dead in November, shortly after reportedly saying that he would go public with documents proving government corruption. Near his body was a pillow pierced by bullets that may have used as a silencer. The official cause of death was presented as suicide, with a report stating that Nurkadilov had shot himself twice in the chest, onalsyn Zhumabekov, Chairman of Kazakhstan’s Central Election Commission, declared the election valid. About 1,600 observers monitored the election, including 465 from the influential Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe
17.
Kazakh presidential election, 2011
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Early presidential elections were held in Kazakhstan on 3 April 2011, having been originally scheduled for 2012. The elections were called after a plan for holding a referendum to increase president term limits to 2020 was rejected by the Constitutional Council, Nazarbayev was re-elected for a third term with 95% of the votes and 90% turnout, against three nominal candidates. The Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe has complained about a lack of transparency, Kazakhstan was reported at the 132nd place over 167 on The Economists Democracy Index for 2010, as an authoritarian regime. A referendum on extending presidential term limits was proposed to be held around March 2011, President Nursultan Nazarbayevs term was due to expire in 2012 and the referendum would have bypassed the next two scheduled elections. A Kazakh official stated that the move would help save our efforts, although Nazarbayev rejected the proposal, it would still have gone ahead if 80% of the members of the parliament voted for it, or if a public petition obtained at least 200,000 signatures. Media reports suggested that a petition for the referendum had already signed by 2,600,000 people. The Court therefore referred the matter to the President himself, as required by the Constitution of Kazakhstan, Nazarbayev agreed on putting aside the Constitutional referendum and immediately called for an early presidential election. Twenty-two potential candidates were counted before the process began, their number was finally reduced to four. The law requiring fluency in Kazakh was enacted in the 1990s, opponents charged that the test was administered in such a way as to disqualify Nazarbayevs opponents. Nazarbayev himself announced on 11 February 2011 that he would run for reelection and his candidacy was approved on 18 February 2011. Former member of parliament Ualikhan Qaisarov had taken the test on 8 February 2011, in total, eight candidates have either withdrawn their applications or failed the mandatory Kazakh language test. The environmentalist Mels Yeleusizov, even admitted to voting for Nazarbayev, the short timespan before election was cited by opposition leaders as impeding them to prepare and contest the poll. They therefore refused to part in the vote and called for a boycott. The option to vote against all, common in countries, was last legally available in the 1999 presidential election. Independent NGOs such as RFE/RL have reported increasing censorship by Kazakh authorities since February, on March 2, RFE/RL reported severe disruption of access to its websites, allegedly linked to orders received by government-controlled service providers KazTelecom and Nursat. International monitors cited numerous cases of ballot box-stuffing, voter intimidation, the OSCE received multiple reports of people being pressured to vote, and government officials were seen intimidating voters in universities, hospitals and military encampments. Other kinds of reported violations include seemingly identical signatures on voter lists, the OSCE concluded that the vote count lacked transparency and that correct procedures were often disregarded. The OSCE complained about a lack of transparency and competition in the vote
18.
Kazakh presidential election, 2015
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Early presidential elections were held in Kazakhstan on 26 April 2015, having been originally scheduled for 2016. The result was a victory for long-term incumbent President Nursultan Nazarbayev of Nur Otan, on 14 February 2015, the Peoples Assembly unanimously voted on the initiative to move presidential elections forward from 2016 to 2015. One motivation was that elections would help the development of the country. On 18 February, the Mazhilis unanimously asked President Nursultan Nazarbayev to move the elections, on 19 February, the Senate followed. In the first vote, there was one vote against the initiative, the senators were asked to vote again, and the second vote was unanimous. The first vote was explained as a technical error. On 25 February 2015 Nazarbayev signed a decree scheduling the elections for 26 April. He also confirmed that he would run
19.
Kazakhstani legislative election, 2007
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Parliamentary elections were held in Kazakhstan on 18 August 2007. President Nursultan Nazarbayevs Nur Otan party received 88% of the vote, none of the six other parties contesting the election passed the 7% threshold to win seats. A total of 107 seats were at stake in the Majilis, under the changes,98 deputies were elected by party lists, an increase from just 10 in the previous parliament. The remaining nine seats were reserved for members elected by the Assembly of People of Kazakhstan, bias in the state media was also considered a problem. Elections of the Majilis 2007 Central Election Commission
20.
