1.
Rigshospitalet
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Rigshospitalet is one of the largest hospitals in Denmark and the most highly specialised hospital in Copenhagen. The hospitals main building is a 16 storey functionalist highrise, one of the tallest structures in the parts of the city. Rigshospitalet neighbours the Panum Building which houses the Faculty of Health, as a teaching hospital it is part of the framework organisation Copenhagen University Hospital. The Danish name is not usually translated to English and it is the genitive of rige and the cognate word is used similarly in Norwegian, Swedish, Icelandic and Dutch. The prefix Stats- is more used, but implies a slightly lower level in the hierarchy. Although Rigshospitalet was founded as a hospital, as opposed to the normal hospitals operated by counties. The hospital itself explains the name was given because its predecessor, Royal Fredericks Hospital, was handed over to the state, Rigshospitalet was founded on 30 March 1757 as Kongelig Frederiks Hospital, named after King Frederick V and situated in Bredgade in central Copenhagen. The buildings are now occupied by the Danish Museum of Art & Design, since 1903 the state has been the owner of the hospital. In 1910 the hospital was renamed and moved to its present location in ten low buildings surrounding a garden designed by architect Martin Borch. In 1995 the hospital was handed over to Hovedstadens Sygehusfællesskab which in 2007 was absorbed by the Capital Region, in 2007 a helipad was built on top of the hospital. Until then, rescue helicopters and helicopters transferring patients would land in the neighbouring park Fælledparken, rigshospitalets mission is to be Denmarks leading hospital for patients needing highly specialized treatment. Its main specialist role has been enhanced in recent years by the decision that it should serve as the host institution for many of Copenhagens speciality departments, because of this, other hospitals refer patients to Rigshospitalet for the unique expertise available there. Rigshospitalet’s neighbor, the Panum Building, houses the University of Copenhagens Faculty of Health and this proximity optimizes a close cooperation between the two in the fields of research and development. The Nordic Cochrane Centre and the University Centre for Nursing and Care Research are in Rigshospitalet, with 1,120 beds, Rigshospitalet has responsibility for 65,000 inpatients and approximately 420,000 outpatients annually. Rigshospitalet has a trauma centre specialised at receiving severely injured patients, ordinary emergency department treatment has been relegated to the other hospitals in Copenhagen. The hospital was the location of Lars von Triers television horror mini-series The Kingdom and it is the hospital in which Crown Princess Mary gave birth to her four children by Crown Prince Frederik, Christian, Isabella, Vincent, and Josephine. Also Prince Joachims children were born here, Nikolai, Felix, Henrik, queen Margrethe and Prince Henriks children, Crown Prince Frederik and Prince Joachim, were born at Rigshospitalet. Prince Carl Fredrik and Princess Nathalie of Sayn-Wittgenstein-Berleburgs third child and second son, Prince Frederik, in 2007 Rigshospitalet celebrated its 250th anniversary
2.
Copenhagen
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Copenhagen, Danish, København, Latin, Hafnia) is the capital and most populous city of Denmark. Copenhagen has an population of 1,280,371. The Copenhagen metropolitan area has just over 2 million inhabitants, the city is situated on the eastern coast of the island of Zealand, another small portion of the city is located on Amager, and is separated from Malmö, Sweden, by the strait of Øresund. The Øresund Bridge connects the two cities by rail and road, originally a Viking fishing village founded in the 10th century, Copenhagen became the capital of Denmark in the early 15th century. Beginning in the 17th century it consolidated its position as a centre of power with its institutions, defences. After suffering from the effects of plague and fire in the 18th century and this included construction of the prestigious district of Frederiksstaden and founding of such cultural institutions as the Royal Theatre and the Royal Academy of Fine Arts. Later, following the Second World War, the Finger Plan fostered the development of housing, since the turn of the 21st century, Copenhagen has seen strong urban and cultural development, facilitated by investment in its institutions and infrastructure. The city is the cultural, economic and governmental centre of Denmark, Copenhagens economy has seen rapid developments in the service sector, especially through initiatives in information technology, pharmaceuticals and clean technology. Since the completion of the Øresund Bridge, Copenhagen has become integrated with the Swedish province of Scania and its largest city, Malmö. With a number of connecting the various districts, the cityscape is characterized by parks, promenades. Copenhagen is home to the University of Copenhagen, the Technical University of Denmark, the University of Copenhagen, founded in 1479, is the oldest university in Denmark. Copenhagen is home to the FC København and Brøndby football clubs, the annual Copenhagen Marathon was established in 1980. Copenhagen is one of the most bicycle-friendly cities in the world, the Copenhagen Metro serves central Copenhagen while the Copenhagen S-train network connects central Copenhagen to its outlying boroughs. Serving roughly 2 million passengers a month, Copenhagen Airport, Kastrup, is the largest airport in the Nordic countries, the name of the city reflects its origin as a harbour and a place of commerce. The original designation, from which the contemporary Danish name derives, was Køpmannæhafn, meaning merchants harbour, the literal English translation would be Chapmans haven. The English name for the city was adapted from its Low German name, the abbreviations Kbh. or Kbhvn are often used in Danish for København, and kbh. for københavnsk. The chemical element hafnium is named for Copenhagen, where it was discovered, the bacterium Hafnia is also named after Copenhagen, Vagn Møller of the State Serum Institute in Copenhagen named it in 1954. Excavations in Pilestræde have also led to the discovery of a well from the late 12th century, the remains of an ancient church, with graves dating to the 11th century, have been unearthed near where Strøget meets Rådhuspladsen
3.
