1.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
Geographic coordinate system
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Longitude lines are perpendicular and latitude lines are parallel to the equator.
2.
Bloor Street
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Bloor Street is a major east–west residential and commercial thoroughfare in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Bloor Street runs from the Prince Edward Viaduct, which spans the Don River Valley, east of the viaduct, Danforth Avenue continues along the same right-of-way. The street, approximately 25 kilometres long, contains a significant cross-sample of Torontos ethnic communities and it is also home to Torontos famous shopping street, the Mink Mile. The street is named after Joseph Bloore, a brewer and land speculator of this area in the 19th century who founded the Village of Yorkville in 1830 and he is buried at Necropolis Cemetery on Bayview Avenue and Rosedale Valley Road. A portion of Line 2 of the Bloor-Danforth subway line runs along Bloor from Kipling Avenue to Yonge Street, and then continues east along Danforth Avenue. Originally surveyed as the first concession road north of the baseline, it was known by names, including the Tollgate Road, then St. Pauls Road. Although Bloore had an e at the end of his surname, Bloor Street was never spelled with it, the idea of installing bicycle lanes on Bloor had been debated since at least the early 1970s. On 4 May 2016, city council voted 38-3 to implement physically separated bike lanes along a 2. 6-km stretch of the street. Mayor John Tory stated, in support of the project, that if council sought to make Toronto a 21st century city, Bloor street begins at the eastern edge of the Prince Edward Viaduct, which passes over the ravine holding the Don River. The street continues through to the Rosedale Ravine, marking the border of the affluent community of Rosedale. West of Parliament Street, the passes just to the north of the large St. James Town housing project. On the northern side of section of Bloor are the forested slopes of the Rosedale Ravine. Between Sherbourne and Church Streets the street is lined by large office towers and this area has long been the centre of the insurance industry in Canada. West of Church the street becomes commercial and is an important shopping district. In downtown, especially around the intersection with Bay Street, Bloor is one of the most exclusive stretches of real estate in Canada. Rents on the upscale Bloor Street have doubled in 4 years, ranking as the 22nd most expensive location in the world in 2006. Nationally, Vancouvers upscale Robson Street tied with Bloor Street West as the most expensive street in Canada, under the intersection of Yonge and Bloor Streets is the Bloor-Yonge subway station, which is the busiest in the city, serving approximately 368,800 people a day. Above ground, the intersection encompasses commercial stores and condominiums and it generally retains its commercial character, and serves as the main shopping area for most of these communities
Bloor Street
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Bloor Street
Bloor Street
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Bloor St. within Toronto
Bloor Street
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The
Royal Ontario Museum on Bloor
Bloor Street
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The intersection of
Yonge Street and Bloor Street, two of Toronto's most prominent thoroughfares
3.
Danforth Avenue
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Danforth Avenue and Danforth Road are two historically-related arterial streets in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Danforth Road splits off the Avenue west of Warden Avenue, and runs diagonally northeast until south of Lawrence Avenue, where it continues as McCowan Road. Line 2 Bloor–Danforth of the Toronto subway runs just north of Danforth Avenue from the Don River as far as Main Street Station, Danforth Road was named for contractor Asa Danforth Jr. who built portions of what would become Queen Street and Kingston Road. He started work in 1799 on Danforths Road as a route from Scarborough to the Trent River. That road was completed 1801 but soon fell into disrepair and was replaced by the 1817 Kingston Road stagecoach route. In Scarborough, Danforth Road connects Danforth Avenue with McCowan Road and it is possible, therefore, to stand at the intersection of Danforth and Danforth, i. e. Danforth Avenue and Danforth Road. Local references, therefore, are careful to note whether it is the Avenue or the Road being referred to—although the term the Danforth always refers to Danforth Avenue, and never to Danforth Road. Warden Avenue and Birchmount Road in Scarborough are two of the four routes to intersect with both Danforth Avenue and Danforth Road, with other routes, the distinction is unnecessary, for example, Victoria Park and Danforth means Danforth Avenue, while Kennedy and Danforth means Danforth Road. Spans the Don River valley, the Don Valley Parkway and Bayview Avenue via the Prince Edward Viaduct, west of that bridge, the street continues as Bloor Street. The Bloor–Danforth subway line runs parallel to most of the roads route, the subway follows Danforth from the Viaduct west of Broadview Station to Main Street Station. Danforth GO Station, just off Main Street, takes its name from the avenue, Danforth is served by Toronto Transit Commission buses only east of Main Street Station. Routes 16 McCowan and 113 Danforth serve the road during the day and 302 Danforth-McCowan run during the night, Danforth Avenue was formerly designated as Ontario Highway 5 from the Don River east to Kingston Road. Like many urban stretches of roadway, it was formally decommissioned as a connecting link on January 1,1998. Danforth is home to Torontos Greek community, also known as Greektown, shoppers World Danforth, a World War II munitions plant. It became a Ford plant again after the war, until Ford moved to Oakville in 1953, then an American Motors plant, producing Ramblers, Nashes and Hudsons, the buildings were retained and were converted to a shopping mall in 1962. Scarborough War Memorial, at the end of Danforth Avenue at Kingston Road. Variety Village, a facility for adults and youths with disabilities. Birchmount Stadium and Scarborough Arena Gardens, bills House of Wood - Largest wooden shoe shop in Canada
Danforth Avenue
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Street signs from various eras for Danforth Avenue in Toronto
Danforth Avenue
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Map of Danforth Avenue (Red) and Danforth Road (Green)
Danforth Avenue
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Many street signs along the western Danforth are in both English and Greek.
Danforth Avenue
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"
Taste of the Danforth " attracts one million visitors over three days every August.
4.
Line 2 Bloor-Danforth
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Line 2 Bloor–Danforth is a subway line in the Toronto subway system, operated by the Toronto Transit Commission. It has 31 stations and is 26.2 kilometres in length and it opened on February 25,1966, and extensions at both ends were completed in 1968 and again in 1980. The most travelled part of the line is located in Old Torontos midtown area known as Yorkville, in this area, the subway also connects to Line 1 Yonge–University at Spadina, St. George and Yonge stations. Just east of Main Street, the line begins to deviate north-east from Danforth Avenue and runs grade-separated until its eastern terminus, the subway line is closed nightly for maintenance, when Blue Night Network bus routes serve the route. When the Bloor-Danforth line, the subway line in the city opened in 1966. Unofficially, subway lines were numbered, but in October 2013. The new signage was commenced in March 2014 with Bloor–Yonge and St. George stations being the first to do so, the subway used to be internally known as route 601 and since the mid-2010s, it is called 2 Bloor–Danforth Subway. The earliest mention of rapid transit along the Bloor–Danforth lines route was made in a 1910 report that was prepared by an American firm of transit consultants and this study had been commissioned by a special commission which included City Controller Horatio Clarence Hocken and Mayor of Toronto Joseph Oliver. In their final report, the consultants suggested that the Prince Edward Viaduct, the estimated cost of the project was $120 million, but the plan was not implemented. During the fall of 1911, the City of Toronto put out a tender for the construction of concrete tubes to carry a subway, however, when the cost of the subway was put to a referendum, the construction of the subway tunnels was rejected. Before the subway was built, the Bloor streetcar line operated along the route between Jane Street and Luttrell Avenue, paired PCC streetcars or multiple units operated from 1950 to the opening of the subway line in 1966. To provide relief to this line and to make it easier to expand into the suburbs. During the period after World War II, rapid development created a need for public transit. A referendum on whether a subway should be constructed along Yonge Street was held on January 1,1946, the opening of the Yonge subway in 1954 resulted in another plan by the TTC for a Bloor–Danforth line, this time without an expressway, costing $146 million. The line was approved, but was not built, in the 1950s, there was intense debate over where the second Toronto subway line would run as it would affect how bus routes in Torontos suburbs would operate. While both shared the route at the outer ends, the TTC favoured a route that continued eastwards from Christie station to Pape station. This plan was championed by the TTC chairman, Allan A. Lamport, the other plan, which was proposed by the citys planning department and endorsed by its chairman, Fred Gardiner, had a large U-shaped diversion in the centre. From Christie, it ran south to Queen Street West, and after following Queen Street eastwards to Pape Avenue, in 1956, Torontos midtown area was starting to experience growth
Line 2 Bloor-Danforth
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Trains crossing the
Humber River near
Old Mill station
Line 2 Bloor-Danforth
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Construction of the Prince Edward Viaduct in 1916, whose lower deck now carries the Bloor-Danforth line
Line 2 Bloor-Danforth
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Greenwood Avenue Fill, the area that would eventually become the Greenwood subway yard
Line 2 Bloor-Danforth
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An M-1 series subway train, one of the first trains to operate on the Bloor–Danforth line
5.
Toronto subway
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The Toronto subway is a rapid transit system in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, operated by the Toronto Transit Commission. It is a system consisting of three heavy rail lines operating predominantly underground and one elevated light metro line, collectively encompassing 69 stations and 68.3 kilometres of track. It accommodated an average of 1,066,100 passenger trips each weekday during the quarter of 2015. There are 4 rapid transit lines in Toronto plus another under construction, Line 1 Yonge–University, is the longest and busiest rapid transit line in the system. It opened as the Yonge subway in 1954 with a length of 7.4 kilometres, Today, the line is U-shaped having two northern terminals looping on its southern end via Union Station. An 8. 6-kilometre, six-station extension of Line 1 north to Vaughan is under construction, Line 2 Bloor–Danforth, opened in 1966, runs parallel to Bloor Street and Danforth Avenue between Kipling Station in Etobicoke and Kennedy Station in Scarborough. There is a plan to extend Line 2 eastwards from Kennedy Station to Scarborough Town Centre, Line 3 Scarborough is an above-ground medium-capacity rail line serving the citys eponymous suburban district. The line runs from Kennedy Station to McCowan Station passing Scarborough Town Centre and this is the only rapid transit line in Toronto to use Intermediate Capacity Transit System technology. There is a plan to close and dismantle Line 3 after Line 2 is extended to Scarborough Town Centre, Line 5 Eglinton is a 19-kilometre light rail line under construction scheduled to open in 2021. The line will have 25 stations of which 15 will be underground, here is a list of line, extension and station openings on the Toronto subway system. Canadas first subway, the Yonge subway, opened in 1954 with a length of 7.4 kilometres, the line ran under or parallel to Yonge Street between Eglinton Avenue and Union Station. It replaced the Yonge streetcar line, Canadas first streetcar line, in 1963, the line was extended under University Avenue north to Bloor Street to connect with the Bloor-Danforth subway at the double-deck St. George Station. In 1974, the line was extended from Eglinton Station north to Finch Station, the Spadina segment of the line was constructed north from St. George Station initially to Wilson Station in 1978, and eventually to Downsview Station in 1996. Part of the Spadina segment runs in the median of an expressway, four decades of extensions gave the line a U-shaped route running from its two northern terminals and looping on its southern end at Union Station. As of 1996, the line was 30.2 kilometres long, opened in 1966, the Bloor–Danforth subway runs east-west under or near Bloor Street and Danforth Avenue. It replaced the Bloor streetcar line, initially, the subway line ran between Keele Station to Woodbine Station. In 1968, the line was extended west to Islington Station and east to Warden Station, opened in 1985, the Scarborough RT is a light metro line running from Kennedy Station to McCowan station. The TTC started to construct the line to use Canadian Light Rail Vehicles and this line was never extended, and the current plan is to close and dismantle the line, replacing it with an extension of Line 2 to Scarborough Town Centre
Toronto subway
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Subway trains at
Museum Station on
Line 1 Yonge–University.
Toronto subway
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Toronto rapid transit
Toronto subway
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Subway excavations in front of
Union Station (left) on
Front Street in 1950
Toronto subway
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The TTC intended the subway to use streetcar-derived trains, like this former
Chicago 'L' train preserved at the
Halton County Radial Railway
6.
Don River (Ontario)
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The Don River is a watercourse in southern Ontario, that empties into Lake Ontario, at Toronto Harbour. Its mouth was just east of the grid of the town of York, Upper Canada. Of the various watercourses that drained Toronto, the Don, the Humber River, the Don is formed from two rivers, the East and West Branches, that meet about 7 kilometres north of Lake Ontario while flowing southward into the lake. The area below the confluence is known as the lower Don, the Don is also joined at the confluence by a third major branch, Taylor-Massey Creek. The Toronto and Region Conservation Authority is responsible for managing the river, humans first arrived in the Don River area approximately 12,500 years BP, most likely as nomadic hunters. While there is archaeological evidence in the Don valley itself. The most significant recorded find is known as the Withrow Site and it was discovered in 1886 during road building just east of Riverdale Park. It contained human remains and other dating back to about 5000 years BP. It is unclear whether the Don River had a native Canadian name, in 1788, Alexander Aitkin, an English surveyor who worked in southern Ontario, referred to the Don River as Ne cheng qua kekonk. Elizabeth Simcoe, wife of Lieutenant Governor John Graves Simcoe, reported in her diary that another name used was Wonscotanach and this is an Anishnaabe phrase meaning the river coming from the back burnt grounds which could refer to an earlier forest fire in the poplar plains to the north. The name Don River was given by Lt. Gov. Simcoe because the wide valley reminded him of the River Don in Yorkshire, after the founding of York in 1793, several mills were constructed along the lower Don. One of the first was at Todmorden Mills and these mills initially turned out lumber, flour and paper products. By the 1850s, there were more than 50 mills along the Don, the Lower Don was becoming an industrial setting. Petroleum storage facilities, poultry and pork processing plants were constructed along the banks of the Don, in 1879, the Don Valley Brick Works opened. Polluted effluent from factories and the growing city nearby was turning the Don. In the 1880s, the part of the Don south of the former Winchester St. bridge was straightened and placed in a channel to create additional harbour space. Known as The Don Improvement Project, the river was also supposed to divert the polluted waters into the Ashbridges Bay marsh. This proved unsuccessful so the mouth was turned 90 degrees west where it empties into the inner harbour and this short extension of the harbour is known as the Keating Channel
Don River (Ontario)
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The river as it runs beneath the
Bloor Viaduct
Don River (Ontario)
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An 1836 watercolour depicting people
curling on the Don River.
