1.
Stockholm Palace
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Stockholm Palace or The Royal Palace is the official residence and major royal palace of the Swedish monarch. Stockholm Palace is located on Stadsholmen, in Gamla stan in the capital, the offices of the King, the other members of the Swedish Royal Family, and the offices of the Royal Court of Sweden are located here. The palace is used for representative purposes by the King whilst performing his duties as the head of state. This royal residence has been in the location by Norrström in the northern part of the Gamla stan in Stockholm since the middle of the 13th century when the Tre Kronor Castle was built. In modern times the name relates to the building called Kungliga Slottet, the palace was designed by Nicodemus Tessin the Younger and erected on the same place as the medieval Tre Kronor Castle which was destroyed in a fire on 7 May 1697. Due to the costly Great Northern War which started in 1700, construction of the palace was halted in 1709, when Tessin the Younger died in 1728, the palace was completed by Carl Hårleman who also designed a large part of its Rococo interior. The palace was not ready to use until 1754, when King Adolf Frederick and Queen Louisa Ulrika moved in, as of 2009 the interior of the palace consists of 1,430 rooms of which 660 have windows. The palace contains apartments for the Royal families, representation and festivities such as the State Apartments, the Guest Apartments, the National Library of Sweden was housed in the northeast wing, the Biblioteksflygeln, until 1878. As of 2014 it houses the Bernadotte Library, the Slottsarkivet is housed in the Chancery Wing. In the palace are the offices of the Royal Court of Sweden, the Royal Guards has guarded the palace and the Royal Family since 1523. A comprehensive renovation of the began in 2011, to repair weather damaged parts made from sandstone. The repairs are estimated to cost approx,500 million crowns during a period of 22 years. The first building on site was a fortress with a core tower built in the 13th century by Birger Jarl to defend Lake Mälaren. The fortress grew to a castle, eventually named Tre Kronor for the towers spire top decorated with three crowns. At the beginning of the 17th century, King Gustavus Adolphus made plans for a new royal palace, contemporaneous copperplates from 1654 shows de la Vallée’s idea of a more visible castle on a raised plateau with a connecting bridge over the Norrström. Queen Christina remodelled and embellished the castle extensively, but no new castle was built during her reign. In 1661, he presented the first draft for a conversion of the row which his son, Nicodemus Tessin the Younger, would later rework. A map of the Stadsholmen from the 1650s, illustrates de la Vallées suggestion for the conversion of the old castle, the project also brought about an adjustment of the Slottsbacken, making it partially enclosed by buildings
2.
Stockholm
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The city is spread across 14 islands on the coast in the southeast of Sweden at the mouth of Lake Mälaren, by the Stockholm archipelago and the Baltic Sea. The area has settled since the Stone Age, in the 6th millennium BC. It is also the capital of Stockholm County, Stockholm is the cultural, media, political, and economic centre of Sweden. The Stockholm region alone accounts for over a third of the countrys GDP and it is an important global city, and the main centre for corporate headquarters in the Nordic region. The city is home to some of Europes top ranking universities, such as the Stockholm School of Economics, Karolinska Institute and it hosts the annual Nobel Prize ceremonies and banquet at the Stockholm Concert Hall and Stockholm City Hall. One of the citys most prized museums, the Vasa Museum, is the most visited museum in Scandinavia. The Stockholm metro, opened in 1950, is known for its decoration of the stations. Swedens national football arena is located north of the city centre, Ericsson Globe, the national indoor arena, is in the southern part of the city. The city was the host of the 1912 Summer Olympics, and hosted the equestrian portion of the 1956 Summer Olympics otherwise held in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Stockholm is the seat of the Swedish government and most of its agencies, including the highest courts in the judiciary, and the official residencies of the Swedish monarch and the Prime Minister. The government has its seat in the Rosenbad building, the Riksdag is seated in the Parliament House, and the Prime Ministers residence is adjacent at the Sager House. After the Ice Age, around 8,000 BCE, there were already a number of people living in the present-day Stockholm area. Thousands of years later, as the ground thawed, the climate became tolerable, at the intersection of the Baltic Sea and lake Mälaren is an archipelago site where the Old Town of Stockholm was first built from about 1000 CE by Vikings. They had a positive impact on the area because of the trade routes they created. Stockholms location appears in Norse sagas as Agnafit, and in Heimskringla in connection with the legendary king Agne, the earliest written mention of the name Stockholm dates from 1252, by which time the mines in Bergslagen made it an important site in the iron trade. The first part of the name means log in Swedish, although it may also be connected to an old German word meaning fortification, the second part of the name means islet, and is thought to refer to the islet Helgeandsholmen in central Stockholm. Stockholms core, the present Old Town was built on the island next to Helgeandsholmen from the mid 13th century onward. The city originally rose to prominence as a result of the Baltic trade of the Hanseatic League, Stockholm developed strong economic and cultural linkages with Lübeck, Hamburg, Gdańsk, Visby, Reval, and Riga during this time
3.