Kazakhstani legislative election, 2012
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Parliamentary elections were held in Kazakhstan on 15 January 2012. The result was a victory for the Nur Otan party, which won 83 of the 98 seats in the Mazhilis, however, the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe stated that the election did not meet fundamental principles of democratic elections. The elections marked the first time that the party would gain parliamentary seats irrespective of whether it cleared the 7% electoral threshold. Due to the 2011 Mangystau riots and the state of emergency there. However, this decision was overturned on 10 January 2012, the OSDP was the only party considered to be in opposition to long-time president Nursultan Nazarbayev. The opposition claimed there was widespread irregularities and fraud, the OSCE and US Department of State did not recognise the elections as democratic. Haraszti said the results of the election, including the presence of two parties apart from the party, can be described as an orchestrated election
21.
Administrative divisions of Kazakhstan
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Kazakhstan, officially the Republic of Kazakhstan, is a transcontinental country in northern Central Asia and Eastern Europe. Kazakhstan is the worlds largest landlocked country, and the ninth largest in the world, Kazakhstan is the dominant nation of Central Asia economically, generating 60% of the regions GDP, primarily through its oil/gas industry. It also has vast mineral resources, Kazakhstan is officially a democratic, secular, unitary, constitutional republic with a diverse cultural heritage. Kazakhstan shares borders with Russia, China, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, and Turkmenistan, the terrain of Kazakhstan includes flatlands, steppe, taiga, rock canyons, hills, deltas, snow-capped mountains, and deserts. Kazakhstan has an estimated 18 million people as of 2014, Given its large area, its population density is among the lowest. The capital is Astana, where it was moved in 1997 from Almaty, the territory of Kazakhstan has historically been inhabited by nomadic tribes. This changed in the 13th century, when Genghis Khan occupied the country as part of the Mongolian Empire, following internal struggles among the conquerors, power eventually reverted to the nomads. By the 16th century, the Kazakh emerged as a distinct group, the Russians began advancing into the Kazakh steppe in the 18th century, and by the mid-19th century, they nominally ruled all of Kazakhstan as part of the Russian Empire. Following the 1917 Russian Revolution, and subsequent civil war, the territory of Kazakhstan was reorganised several times, in 1936, it was made the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic, part of the Soviet Union. Kazakhstan was the last of the Soviet republics to declare independence during the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, Kazakhstan has worked to develop its economy, especially its dominant hydrocarbon industry. Kazakhstans 131 ethnicities include Kazakhs, Russians, Uzbeks, Ukrainians, Germans, Tatars, the Kazakh language is the state language, and Russian has equal official status for all levels of administrative and institutional purposes. The name Kazakh comes from the ancient Turkic word qaz, to wander, the name Cossack is of the same origin. The Persian suffix -stan means land or place of, so Kazakhstan can be translated as land of the wanderers. Kazakhstan has been inhabited since the Neolithic Age, the regions climate, archaeologists believe that humans first domesticated the horse in the regions vast steppes. Central Asia was originally inhabited by the Scythians, the Cuman entered the steppes of modern-day Kazakhstan around the early 11th century, where they later joined with the Kipchak and established the vast Cuman-Kipchak confederation. Under the Mongol Empire, the largest in history, administrative districts were established. These eventually came under the rule of the emergent Kazakh Khanate, throughout this period, traditional nomadic life and a livestock-based economy continued to dominate the steppe. Nevertheless, the region was the focus of ever-increasing disputes between the native Kazakh emirs and the neighbouring Persian-speaking peoples to the south, at its height the Khanate would rule parts of Central Asia and control Cumania
22.
Regions of Kazakhstan
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Kazakhstan is divided into 14 regions. The regions are subdivided into districts. Three cities, Baykonur, the largest city Almaty and the capital Astana are not part of the regions they are surrounded by, ^1 Almaty and Astana cities have the status of State importance and do not relate to any region. ^2 The West Kazakhstan and Atyrau regions are both located in Eastern Europe as the Ural River run through Atyrau and Oral, their respective capital cities. ^3 Baikonur city has a special status because it is currently being leased to Russia with Baikonur Cosmodrome until the year 2050, over the last 60 years, both the distribution and names of regions of Kazakhstan have changed considerably. Changes in region names were often in line with the renaming of cities, after the administrative reform in 1997, the last change happened since then took place in 1999, when parts of North Kazakhstan that originally belonged to Kokshetau region became part of Akmola. The 1990s merges were in order to dilute Russian population in the resulting region and to avoid having regions where Russians form majority
23.