Don River (Ontario)
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Don River and
Prince Edward Viaduct, 1918
Don River (Ontario)
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DVP and the Don River.
7.
Toronto
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Toronto is the most populous city in Canada and the provincial capital of Ontario. With a population of 2,731,571, Toronto is the fourth most populous city in North America after Mexico City, New York City, and Los Angeles. A global city, Toronto is a centre of business, finance, arts, and culture. Aboriginal peoples have inhabited the area now known as Toronto for thousands of years, the city itself is situated on the southern terminus of an ancient Aboriginal trail leading north to Lake Simcoe, used by the Wyandot, Iroquois, and the Mississauga. Permanent European settlement began in the 1790s, after the broadly disputed Toronto Purchase of 1787, the British established the town of York, and later designated it as the capital of Upper Canada. During the War of 1812, the town was the site of the Battle of York, York was renamed and incorporated as the city of Toronto in 1834, and became the capital of the province of Ontario during the Canadian Confederation in 1867. The city proper has since expanded past its original borders through amalgamation with surrounding municipalities at various times in its history to its current area of 630.2 km2. While the majority of Torontonians speak English as their primary language, Toronto is a prominent centre for music, theatre, motion picture production, and television production, and is home to the headquarters of Canadas major national broadcast networks and media outlets. Toronto is well known for its skyscrapers and high-rise buildings, in particular the tallest free-standing structure in the Western Hemisphere, the name Toronto is likely derived from the Iroquois word tkaronto, meaning place where trees stand in the water. This refers to the end of what is now Lake Simcoe. A portage route from Lake Ontario to Lake Huron running through this point, in the 1660s, the Iroquois established two villages within what is today Toronto, Ganatsekwyagon on the banks of the Rouge River and Teiaiagonon the banks of the Humber River. By 1701, the Mississauga had displaced the Iroquois, who abandoned the Toronto area at the end of the Beaver Wars, French traders founded Fort Rouillé on the current Exhibition grounds in 1750, but abandoned it in 1759. During the American Revolutionary War, the region saw an influx of British settlers as United Empire Loyalists fled for the British-controlled lands north of Lake Ontario, the new province of Upper Canada was in the process of creation and needed a capital. Dorchester intended the location to be named Toronto, in 1793, Governor John Graves Simcoe established the town of York on the Toronto Purchase lands, instead naming it after Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany. Simcoe decided to move the Upper Canada capital from Newark to York, the York garrison was constructed at the entrance of the towns natural harbour, sheltered by a long sandbar peninsula. The towns settlement formed at the end of the harbour behind the peninsula, near the present-day intersection of Parliament Street. In 1813, as part of the War of 1812, the Battle of York ended in the towns capture, the surrender of the town was negotiated by John Strachan. US soldiers destroyed much of the garrison and set fire to the parliament buildings during their five-day occupation, the sacking of York was a primary motivation for the Burning of Washington by British troops later in the war
Toronto
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From top left:
Downtown Toronto featuring the
CN Tower and
Financial District from the
Toronto Harbour,
City Hall, the
Ontario Legislative Building,
Casa Loma,
Prince Edward Viaduct, and the
Scarborough Bluffs
Toronto
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Coat of arms
Toronto
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Map of Toronto, 1894
Toronto
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Yonge Street in 1900
8.
Ontario
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Ontario, one of the 13 provinces and territories of Canada, is located in east-central Canada. It is Canadas most populous province by a margin, accounting for nearly 40 percent of all Canadians. Ontario is fourth-largest in total area when the territories of the Northwest Territories and it is home to the nations capital city, Ottawa, and the nations most populous city, Toronto. There is only about 1 km of land made up of portages including Height of Land Portage on the Minnesota border. Ontario is sometimes divided into two regions, Northern Ontario and Southern Ontario. The great majority of Ontarios population and arable land is located in the south, in contrast, the larger, northern part of Ontario is sparsely populated with cold winters and is heavily forested. The province is named after Lake Ontario, a thought to be derived from Ontarí, io, a Huron word meaning great lake, or possibly skanadario. Ontario has about 250,000 freshwater lakes, the province consists of three main geographical regions, The thinly populated Canadian Shield in the northwestern and central portions, which comprises over half the land area of Ontario. Although this area mostly does not support agriculture, it is rich in minerals and in part covered by the Central and Midwestern Canadian Shield forests, studded with lakes, Northern Ontario is subdivided into two sub-regions, Northwestern Ontario and Northeastern Ontario. The virtually unpopulated Hudson Bay Lowlands in the north and northeast, mainly swampy. Southern Ontario which is further sub-divided into four regions, Central Ontario, Eastern Ontario, Golden Horseshoe, the highest point is Ishpatina Ridge at 693 metres above sea level located in Temagami, Northeastern Ontario. In the south, elevations of over 500 m are surpassed near Collingwood, above the Blue Mountains in the Dundalk Highlands, the Carolinian forest zone covers most of the southwestern region of the province. A well-known geographic feature is Niagara Falls, part of the Niagara Escarpment, the Saint Lawrence Seaway allows navigation to and from the Atlantic Ocean as far inland as Thunder Bay in Northwestern Ontario. Northern Ontario occupies roughly 87 percent of the area of the province. Point Pelee is a peninsula of Lake Erie in southwestern Ontario that is the southernmost extent of Canadas mainland, Pelee Island and Middle Island in Lake Erie extend slightly farther. All are south of 42°N – slightly farther south than the border of California. The climate of Ontario varies by season and location, the effects of these major air masses on temperature and precipitation depend mainly on latitude, proximity to major bodies of water and to a small extent, terrain relief. In general, most of Ontarios climate is classified as humid continental, Ontario has three main climatic regions
Ontario
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Algonquin Provincial Park, Cache Lake
Ontario
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Flag
Ontario
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Summer at
Sandbanks Provincial Park on Lake Ontario.
Ontario
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The
Niagara Escarpment on the
Bruce Peninsula.
9.
Toronto Transit Commission
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The Toronto Transit Commission is a public transport agency that operates bus, rapid transit, streetcar, and paratransit services in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Established in 1921, the TTC comprises four rapid transit lines with 69 stations, over 149 bus routes, and 10 streetcar lines. In 4th quarter 2012, the daily ridership was 2.76 million passengers,1,425,300 by bus,271,100 by streetcar,46,400 by intermediate rail. The TTC also operates paratransit service for the elderly and disabled. The TTC is the third most heavily used urban mass transit system in North America, after the New York City Transit Authority, public transit in Toronto started in 1849 with a privately operated transit service. In later years, the city operated some routes, but in 1921 assumed control over all routes, during this period, streetcars provided the bulk of the service. In 1954, the TTC adopted its present name, opened the first subway line, the system has evolved to feature a wide network of surface routes with the subway lines as the backbone. On February 17,2008, the TTC made many improvements, finally reversing more than a decade of service reductions. The Gloucester subway cars, the first version of TTC subway cars, another common slogan is The Better Way. The TTC has recovered about 70% of its costs from the fare box in recent years. From its creation in 1921 until 1971, the TTC was self-supporting both for capital and operations, deficits and subsidies soared throughout the 1970s and 1980s, followed by service cuts and a period of ridership decline in the 1990s, partly attributable to recession. Since then, the TTC has consistently been in financial difficulties, Service cuts were averted in 2007, though, when the Toronto City Council voted to introduce new taxes to help pay for city services, including the TTC. As a result, the TTC became the largest transit operator in Anglo-America not to receive provincial/state subsidies, the TTC has received federal funding for capital projects from as early as 2009. The TTC is also considered one of the costliest transit systems per fare price in North America, for the 2011 operating year, the TTC had a projected operating budget of $1.45 billion. Revenue from fares covered approximately 70% of the budget, whereas the remaining 30% originated from the city, in 2009 through 2011, provincial and federal subsidies amounted to 0% of the budget. In contrast to this, STM Montreal receives approximately 10% of its budget from the provincial government. The fairness of preferentially subsidizing transit in specific Canadian cities has been questioned by citizens, the TTC operated the ferry service to the Toronto Islands from 1927 to 1962, when it was transferred to the Metro Parks and Culture department. Gray Coach Lines was a suburban and regional intercity bus operator founded in 1927 by the TTC, Gray Coach used interurban coaches to link Toronto to points throughout southern Ontario
Toronto Transit Commission
–
From top-left: A
Flexity Outlook streetcar, a
CLRV Streetcar,
Toronto Rocket subway train, an
ICTS Mark I rapid transit train, a
Wheel-Trans bus, a Nova Bus, and wall tile signage at
Eglinton Station featuring the
Toronto Subway typeface
Toronto Transit Commission
–
Orion VII HEV Next Generation bus
Toronto Transit Commission
–
T1 subway car
Toronto Transit Commission
–
Toronto Rocket subway train
10.
Arch bridge
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An arch bridge is a bridge with abutments at each end shaped as a curved arch. Arch bridges work by transferring the weight of the bridge and its loads partially into a horizontal thrust restrained by the abutments at either side, a viaduct may be made from a series of arches, although other more economical structures are typically used today. Possibly the oldest existing bridge is the Mycenaean Arkadiko bridge in Greece from about 1300 BC. The stone corbel arch bridge is used by the local populace. The well-preserved Hellenistic Eleutherna Bridge has a corbel arch. The 4th century BC Rhodes Footbridge rests on an early voussoir arch, a more complete survey by the Italian scholar Vittorio Galliazzo found 931 Roman bridges, mostly of stone, in as many as 26 different countries. Roman arch bridges were usually semicircular, although a number were segmental arch bridges, generally, Roman bridges featured wedge-shaped primary arch stones of the same in size and shape. The Romans built both single spans and lengthy multiple arch aqueducts, such as the Pont du Gard and Segovia Aqueduct. Their bridges featured from an early time onwards flood openings in the piers, e. g. in the Pons Fabricius in Rome, Roman engineers were the first and until the industrial revolution the only ones to construct bridges with concrete, which they called Opus caementicium. The outside was covered with brick or ashlar, as in the Alcántara bridge. The Romans also introduced segmental arch bridges into bridge construction, trajans bridge over the Danube featured open-spandrel segmental arches made of wood. This was to be the longest arch bridge for a thousand years both in terms of overall and individual span length, while the longest extant Roman bridge is the 790 m long Puente Romano at Mérida. The late Roman Karamagara Bridge in Cappadocia may represent the earliest surviving bridge featuring a pointed arch, in medieval Europe, bridge builders improved on the Roman structures by using narrower piers, thinner arch barrels and lower span-rise ratios on bridges. Gothic pointed arches were introduced, reducing lateral thrust. The 14th century in particular saw bridge building reaching new heights, the bridge at Trezzo sullAdda, destroyed in the 15th century, even featured a span length of 72 m, not matched until 1796. Constructions such as the acclaimed Florentine segmental arch bridge Ponte Vecchio combined sound engineering with aesthetical appeal, the three elegant arches of the Renaissance Ponte Santa Trinita constitute the oldest elliptic arch bridge worldwide. In China, the oldest existing bridge is the Zhaozhou Bridge of 605 AD. The Zhaozhou Bridge, with a length of 167 feet and span of 123 feet, is the worlds first wholly stone open-spandrel segmental arch bridge, Bridges with perforated spandrels can be found worldwide, such as in China
Arch bridge
–
Double arch stone bridge,
Japan
Arch bridge
–
The
Alcántara Bridge, Spain (built 103-106 AD)
Arch bridge
–
Segovia Aqueduct (c. 100 AD)
Arch bridge
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Devil's bridge,
Céret, France (1341)
11.