Church of Sweden
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The Church of Sweden is the largest Christian church in Sweden. A member of the Porvoo Communion, the Church professes the Lutheran branch of Christianity and it is composed of thirteen dioceses, divided into parishes. It is a national church which, working with a democratic organisation and through the ministry of the church. The Primate of the Church of Sweden is the Archbishop of Uppsala — currently Antje Jackelén, today, the Church of Sweden is an Evangelical Lutheran church. 6.2 million people are members of the Church of Sweden and it is liturgically and theologically high church, having retained priests, vestments, and the Mass during the Swedish Reformation. In common with other Evangelical Lutheran churches, the Church of Sweden maintains the historical episcopate, the Church of Sweden is known for its liberal position in theological issues, particularly the question of homosexuality. When Bishop Eva Brunne was consecrated as Bishop of Stockholm in 2009, despite a significant yearly loss of members, its membership of 6,225,091 people accounts for 63. 2% of the Swedish population. Until 2000 it held the position of state church, the high membership numbers are because until 1996 all newborn children were made members, unless their parents had actively cancelled their membership. Approximately 2% of the members regularly attend Sunday services. According to a Gallup poll conducted in 2009, 17% of the Swedish population considered religion as an important part of their daily life, King Gustav I Vasa instigated the Church of Sweden in 1536 during his reign as King of Sweden. This act separated the church from the Roman Catholic Church and its canon law, in 1571, the Swedish Church Ordinance became the first Swedish church order following the Reformation. The Church of Sweden became Lutheran at the Uppsala Synod in 1593 when it adopted the Augsburg Confession to which most Lutherans adhere, at this synod, it was decided that the church would retain the three original Christian creeds, the Apostles, the Athanasian, and the Nicene. In 1686, the Riksdag of the Estates adopted the Book of Concord, although certain parts, labelled Confessio fidei, were considered binding. Confessio dei included the three aforementioned Creeds, the Augsburg Confession and two Uppsala Synod decisions from 1572 and 1593, during the 20th century the Church of Sweden oriented itself strongly towards liberal Christianity and human rights. In 1957, the assembly rejected a proposal for ordination of women. Since 1960, women have been ordained as priests, and since 1994, a proposal to perform same-sex weddings was approved on October 22,2009 by 176 of 249 voting members of the Church of Sweden Synod. The Christian church in Scandinavia was originally governed by the archdiocese of Bremen, in 1104 an archbishop for all Scandinavia was installed in Lund. Uppsala was made Swedens archdiocese in 1164, and remains so today, the papal diplomat William of Modena attended a church meeting in Skänninge in March 1248, where the ties to the Catholic Church were strengthened
4.