Foreign relations of Kazakhstan
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Foreign relations of Kazakhstan are primarily based on economic and political security. S. in the War on Terror. Kazakhstan established a union with Russia and Belarus, transformed into the Eurasian Economic Community then in 2015 into the Eurasian Economic Union. President Nazarbayev has prioritized economic diplomacy into Kazakhstans foreign policy, Kazakhstan has a multi-vector foreign policy, i. e. a triangulation between the major powers of Russia, China and the US. Kazakhstan has called for integration in Central Asia” and international integration of the region. In December 2010 Kazakhstan held the first OSCE summit since 1999, in 2015 Kazakhstan joined the Inter-American Convention on Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters. In September the Kazakh Senate ratified the Convention, which unites 26 countries, including the United States, Canada, Mexico, Brazil, Venezuela, not until 2005 did Kazakhstan, Russia, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan agree to begin demarcating their shared borders. No seabed boundary with Turkmenistan in the Caspian Sea has been agreed on, according to Sagintaev Bakytzshan Abdirovich, first deputy prime minister, in 2015 Kazakhstan and China will sign an intergovernmental agreement on water allocation of the 24 transboundary rivers. When the Soviet Union collapsed in December 1991, Kazakhstan inherited 1,410 nuclear warheads, by April 1995, Kazakhstan had returned the warheads to Russia and, by July 2000, had destroyed the nuclear testing infrastructure at Semipalatinsk. The contribution of Kazakhstans President Nazarbayev to nuclear non-proliferation was highly recognized by Japan, during his visit to Japan in November 2016, Nursultan Nazarbayev was awarded the title of special honorary citizen of Hiroshima for his non-proliferation efforts. In 1998, the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime estimated that a minimum of 1,517 tons of cannabis was harvested in Kazakhstan, with the fall of the Soviet Union, Kazakhstan became a major transit country for narcotics produced in Southwest Asia, primarily from Afghanistan. In 2001, Kazakh authorities reported 1,320 cases of trafficking and seized 18 metric tons of narcotics.2. Russia and other parts of Europe are the markets for these drugs although drug use is growing in Kazakhstan as well. The KazAID program implies technical assistance and humanitarian aid to Afghanistan, as of 2016, Kazakhstan provided Afghanistan with 20,000 tons of food products valued at some $20 million. Diplomatic relations were established on August 27,1992, azerbaijan has an embassy in Astana. Kazakhstan has had an embassy in Baku since December 16,1994, bilateral relationships between the countries are very strong and Kyrgyz and Kazakh are very close in terms of language, culture and religion. On April 26,2007 the presidents of Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan signed an agreement to create an International Supreme Council between the two states and this historic event took place during an official visit of the Kazakh president to the Kyrgyzstan capital, Bishkek. Kazakhstan has an embassy in Ashgabat, Turkmenistan has an embassy in Astana. Kazakhstan–Uzbekistan relations have always been sincere and strong, since the rapid development of Kazakhstan the president of Uzbekistan Mr. Karimov has visited Kazakhstan several times
24.
Saken Seifullin
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Saken Seyfullin was a pioneer of modern Kazakh literature, poet and writer, and national activist. Founder and first head of the Union of Writers of Kazakhstan, he was the author of controversial literature calling for independence of Kazakhs from Soviet. He met repression and was executed in 1939, the Soviet government posthumously rehabilitated him during de-Stalinization. Seyfullin was born 15 October 1894 in a settlement in what is today Karaganda Region. From 1905 to 1908, Seyfullin studied in a Russian-Kazakh school in the Spassk brass works and he went on to study in Akmola in the primary parish school and the Akmola three-class city school. In addition, he taught Russian at a Muslim madrasah, on August 21 of 1913, Seifullin entered the Omsk teaching seminarium. His first article was published in the November edition of Ay Qap magazine and it was at this time that he began to be spied upon by the Omsk okhrana, the secret police. In 1914, Seyfullin became one of the heads of the first cultural and educational society of Kazakh youth and his book of poetry was published that year. In 1916, he worked on a property census commission for the 12 volosts of Akmola Uezd, in that year he wrote the poem Volnenie, dedicated to Central Asian unrest in 1916. From September 1 of 1916 he taught in Bugula school, which he had a hand in founding, on 9 March 1917 he moved to Akmola, where he wrote a welcoming poem for the February revolution, Спешно собрались мы в поход. In April of that year, Seyfullin created a social-political and cultural society named Жас қазақ, in July, he conteibuted to an issue of Tirshilik newspaper. In September, Seyfullin began teaching three-month pedagogical courses in the new Russian-Kazakh school in Akmolinsk, right after the Russian Revolution, Seyfullin wrote a poem, А ну-ка, джигиты. Which is said to be the first work of Kazakh Soviet literature, on 27 December 1917, the Soviet regime was established in Akmolinsk. Seyfullin was elected a member of the Akmola Deputy Board and was appointed commissar of education. In February, he was admitted to the Party, on 1 May 1918 his play, Бақыт жолына, was performed for the first time. When on June 4,1918, the White Guard conducted a revolution, Seyfullin was arrested and he was put in a Death Carriage of Ataman Michael Annenkoff, where he spent 47 days. He broke out of Kolchak Prison and reached his village by July, after two months he was forced to flee for Taraz. Seyfullin was arrested by the agents of the NKVD from Moscow in February 1939 and executed in Almaty, Kazakh SSR, deemed a threat to the society and a nationalist
25.