Truss arch bridge
–
A truss arch bridge combines the elements of the truss bridge and the arch bridge. The actual resolution of forces will depend upon the design, if no horizontal thrusting forces are generated this becomes an arch-shaped truss, essentially a bent beam – see moon bridge for an example. If horizontal thrust is generated but the apex of the arch is a pin joint, if no hinge exists at the apex, it will normally be a two-hinged arch. In the Iron Bridge shown below, the structure of each frame emulates the kind of structure that previously had made of wood. Such rigid structures were developed in the 20th century as the Vierendeel truss. The Iron Bridge, the first metal bridge of any kind, maria Pia Bridge, Gustave Eiffels pioneering two-hinge arch. Hurricane Deck Bridge, the last remaining truss-type bridge on Lake of the Ozarks in central Missouri, i-35W Mississippi River bridge bridge that collapsed in 2007 in Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA. Navajo Bridge and newer bridge of the general construction, each built as unsupported cantilevers joined with a central pin
Truss arch bridge
–
New River Gorge Bridge, in
Fayetteville,
West Virginia
Truss arch bridge
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The Iron Bridge, a three-hinged arch and the first metal bridge
Truss arch bridge
–
Garabit Viaduct, a thrust arch type employing a
catenary shape
Truss arch bridge
–
The steel
Stoney Creek Bridge carries the
Canadian Pacific Railway
12.
Castle Frank Brook
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Water still runs in short segments in Cedarvale Park and the Nordheimer Ravine but this is only a collection of surface runoff and ravine slope seepage. The channels are all created and run into a storm sewer that carries the remnants of the brook. The southern section of Vaughan Road roughly parallels the brooks course, the Toronto Transit Commissions Spadina subway line follows the path of the creek from Eglinton West station to St. Clair West station, finally deviating southward at Spadina Road. The brook is named for the residence of Ontarios first colonial governor, John Graves Simcoe. It was built either on the west side of the Don River near the modern Prince Edward Viaduct, the home featured a façade in the Georgian architectural style. It was abandoned when Simcoe returned to England in 1794, castle Frank subway station takes its name from the former residence. A second home of the name was built north of this site by Sir Edward Kemp. It was demolished in 1962 for the current Rosedale Heights School of the Arts, the site of the original summer home can be seen from aerial photos as a partially cleared area with a ring-like shape. List of rivers of Ontario Toronto Dreams Project Historical Ephemera Blog BlogTO. com entry by Chris Bateman
Castle Frank Brook
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Cedarvale Park
Castle Frank Brook
–
The Nordheimer Ravine, named after
Samuel Nordheimer, a piano importer who lived nearby
Castle Frank Brook
–
The
Russell Hill Emergency exit located in Winston Churchill Park
13.
Rosedale, Toronto
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It is located north of Downtown Toronto and is one of its oldest suburbs. It is also one of the wealthiest and most highly priced neighbourhoods in Canada, Rosedale has been ranked the best neighbourhood in Toronto to live by Toronto Life. Rosedales boundaries consist of the CPR railway tracks to the north, Yonge Street to the west, Aylmer Avenue and Rosedale Valley Road to the south, the neighbourhood is within the City of Torontos Rosedale-Moore Park neighbourhood. The neighbourhood is divided into a north and south portion by the Park Drive Ravine, south Rosedale was first settled by Sheriff William Jarvis and his wife, Mary, in 1826 after Jarvis inherited his fathers home there two years earlier. Mary Jarvis, the granddaughter of chief justice and loyalist William Drummer Powell frequently walked and she named the estate Rosedale as a tribute to the abundance of wild roses that graced the hillsides of their estate. The Jarvis estate was subdivided in 1854 and became Torontos first garden suburb, the Jarvis Family sold the Rosedale homestead in 1864, which led to the residential development of the area soon after, including the extension of Cluny Drive. A noteworthy piece of Rosedales History, is that it was home to Ontarios fourth Government House, the house was called Chorley Park, and it was built for the Lieutenant Governor in 1915. It was demolished in 1960 by the city of Toronto to save money and it is now a public park of the same name. Rosedale is built among three ravines, preserved as parkland, Rosedale is full of cul de sacs and convoluted routes through the neighbourhood, which coupled with other physical boundaries leading to low levels of vehicular traffic. Even though Rosedale is located in the middle of Toronto, virtually no vehicular traffic can be heard with the abundance of trees, the homes are mostly single family detached dwellings, many of which are at least 100 years old including some former farmhouses that are closer to 200. Houses range from Edwardian and Tudor in style to the more common Victorian and Georgian, south Rosedale is currently home to an exclusive all-girls school, Branksome Hall which offers the International Baccalaureate program. Rosedale Public School is an elementary school in central Rosedale, not far from Rosedales community centre. Rosedale Park is home to the annual spring park party, Mayfair, the event typically consists of rides, games, flea market and other such carnival-like activities. The event is traditionally on the first Saturday in May and is run, according to Census tracts 0086.00 and 0087.00 of the 2006 Canadian census, Rosedale has 7,672 residents, up 4. 8% from the 2001 census. The median income in this Census Tract in the 2006 Canadian Census was $55,906, while the total income in this Census was $165,827. The median income level was also double that of Canada and Ontario, while the total income levels were 4.5 to 5 times larger than that of Ontario. In 2015 the average Rosedale house sold for over $1,800,000, additionally, Rosedale possesses a large population of people of English, Scottish, and Irish ethnic origin. Rosedale is represented in the House of Commons by Chrystia Freeland and is a part of the Torontos central district, renamed to University-Rosedale in 2015, in Provincial Parliament, Rosedale is a part of the Toronto Centre district and is currently represented by Glen Murray
Rosedale, Toronto
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The Glen Road bridge
Rosedale, Toronto
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A postcard from the 1920s shows Chestnut Park in Rosedale
Rosedale, Toronto
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Aerial Photograph of the area, 1942
Rosedale, Toronto
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Whitney Park in Rosedale
14.
Sherbourne Street, Toronto
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Sherbourne Street is an important roadway in Downtown Toronto. It is one of the streets in the old city of York. It was named by Samuel Ridout in 1845 after the town in Dorset, England, a streetcar ran down Sherbourne from 1874-1942. In the early 2000s City Council chose Sherbourne as one of the first streets in Toronto to be retrofitted with dedicated bike lanes, media related to Sherbourne Street, Toronto at Wikimedia Commons
Sherbourne Street, Toronto
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Rosedale Ravine
Sherbourne Street, Toronto
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Sherbourne Subway Station
Sherbourne Street, Toronto
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Trinity Evangelical Lutheran Church
Sherbourne Street, Toronto
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James Cooper House
15.
Bayview Avenue
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Bayview Avenue is a major north-south route in the Greater Toronto Area of Ontario. North of Toronto, in York Region, Bayview is also designated as York Regional Road 34, Bayview Avenue follows the first concession line, laid 6,600 ft east of Yonge Street. Over time, the road became known as East York Avenue. In 1931, James Stanley McLean constructed Bay View overlooking the Don Valley on the edge of Moore Park, on August 17,1959, Bayview was extended south from Moore Avenue in Leaside to Front Street. The northern section of extension was routed alongside Pottery Road to Nesbitt Drive. South of this, it wraps around a hill and descends into the Lower Don Valley and this addition is frequently referred to as the Bayview Extension. It was constructed as part of the Don Valley Parkway project, the extension fulfilled the central spoke in the building of the Don Valley Roadway as proposed in the 1940s. A route through the ravine to St. Clair Avenue was replaced with the present route which stays within the Don Valley proper, Bayview Avenue now terminates at the Corktown Common at Mill Street. A lengthy battle ensued between environmentalists, upset over continuing construction in the supposedly protected Oak Ridges Moraine. The discovery of Jefferson salamanders in the area resulted in several modifications to the design of the route, including a 70 m structure over a dry ravine. On November 17,2002, the new extension was opened, the former route of Bayview was turned into several short streets, which lie directly west of the new roadway. Today, Sunnybrook Hospital and Sunnybrook Park occupy those lands, while Bayview was never renamed, a recently constructed street south of the hospital carries the name Kilgour Road today. The southern end of Bayview Avenue starts at River Street, for the first part of its route northward it runs through the Don Valley, on the West side of the river opposite the Don Valley Parkway. Along this stretch a steep cliff separates it from such as Cabbagetown. Bayview exits the Don Valley, passing through the Governors Bridge neighbourhood and it is the major commercial street for Leaside, home to many small shops and restaurants. North of Leaside Bayview runs across several tributaries of the Don River and is carried over one of them by the six-lane Bayview Bridge. This is the portion of the wealthy Lawrence Park neighbourhood, and just to the east is the Bridle Path. North of York Mills Avenue Bayview becomes one of the major north-south arterials for suburban North York and it passes through the neighbourhoods of Bayview Village, Bayview Woods, Willowdale, and Newtonbrook
Bayview Avenue
Bayview Avenue
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Bayview within Toronto
Bayview Avenue
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A Bayview Avenue sign in
East York
Bayview Avenue
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Queen Street Viaduct
16.
Don Valley Parkway
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The Don Valley Parkway is a municipal expressway in the Canadian city of Toronto, Ontario, which connects the Gardiner Expressway in downtown Toronto with Highway 401. North of Highway 401, it continues as Highway 404, the parkway runs through the parklands of the Don River Valley, after which it is named. It has a speed limit of 90 km/h for its entire length of 15.0 km. It is six lanes for most of its length but it is eight lanes north of York Mills, as a municipal road, it is patrolled by the Toronto Police Service. The parkway was the expressway to be built by Metropolitan Toronto. Planning began in 1954, the year of Metros formation, the first section opened during 1961 and the entire route was completed by the end of 1966. South of Bloor Street, the expressway was constructed over existing roadways, North of Bloor Street, it was built on a new alignment through the valley, requiring the removal of several hills, diversion of the Don River and the clearing of woodland. North of Eglinton Avenue, the expressway follows the former Woodbine Avenue right-of-way north to Highway 401. The parkway operates well beyond its capacity of 60,000 vehicles per day and is known for daily traffic jams. Planned as part of an expressway network within Toronto, it was one of the few expressways built before the public opposition which cancelled many of the others. The Don Valley Parkway begins at an interchange with the Gardiner Expressway near the mouth of the Don River in downtown Toronto, from there, it runs northwards on the eastern bank of the valley, between the river and the developed city to the east. Beyond the southern, older section of the city, the valley widens, the route leaves the valley, rises to meet Eglinton Avenue, descends into the valley again and goes through the park lands of Milne Hollow to Lawrence Avenue. It ascends to meet York Mills Road and ends at Highway 401, the Gardiner–Don Valley ramps provide access to the section of the Gardiner Expressway west of the parkway. There is no access either from or to the Gardiner east of the parkway, to travel east from the southbound lanes of the parkway, motorists must exit via the off-ramp to Lake Shore Boulevard, which meets the Lake Shore at a signalized intersection. Less than 500 metres north of the Gardiner, the Canadian National Railway /GO Toronto railway viaduct passes over the parkway, the interchange is constrained by that distance for the Gardiner—Don Valley two-lane ramps bridge the difference in height from ground-level under the viaduct with the height of the Gardiner. Acceleration and deceleration lanes for the Lake Shore—Don Valley ramps connect under the viaduct, on- and off-ramps project northward from Eastern Avenue, each adding a lane to both carriageways. The expressway continues northward, with the Don River sandwiched between the highway and Bayview Avenue, the Parkway passes beneath Dundas and Gerrard Streets and rises onto the Don Flats plateau at Riverdale Park. In this section, the elevation of the highway is close to the level of the river and is liable to flood after heavy rains, as occurred in June 2010, North from Riverdale Park, the valley widens considerably
Don Valley Parkway
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Complex bridge structure of the Don Valley Parkway, Gardiner Expressway and Lake Shore Boulevard interchange
Don Valley Parkway
Don Valley Parkway
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The Don Valley Parkway at
Riverdale Park
Don Valley Parkway
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The Don Valley Parkway seen from the
Prince Edward Viaduct
17.
Broadview (TTC)
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Broadview is a subway station on the Bloor–Danforth line in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. The entrance to the building is from Broadview Avenue just north of Danforth Avenue, the station, which is the north-eastern terminus of the 504 King and 505 Dundas streetcar routes, has two streetcar platforms and five bus bays to allow riders to transfer between connecting routes. Wi-Fi service is available at this station, Broadview Station was opened in 1966 as part of the original segment of the Bloor-Danforth line, from Keele Station in the west to Woodbine Station in the east. The elevators entered service in 2006, and the stairs from the subway to the bus/streetcar platform afterwards. The next stage of the renovation was to build a stairway from the platform to the eastbound subway platform. This was completed and opened in 2008, however, it was closed shortly afterwards due to water ingress, media related to Broadview Station at Wikimedia Commons Broadview Station at the Toronto Transit Commission
Broadview (TTC)
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Broadview
Broadview (TTC)
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Broadview Subway Station Parkette
18.