Victoria, Crown Princess of Sweden
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Victoria, Crown Princess of Sweden, Duchess of Västergötland, is the eldest child and heir apparent of King Carl XVI Gustaf. If she ascends to the throne as expected, she will be Swedens fourth queen regnant and the first since 1720. Victoria was born on 14 July 1977 at 21,45 CET at the Karolinska University Hospital in Solna, Stockholm County, Sweden and she is a member of the Royal House of Bernadotte. Born as a Princess of Sweden, she was designated Crown Princess in 1979 ahead of her younger brother and her place as first in the line of succession formally went into effect on 1 January 1980 with the parliamentary change to the Act of Succession that introduced absolute primogeniture. Her given names honour various relatives and she was christened at The Royal Palace Church on 27 September 1977. Her godparents were Crown Prince Harald of Norway, her uncle, Ralf Sommerlath, Princess Beatrix of the Netherlands. The Crown Princess was confirmed in the summer of 1992 at Räpplinge church on the island of Öland. Victoria studied for a year at the Université Catholique de lOuest at Angers in France, from 1998 to 2000, Victoria resided in the United States, where she studied various subjects at Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut. In May 1999, she was an intern at the Swedish Embassy in Washington, Victoria completed a study program at the Government Offices in 2001. In 2003, Victorias education continued with visits to Swedish businesses, in 2006, Victoria enrolled in the Ministry for Foreign Affairs Diplomat Program, running from September 2006 to June 2007. The program is a program for young future diplomats and gives an insight to the ministrys work, Swedish foreign and security policies. In June 2009, she graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree from Uppsala University and she speaks Swedish, English, French and German. She was made Crown Princess and heir apparent on 1 January 1980 by the 1979 change to the Act of Succession of 1810 and this constitutional reform meant that the throne would be inherited by the monarchs eldest child without regard to gender. King Carl XVI Gustaf objected to the reform after it occurred because he favoured tradition, when she became heir, she also was made titular Duchess of Västergötland, one of the historical provinces of Sweden. Prior to this change, the heir apparent to the throne was her younger brother. He is now fourth in line to the throne, behind the Crown Princesss daughter and she is one of only three female heirs apparent in the world – the other two being her goddaughter Catharina-Amalia, Princess of Orange, and Princess Elisabeth, Duchess of Brabant. Victorias declaration of majority took place in the Hall of State at the Royal Palace of Stockholm on 14 July 1995, as of the day she turned 18, she became eligible to act as Head of State when the King is not in country. Victoria made her first public speech on this occasion, located on the dais in the background was the same silver throne on which her father was seated at his enthronement, in actual use from 1650 and up until this ceremony
5.
Marianne Bernadotte
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Marianne Bernadotte, Countess of Wisborg, is a Swedish actress and philanthropist who in 1961 married Sigvard Bernadotte, a former Prince of Sweden. She has been noted for her work supporting causes such as dyslexia, physical disabilities, Bernadotte studied at The Royal Dramatic Theatre Acting School Dramatens elevskola 1945-1948. After finishing her education, she was an actress as Marianne Lindberg at The Royal Dramatic Theatre in Stockholm for eleven years, in 1983 Marianne Bernadotte received a degree in the History of Art at the University of Stockholm. Her academic papers included work on the glass artist and sculptor Edvin Öhrström, Marianne Bernadotte has also been an international representative for Sotheby’s auction house. In July 2014 she had good reviews after hosting the radio show Sommar on her 90th birthday. As founder of The Sigvard & Marianne Bernadotte Research Foundation for Children’s Eye Care, Bernadotte is Honorary Chairman of The Swedish Dylexia Foundation and Honorary President of The International Rodin Remediation Academy. On her initiative, The Sigvard and Marianne Bernadotte Research Foundation was set up in 1989 for juvenile eye care, in 1998, she was awarded an Honorary Doctorate of Medicine by that institute. She also has an Honorary Doctorate from the Bologna University Institute of Psychology in recognition of her contribution to research in 2006. Bernadotte’s involvement in arts charities is exemplified by the Marianne and Sigvard Bernadotte Arts Fund that she created in 1982 to mark Sigvard Bernadotte’s seventy-fifth birthday, the Arts Fund awards scholarships each year to young scholars in music, theatre, design, and art. The scholarships provide young artists with the opportunity to develop their talents at a stage in their careers. Bernadotte is the daughter of Helge Lindberg and his wife Thyra Dahlman and her first marriage was to Gabriel Tchang, the son of a Chinese Ambassador in Stockholm. They had three children, Robert Gabriel Tchang and she married, secondly, on 30 July 1961 in Stockholm, the former Swedish prince Sigvard Bernadotte, the second son of King Gustaf VI Adolf and his first wife, Princess Margaret of Connaught. On 2 July 1951, Sigvard, for himself, his wife and his marital descendants, counts and Countesses of Wisborg are considered to be part of the Swedish unintroduced nobility. Swedish hotelier Bicky Chakraborty is married to her sister and she was a guest at the 2010 wedding of Victoria, Crown Princess of Sweden, and Daniel Westling. Bernadotte Foundation for Childrens Eye Care | Retinopathy of Prematurity, kronprinsessan Victoria hedrar sin gammelfaster Marianne Bernadotte | Webfinanser - nyheter aktier it lyx bil nöje spel mobil räntor taxeringskalender
6.