Dinmukhamed Kunayev
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Dinmukhamed Akhmetuly Kunayev was a Kazakh Soviet communist politician. Kunayev, the son of a Kazakh clerk, was born at Verny, now Almaty and he graduated from the Institute of Non-Ferrous and Fine Metallurgy in Moscow in 1936, which enabled him to become a machine operator. By 1939 he had become engineer-in-chief of the Pribalkhashatroi mine, and joined the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, Kunayev was deputy chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Kazakh SSR from 1942 to 1952. In 1947,1951,1955 and 1959 he also was a deputy in the Kazakh SSR Supreme Soviet, Kunayevs rise in Communist Party ranks had been closely tied to that of Leonid Brezhnevs. Khrushchev appointed Panteleymon Ponomarenko as the first secretary of the Communist Party of Kazakhstan, soon, Kunayev and Brezhnev developed a close friendship which lasted until the death of Brezhnev. Brezhnev became the first secretary of the Communist Party of Kazakhstan in 1955, when Brezhnev left Kazakhstan in 1956, I. Iakovlev became the First Secretary of the Kazakh Communist Party, Kunayev had to wait until 1960 to attain the post. In 1962 he was dismissed from his position as he disagreed with Khrushchevs plans to some lands in Southern Kazakhstan into Uzbekistan. Ismail Yusupov, a supporter of the plan, replaced Kunayev and he became first secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Kazakhstan again in 1964 when Khrushchev was ousted and replaced by Brezhnev. He kept his position for more years. He was an member of the Politburo from 1967. During Kunayevs long rule, Kazakhs occupied prominent positions in the bureaucracy, economy, a Brezhnev loyalist, he was removed from office under pressure from Mikhail Gorbachev, who accused him of corruption. On 16 December 1986 the Politburo replaced him with Gennady Kolbin and this provoked street riots in Almaty, which were the first signs of ethnic strife during Gorbachevs tenure. In modern Kazakhstan, this revolt is called Jeltoqsan, meaning December in Kazakh, Kunayev was awarded the Gold Star of Hero of Socialist Labour three times. He spent the last years of his life in charitable activity, establishing the Dinmukhamed Kunayev Foundation, an institute and a street in Almaty have been named after him as well as an avenue in downtown Astana. Kazakhstan, Seven Year Plan for Prosperity by Dinmukhamed Kunayev Commemorative Coin –100 years anniversary of Konayevs birth
26.
Fatherland (Kazakhstan)
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Fatherland was the largest political party in Kazakhstan, led by Bakhytzhan Zhumagulov with over 700,000 members until December 22. At a subsequent party congress, delegates agreed to incorporate the Civic Party, at the uniting congress, the new party outlined a program largely supportive of the government led by President Nursultan Nazarbayev. During its last legislative elections under the Otan banner, the party won 60. 6% of the vote and 42 out of 77 seats. In the run-up to previous elections, Otan usually received a majority of media coverage. Before the 1999 election, for example, it was reported that Otan was the focus in almost 60% of the coverage. Additionally, most of the major media outlets had political leanings towards Otan
27.
Nur Otan
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The Nur Otan Democratic Peoples Party, called simply Nur Otan, is the ruling political party in Kazakhstan with over 762,000 members. Since 2007 it is headed by President of Kazakhstan, Nursultan Nazarbayev Nazarbayevs predecessor in the party was Bakhytzhan Zhumagulov, the partys First Deputy Chairman is Askar Myrzakhmetov. At the uniting congress the new party outlined a program largely supportive of the government of Nazarbayev, at the last legislative elections under the Otan banner in 2004, the party won 60. 6% of the popular vote and 42 out of 77 seats. Otan merged with Dariga Nazarbayevas Asar on 25 September 2006, increasing the seats by 4 to 46 out of 77. After the merged party was formed, Nazarbayev remarked to his daughter Tell your Asar members that and you are returning to your father. Nazarbayeva said on 19 June 2006 that all parties should combine to create a grouping with which no other party will be able to compete in the next 50 years. In December 2006 it was announced that the Civic Party and the Agrarian Party would follow in Asars path, Nazarbayev said he expected other parties to merge with Otan. Nazarbayev said there should be fewer, stronger parties that efficiently defend the interests of the population, at the subsequent party congress on 22 December 2006, delegates voted to rename the party Nur Otan. In the 18 August 2007 Assembly elections, the party won 88. 05% of the vote, in October 2011 a cooperation agreement was signed in Astana between Nur Otan and the Ukrainian Party of Regions, and another in 2015 with United Russia
28.