Castle Frank (TTC)
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Castle Frank is a station on Line 2 Bloor–Danforth of the Toronto subway. It is located at the northwest corner of Bloor Street East, wi-Fi service is available at this station. Nearby landmarks include Rosedale Heights School of the Arts and St. James Cemetery, the entrance to the station is located on the corner of Castle Frank Road and Bloor Street East. The station was rated as high priority in the requirement for an exit which, although scheduled to be finished by January,2010. This project still did not make the station although the stairs give subway riders a direct connection to the bus bays. Only an exit is provided through turnstile gates, without any way to get into the station using a pass or token that is available at the entrance to many other stations. Castle Frank Station, opened in 1966, is named after the community that it serves and its streets, and the brook that flows through it, are in turn named after John Graves Simcoes summer residence in the area overlooking the Don River, which burned down in 1829. The residence was named after his son Francis Simcoe, in 1954 a historical marker was placed in Prince Edward Viaduct Parkette, near the site of the historic Castle Frank residence, on the south side of Bloor Street at Castle Frank Road. The Parliament streetcar operated to its terminus at the Viaduct Loop until 1966. The site of the loop is now Bloor - Parliament Parkette. East of the station, the runs under Bloor Street to use the lower deck of the Prince Edward Viaduct. At the end of the Viaduct it swings to parallel Danforth Avenue on the north side, immediately west of the station the line crosses the Rosedale Ravine in a covered concrete bridge then continues in a tunnel to Sherbourne station
Castle Frank (TTC)
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Castle Frank
Castle Frank (TTC)
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The much delayed second exit, which finally opened in 2012
Castle Frank (TTC)
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Castle Frank historical marker
Castle Frank (TTC)
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Viaduct Loop in 1926 was a terminus for streetcars
19.
Sherbourne (TTC)
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Sherbourne is a subway station on the Bloor–Danforth line in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. The station, which opened in 1966, is located west of Sherbourne Street on the side of Bloor Street East. The station primarily serves the St. James Town neighbourhood and the portion of Rosedale. Wi-Fi service is available at this station and this is not an accessible subway station. Sherbourne Station houses the TTC Photo ID Centre, the station used to be very crowded as students lined up to get photo ID cards or at the end of each month to purchase the next months pass. The primary entrance is located on the Sherbourne Street side of the building at 425 Bloor Street East. An unmanned second entrance to the east end of the platforms is on Glen Road, a pedestrian tunnel under Bloor Street and a footbridge across Rosedale Valley Road provide access to this entrance from Rosedale to the north. This is the station south of Bloor Street on the original line, with the only other one at Kipling not being built until 1980. East of the station, the line crosses back under Bloor Street to the north side and it emerges from the tunnel to cross the Rosedale Ravine on a curving covered concrete bridge, and then returns underground just before Castle Frank station. A conventional bridge was planned for the line, with a view of the ravine
Sherbourne (TTC)
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Sherbourne
Sherbourne (TTC)
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Bored tunnel towards Yonge Station
Sherbourne (TTC)
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Covered bridge over Rosedale Valley Road
20.
Dominion Bridge Company
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Dominion Bridge Company Limited was a Canadian steel bridge constructor originally based in Lachine, Quebec. From the core business of steel bridge component fabrication, the company diversified into related areas such as the fabrication of holding tanks for pulp mills and skyscraper framing. Other Canadian plants were located in Amherst, NS, Toronto, ON, Winnipeg, MB, Regina, SK, Saskatoon, SK, Calgary, AB, Edmonton, AB, Richmond, BC and Burnaby, BC. In the 1960s and 1970s, Dominion Bridge expanded internationally and renamed itself AMCA International and this name was later changed to United Dominion Industries. To keep name recognition alive, the continued to call its Canadian division Dominion Bridge. Between 1979-1988, the companys Lachine plant operated under the auspices of a subsidiary called Dominion Bridge-Sulzer Inc. which was co-owned by AMCA International, the Dominion Bridge facility in Burnaby, BC operated from 1930 until the mid-1970s at a 15-acre property located at 2400 Boundary Road. After being sold, this property was repurposed to become The Bridge Studios, in 1886, the company began to build a cantilevered bridge over the St. Lawrence River for the Canadian Pacific Railway. Because part of the lay in the reservation of the Kahnawake and Akwesasne Mohawks. The company planned to use them as unskilled labour but they climbed all over the bridge, without fear, and asked to become riveters. They proved to have an aptitude for the work and by the end of the project there were 70 iron and steel riveters in the Kahnawake band. In 1890 civil engineer for various railways James Ross replaced Job Abbott as president of the company, although credited to the drive of Ross, vice-president James Pawley Dawes lead the developed via joint-venture the St Lawrence Bridge Company to construct the Quebec Bridge. George Herrick Duggan joined the Engineering Department in 1886, becoming Chief Engineer in 1901, another notable employee was Philip Louis Pratley, a Persons of National Historic Significance. In 1898 the Dominion Bridge Company was awarded the contract to design and build the Alexandra Bridge, at the time of completion in 1901 the Alexandra Bridge was the fourth longest cantilever span in the world. This facility provided steel for the building of the Prince Edward Viaduct, with a lowest bid of $6,954,000, the company secured the contract to erect the steel superstructure of the Jacques Cartier Bridge linking Montreal to the South Shore on October 25,1925. The company also raised the Honoré Mercier Bridge as part of the same programme and it had built the original bridge between 1932 and 1934 using steel caissons assembled by Dufresne Engineering from plates manufactured at Dominions Lachine yards. The companys Canadian operations experienced a decline after work was completed on projects for Montreals Olympic Games in 1976. The Burnaby plant was shut down in the mid-1970s and the Toronto plant was closed in 1990, after the dissolution of Dominion Bridge-Sulzer Inc. and several buildings on the property of the Lachine plant were mothballed or torn down following the dissolution. Employment at the Lachine plant alone dropped from approximately 2,000 in the early 1970s to about 250 in 1990, in 1993, the Cedar Group acquired United Dominion Industries Dominion Bridge subsidiary, which was then a four-plant operation
Dominion Bridge Company
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The
Alexandra Bridge over the
Ottawa River, which the Dominion Bridge Company helped construct.
21.
Canadian dollar
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The Canadian dollar is the currency of Canada. It is abbreviated with the dollar sign $, or sometimes Can$ or C$ to distinguish it from other dollar-denominated currencies and it is divided into 100 cents. Canadas dollar is the fifth most held reserve currency in the world, accounting for approximately 2% of all global reserves, behind only the U. S. dollar, the euro, the yen and the pound sterling. In 1841, the Province of Canada adopted a new system based on the Halifax rating, the new Canadian pound was equal to four US dollars, making one pound sterling equal to 1 pound,4 shillings, and 4 pence Canadian. Thus, the new Canadian pound was worth 16 shillings and 5.3 pence sterling, the 1850s was a decade of wrangling over whether to adopt a sterling monetary system or a decimal monetary system based on the US dollar. In 1851, the Legislative Council and the Legislative Assembly passed an act for the purposes of introducing a sterling unit in conjunction with decimal fractional coinage. The idea was that the coins would correspond to exact amounts in relation to the U. S. dollar fractional coinage. This gold standard was introduced with the gold sovereign being legal tender at £1 = US$ 4.86 2⁄3, no coinage was provided for under the 1853 act. Sterling coinage was legal tender and all other silver coins were demonetized. The British government in principle allowed for a decimal coinage but nevertheless held out the hope that a unit would be chosen under the name of royal. However, in 1857, the decision was made to introduce a decimal coinage into the Province of Canada in conjunction with the U. S. dollar unit, in 1859, Canadian colonial postage stamps were issued with decimal denominations for the first time. In 1860, the colonies of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia followed the colony of Canada in adopting a system based on the U. S. dollar unit. In the following year, Canadian colonial postage stamps were issued with the shown in dollars. The U. S. dollar was created in 1792 on the basis of the weight of a selection of worn Spanish dollars. As such, the Spanish dollar was slightly more than the U. S. dollar, and likewise. In 1867, the colonies of Canada, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia were united in a called the Dominion of Canada. In 1871, Prince Edward Island went decimal within the U. S. dollar unit, however, the currency of Prince Edward Island was absorbed into the Canadian system shortly afterwards, when Prince Edward island joined the Dominion of Canada in 1873. The Canadian Parliament passed the Uniform Currency Act in April 1871, tying up loose ends as to the currencies of the various provinces, the gold standard was temporarily abandoned during the First World War and definitively abolished on April 10,1933
Canadian dollar
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$5 gold Canadian coin from 1914. Reverse side shown depicting a shield with the arms of the Dominion of Canada. The coin weighs 8.36 grams and is 90% gold giving it 7.524 grams of gold. It has a diameter of 21.59 mm and a thickness of 1.82 mm at the rim.
Canadian dollar
–
2011
Polymer notes (Frontier Series)
Canadian dollar
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$1 Dominion of Canada note issued in 1898.
Canadian dollar
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Bank of Montreal, 10 dollars (1935) First note printed for the series.
22.
Edward VIII
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Edward VIII was King of the United Kingdom and the Dominions of the British Empire, and Emperor of India, from 20 January 1936 until his abdication on 11 December the same year. Edward was the eldest son of George V and Mary of Teck and he was named Prince of Wales on his sixteenth birthday, nine weeks after his father succeeded as king. As a young man, he served in the British Army during the First World War, Edward became king on his fathers death in early 1936. However, he showed impatience with court protocol, and caused concern among politicians by his apparent disregard for established constitutional conventions. Only months into his reign, he caused a crisis by proposing marriage to Wallis Simpson. When it became apparent that he could not marry Wallis and remain on the throne and he was succeeded by his younger brother, George VI. With a reign of 326 days, Edward was one of the monarchs in British history. After his abdication, he was created Duke of Windsor and he married Wallis in France on 3 June 1937, after her second divorce became final. Later that year, the couple toured Germany, after the war, Edward spent the rest of his life in retirement in France. Edward was born on 23 June 1894 at White Lodge, Richmond Park and he was the eldest son of the Duke and Duchess of York. His father was the son of the Prince and Princess of Wales and his mother was the eldest daughter of Francis and Mary Adelaide, Duke and Duchess of Teck. At the time of his birth, he was third in the line of succession to the throne and he was baptised Edward Albert Christian George Andrew Patrick David in the Green Drawing Room of White Lodge on 16 July 1894 by Edward White Benson, Archbishop of Canterbury. The names were chosen in honour of Edwards late uncle, who was known to his family as Eddy or Edward and he was always known to his family and close friends by his last given name, David. As was common practice with children of the time, Edward. One of Edwards early nannies often abused him by pinching him before he was due to be presented to his parents and his subsequent crying and wailing would lead the Duke and Duchess to send him and the nanny away. The nanny was discharged after her mistreatment of the children was discovered, Edwards father, though a harsh disciplinarian, was demonstrably affectionate, and his mother displayed a frolicsome side with her children that belied her austere public image. She was amused by the children making tadpoles on toast for their French master, initially Edward was tutored at home by Helen Bricka. Upon his parents return, Edward was placed under the care of two men, Frederick Finch and Henry Hansell, who brought up Edward and his brothers
Edward VIII
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In ceremonial dress at age 16 Portrait by
Arthur Stockdale Cope
Edward VIII
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British Royalty
Edward VIII
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Edward (second from left) with his father
George, Duke of York, and his younger brother and sister (
Prince Albert and
Princess Mary), photograph by George's mother
Alexandra, 1899
Edward VIII
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Edward serving as a midshipman on board the
Hindustan, 1910
23.
Public transport
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Public transport modes include city buses, trolleybuses, trams and passenger trains, rapid transit and ferries. Public transport between cities is dominated by airlines, coaches, and intercity rail, high-speed rail networks are being developed in many parts of the world. Most public transport runs to a timetable, with the most frequent services running to a headway. Share taxis offer services in many parts of the world. Paratransit is sometimes used in areas of low demand and for people who need a door-to-door service, there are distinct differences in urban public transit between Asia, North America, and Europe. In Asia, mass transit operations are run by profit-driven privately owned and publicly traded mass transit. In North America, mass transit operations are run by municipal transit authorities. In Europe, mass transit operations are run by both state-owned and private companies. Public transport services can be profit-driven by use of pay-by-the-distance fares or funded by government subsidies in which flat rate fares are charged to each passenger. Services can be profitable through high ridership numbers and high farebox recovery ratios, or can be regulated. Fully subsidized, zero-fare services operate in some towns and cities, for geographical, historical and economic reasons, there are differences internationally regarding use and extent of public transport. It has 3,400 members from 92 countries, conveyances designed for public hire are as old as the first ferries, and the earliest public transport was water transport, on land people walked or rode an animal. Ferries appear in Greek mythology—corpses in ancient Greece were buried with a coin underneath their tongue to pay the ferryman Charon to take them to Hades, the omnibus was introduced to London in July 1829. The first passenger railway opened in 1806, it ran between Swansea and Mumbles in southwest Wales in the United Kingdom. In 1825 George Stephenson built the Locomotion for the Stockton and Darlington Railway in northeast England, the usability of different types of public transport, and its overall appeal, can be measured by seven criteria, although they overlap somewhat. These are speed, comfort, safety, cost, proximity, speed is calculated from total journey time including transfers. Proximity means how far passengers have to walk or otherwise travel before they can begin the public transport leg of their journey, timeliness is how long they have to wait for the vehicle. Directness records how far a journey using public transport deviates from the shortest route, an airline provides scheduled service with aircraft between airports
Public transport
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New York City Subway, the world's largest
rapid transit system by length of routes and by number of
stations
Public transport
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The
Moscow Metro is one of the
busiest metro systems in the world and is the busiest in Europe.