Rhode Island School of Design
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Rhode Island School of Design is a fine arts and design college located in Providence, in the U. S. state of Rhode Island. Founded in 1877, it is located at the base of College Hill, the two institutions share social, academic, and community resources and offer joint courses. Applicants to RISD are required to complete RISDs two-drawing hometest and it includes, on the Fall 2015 term, about 470 faculty and curators, and 400 staff members. About 2,014 undergraduates and 467 graduate students enroll from all over the United States and 57 other countries and it offers 16 undergraduate majors and 17 graduate majors. RISD is a member of the Association of Independent Colleges of Art and Design and it also maintains over 80,000 works of art in the RISD Museum. The Centennial Women were a group formed to raise funds for a separate Womens Pavilion showcasing womens work at the 1876 Centennial Exposition, the Rhode Island Centennial Women submitted their newspaper, Herald of the Century, to this Womens Pavilions library. At the end of the Worlds Fair, the RI Centennial Women had $1,675 left over, the school was incorporated in March 1877 and opened its doors the following fall at the Hoppin Homestead in downtown Providence, RI. Metcalf directed the school until her death in 1895 and her daughter, Eliza Greene Metcalf Radeke, then took over until her death in 1931. The Rhode Island General Assembly ratified An Act to Incorporate the Rhode Island School of Design on March 22,1877, the systematic training of students in the practice of Art, in order that they may understand its principles, give instruction to others, or become artists. The general advancement of public Art Education, by the exhibition of works of Art and of Art school studies, Architecture – B. F. A. /B. Arch, M. Arch Ceramics – B. F. A. Interior Architecture – M. A. Department of Interior Architecture, Degree in Interior Studies, teaching & Learning in Art & Design – M. F. A. RISD is annually ranked as the top art and design school in the United States, U. S. News & World Report ranked RISD first amongst Fine Arts programs, above Yale University and the School of the Art Institute of Chicago. In 2015 and 2016, RISD has been ranked 3rd by the QS World University Rankings amongst Art & Design programs. Within subdivisions of Fine Arts, the school was ranked 1st in graphic design, printmaking and industrial design, 2nd in painting and its undergraduate architecture program ranked 7 in DesignIntelligences ranking of the Top Architecture Schools in the US for 2017. Concentrations at RISD do not confer a degree, they act like minors at other education institutions, History, Philosophy, Social Sciences English Art History Liberal Arts The RISD Museum houses a collection of fine and decorative art objects. The first public galleries opened in 1893, founded in 1878, the RISD Library is one of the oldest independent art college libraries in the country. Its more than 145,000 volumes and 380 periodical subscriptions offer unusual depth and richness in the areas of architecture, art, design, the collection provides strong historical and contemporary perspectives, and materials in landscape architecture, ceramics, textiles, and jewelry support upper-level research. The library is noted for its artist’s book collection, its rare books
7.