Communist Party of Kazakhstan
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The Communist Party of Kazakhstan is a banned political party in Kazakhstan. The Communist Party of Kazakhstan was founded 1936, when Kazakhstan was granted a Union Republic status within the Soviet Union, the Communist Party of Kazakhstan had been a branch of CPSU until the dissolution of the Soviet Union. The 18th Congress of the Communist Party of Kazakhstan took a decision to rename the Communist Party as the Socialist Party, nursultan Nazarbayev, the party chairman, resigned when he became the first President of Kazakhstan in 1991. Dissatisfied members of the old Communist Party recreated the Communist Party of Kazakhstan in October 1991 at the 19th Congress of the party, CPK was officially registered on August 27,1998. Communist Party of Kazakhstan has a party structure with offices in all of the oblasts. CPK is estimated to have around 70 thousand members, CPK largely appeals to above-middle age segment of the population especially in Urban areas who have a strong nostalgia for Soviet times. The leader of CPK has been by Serikbolsyn Abdildin, a respected, in the mid-1990s CPK participated in opposition coalition movements Azamat and Pokolenie. In 1996, CPK initiated unregistered National-Patriotic Movement-Republic, in February 1998, it joined the opposition bloc People’s Front of Kazakhstan. The party split at the start of 2004, when a group led Vladislav Kosarev started accusing party First Secretary Serikbolsyn Abdildin of accepting money from questionable sources. The splinter party, the Communist Peoples Party of Kazakhstan, has failed to meet 50,000 membership requirement to be officially registered. At the last legislative elections,19 September and 3 October 2004, an alliance of the Communist Party of Kazakhstan and the Democratic Choice of Kazakhstan won 3. 4% of the popular vote and no seats
29.
Akezhan Kazhegeldin
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He now heads the Republican Peoples Party of Kazakhstan, but lives in the West in exile. Digital Freedom Network credits Kazhegeldins Prime Ministership with establishing a currency, bank system. He worked at attracting investment, and helped to lay groundwork for a stock market. In 1998 he was elected President of the Union of Industrialists, the publishing of his book, Kazakhstan, The Right to Choose, led to a political rift with President Nazarbayev. The rift widened when Kazhegeldins 21st Century Freedom Foundation sponsored amendments to the constitution regarding free elections and he has since been barred from participating in presidential elections because he participated in an unsanctioned demonstration, an administrative offense. In April 1998, after he had left the country, the government charged him with tax evasion and he denies the charges and said they were motivated by politics. Kazhegeldin has accused President Nazarbaev of authoritarianism, nepotism, and indifference to violations of human rights
30.
Nurlan Balgimbayev
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Nurlan Utebovich Balgimbayev was Prime Minister of Kazakhstan from 10 October 1997 to 1 October 1999. He became President of the Kazakhstan Oil Investment Company in February 2002, prior to serving as Prime Minister, he served as Minister of Oil and Gas, and later as President of KazakhOil. After his tenure as Prime Minister, he continued his career as President at state-owned KazakhOil, lyazzat Kiyinov replaced him after the merger between KazakhOil and Transport Nefti i Gaza companies into the new KazMunayGas. On 14 October 2015, Balgimbayev died of cancer in Atyrau at the age of 67
31.
Imangali Tasmagambetov
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Imangali Nurgaliuly Tasmagambetov (Kazakh, Иманғали Нұрғалиұлы Тасмағамбетов appointed as Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of Kazakhstan to the Russian Federation in February,2017. By the Presidents decree, Imangali Tasmagambetov has been relieved of his post of the Vice Prime Minister of Kazakhstan and he served as Deputy Prime Minister of Kazakhstan from September 2016 to February 2017. He served as Minister of Defense of Kazakhstan from October 2014 to September 2016 and he was the mayor of Astana from April 2008 to October 2014. From December 2004 to April 2008 he was the mayor of Almaty, before that, from 28 January 2002 to 11 June 2003, he was the Prime Minister of Kazakhstan. Tasmaghambetov said that he resigned as minister after finding out about the falsification of a positive vote of confidence in his administration that was taken on 19 May 2003. His resignation resulted in the dismissal of all members of his cabinet, kazakh President Nursultan Nazarbayev replaced Tasmaghambetov with Pavlodar Oblysy Governor Daniyal Akhmetov on 13 June 2003. Akhmetov pledged to maintain many of Tasmaghambetovs policies
32.