Public transport
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A hybrid-engine fully accessible
Toronto Transit Commission transit bus in Toronto
Public transport
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Early trolley car in
Newton, Massachusetts
24.
R.C. Harris
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Roland Caldwell Harris was the Commissioner of Public Works for Toronto from 1912 until his death in 1945. Under his leadership, Toronto saw the building of the Prince Edward Viaduct and the R. C. Harris Water Treatment Plant, Harris served in this position in Toronto longer than any other individual. Harris was born in Lansing, in what is North York, Harris’s first job was as an office boy at Toronto City Hall. He left that job to enter Jarvis Collegiate Institute, after graduating from Jarvis he obtained a position at The Toronto World as a copy boy. Harris then went on to become a reporter at the Toronto News, in 1899, he returned to city hall as a civil servant. He was assistant caretaker of City Hall in 1901–02 and he became chief clerk in the Property Department in 1902. Harris was then promoted to property commissioner in 1905, one of his crucial tasks as property commissioner was to initiate the citys first serious programme of air pollution control. His next job was commissioner of street cleaning in 1910, after the position of Commissioner of Works and City Engineer was created by Toronto City Council in 1912, he was the first person appointed to the post. During a Toronto Street Railway strike he was appointed, in 1912, unusual for a civil servant, Harris was well known and even admired by the media. In an undated 1922 article, a reporter wrote, His subject was know your city and it soon became apparent that the one thing worth knowing in Toronto is the works department. The thought of the destruction of cities made Mr. Mr. Harris so loves Toronto that if he had time he would gladly count every brick in Toronto, engineering was Harris’s passion although he had no formal education in that field. He used his knowledge on a number of important city projects including the filtration plant, the viaduct was finished in 1918 and the filtration plant was opened in 1941. Harris is also featured in the Michael Ondaatje novel In the Skin of a Lion, Toronto Globe and Mail, September 3,1945
R.C. Harris
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Construction of the Prince Edward Viaduct, a project overseen by Harris while Commissioner of Works
R.C. Harris
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R. C. Harris Water Treatment Plant, built by and named after Harris
25.
John B. Parkin
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John Burnett Parkin was a Canadian architect. Parkin is best known as the principal of the firm John B, Parkin Associates, which operated from 1947 to 1968 and produced the largest body of mid-century modern architecture in Canada. He returned to Canada in 1937 where he operated in private practice until 1947 and he entered into an architectural practice with John Cresswell Parkin in 1947 and was joined, two months later, by his brother, landscape architect Edmond T. Parkin. He left Toronto in 1969 and established an office in Los Angeles, after his death in 1975, his practice was continued by one of his sons, John B. The LA practice was eventually acquired by Cannon Design, Parkin continued to practise in Canada under various different firm names until, in 1986, under the leadership of Harland C. Lindsay, certain assets of the firm were acquired and Parkin Architects Limited was established, the firm is Canadas leading healthcare architecture practice. It is active in most of Canadas provinces, and in Nunavut, from offices in Vancouver, Toronto, 2012–Present Since 1986, there are no longer any Parkins associated with the firm. In 1968 Parkin associate Roy Marshall left to join Neish Owen Rowland Roy and was seen as a successor firm, Parkin and Associates Parkin Architects Limited
John B. Parkin
–
The
Sheraton Centre in Toronto
26.
Suicide bridge
–
Suicide Bridge is a novel by Iain Sinclair. The book examines the characters of William Blakes Jerusalem as influenced by their psychogeography, the book mixes poetry with prose essays. Suicide bridge, a book of the furies, a mythology of the south & east, Iain Sinclairs hidden London in verse. Iain Sinclair, Revolutionary Novelist or Revolting Nihilist
Suicide bridge
27.
Golden Gate Bridge
–
The Golden Gate Bridge is a suspension bridge spanning the Golden Gate strait, the one-mile-wide, one-point-seven-mile-long channel between San Francisco Bay and the Pacific Ocean. The bridge is one of the most internationally recognized symbols of San Francisco, California, and it has been declared one of the Wonders of the Modern World by the American Society of Civil Engineers. The Frommers travel guide describes the Golden Gate Bridge as possibly the most beautiful, certainly the most photographed and it opened in 1937 and was, until 1964, the longest suspension bridge main span in the world, at 4,200 feet. Before the bridge was built, the only practical short route between San Francisco and what is now Marin County was by boat across a section of San Francisco Bay. A ferry service began as early as 1820, with a scheduled service beginning in the 1840s for the purpose of transporting water to San Francisco. Once for railroad passengers and customers only, Southern Pacifics automobile ferries became very profitable, the trip from the San Francisco Ferry Building took 27 minutes. Many wanted to build a bridge to connect San Francisco to Marin County, San Francisco was the largest American city still served primarily by ferry boats. Because it did not have a permanent link with communities around the bay, experts said that ferocious winds and blinding fogs would prevent construction and operation. San Franciscos City Engineer estimated the cost at $100 million, which would have been $2.12 billion in 2009 and he asked bridge engineers whether it could be built for less. One who responded, Joseph Strauss, was an engineer and poet who had, for his graduate thesis. At the time, Strauss had completed some 400 drawbridges—most of which were inland—and nothing on the scale of the new project. Strausss initial drawings were for a massive cantilever on each side of the strait, connected by a central suspension segment, Local authorities agreed to proceed only on the assurance that Strauss would alter the design and accept input from several consulting project experts. A suspension-bridge design was considered the most practical, because of recent advances in metallurgy, Strauss spent more than a decade drumming up support in Northern California. The bridge faced opposition, including litigation, from many sources, the Department of War was concerned that the bridge would interfere with ship traffic. The navy feared that a collision or sabotage to the bridge could block the entrance to one of its main harbors. Unions demanded guarantees that local workers would be favored for construction jobs, in May 1924, Colonel Herbert Deakyne held the second hearing on the Bridge on behalf of the Secretary of War in a request to use federal land for construction. Another ally was the automobile industry, which supported the development of roads. The bridges name was first used when the project was discussed in 1917 by M. M
Golden Gate Bridge
–
A view of the Golden Gate Bridge from Marshall's Beach
Golden Gate Bridge
–
South tower seen from walkway, with Art Deco elements
Golden Gate Bridge
–
Below Golden Gate Bridge
Golden Gate Bridge
–
Some 1.2 million steel rivets hold the bridge together. This is a short segment of one of those replaced during the seismic retrofit of the bridge after the
1989 Loma Prieta earthquake.
28.
San Francisco, California
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San Francisco, officially the City and County of San Francisco, is the cultural, commercial, and financial center of Northern California. It is the birthplace of the United Nations, the California Gold Rush of 1849 brought rapid growth, making it the largest city on the West Coast at the time. San Francisco became a consolidated city-county in 1856, after three-quarters of the city was destroyed by the 1906 earthquake and fire, San Francisco was quickly rebuilt, hosting the Panama-Pacific International Exposition nine years later. In World War II, San Francisco was a port of embarkation for service members shipping out to the Pacific Theater. Politically, the city votes strongly along liberal Democratic Party lines, San Francisco is also the headquarters of five major banking institutions and various other companies such as Levi Strauss & Co. Dolby, Airbnb, Weebly, Pacific Gas and Electric Company, Yelp, Pinterest, Twitter, Uber, Lyft, Mozilla, Wikimedia Foundation, as of 2016, San Francisco is ranked high on world liveability rankings. The earliest archaeological evidence of habitation of the territory of the city of San Francisco dates to 3000 BC. Upon independence from Spain in 1821, the became part of Mexico. Under Mexican rule, the system gradually ended, and its lands became privatized. In 1835, Englishman William Richardson erected the first independent homestead, together with Alcalde Francisco de Haro, he laid out a street plan for the expanded settlement, and the town, named Yerba Buena, began to attract American settlers. Commodore John D. Sloat claimed California for the United States on July 7,1846, during the Mexican–American War, montgomery arrived to claim Yerba Buena two days later. Yerba Buena was renamed San Francisco on January 30 of the next year, despite its attractive location as a port and naval base, San Francisco was still a small settlement with inhospitable geography. The California Gold Rush brought a flood of treasure seekers, with their sourdough bread in tow, prospectors accumulated in San Francisco over rival Benicia, raising the population from 1,000 in 1848 to 25,000 by December 1849. The promise of fabulous riches was so strong that crews on arriving vessels deserted and rushed off to the gold fields, leaving behind a forest of masts in San Francisco harbor. Some of these approximately 500 abandoned ships were used at times as storeships, saloons and hotels, many were left to rot, by 1851 the harbor was extended out into the bay by wharves while buildings were erected on piles among the ships. By 1870 Yerba Buena Cove had been filled to create new land, buried ships are occasionally exposed when foundations are dug for new buildings. California was quickly granted statehood in 1850 and the U. S. military built Fort Point at the Golden Gate, silver discoveries, including the Comstock Lode in Nevada in 1859, further drove rapid population growth. With hordes of fortune seekers streaming through the city, lawlessness was common, and the Barbary Coast section of town gained notoriety as a haven for criminals, prostitution, entrepreneurs sought to capitalize on the wealth generated by the Gold Rush
San Francisco, California
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San Francisco and the
Golden Gate Bridge from
Marin Headlands
San Francisco, California
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Mission San Francisco de Asís (Mission Dolores)
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1853
United States Coast Survey Map
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Francis Samuel Marryat, Hilltop of San Francisco, California, Looking toward the Bay, 1849. M.& N. Hanhart Chromolithograph
29.
Toronto City Council
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The Toronto City Council is the governing body of the city of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Members represent wards throughout the city, and are known as councillors, for ease of electoral division, wards are based upon the citys federal electoral districts as of the year 2000. While the federal districts have been redistributed since then, the boundaries remain the same. The city council has 45 members,44 ward councillors plus the mayor, the current decision making framework and committee structure at the City of Toronto was established by the City of Toronto Act and came into force January 1,2007. The decision-making process at the City of Toronto involves committees that report to City Council, Committees propose, review and debate policies and recommendations before their arrival at City Council for debate. Citizens and residents can only make deputations on policy at committees, each City Councillor sits on one committee. The Mayor is a member of all committees and is entitled to one vote, There are three types of committees at the City of Toronto, the Executive Committee, Standing Committees and other Committees of Council. The City posts agendas for council and committee meetings on its website, the Executive Committee is an advisory body chaired by the mayor. The Executive Committee is composed of the Mayor, Deputy Mayor, the role of the Executive Committee is to set the City of Torontos priorities, manage financial planning and budgeting, labour relations, human resources, and the operation of City Council. Source, City of Toronto There are eleven other committees that report to Toronto City Council, the seven standing policy committees are, There are four other committees that report to Council, Source, City of Toronto All members of Toronto city council serve on a community council. Community Councils report to City Council but they also have final decision-making power on certain items, such as front yard parking and appointments to local boards, the city is divided into four community councils. The salary for the mayor was $177,499 for 2014, the salary for a city councillor was $105,397 for 2014. In 2017, Councillor pay will be $111,955, the office of the Mayor is located on the second floor at Toronto City Hall. The general public and media can access it via stairs, office staff and the Mayor can reach the office by elevator from the ground floor or the garage. Staffing roles and hiring is directed by the Mayor and not by Council or City of Toronto, before that Toronto had a Board of Control, as did former cities North York and Etobicoke. Vacancies in a seat may be filled in one of two ways, either by the holding of a by-election or through direct appointment of an interim councillor chosen by the council in an internal vote. The process often results in public debate, however, the by-election process is widely seen as more democratic, while the appointment process is seen as less expensive for the city to undertake. Peter Leon considered registering as a candidate in the 2014 election following his appointment as a councillor in 2013
Toronto City Council
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Toronto City Council
Toronto City Council
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The inaugural meeting of the newly elected Toronto City Council in January 1911.
30.
Saint Monica (film)
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Saint Monica is a 2002 Canadian film written and directed by Terrance Odette. It was nominated for Best Lead Performance by a Female actress in a Feature Length Drama at the 2002 Leo Awards, saint Monica is the story of a young girl who is intrigued with her Roman Catholic upbringing. Monica likes to play with angel and Blessed Virgin Mary figurines the way other girls play with dolls and she sneaks out of the house to go to church. Set in Torontos Portuguese-Canadian community, Monica lives with her mother Icelia, Icelia has just gotten out of an abusive relationship and has recently moved to a new neighborhood to avoid her ex. Genevieve Buechner plays the character, a lonely and less-than-saintly 10-year-old girl. Her uncle is in charge of watching her while her mom is at work, Albert hates looking after his niece and would rather watch movies in peace. One day, Monica blackmails him into giving her a ride to her old church and she finds them in the midst of organizing their annual procession and, even though she wasnt invited, she sneaks in. When she lived in her old neighborhood she had her set on playing an angel in her churchs parade. Unfortunately, since she moved away, she is not allowed to participate anymore, left without a place in the procession, the distraught girl steals a pair of archangel wings from the churchs costume department as compensation—only to lose them on the streetcar home. A little searching reveals them to have landed in the hands of a woman named Mary, Mary is also obsessed with collecting religious artifacts. She spends her time reciting Hail Marys and challenging her faith in a God by crossing busy lanes of traffic while clad in the wings, Marys importance to Monica is obvious as she is the one who has the young girls wings. After they form a bond that goes beyond friendship, its a certainty that shes also a mentor, with Mary in the picture, Monica is better in touch with herself but shes also getting into more trouble. The rest of the concerns the girls lies to cover up her deeds, her attempts to recover the wings in time to return them. Saint Monica at the Internet Movie Database
Saint Monica (film)
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Saint Monica movie poster
Saint Monica (film)
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Monica & Mary in Saint Monica
31.