Porsche 997
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997 is the internal designation for the Porsche 911 model manufactured and sold by German manufacturer Porsche between 2004 and 2012. In 2012 it was replaced by the new 991, the 997 was an evolution of the preceding 996, with the most significant changes being interior and exterior styling. Larger 18 inch wheels were fitted as standard, and other engineering changes include slightly increased power, however, a new S version was offered, with additional power from a slightly larger engine, sports suspension, and sports exhaust. During 2009 Porsche updated the 997 line-up including styling changes, an engine with direct injection. As a result, the updated 997 models were faster, lighter and more efficient than the outgoing versions. The 997 is the most commercially successful 911 of all time, while the exterior styling was revised, it was again more evolution rather than revolution, typical of Porsche and the Carrera. The rear bodywork was a total of 88 mm wider than its predecessor, however, the most notable aesthetic difference between the 997 and the 996 was the return to oval headlights like those of pre-996 Carreras, with separate indicator units. The interior was re-designed with new controls, however, it was reminiscent of classic 911 interiors than of the outgoing 996. The body in general remained low profile with a coefficient of 0.29 for the Carrera and 0.30 for the Carrera S. The base Carrera has essentially the same 3,596 cc flat-6 engine from Type 996 Carrera, the Carrera S uses a new 3,824 cc flat-6 engine. The X51 Powerkit is available for S, 4S, Targa models, note, however, that these figures are conservative Porsche statistics. The viscous clutch all wheel drive system sends between 5% and 40% of engine torque to the front wheels as needed, for the first time, development of the cabriolet version of the 997 led the design and engineering effort at Porsche with the coupé following. Porsche applied the logic that if you started with the more difficult challenges the coupé version would simply be more rigid. Despite additional weight, the cabriolet versions attain nearly the performance figures as their coupé counterparts. Even the rear tail comes up slightly higher on the cabriolets to compensate for differences in drag over the canvas top vs. the smoother coupé shape, optional for the 997 Cabriolet models is a hardtop that encapsulated the vehicle in place of the canvas top. It is interchangeable with that available on the late 996 cabriolet models, the hardtop provides a winter option to cabriolet owners. A limited version of 2006MY Carrera S coupé with X51 Powerkit commemorating the 50th anniversary of the Porsche Club of America, the car #1 was transferred to the Porsche Museum in Stuttgart, Germany and one PCA member won the car #50 in a sweepstakes drawing. The remaining 48 units were sold to randomly chosen U. S. after 2005-08-15, unsold units were made available to the general public
8.
Association football
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Association football, more commonly known as football or soccer, is a team sport played between two teams of eleven players with a spherical ball. It is played by 250 million players in over 200 countries and dependencies making it the worlds most popular sport, the game is played on a rectangular field with a goal at each end. The object of the game is to score by getting the ball into the opposing goal, players are not allowed to touch the ball with their hands or arms while it is in play, unless they are goalkeepers. Other players mainly use their feet to strike or pass the ball, the team that scores the most goals by the end of the match wins. If the score is level at the end of the game, the Laws of the Game were originally codified in England by The Football Association in 1863. Association football is governed internationally by the International Federation of Association Football, the first written reference to the inflated ball used in the game was in the mid-14th century, Þe heued fro þe body went, Als it were a foteballe. The Online Etymology Dictionary states that the word soccer was split off in 1863, according to Partha Mazumdar, the term soccer originated in England, first appearing in the 1880s as an Oxford -er abbreviation of the word association. Within the English-speaking world, association football is now usually called football in the United Kingdom and mainly soccer in Canada and the United States. People in Australia, Ireland, South Africa and New Zealand use either or both terms, although national associations in Australia and New Zealand now primarily use football for the formal name. According to FIFA, the Chinese competitive game cuju is the earliest form of football for which there is scientific evidence, cuju players could use any part of the body apart from hands and the intent was kicking a ball through an opening into a net. It was remarkably similar to football, though similarities to rugby occurred. During the Han Dynasty, cuju games were standardised and rules were established, phaininda and episkyros were Greek ball games. An image of an episkyros player depicted in low relief on a vase at the National Archaeological Museum of Athens appears on the UEFA European Championship Cup, athenaeus, writing in 228 AD, referenced the Roman ball game harpastum. Phaininda, episkyros and harpastum were played involving hands and violence and they all appear to have resembled rugby football, wrestling and volleyball more than what is recognizable as modern football. As with pre-codified mob football, the antecedent of all football codes. Non-competitive games included kemari in Japan, chuk-guk in Korea and woggabaliri in Australia, Association football in itself does not have a classical history. Notwithstanding any similarities to other games played around the world FIFA have recognised that no historical connection exists with any game played in antiquity outside Europe. The modern rules of football are based on the mid-19th century efforts to standardise the widely varying forms of football played in the public schools of England
9.