Daniyal Akhmetov
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Daniyal Kenzhetayuly Akhmetov is a Kazakh politician who was the 6th Prime Minister of Kazakhstan from 13 June 2003 to 9 January 2007. Critics refer to him as The Terminator, a nickname he gained as Governor of Pavlodar Province for his actions in suppressing supporters of Ghalymzhan Zhaqiyanov, on 8 January 2007 he resigned as Prime Minister. He did not say why, but President Nursultan Nazarbayev had criticized him in 2006 for overspending, President Nazarbayev accepted his resignation, and immediately appointed him Acting Prime Minister. Akhmetov was included as Minister of Defense in the government that took office on 10 January 2007 and he was dismissed from that post in June 2009. On 11 November 2014 he was appointed as Governor of the East Kazakhstan Region, Akhmetov was born in 1954 at Pavlodar in the Kazakh SSR. He has degrees in engineering and economics. Prior to his appointment as Prime Minister, he served as Deputy Prime Minister for Industry, Energy, Transport and he managed to push through the land reform bill that his predecessor, Imangali Tasmagambetov, is rumored to have resigned over. President Nursultan Nazarbayev nominated Akhmetov as Prime Minister at a joint session of parliament on 13 June 2003, Nazarbayev gave a speech saying the prime minister needed to have experience in provincial government because the nation needed to speed up the pace of social and economic development. Akmetov was approved by 36 of 39 senators and 73 of 77 members of the Mazhilis and he said there should not be dissidence, only constructive dialogue and mutual understanding, and called for everyone to engage in presidential economic programs. Akhmetov worked to change Kazakhstans petroleum laws despite opposition from foreign companies. Akhmetov met with South Korean Prime Minister Han Myeong Sook on 23 September 2006 in Astana, the Government of South Korea agreed to invest an additional $2 billion in joint projects in the energy, uranium-extraction, construction, transportation, and banking sectors. Akhmetov offered South Korea the option of participating in developing a new type of nuclear reactor, South Korean investors have stakes in more than 300 Kazakhstan-based companies. Han invited President Nazarbayev to visit South Korea in 2007, Han was in Kazakhstan until 24 September. Akhmetov met with Rustam Minnikhanov, the Prime Minister of the Russian Republic of Tatarstan, petersburg to Moscow, Kazan, Orenburg, Qizilorda, Shymkent, and Korgas in Xinjiang, China. Akhmetov called the proposed highway the shortest road link between Europe and China, iskender Muflikhanov, aide to Prime Minister Minnikhanov, said the Tatar government had great hopes with regard to the shipping, or the assembling of KamAZ trucks. Work in under way on this West-South highway project in Kazakhstan and, as a rule, President Nazarbayev nominated Karim Massimov, who at the time served as Deputy Prime Minister, to succeed Daniyal Akhmetov as Prime Minister on 9 January 2007. Akhmetov resigned on 8 January without explanation, analysts attributed Akhmetovs political downfall to the Presidents criticism of his administrative oversight of the economy. The Parliament confirmed the nomination on 10 January, Massimov appointed Akhmetov as Defense Minister, replacing Mukhtar Altynbayev, and appointed Aslan Musin, formerly the Minister of Economy and Budget, as Deputy Prime Minister
33.