Resident Evil: Apocalypse
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Resident Evil, Apocalypse is a 2004 science fiction action horror film directed by Alexander Witt and written by Paul W. S. Anderson. It is the installment in the Resident Evil film series. The film opened to theaters on September 10,2004, on a budget of $40 million, the film grossed $51 million domestically and $129 million worldwide, surpassing the box office gross of the previous installment. Resident Evil, Apocalypse received mostly negative reviews critics, who praised the action sequences. The film was released to DVD on December 28,2004, when the team reprograms and opens the sealed blast doors, they are slaughtered by the massive crowd of T-virus infected zombies. With the zombies released, they reach Raccoon City, spreading the infection among the general population, Alice awakens in the deserted Raccoon City hospital attached to wiring, and after unstrapping herself, she manages to exit her room. Finding no one in the hospital, she wanders outside only to find the city a ghost town and she arms herself with a shotgun from a police car and wanders the city looking for supplies. She is constantly disturbed by visions of a man, who was revealed to be experimenting on her, she now has superhuman agility, however, the T-virus infects a man having a heart attack, turning him into a zombie that bites Payton at the city gates. Elsewhere, Carlos Olivera and other Umbrella soldiers link up with Special Tactics And Rescue Squad units to defend against an onslaught of zombies. Their positions are overrun, causing Carlos and his team to retreat with a bitten Yuri, Jill, Payton, and news reporter Terri Morales lock themselves in a church, where a panicked man is also hiding. Inspecting the church, Jill finds a priest who has been feeding other people to his zombified sister and they soon find the church is full of Lickers. The priest and the man are killed, but Jill, Payton. In the meantime, Umbrella dispatches their Nemesis Program to fight the zombies in order to test him, when Nemesis encounters a surviving citizen, L. J. and members of S. T. A. R. S. The latter open fire on Nemesis, Nemesis guns the team down but spares L. J. s life when he drops his weapons. Meanwhile, Dr. Ashford has refused extraction, since Angela is missing and he hacks into the citys CCTV system, uses it to contact Alice and the other survivors, and offers to arrange their evacuation in exchange for their rescuing Angela. Alice, seeing no escape, accepts the offer. Seeing no choice, the others join Alice in heading for the school, however, Nemesis appears and shoots Payton dead. Alice separates and assaults him, but she is overwhelmed and forced into retreat, Jill and Terri make it to the school, and they pick up L. J. on the way
Resident Evil: Apocalypse
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Theatrical Release poster
32.
Room (2015 film)
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Room is a 2015 independent drama film directed by Lenny Abrahamson and written by Emma Donoghue, based on her novel of the same name. It stars Brie Larson as a woman who has held captive for seven years. Their escape allows the boy to experience the world for the first time. The film also stars Joan Allen, Sean Bridgers, and William H. Macy, a co-production of Canada and Ireland, Room was shot in Toronto, with the eponymous Room set built at Pinewood Toronto Studios. The crew designed each part of the Room set to be removable to fit the crew, Larson researched trauma and nutrition for her part, while numerous children were considered for the role of Jack. Room premiered at the Telluride Film Festival on September 4,2015 and had a release in the United States on October 16,2015. Larson won multiple awards for her performance, including the Academy Award for Best Actress, the BAFTA Award, Golden Globe Award, Room also received three other Academy Award nominations, including Best Picture and Best Director. In Akron, Ohio, 24-year-old Joy Newsome and her 5-year-old son Jack live in a squalid shed they call Room and they share a bed, toilet, bathtub, television, and rudimentary kitchen, the only window is a skylight. They are captives of a man they call Old Nick, Jacks biological father and she tries to stay optimistic for her son, but suffers from malnutrition and depression. She allows Jack to believe that only Room and its contents are real, Old Nick tells Joy that he has lost his job and threatens that he may not be able to afford their supplies in the future. That night, Jack is overcome with curiosity and ventures out of the closet while Old Nick is asleep in bed with his mother, Joy is horrified when she awakens and sees their interaction, slapping Old Nick away. As punishment, he cuts their heat and power, Joy decides to tell Jack about the outside world, he reacts with disbelief and incomprehension, but also curiosity. She has Jack fake a fever, hoping that Old Nick will take him to a hospital where he can alert the authorities, Joy wraps Jack in a carpet and has him play dead in the hope that Old Nick will remove him from Room. Falling for the ruse, Old Nick places Jack in the back of his pickup truck, although stunned by his first exposure to the outside world, Jack jumps from the truck and attracts the attention of a passerby. The police arrive and rescue him, Joy is found and she and Jack are taken to a hospital. Old Nick is captured and imprisoned, reunited with her family, Joy learns her parents have divorced and that her mother has a new partner, Leo. She returns with Jack to her home where her mother. Her father cannot accept Jack and leaves, Jack struggles to adjust to life in the larger world, speaking only to his mother and expressing a desire to return to Room
Room (2015 film)
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Theatrical release poster
33.
In the Skin of a Lion
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In the Skin of a Lion is a novel by Canadian–Sri Lankan writer Michael Ondaatje. It was first published in 1987 by McClelland and Stewart, Ondaatje illuminates the investment of these settlers in Canada, through their labour, while they remain outsiders to mainstream society. In the Skin of a Lion is thus an exposé of the migrant condition, It is a novel about the wearing and the removal of masks, the shedding of skin, an important aspect of the novel is its depiction of Toronto in the 1930s. Ondaatje spent many months in the archives of the City of Toronto, the novels title is taken from a line in The Epic of Gilgamesh, following the death of Enkidu. It is located in the epigraph as I will let my hair long for your sake, I will wander through the wilderness in the skin of a lion. The book was nominated for the Governor Generals Award for English Language Fiction in 1987, the first chapter, Little Seeds, describes the growing years of the main character, Patrick Lewis, providing causation for his subsequent actions in the novel. As a young boy in Depot Creek, Ontario, Patrick watches the loggers arrive in town in the winter, work in the mills in the other seasons, and skate on the frozen river. Patricks father, Hazen Lewis becomes a dynamiter and is meticulous when washing his clothes each evening to remove remnants of explosives on his apparel and these elements form the foundation of the subsequent narrative, Depot Creek, the loggers skating, learning about dynamite, etc. The Bridge deals with the construction of the Bloor Street Viaduct, Harris, the citys Commissioner of Public Works often visits the bridge at night. One night, five nuns wander onto the bridge and one falls off. Nicholas Temelcoff, a Macedonian immigrant worker on the bridge, saves the nun who fell off the bridge, the nun, already missing her veil, tears her habit to make him a sling. Later, at a bar, he offers her brandy, compliments, and this moment is the beginning of the nuns eventual transformation into the character Alice. He eventually falls asleep and wakes to find a doctor treating his arm, as a young man, Patrick leaves the profession that killed his father and sets out to find the vanished millionaire Ambrose Small. This leads him to Smalls mistress Clara Dickens and to a relationship with her, eventually, Patrick loses interest in finding Small, hoping only to remove Clara from Small. Clara tells Patrick that she leave him to go after Small. Three years later, Claras friend Alice unexpectedly arrives and tells Patrick that Claras mother might know where Clara is, Patrick sets out to search for Clara. On meeting Claras mother, Patrick learns that Clara and Small are living in his old hometown, Patrick finds Small living in a house owned by a timber company, and Small attempts to set him on fire—once by dropping kerosene on him and then by throwing a Molotov cocktail. Patrick escapes to his room and is visited by Clara
In the Skin of a Lion
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First edition
34.
Flashforward (novel)
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Flashforward is a science fiction novel by Canadian author Robert J. Sawyer first published in 1999. The novel is set in 2009, at CERN, the Large Hadron Collider accelerator is performing a run to search for the Higgs boson. The experiment has a side effect, the entire human race loses their consciousness for about two minutes. During that time, nearly everyone sees themselves roughly twenty-one years, each individual experiences the future through the senses of his or her future self. This flashforward results in deaths and accidents involving vehicles, aircraft. The novel inspired the 2009 television series FlashForward, Lloyd Simcoe, a 45-year-old Canadian particle physicist, oversees a run of the Large Hadron Collider. He works with his fiancée Michiko Kamura, who has a daughter, the experiment unexpectedly brings about a vision of a plausible future in which the characters are twenty years older. The consequences include the death of Tamiko as an out-of-control vehicle plows into her school, no recording devices in the world function in the present during the event. Citing the absence of any human awareness during that time, this is interpreted as evidence of the effect in quantum theory. The deaths of characters are forecast by the flashforward. This includes Lloyds friend and fellow researcher Theo Procopides, who learns of a prediction that he will be killed, the story begins to take on the features of a murder mystery, as Theo attempts to prevent his own murder. As time goes by it becomes clear that the events of the future are not predestined, some people, including Theos brother Dimitrios, commit suicide after becoming depressed by visions of their own dismal futures. Other characters rush to make these futures a reality, Jake Horowitz from CERN sees himself participating in his first sexual relationship. At CERN, less than two months after the original flashforward, the plan a repeat of the run, but this time warning the world of the exact time. However, no flashforward occurs, and the LHC instead finds the Higgs boson - the intended result of the first experiment, soon after, the flashforward is found to be the result of neutrino pulses coincident with events at the collider. Unbeknownst to him, Lloyd is put on a list by an interested in immortality. The next flashforward is engineered for the same date experienced in the characters visions, by this time, Theo has evaded his murderer, Lloyd has broken up with Michiko and Jake is happily married to a woman named Carly Tompkins as predicted by the flashforward. All the people in the world sit / lie down but most of them do not see anything, the philanthropist approaches Lloyd and offers to prolong his life but Lloyd does not wish to accept this without his current wife Doreen
Flashforward (novel)
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Cover of the Hardback edition.
35.
Barenaked Ladies
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Barenaked Ladies is a Canadian rock band. The band is composed of Jim Creeggan, Kevin Hearn, Ed Robertson. Barenaked Ladies formed in 1988 in Scarborough, Ontario as a duo of Robertson, Jim Creeggan and his brother Andrew Andy Creeggan joined at the end of 1989, and Stewart was added in 1990 while Andy was on a brief hiatus from the group. Andy left the band after its album in 1995 and was replaced by Hearn. Page left in 2009, leaving the group as a quartet, the band then received a major record deal with Reprise Records. Its label debut, Gordon, was released in 1992 and they are most commonly billed as an alt rock band. The lead single from Stunt, One Week remains the bands most successful single, other well-known singles include Stunts second, Its All Been Done, and the lead single from the follow-up album Maroon, Pinch Me. These and other singles remain in radio rotation in both Canada and the United States, in 2007, Robertson wrote, and the band recorded, a theme song for the sitcom The Big Bang Theory for which the band has also become well-known. The band is known for their light-hearted, comedic performance style. They have won multiple Juno Awards and have nominated for Grammy Awards. The group has sold over 15 million records including albums and singles, Barenaked Ladies began as the duo of Ed Robertson and Steven Page. Each was pleased to find that the other liked Gabriel, they began talking, the two became friends, and bonded further when they were both counselors at Scarborough Music Camp located in McKellar, Ontario, Canada. They would play together, and Steve was impressed by Eds ability to harmonize. When Page had a ticket to a Bob Dylan concert at Exhibition Stadium. Bored by the show, the two turned to amusing each other, pretending they were critics, inventing histories and comments about the Dylan band. They also made up various fictional band names, one of which was Barenaked Ladies, on another front, Robertson had agreed to perform with his cover band in a battle of the bands at Nathan Phillips Square for the Second Harvest food bank. The band broke up and he forgot about the gig and he then called Page and asked if he wanted to do the gig, Page reportedly could not believe Robertson had given that name. They arranged three rehearsals and missed them all, the two played the show on October 1,1988, but instead of competing, they played while the other bands set up, playing every song they could think of that they both knew
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Barenaked Ladies, August 2012
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Co-founder Ed Robertson in 2005
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Co-founder Steven Page in 2005
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Jim Creeggan in 2008
36.