Skiing
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Skiing is a mode of transport, recreational activity and competitive winter sport in which the participant uses skis to glide on snow. Many types of skiing events are recognized by the International Olympic Committee. Skiing has a history of almost five millennia, although modern skiing has evolved from beginnings in Scandinavia, it may have been practiced as early as 600 BC in what is now China. The word ski is one of a handful of words Norway has exported to the international community and it comes from the Old Norse word skíð which means split piece of wood or firewood. Asymmetrical skis were used at least in northern Finland and Sweden until the late 19th century, on one leg the skier wore a long straight non-arching ski for sliding, and on the other a shorter ski for kicking. Early skiers used one long pole or spear, the first depiction of a skier with two ski poles dates to 1741. Until the mid-19th century skiing was primarily used for transport, and since then has become a recreation, military ski races were held in Norway during the 18th century, and ski warfare was studied in the late 18th century. As equipment evolved and ski lifts were developed skiing evolved into two main genres during the late 19th and early 20th century, Alpine and Nordic, also called downhill skiing, alpine skiing typically takes place on a piste at a ski resort. It is characterized by fixed-heel bindings that attach at both the toe and the heel of the skiers boot, because alpine equipment is somewhat difficult to walk in, ski lifts, including chairlifts, bring skiers up the slope. Backcountry skiing can be accessed by helicopter, snowcat, hiking, facilities at resorts can include night skiing, après-ski, and glade skiing under the supervision of the ski patrol and the ski school. Alpine skiing branched off from the older Nordic skiing around the 1920s, Alpine equipment specialized to where it can only be used with the help of lifts. The Nordic disciplines include cross-country skiing and ski jumping, which share in common the use of binding that attach at the toes of the skiers boots, cross-country skiing may be practiced on groomed trails or in undeveloped backcountry areas. Ski jumping skiing is practiced at certain areas that are deemed for ski jumping only, Telemark skiing is a ski turning technique and FIS-sanctioned discipline. It is named after the Telemark region of Norway, using equipment similar to nordic skiing, the ski bindings having the ski boot attached only at the toe. This allows the skier to raise his/her heel throughout the turn, the following disciplines are sanctioned by the FIS and USSA. Many have their own cups and are in the Winter Olympic Games. Cross-country, The sport encompasses a variety of formats for cross-country skiing races over courses of varying lengths, such races occur over homologated, groomed courses designed to support classic and free-style events, where the skiers may employ skate skiing. Alpine skiing discliplines include combined, downhill, slalom, giant slalom, Super-G, one run of each even like one run of Super-G and one run of Slalom skiing this is called a Super Combined
10.