Karim Massimov
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Karim Qajymqanuly Massimov is a Kazakh politician who served as Prime Minister of Kazakhstan from 10 January 2007 to 24 September 2012 and again from 2 April 2014 to 8 September 2016. Massimov served as Deputy Prime Minister from 19 January 2006 to 9 January 2007 and as Minister of Economy and Budget Planning, Minister of Transport, President Nazarbayev nominated Massimov to succeed Daniyal Akhmetov as Prime Minister on 9 January 2007. The Nur Otan party endorsed Massimovs candidacy and Parliament confirmed the nomination on 10 January, born in Tselinograd in Kazakhstan, Karim Massimov graduated from Peoples Friendship University of Russia, Moscow, and then studied in Beijing and at Wuhan University in Hubei, China. Karim Massimov is considered a China expert, China has become an important strategic partner for Kazakhstan in recent years and the two countries are working closely together to develop Kazakhstans energy resources. Massimov co-chaired the third meeting of the China-Kazakhstan Cooperation Committee with Chinese Vice Premier Wu Yi, several accords between agencies of the two governments were signed. Massimov later met with Chinese Prime Minister Wen Jiabao, meanwhile, Kazakh President Nursultan Nazarbayev met with Liu Qi, secretary of the Beijing Party Committee, in Astana. Secretary Liu said was very nice for me to visit your beautiful country at Otans invitation, the goal of the visit is to deepen cooperation and mutual understanding between our countries. On 28 March 2002 in an article in Izvestia, Massimov announced that the Government of Kazakhstan planned to increase exports to Iran from 100,000 to two million tons. Massimov said, I came to Israel with a message to the nation in Zion from the president. Kazakhstan intends to found political and economic ties with Israel and its neighbors, Massimov mentioned the Dead Sea canal and expressed desire to create a free trade zone. Vice Premier Peres and Massimov agreed to establish an agriculture-school in each country, the NIF has given USD $10 million to Israeli VC fund Vertex. Massimov also met with Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Olmert, who praised Kazakhstan for showing a face of Islam. Contemporary, ever-developing Kazakhstan is an example of both economic development and interethnic accord that should be followed by more Muslim states. The bill, if signed by Nazarbayev, is expected to generate an additional $30 million in annual taxes, President Nazarbayev nominated Massimov to succeed Daniyal Akhmetov as Prime Minister on 9 January 2007. Akhmetov resigned on 8 January without explanation, analysts attributed Akhmetovs political downfall to the Presidents criticism of his administrative oversight of the economy. The Parliament voted overwhelmingly in favor of the nomination on 10 January with 37 out of 39 Senators and 66 of 77 Assemblymen from the Majilis voting for Massimov, Akhmetov became the Defense Minister, replacing Mukhtar Altynbayev. Massimov is fluent in Kazakh, Russian, Chinese, English, at the same time, he is thought to be well connected within the Kremlin. Massimov is married, has three kids and his hobbies are books, Muay Thai, skiing, rock climbing and golf
34.
Serik Akhmetov
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Serik Nyghmetuly Akhmetov was Prime Minister of Kazakhstan from 2012 to 2014. He served as the Minister of Defense from April to October 2014, Akhmetov served for a time as Deputy Governor of Astana before being appointed to the Government of Kazakhstan as Minister of Transportation on 25 September 2006. He has also served as Chairman of the Board of the Atameken National Union of Entrepreneurs and Employers of Kazakhstan since 2005, president Nursultan Nazarbayev appointed Akhmetov as Prime Minister following the resignation of Karim Massimov on 24 September 2012. Akhmetov met with Igor Levitin, the Russian Transport Minister, on 25 October 2006, Akhmetov proposed building a transport corridor using preexisting roads from southern Kazakhstan through Kazan and Orenburg to St. Petersburg. Minister Levitin said the Russian Government would consider the proposal, and they discussed the transit of planes from Asia to Europe and transportation through the Caspian Sea. Levitin plans on making a trip to Aqtau to further discuss sea transportation. On 9 November Akhmetov and Levitin met in Aqtau, signing an agreement creating a train, the first ferry will carry 52 freight cars of grain and oil products on 10 November. He is fluent in English, Russian and Kazakh and he is married and has two children
35.
History of Kazakhstan
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Kazakhstan, the largest country of the Eurasian Steppe, has been a historical crossroads and home to numerous different peoples, states and empires throughout history. Human activity in the region began with the extinct Pithecanthropus and Sinanthropus one million–800,000 years ago in the Karatau Mountains, neanderthals were present from 140,000 to 40,000 years ago in the Karatau Mountains and central Kazakhstan. Modern Homo sapiens appeared from 40,000 to 12,000 years ago in southern, central, after the end of the last glacial period, human settlement spread across the country and led to the extinction of the mammoth and the woolly rhinoceros. Hunter-gatherer communes invented bows and boats, and used domesticated wolves, the Neolithic Revolution was marked by the appearance of animal husbandry and agriculture, giving rise to the Atbasar, Kelteminar, Botai, and Ust-Narym cultures. The Botai culture is credited with the first domestication of horses, the fourth and third millennia witnessed the beginning of metal production, the manufacture of copper