Frederik, Crown Prince of Denmark
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Frederik, Crown Prince of Denmark, Count of Monpezat, RE, SKmd is the heir apparent to the throne of Denmark. Frederik is the son of Queen Margrethe II and Henrik. At the time of his birth, his grandfather was on the throne of Denmark. He was christened on 24 June 1968, at Holmens Kirke and he was named Frederik after his maternal grandfather, King Frederick IX, continuing the Danish royal tradition of the heir apparent being named either Frederick or Christian. His middle names honour his paternal grandfather, André de Laborde de Monpezat, his father, Prince Henrik and he became Crown Prince of Denmark when his mother succeeded to the throne as Margrethe II on 14 January 1972. Frederick attended primary school at Krebs Skole during the years 1974–1981, from 1974–1976 as a pupil at Amalienborg Palace. In the period 1982–1983, he was a boarder at École des Roches in Normandy, in 1986, Frederik graduated from the upper secondary school of Øregaard Gymnasium. In addition he is fluent in French, English, and German, in 1989, began to study for an academic degree, when he began a course in Political Science at Aarhus University. This included a year at Harvard University under the name of Frederik Henriksen and he then took up a position for three months with the Danish UN mission in New York in 1994. In 1995, he obtained his MSc degree in Political Science from Aarhus University and he completed the course in the prescribed number of years with an exam result above average. His final paper was an analysis on the policy of the Baltic States. The prince was posted as First Secretary to the Danish Embassy in Paris from October 1998 to October 1999, Frederick has completed extensive military studies and training in all three services, notably completing education as a sailor in the naval elite special operations forces. In the period 2001 and 2002, he completed training for leaders at the Royal Danish Defence College. Reconnaissance Platoon Commander with the Royal Guard Hussars’ Regiment 1988, First Lieutenant in the Reserve 1989. First Lieutenant in the Reserve 1995, Lieutenant Commander in the Reserve 1997. Royal Danish Air Force Flying School 2000 Captain in the Reserve 2000, Command and General Staff Course, Royal Danish Defence College 2001–2002. Staff Officer, Defence Command Denmark 2002–2003, senior lecturer with the Institute of Strategy at the Royal Danish Defence College, 2003–. Commander, senior grade, lieutenant colonel 2004, the wedding took place on 14 May 2004 at Copenhagen Cathedral, Copenhagen
4.
Mary, Crown Princess of Denmark
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Mary, Crown Princess of Denmark, Countess of Monpezat, R. E. is the wife of Frederik, Crown Prince of Denmark. Frederik is the apparent to the throne of Denmark, which means that should Frederik inherit the throne. The couple met at the Slip Inn, a pub in Sydney when the prince was visiting Australia during the 2000 Summer Olympics and her paternal grandfather was Captain Peter Donaldson. Mary was named after her grandmothers, Mary Dalgleish and Elizabeth Gibson Melrose and her mother died on 20 November 1997. In 2001, her married the British author and novelist Susan Horwood. Donaldson was born and raised in Hobart, Australia, during her childhood, she was involved in sports and other extracurricular activities both at school and elsewhere. She studied music – playing piano, flute, and clarinet – and played basketball, in 1974, Donaldson started schooling in Clear Lake City Elementary School in Houston, Texas and moved to Sandy Bay, Tasmania from 1975 to 1977. Her primary education, from 1978 to 1983, was at Waimea Heights with her secondary schooling being at Taroona High School, Donaldson studied at the University of Tasmania from 1990 to 1994, graduating with a combined Bachelor of Commerce and Bachelor of Laws degree on 27 May 1995. The crown princess native language is English and she studied French during her secondary education. In 2002, she worked as an English tutor in Paris. After meeting Frederik at the Slip Inn during the 2000 Olympic Games in Sydney and she worked for Australian and global advertising agencies after graduating in 1995. Upon graduation Mary moved to Melbourne to work in advertising and she became a trainee in marketing and communications with the Melbourne office of DDB Needham, taking a position of account executive. In 1996, Mary was employed by Mojo Partners as an account manager, in 1998, six months after her mothers death, she resigned and travelled to America and Europe. In June 2000, she moved to a smaller Australian agency, however, in the spring of 2000 until December 2001, she became sales director and a member of the management team of Belle Property, a real estate firm specialising in luxury property. Mary Donaldson met Crown Prince Frederik of Denmark at the Slip Inn during the 2000 Summer Olympics on 16 September in Sydney and he was not identified by her friends as the Crown Prince of Denmark until after they met. They conducted a long-distance relationship by phone, email and letter, on 15 November 2001 the Danish weekly magazine Billed Bladet named Mary as Frederiks girlfriend. She then moved from Australia to Denmark in December 2001, while she was working as an English tutor in Paris. On 24 September 2003 the Danish court announced that Queen Margrethe II intended to give her consent to the marriage at the State Council meeting scheduled for 8 October 2003
5.