Vasaloppet
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Vasaloppet is an annual long distance cross-country ski race held on the first Sunday of March. The 90 km course starts in the village of Sälen and ends in the town of Mora in northwestern Dalarna and it is the oldest and longest cross-country ski race in the world as well as the one with the highest number of participants. The race was inspired by a journey made by King Gustav Vasa when he was fleeing from Christian IIs soldiers in 1520. The modern competition started in 1922 and it has been a part of the Worldloppet events since 1978, in 1520, the young nobleman Gustav Ericsson Vasa was fleeing from the troops of Christian II, king of Denmark, Sweden and Norway. Much of the Swedish nobility was in opposition to the king, Gustav fled through Dalarna, fearing for his life if he were discovered by the kings troops. He spoke to the men of Mora at a gathering and tried to convince them to raise a levy, the men refused to join the rebellion, and Gustav started out west, toward Norway to seek refuge. However, the men in Mora changed their minds after hearing that the Danish rulers had decided to raise taxes, and now they wanted to join the rebellion with Gustav as their leader. They sent out the two best skiers in the county, two brothers from Mora, Lars and Engelbrekt, to search for him and they caught up with him at Sälen. On 6 June 1523, Gustav Vasa was crowned King of Sweden, after having defeated the Danish king Christian, since that day, Sweden has been an independent nation. While Gustav skied from Mora to Sälen, the race is run the opposite way. Vasaloppet is the oldest and longest cross-country ski race in the world as well as the one with the highest number of participants, the idea for the race was published in Westmanlands Läns Tidning on 10 February 1922 by Anders Pers from Mora. On 5 March 1922, the board of IFK Mora decided to organize a trial race, news paper Dagens Nyheter sponsored the race with SEK1,000 and with finances secured the first race was held on 19 March 1922. 136 participants registered for the race and 119 started, the winner was 22 year-old Ernst Alm from Norsjö Sports Club in 7,32,49. He is also the youngest ever winner of the race, in the 80th race, held on 7 March 2004, about 15,500 skiers competed in the main event. More than 40,000 participated in one of the seven different races held during the first week of March, Vasaloppet is one of the races in the long distance cup Ski Classics. When Swedish Prime Minister Olof Palme was assassinated just two days before the race in 1986, a cancellation of that race was considered. However, the race proceeded as planned with the 10,000 participants observing a moment of silence before the start, women winners in Vasaloppet have received awards since 1997. Before that, in 1922–23 and 1981–96, women were allowed to race, the first woman to participate was Margit Nordin from Grängesberg in 1923, at 10,09,42
11.
CB90-class fast assault craft
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Stridsbåt 90 H is a class of fast military assault craft originally developed for the Swedish Navy by Dockstavarvet. Also the German Navy plans to equip the Berlin-class replenishment ships with the CB90 and its light weight, shallow draught, and twin water jets allow it to operate at speeds of up to 40 knots in shallow coastal waters. The water jets are partially ducted, which, along with control surfaces similar to a submarines diving planes, gives the CB90 its manoeuvrability. In 1988, Dockstavarvet won a competition to design and manufacture a replacement for the aging Tpbs 200 class, two prototypes, with pennant number 801 and 802, were delivered in 1989. After completion of trials, the Swedish Navy signed a purchase order for 120 boats in June 1990. Apart from the addition of armour, it sports air-condition for deployment in tropical conditions, fuel cooling system, 220V generator, the manufacturer sometimes refers to the model as the CB90 HI, where the I probably stands for International. Several of the carried out by the Strb 90 H-variants, were originally intended for the Strb 90 E. The Royal Norwegian Navy evaluated the Strb 90 H in early 1996, the Mexican Navy acquired 40 units between 1999 and 2001, and obtained a production license in 2002, allowing further units to be manufactured in Mexico. Since then eight additional units have been built, the German Water Police rented a Combat Boat 90H from the manufacturer Dockstavarvet for the 33rd G8 summit in Heiligendamm, Germany. This boat was involved in a chase with three Greenpeace RIBs which were trying to enter the restricted area near the hotel where the meeting was being held. A video clip of the incident was widely spread around the internet. In July 2007 The United States Navy Expeditionary Combat Command specified the CB90 for testing as its Riverine Command Boat, safeboat International of Port Orchard, Washington, was given a US$2.8 million contract to produce one prototype. In June 2009 an unknown buyer from Abu Dhabi bought two civilian luxury versions, in 2010, Dockstavarvet Shipyard modified two CB90s to be carried in the davits of Dutch and UK Navy Landing Platform Docks. The Strb 90 KompL is a plain Strb 90 H in which portable computer and communications equipment has been installed, allowing it to temporarily provide company-level command, electrical power is provided by a rather loud portable generator installed on deck. The Strb 90 HS is designed for overseas peace-keeping and rescue operations and it is modified to keep its crew comfortable in Mediterranean conditions, with air conditioning, an auxiliary generator, a head, and more comfortable crew stations. More importantly, it is armored, and its engines have been upgraded to compensate for the added weight, at least one Strb 90 H, pennant number 802, is equipped with a decompression chamber. The Swedish Police operate one unarmed Strb 90 H equipped with bunks, a pantry, the Swedish Sea Rescue Society operates two unarmed Strb 90 Hs converted for search and rescue. The S90N differs from the Strb 90 H in a few areas, It is armed only one 12.7 mm machine gun
12.