Bruce Cockburn
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Bruce Douglas Cockburn OC is a Canadian singer-songwriter and guitarist. His song styles range from folk to jazz-influenced rock and his lyrics cover a range of topics that reveal a passion for human rights, environmental issues, politics. Cockburn has written more than 300 songs on thirty albums over a career spanning 40 years, twenty Cockburn records have received a Canadian gold or platinum certification as of 2013, and he has sold nearly one million albums in Canada alone. In 2014, Cockburn released his memoirs, Rumours of Glory, no book-length biography of Cockburn has been written, but numerous critics have offered interpretations of Cockburns songwriting phases, political views, and relationship with Christianity. Cockburn was born in 1945 in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada and he has stated in interviews that his first guitar was one he found around 1959 in his grandmothers attic, which he adorned with golden stars and used to play along to radio hits. Cockburn attended Nepean High School, where his 1964 yearbook photo states his desire to become a musician, nepeans music teacher at the time, Ronald E. J. Milne, said in 1988 that although Cockburn didnt take music, Cockburn attended Berklee School of Music in Boston for three semesters between 1964 and 1966. In that year he joined an Ottawa band called The Children, in the spring of 1967 he joined the final lineup of The Esquires. He moved to Toronto that summer to form The Flying Circus with former Bobby Kris & The Imperials members Marty Fisher and Gordon MacBain and ex-Tripp member Neil Lillie. The group recorded material in late 1967 before changing its name to Olivus in the spring of 1968. Olivus opened for The Jimi Hendrix Experience and Cream in April 1968, Cockburn left 3s a Crowd in the spring of 1969 to pursue a solo career. Cockburns first solo appearance was at the Mariposa Folk Festival in 1967, in 1970 he released his self-titled, solo album. Cockburns guitar work and songwriting won him an enthusiastic following and his early work featured rural and nautical imagery and Biblical metaphors. Raised as an agnostic, early in his career he became a Christian, many of his albums from the 1970s refer to Christianity, which in turn informs his concerns for human rights and environmentalism. His references to Christianity include the Grail imagery of 20th-century Christian poet Charles Williams, in 1970 Cockburn became partners with Bernie Finkelstein in the music publishing firm Golden Mountain Music. While Cockburn had been popular in Canada for years, he did not have a big impact in the United States until 1979, Cockburns label, True North Records, also signed a distribution deal with Recordi Records in Italy. Cockburn was married from 1969 to 1980 to Kitty Macaulay and has a daughter, Jenny, through the 1980s Cockburns songwriting became increasingly urban, global and political as he became more involved with progressive causes. His political concerns were first hinted at on the albums, Humans, Inner City Front and they became more evident in 1984, with his second US radio hit, If I Had a Rocket Launcher from the Stealing Fire album
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Cockburn performing in Birmingham, Alabama, in 2007
37.
The Constantines
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Constantines is an indie rock band from Guelph, Ontario, Canada. The band was formed by Steve Lambke, Bryan Webb, Doug MacGregor and their style has been described as art-punk, and they have been compared to bands like The Clash, Fugazi, Bruce Springsteen, The Replacements, and Nick Cave. The name of the band is taken from an episode of Coast to Coast with Art Bell, in which Bell was playing recordings of ghost voices in static, and one of the ghosts’ names was Constantine. From their hometown of Guelph the band relocated to London, Ontario and then to Toronto, Constantines enjoyed widespread play on campus radio and was nominated for a Juno Award for Best Alternative Album. The first track, Arizona, is based on the suicide of Danny Rapp, the singer of Danny. The song begins with the lyric This is a song about the death of Danny Rapp, and that great gospel jest called rock n roll. In 2002 they added keyboard player Evan Gordon to the lineup, Gordon left the band soon after to pursue his own song writing. He was replaced by Will Kidman, and the band released Shine a Light in 2003 and this album was the bands first to be released outside of Canada on the Sub Pop record label. In 2005, they embarked on a tour with The Weakerthans called The Rolling Tundra Revue. Later in the year their album Tournament of Hearts was released September 27 by Toronto record label Three Gut Records in Canada, the members of the Constantines have occasionally played shows under the name Horsey Craze, covering Neil Young songs. In early 2006, they released a vinyl only split-album with The Unintended, the Constantines recorded four Neil Young covers for the LP, while The Unintended performed four Gordon Lightfoot songs. In 2007, following the demise of their former Canadian record label Three Gut Records, on January 15,2008 they released a limited edition 7 on white vinyl, entitled Hard Feelings. Their fourth full-length album, Kensington Heights, was released on April 15 in Canada, guitarist Steve Lambke has released four albums and a split 12 under the name Baby Eagle, and keyboard player Will Kidman has recorded under the name Woolly Leaves. In December 2009, the celebrated their tenth anniversary with a tour of southwestern Ontario. Shortly thereafter, keyboardist Will Kidman left the band and this, coupled with Webbs migration from his home in Montreal back to Guelph, fueled rumours of the bands demise. In an August 2010 radio interview, however, Webb said, well just say, see you around. On February 14,2014, the Constantines revealed they would be reuniting for live shows leading up to the 10th anniversary of the release of Shine a Light. Constantines are on the line-up for Wayhome summer 2017 music festival in Oro-Medonte,1 – Blind Luck – June 15,2004 Wide Awake, Crescent Shaped, Volume 10 – St
The Constantines
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Constantines playing the Vancouver 2010 Olympics
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The Constantines performing at the 2015 Hillside Festival in Guelph, ON
38.
Degrassi Junior High
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Degrassi Junior High is a Canadian television series, the second series in the Degrassi franchise. The program aired on CBC Television from 1987 to 1989, the teen drama followed the lives of a group of students attending the titular fictional school. The cast comprised mainly non-professional actors, which added to the sense of realism. The series featured many of the actors who had starred on The Kids of Degrassi Street a few years earlier, including Stacie Mistysyn, Neil Hope, Anais Granofsky, Sarah Charlesworth. However, their names and family situations had been changed, so Degrassi Junior High cannot, therefore. The legal counsel for all the episodes was Stephen Stohn who later became the producer of Degrassi. The series was filmed at the unused Vincent Massey Public School in Etobicoke, spikes baby was named Emma, to commemorate the award, and Emma would end up being the inspiration for the spin-off series, Degrassi, The Next Generation. In the United States, the Public Broadcasting Service began airing the series in September 1987, the program was distributed through PBS member station WGBH-TV in Boston. All three seasons were broadcast with episodes containing filler scenes added to replace the commercial breaks from the original Canadian airings and these episodes were later screened by cable channels Showtime in the mid-1990s and The N in the mid-2000s. The episodes Rumour Has It, The Best Laid Plans and Its Late were initially withheld, the episode Parents Night, which dealt with adoption, may not have been shown by the BBC at all. From its first day of broadcasting in 1992, UK Gold screened Degrassi Junior High daily, the channel then screened Degrassi High in its entirety. The program was broadcast in Australia on ABC TV, the program was broadcast in France under the title Les années collège. The producers of the show tried to exclude any references to actual movies. This resulted in the creation of movies, television shows and musicians for the show itself, some examples of made up movies are Tender Beats the Heart and Teen Academy IV. Days of Passion is a soap opera which stars teen-heartthrob Damon King. Quest for the Best is the other television show in the Degrassi universe. Fictional bands in the show are The Gourmet Scum, and later The Savages, though the most popular of the fictional bands created in the show was Zit Remedy, or later rechristened, The Zits. In the episode Its Late, Wheels can be seen wearing a Footscray Bulldogs sweater
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The Degrassi Junior High title card.
39.
Tysons Corner, Virginia
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Tysons Corner, or simply Tysons, is a census-designated place and unincorporated community in Fairfax County, Virginia, United States. Located in Northern Virginia between the community of McLean and the town of Vienna along the Capital Beltway, it lies within the Washington Metropolitan Area, Tysons is Fairfax Countys central business district and a regional commercial center. It has been characterized as a example of an edge city. The population was 19,627 as of the 2010 census, known originally as Peach Grove, the area received the designation Tysons Crossroads after the Civil War. William Tyson, a Maryland native from Cecil County, purchased a tract of land from A. Lawrence Foster, Tyson served as postmaster of the now discontinued Peach Grove Post Office 1854–1866. The Peach Grove Post office was established Tuesday, April 22,1851, big changes came in 1963 when the Tysons area moved from a country crossroads to a giant commercial urban area with the awarding of contracts at the interchange of Route 7 and Route 123. Developers proclaimed it as the largest enclosed mall in the world when it opened July 25,1968, in recent years, the influx of technology companies into Northern Virginia has brought many new office buildings and hotels to the landscape. The rapid growth of Tysons Corner has been the topic of numerous studies, one factor was the aggressive promotion of Tysons Corner by Earle Williams, for many years the CEO of the defense contracting firm Braddock Dunn & McDonald. Tysons Corner serves as a downtown of Fairfax County, with one quarter of all office space and it is an auto-oriented edge city with severe traffic congestion, and it faces competition from the urban areas of Arlington and newer suburban edge cities such as Dulles. A preliminary estimate from the Fairfax County Department of Transportation suggested that $7, existing plans call for construction of a grid layout for streets around the rail stations, projected to cost $742 million. An additional $1 billion will be spent on further transit and street grid projects from 2030 to 2050 and this development alone will be larger than Reston Town Center. The change started as a matter of convenience, but then took hold to market the change in the areas character. The change was unofficial at the time, and either Tysons or Tysons Corner could be used in addresses, however, in November 2015, the U. S. Census Bureau announced the CDPs name would officially be changed to Tysons effective the following summer. Tysons Corner is located at 38°55′7″N 77°13′47″W at an elevation of 486 feet, the community lies in the Piedmont upland approximately 3.7 miles south-southwest of the Potomac River. The highest natural point in Fairfax County, at 520 feet above sea level, is located in Tysons Corner, wolftrap Creek, a tributary of nearby Difficult Run, forms the northwestern border of the community. Two of the tributaries, Moomac Creek and the Old Courthouse Spring Branch. Scott Run, a tributary of the Potomac, flows north through eastern Tysons Corner. According to the United States Census Bureau, the community has an area of 4.27 square miles of which 4.26 square miles is land and 0.01 square miles is water
Tysons Corner, Virginia
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Tysons Corner with
Washington Metro Silver Line construction in 2010
Tysons Corner, Virginia
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Tysons Corner in May 2001.
Tysons Corner, Virginia
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The Tysons Corner skyline at night (2012)
Tysons Corner, Virginia
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USA Today and
Gannett headquarters in Tysons Corner
40.
Gannett Company
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Gannett Company, Inc. is a publicly traded American media holding company headquartered in Tysons Corner, Virginia, near McLean in Greater Washington DC. It is the largest U. S. newspaper publisher as measured by total daily circulation and its assets include the national newspaper USA Today and the erstwhile weekly USA Weekend. Its largest non-national newspaper is The Arizona Republic in Phoenix, Arizona, in 2015, Gannett Co. Inc. spun off its publishing business into a separate publicly traded entity, while retaining the internet media divisions. Immediately following the spin off, the former parent Company renamed itself Tegna, the spun off publishing business renamed itself Gannett. Gannett Company, Inc. was formed in 1923 by Frank Gannett in Rochester, New York as an outgrowth of the Elmira Gazette, by 1979, the chain had grown to 79 newspapers. In 1979, Gannett acquired Combined Communications Corp. operator of 17 television stations, as well as an advertising division. The company was headquartered in Rochester until 1986, when it moved to Arlington County and its former headquarters building, the Gannett Building, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985. Gannetts oldest newspaper still in circulation is the Leaf-Chronicle located in Clarksville, in 2001, the company moved to its current headquarters in Tysons Corner, a suburb of Washington, D. C. The practice has spread throughout the chain, on March 7,2011, Gannett replaced the stylized G logo in use since the 1970s, and adopted a new company tagline, Its all within reach. In 2010, Gannett increased executive salaries and bonuses, for example, Bob Dickey, Gannetts U. S. newspapers division president, was paid $3.4 million in 2010, the next year, the company laid off 700 U. S. employees to cut costs. In the memo announcing the layoffs, Dickey wrote, While we have many ways to reduce costs. The USA Today website became the one to allow unrestricted access. On August 21,2012, Gannett acquired Blinq Media, around the first week of October 2012, Gannett entered a dispute against Dish Network regarding compensation fees and Dishs AutoHop commercial-skip feature on its Hopper digital video recorders. Gannett ordered that Dish discontinue AutoHop on the account that it is affecting advertising revenues for Gannetts television station, Gannett threatened to pull all of its stations should the skirmish continue beyond October 7 and Dish and Gannett fail to reach an agreement. The two parties reached an agreement after extending the deadline for a few hours. On June 13,2013, Gannett announced plans to buy Dallas-based Belo Corporation for $1.5 billion, the purchase would add 20 additional stations to Gannetts portfolio and make the company the fourth largest television broadcaster in the U. S. with 43 stations. On December 16,2013, the United States Department of Justice announced that Gannett, Belo, the deal was approved by the FCC on December 20, and it was completed on December 23. On February 28,2014, Meredith Corporation officially took over control of KMOV
Gannett Company
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Gannett headquarters in
Tysons Corner, Virginia
41.