tools, and the use of casting molds. In the second millennium BCE, ore mining developed in central Kazakhstan, the change in climate forced the massive relocation of populations in and out of the steppe belt. Following with the end of the period at the beginning of the first millennium BCE, nomadic populations migrated into Kazakhstan from the west. These included several Indo-European tribes, often known collectively as the Scythians, during the fourth century CE the Huns controlled Kazakhstan, absorbing 26 independent territories and uniting a number of steppe and forest peoples into a single state. Under pressure from the Göktürks, the Huns migrated west and south, in the 13th century Kazakhstan was under the dominion of the Mongol Empire, and remained in the sphere of Mongol successor states for 300 years. Portions of the country began to be annexed by the Russian Empire in the 16th century, the modern Republic of Kazakhstan became a political entity during the 1930s Soviet subdivision of Russian Turkestan. Humans have inhabited Kazakhstan since the Lower Paleolithic, generally pursuing the nomadic pastoralism for which the regions climate, prehistoric Bronze Age cultures which extended into the region include the Srubna, the Afanasevo, and the Andronovo. Between 500 BC and 500 AD Kazakhstan was home to the Saka, the names, relations between and constituents of these peoples were sometimes fluid and interchangeable. Some of them formed states, including Yancai and Kangju in the east, over the course of several centuries, the area became dominated by Turkic and other exogenous languages, which arrived with nomad invaders and settlers from the east. Following the entry of the Huns many of the inhabitants migrated westward into Europe. By 91 AD, according to Tacitus, the Huns had reached the Turan Depression, the focus of the Hun Empire gradually moved westward from the steppes into Eastern Europe. From the middle of the 2nd Century, the Yueban – an offshoot of the Xiongnu, over the next few centuries, peoples such as the Akatziri, Avars, Sabirs and Bulgars migrated through the area and into the Caucasus and Eastern Europe. By the beginning of the 6th Century, the proto-Mongolian Rouran Khaganate had annexed areas that were part of the east Kazakhstan. The Göktürks, a Turkic people formerly subject to the Rouran, migrated westward, pushing the remnants of the Huns west, by the mid-6th Century, the Central Eurasian steppes had become controlled by the Turkic Khaganate, also known as the Göktürk Khaganate
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Saka
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The Saka or Saca was the term used in Persian and Sanskrit sources for the Scythians, a large group of Eastern Iranian nomadic tribes on the Eurasian Steppe. Modern scholars usually use the term Saka to refer to Iranians of the Eastern Steppe, rené Grousset wrote that they formed a particular branch of the Scytho-Sarmatian family originating from nomadic Iranian peoples of the northwestern steppe in Eurasia. They migrated into Sogdiana and Bactria in Central Asia and then to the northwest of the Indian subcontinent where they were known as the Indo-Scythians, modern debate about the identity of the Saka is partly from ambiguous usage of the word by ancient, non-Saka authorities. According to Herodotus, the Persians gave the name Saka to all Scythians, however, Pliny the Elder claims that the Persians gave the name Sakai only to the Scythian tribes nearest to them. The Scythians to the far north of Assyria were also called the Saka suni by the Persians, the Assyrians, of the time of Esarhaddon, record campaigning against a people they called in the Akkadian the Ashkuza or Ishhuza. However, modern consensus is that the Saka language, ancestor to the Pamir languages in northern India and Khotanese in Xinjiang. Another people, the Gimirrai, who were known to the ancient Greeks as the Cimmerians, were associated with the Sakas. In ancient Hebrew texts, the Ashkuz are considered to be an offshoot from the Gimirri. The Saka were regarded by the Babylonians as synonymous with the Gimirrai, the Sakā paradraya were the western Scythians or Sarmatians. Both the Sakā tigraxaudā and Sakā haumavargā are thought to be located in Central Asia east of the Caspian Sea, Sakā haumavargā is considered to be the same as Amyrgians, the Saka tribe in closest proximity to Bactria and Sogdiana. In the modern era, the archaeologist Hugo Winckler was the first to associate the Sakas with the Scyths, J. M. Sakā and Skuthai evidently constituted a generic name for the nomads on the northern frontiers. Persian sources often treat them as a tribe called the Saka. Modern scholars usually use the term Saka to refer to Iranian-speaking tribes who inhabited the Eastern Steppe, the Saka people were an Iranian people who spoke a language belonging to the Iranian branch of the Indo-European languages. They are known to the ancient Greeks as Scythians and are attested in historical and archaeological records dating to around the 8th century BC. In the Achaemenid-era Old Persian inscriptions found at Persepolis, dated to the reign of Darius I, likewise an inscription dated to the reign of Xerxes I has them coupled with the Dahae people of Central Asia. The contemporary Greek historian Herodotus noted that the Achaemenid Persians called all of the Iranian Scythian peoples as the Saka. According to Herodotus, Cyrus the Great confronted the Massagetae, a related to the Saka. Darius the Great also waged wars against the eastern Sakas, who fought him with three armies led by three kings according to Polyaenus, in 520–519 BC, Darius I defeated the Sakā tigraxaudā tribe and captured their king Skunkha
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