Midshipman
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A midshipman is an officer cadet or a commissioned officer candidate of the junior-most rank, in the Royal Navy, United States Navy, and many Commonwealth navies. Commonwealth countries which use the rank include Canada, Australia, Bangladesh, Namibia, New Zealand, South Africa, India, Pakistan, Singapore, Sri Lanka, and Kenya. Beginning in the 18th century, an officer candidate was rated as a midshipman. After serving at least three years as a midshipman or masters mate, he was eligible to take the examination for lieutenant, promotion to lieutenant was not automatic, and many midshipmen took positions as masters mates for an increase in pay and responsibility aboard ship. Midshipman began to mean an officer cadet at a naval college, trainees now spent around four years in a college and two years at sea prior to promotion to commissioned officer rank. Between the mid-19th and mid-20th centuries, time at sea declined to less than a year as the age was increased from 12 to 18. Ranks equivalent to midshipman exist in other navies. Using US midshipman or pre-fleet board UK midshipman as the basis for comparison, using post-fleet board UK midshipman for comparison, the rank would be the most junior commissioned officer in the rank structure, and similar to a US ensign in role and responsibility. Today, these ranks all refer to cadets, but historically they were selected by the monarchy. The first published use of the term midshipman was in 1662, the word derives from an area aboard a ship, amidships, but it refers either to the location where midshipmen worked on the ship, or the location where midshipmen were berthed. By the 18th century, four types of midshipman existed, midshipman, midshipman extraordinary, midshipman, by 1794, all midshipmen were considered officer candidates, and the original rating was phased out. Beginning in 1661, boys who aspired to become officers were sent by their families to serve on ships with a letter of service from the crown, and were paid at the same rate as midshipmen. Their official rating was volunteer-per-order, but they were known as Kings letter boys. Beginning in 1677, Royal Navy regulations for promotion to lieutenant required service as a midshipman, by the Napoleonic era, the regulations required at least three years of services as a midshipman or masters mate and six years of total sea time. Sea time was earned in various ways, most boys served this period at sea in any lower rating, either as a servant of one of the ships officers, a volunteer, or a seaman. By the 1730s, the rating volunteer-per-order was phased out and replaced with a system where prospective midshipmen served as servants for officers. For example, a captain was allowed four servants for every 100 men aboard his ship, the school was unpopular in the Navy, because officers enjoyed the privilege of having servants and preferred the traditional method of training officers via apprenticeship. Volunteers were paid £6 per year, by 1816, the rating of midshipman ordinary was phased out, and all apprentice officers were rated as midshipmen
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Sweden: Knight with Collar of the Royal Order of the Seraphim (RoK av KMO)[25][26]
Bulgaria: 1st Class of the Order of Stara Planina
Brazil: Grand Cross of the Order of Rio Branco[39][40]
Chile: Grand Cross of the Order of Merit
Estonia: Member 1st Class of the Order of the Cross of Terra Mariana[41][42]
Finland: Grand Cross of the Order of the White Rose[43]
Germany: Grand Cross 1st Class of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany[44][45][46]
Greece: Grand Cross of the Order of Honour[47]
Iceland: Grand Cross of the Order of the Falcon[48]
Italy: Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic [49]
Jordan: Grand Cordon of the Order of the Star of Jordan[50][51]
Latvia: Grand Officer of the Order of the Three Stars[52]
Luxembourg: Grand Cross of the Order of Adolphe of Nassau[53][54][55][56]
Malaysia: Honorary Commander of the Order of Loyalty to the Crown of Malaysia (2005)[57][58]
Norway: Grand Cross of the Order of St. Olav[59][60]
Romania: Grand Cross of the Order of Faithful Service[61]
Tunisia: Grand Officer of the Order of Merit[62]