International Standard Serial Number
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An International Standard Serial Number is an eight-digit serial number used to uniquely identify a serial publication. The ISSN is especially helpful in distinguishing between serials with the same title, ISSN are used in ordering, cataloging, interlibrary loans, and other practices in connection with serial literature. The ISSN system was first drafted as an International Organization for Standardization international standard in 1971, ISO subcommittee TC 46/SC9 is responsible for maintaining the standard. When a serial with the content is published in more than one media type. For example, many serials are published both in print and electronic media, the ISSN system refers to these types as print ISSN and electronic ISSN, respectively. The format of the ISSN is an eight digit code, divided by a hyphen into two four-digit numbers, as an integer number, it can be represented by the first seven digits. The last code digit, which may be 0-9 or an X, is a check digit. Formally, the form of the ISSN code can be expressed as follows, NNNN-NNNC where N is in the set, a digit character. The ISSN of the journal Hearing Research, for example, is 0378-5955, where the final 5 is the check digit, for calculations, an upper case X in the check digit position indicates a check digit of 10. To confirm the check digit, calculate the sum of all eight digits of the ISSN multiplied by its position in the number, the modulus 11 of the sum must be 0. There is an online ISSN checker that can validate an ISSN, ISSN codes are assigned by a network of ISSN National Centres, usually located at national libraries and coordinated by the ISSN International Centre based in Paris. The International Centre is an organization created in 1974 through an agreement between UNESCO and the French government. The International Centre maintains a database of all ISSNs assigned worldwide, at the end of 2016, the ISSN Register contained records for 1,943,572 items. ISSN and ISBN codes are similar in concept, where ISBNs are assigned to individual books, an ISBN might be assigned for particular issues of a serial, in addition to the ISSN code for the serial as a whole. An ISSN, unlike the ISBN code, is an identifier associated with a serial title. For this reason a new ISSN is assigned to a serial each time it undergoes a major title change, separate ISSNs are needed for serials in different media. Thus, the print and electronic versions of a serial need separate ISSNs. Also, a CD-ROM version and a web version of a serial require different ISSNs since two different media are involved, however, the same ISSN can be used for different file formats of the same online serial
International Standard Serial Number
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ISSN encoded in an EAN-13 barcode with sequence variant 0 and issue number 5
42.
The Baltimore Sun
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The Baltimore Sun is the largest general-circulation daily newspaper based in the American state of Maryland and provides coverage of local and regional news, events, issues, people, and industries. Founded in 1837, it is owned by tronc, abell was born in Rhode Island, where he began journalism with the Providence Patriot. He later worked with newspapers in New York City and Boston, from 1947 to 1986, The Sun was the owner of Marylands first television station, WMAR-TV. In the postwar years, The Sun significantly expanded its overseas presence, the newspaper opened its first foreign bureau in London in 1924. Between 1955 and 1961, it added four new foreign offices, as Cold War tensions grew, it set up shop in Bonn, West Germany, in February 1955. Eleven months later, The Sun opened a Moscow bureau, becoming one of the first U. S. newspapers to do so, a Rome office followed in July 1957, and in 1961, The Sun expanded to New Dehli. At its height, The Sun ran eight foreign bureaus, giving rise to its boast in a 1983 ad that The Sun never sets on the world, the paper was sold in 1986 to the Times-Mirror Company of the Los Angeles Times. The same week, the rival News American, with publishing antecedents since 1773, the oldest paper in the city, it had been owned by the Hearst Corporation since the 1920s. In 1997, The Sun acquired the Patuxent Publishing Company, a suburban newspaper publisher that had a stable of weekly papers. In the 1990s and 2000s, The Sun began cutting back its foreign coverage, in 1995 and 1996, closed its Tokyo, Mexico City and Berlin bureaus. Two more — Beijing and London — fell victim to cost-cutting in 2005, the final three bureaus — Moscow, Jerusalem, and Johannesburg, South Africa — fell a couple years later. All were closed by 2008, as the Tribune Co. streamlined and downsized the newspaper chains foreign reporting, some material from The Suns foreign correspondents is archived at the University of Maryland, Baltimore County. In 2000, the Times-Mirror company was purchased by the Tribune Company of Chicago, I,2014 it transferred its newspapers, including The Sun, to Tribune Publishing. On September 19,2005, and again on August 24,2008 and its circulation as of 2010 was 195,561 for the daily edition and 343,552 on Sundays. On April 29,2009, the Tribune Company announced that it would lay off 61 of the 205 staff members in the Sun newsroom. On September 23,2011, it was reported that the Baltimore Sun would be moving its web edition behind a paywall starting October 10,2011, BSMG content reaches more than one million Baltimore-area readers each week and is the regions most widely read source of news. On February 20,2014, The Baltimore Sun Media Group announced they are going to buy the alternative weekly City Paper, in April, the Sun acquired the Maryland publications of Landmark Media Enterprises. The Evening Sun was first published in 1910 under the leadership of Charles H. Grasty, former owner of the Evening News, for most of its existence, The Evening Sun led its morning sibling in circulation
The Baltimore Sun
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The Baltimore Sun, North Calvert Street
The Baltimore Sun
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Sun Park in Port Covington
43.
Baltimore
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Baltimore is the largest city in the U. S. state of Maryland, and the 29th-most populous city in the country. It was established by the Constitution of Maryland and is not part of any county, thus, it is the largest independent city in the United States, with a population of 621,849 as of 2015. As of 2010, the population of the Baltimore Metropolitan Area was 2.7 million, founded in 1729, Baltimore is the second largest seaport in the Mid-Atlantic. Baltimores Inner Harbor was once the leading port of entry for immigrants to the United States. With hundreds of identified districts, Baltimore has been dubbed a city of neighborhoods, in the War of 1812, Francis Scott Key wrote The Star-Spangled Banner, later the American national anthem, in Baltimore. More than 65,000 properties, or roughly one in three buildings in the city, are listed on the National Register, more than any city in the nation. The city has 289 properties listed on the National Register of Historic Places, the historical records of the government of Baltimore are located at the Baltimore City Archives. The city is named after Cecil Calvert, second Lord Baltimore, of the Irish House of Lords, Baltimore Manor was the name of the estate in County Longford on which the Calvert family lived in Ireland. Baltimore is an anglicization of the Irish name Baile an Tí Mhóir, in 1608, Captain John Smith traveled 210 miles from Jamestown to the uppermost Chesapeake Bay, leading the first European expedition to the Patapsco River. The name Patapsco is derived from pota-psk-ut, which translates to backwater or tide covered with froth in Algonquian dialect, a quarter century after John Smiths voyage, English colonists began to settle in Maryland. The area constituting the modern City of Baltimore and its area was first settled by David Jones in 1661. He claimed the area today as Harbor East on the east bank of the Jones Falls stream. In the early 1600s, the immediate Baltimore vicinity was populated, if at all. The Baltimore area had been inhabited by Native Americans since at least the 10th millennium BC, one Paleo-Indian site and several Archaic period and Woodland period archaeological sites have been identified in Baltimore, including four from the Late Woodland period. During the Late Woodland period, the culture that is called the Potomac Creek complex resided in the area from Baltimore to the Rappahannock River in Virginia. It was located on the Bush River on land that in 1773 became part of Harford County, in 1674, the General Assembly passed An Act for erecting a Court-house and Prison in each County within this Province. The site of the house and jail for Baltimore County was evidently Old Baltimore near the Bush River. In 1683, the General Assembly passed An Act for Advancement of Trade to establish towns, ports, one of the towns established by the act in Baltimore County was on Bush River, on Town Land, near the Court-House
Baltimore
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Sixth Regiment fighting railroad strikers, July 20, 1877
Baltimore
Baltimore
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The
Battle Monument commemorates the
Battle of Baltimore.
Baltimore
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The
Great Baltimore Fire of 1904, looking west from
Pratt and
Gay streets
44.
Tribune Company
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The Tribune Media Company, also known as Tribune Media and formerly known as the Tribune Company, is an American conglomerate that is headquartered in Chicago, Illinois, United States. A significant amount of the stock of publicly traded Tribune is held by three firms that were the senior debt holders, Oaktree Capital Management, Angelo, Gordon & Co. Investment interests include the Food Network, the Tribune Company was founded on June 10,1847, the Chicago Daily Tribune published its first edition in a one-room plant located at LaSalle and Lake Streets in downtown Chicago. The original press run consisted of 400 copies printed on a hand press, the Tribune constructed its first building, a four-story structure at Dearborn and Madison Streets, in 1869. The building was destroyed in the Great Chicago Fire of October 1871, the Tribune resumed printing two days later with an editorial declaring Chicago Shall Rise Again. Joseph Medill, a native Ohioan who first acquired an interest in the Tribune in 1855, gained control of the newspaper in 1874. Medills two grandsons, cousins Robert R. McCormick and Joseph Medill Patterson, assumed leadership of the company in 1911 and that same year, the Chicago Tribunes first newsprint mill opened in Thorold, Ontario, Canada. The mill marked the beginnings of the Canadian newsprint producer later known as QUNO, Patterson established the companys second newspaper, the New York News in 1919. Tribunes ownership of the New York City tabloid was considered interlocking due to an agreement between McCormick and Patterson, the paper launched a European edition during World War I. To compete with the Saturday Evening Post and Colliers in 1924, the company entered broadcasting in 1924 by leasing WDAP, one of Chicagos first radio stations. Tribune later changed the call letters to WGN, reflecting the Tribunes nickname. WGN was purchased by the company in 1926 and went on to be first in the radio industry, in 1925, the company completed its new headquarters and one of Chicagos first skyscrapers, the Tribune Tower. That same year, the decided to fund the future Joseph Medill School of Journalism at Northwestern University. Liberty magazine eventually exceeded Colliers circulation, but lacked enough advertising and was sold in 1931, the Tribunes European edition was also cut. However, Tribune launched the Chicago Tribune-New York News Syndicate content syndication service in 1933, expecting a printers strike in November 1948, the Tribune printed their paper early, incorrectly proclaiming Dewey Defeats Truman in the 1948 presidential election. Tribune entered into the industry, then in its infancy, in 1948, with the establishments of WGN-TV in Chicago in April. In 1956, the Tribune Company purchased the Chicago American from William Randolph Hearst, also in 1963, the company purchased some part of the folded New York Mirror. The company increased its broadcast station holdings with the acquisition of radio station WQCD-FM in New York City in 1964, in 1967, the company began printing a tabloid serving suburban areas of Chicago, The Suburban Trib
Tribune Company
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The
Tribune Tower in
Chicago is the headquarters of Tribune Media
Tribune Company
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Tribune Media Company
45.
Wayback Machine
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The Internet Archive launched the Wayback Machine in October 2001. It was set up by Brewster Kahle and Bruce Gilliat, and is maintained with content from Alexa Internet, the service enables users to see archived versions of web pages across time, which the archive calls a three dimensional index. Since 1996, the Wayback Machine has been archiving cached pages of websites onto its large cluster of Linux nodes and it revisits sites every few weeks or months and archives a new version. Sites can also be captured on the fly by visitors who enter the sites URL into a search box, the intent is to capture and archive content that otherwise would be lost whenever a site is changed or closed down. The overall vision of the machines creators is to archive the entire Internet, the name Wayback Machine was chosen as a reference to the WABAC machine, a time-traveling device used by the characters Mr. Peabody and Sherman in The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show, an animated cartoon. These crawlers also respect the robots exclusion standard for websites whose owners opt for them not to appear in search results or be cached, to overcome inconsistencies in partially cached websites, Archive-It. Information had been kept on digital tape for five years, with Kahle occasionally allowing researchers, when the archive reached its fifth anniversary, it was unveiled and opened to the public in a ceremony at the University of California, Berkeley. Snapshots usually become more than six months after they are archived or, in some cases, even later. The frequency of snapshots is variable, so not all tracked website updates are recorded, Sometimes there are intervals of several weeks or years between snapshots. After August 2008 sites had to be listed on the Open Directory in order to be included. As of 2009, the Wayback Machine contained approximately three petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of 100 terabytes each month, the growth rate reported in 2003 was 12 terabytes/month, the data is stored on PetaBox rack systems manufactured by Capricorn Technologies. In 2009, the Internet Archive migrated its customized storage architecture to Sun Open Storage, in 2011 a new, improved version of the Wayback Machine, with an updated interface and fresher index of archived content, was made available for public testing. The index driving the classic Wayback Machine only has a bit of material past 2008. In January 2013, the company announced a ground-breaking milestone of 240 billion URLs, in October 2013, the company announced the Save a Page feature which allows any Internet user to archive the contents of a URL. This became a threat of abuse by the service for hosting malicious binaries, as of December 2014, the Wayback Machine contained almost nine petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of about 20 terabytes each week. Between October 2013 and March 2015 the websites global Alexa rank changed from 162 to 208, in a 2009 case, Netbula, LLC v. Chordiant Software Inc. defendant Chordiant filed a motion to compel Netbula to disable the robots. Netbula objected to the motion on the ground that defendants were asking to alter Netbulas website, in an October 2004 case, Telewizja Polska USA, Inc. v. Echostar Satellite, No.02 C3293,65 Fed. 673, a litigant attempted to use the Wayback Machine archives as a source of admissible evidence, Telewizja Polska is the provider of TVP Polonia and EchoStar operates the Dish Network
Wayback Machine
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Wayback Machine
of the Toronto subway
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