Danish royal family
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The Danish royal family consists of the dynastic family of the monarch. All members of the Danish royal family, except Queen Margrethe II, dynastic children of the monarch and of the heir apparent are accorded the style of His/Her Royal Highness, while other members of the dynasty are addressed as His/Her Highness. The Queen is styled Her Majesty, the Queen and her siblings belong to the House of Glücksburg, which is a branch of the Royal House of Oldenburg. The Queens children and male-line descendants belong agnatically to the family de Laborde de Monpezat, the Danish royal family enjoys remarkably high approval ratings in Denmark, possibly ranging from somewhere between 82% and 92%. During this time she was still a Princess of Denmark and thus a member of the Danish royal family, in 2005, her former mother-in-law granted her the additional title of grevinde af Frederiksborg, a personal title which would not be forfeited if Alexandra remarried. When she remarried on 3 March 2007, she lost the style of Highness and titular dignity of Princess of Denmark, until 1953 his dynastic male-line descendants remained in Denmarks order succession. However, no Danish act has revoked usage of the title for these descendants, neither for those living in 1953. There are three members of the Greek royal family who are not known to bear the title of Prince/ss of Denmark with the qualification of His/Her Highness, the Ducal Family of Schleswig-Holstein descends in the legitimate male line from Christian III of Denmark. Danish princes who marry without consent of the Danish monarch lose their dynastic rights, the ex-dynasts are then usually accorded the hereditary title Count of Rosenborg. Female descendants were eligible to inherit the throne in the event there were no surviving male dynasts born in the male line. As for the duchies, Holstein and Lauenburg where the King ruled as duke, these lands adhered to Salic law, the duchies of Schleswig, Holstein and Lauenburg were joined in personal union with the Crown of Denmark. That meant that the new King of Denmark would not also be the new Duke of Schleswig or Duke of Holstein, in 2009, the mode of inheritance of the throne was once more changed, this time into an absolute primogeniture. This imposed no immediate change on the line of succession as it was then, of the articles of this law, all except Article 21 and Article 25 have since been repealed. However, those who do reside in Denmark or its territories continue to require the prior permission to travel abroad. The wording excludes those whose blood cannot be traced to a Danish monarch, although all other articles of the Kongelov have been repealed by amendments to the Constitution in 1849,1853 and 1953, these two articles have thus far been left intact. 1Princess Benediktes children have no succession rights, since the children continued to be educated in Germany well past the mandatory schooling age, they are deemed to no longer have succession rights. Line of succession to the British throne Line of succession to the Greek throne Line of succession to the Norwegian throne Kongehuset. dk Official site of the Danish Monarchy
6.
Margrethe II of Denmark
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Margrethe II is the Queen of Denmark. She is also the authority of the Church of Denmark. Born into the House of Glücksburg, a house with origins in Northern Germany, she was the eldest child of Frederick IX of Denmark. She succeeded her father upon his death on 14 January 1972, having had become heir presumptive to her father in 1953, on her accession, Margrethe became the first female monarch of Denmark since Margaret I, ruler of the Scandinavian countries in 1375–1412 during the Kalmar Union. Having been on the Danish throne for 45 years, she is the second longest-reigning Danish monarch after her ancestor Christian IV, in 1967, she married Henri de Laborde de Monpezat, with whom she has two sons, Crown Prince Frederik and Prince Joachim. Princess Margrethe was born 16 April 1940 at Amalienborg Palace in Copenhagen as the first child of Crown Prince Frederick, later King Frederick IX and Crown Princess Ingrid and her birth took place just one week after Nazi Germanys invasion of Denmark on 9 April 1940. She was baptised on 14 May in the Church of Holmen in Copenhagen, since her paternal grandfather was also the King of Iceland, she was given an Icelandic name, Þórhildur. When Margrethe was four years old, in 1944, her first sister, Princess Benedikte later married Prince Richard of Sayn-Wittgenstein-Berleburg and lives some of the time in Germany. Her second sister Princess Anne Marie was born in 1946, anne-Marie later married Constantine II of Greece and now lives in Greece. Margrethe and her sisters grew up in apartments at Frederick VIIIs Palace at Amalienborg in Copenhagen and she spent summer holidays with the royal family in her parents summer residence at Gråsten Palace in Southern Jutland. On 20 April 1947, King Christian X died and Margrethes father ascended the throne as King Frederick IX. At the time of her birth, only males could ascend the throne of Denmark, as she had no brothers, it was assumed that her uncle Prince Knud would one day assume the throne. The process of changing the constitution started in 1947, not long after her father ascended the throne, the popularity of Frederick and his daughters and the more prominent role of women in Danish life started the complicated process of altering the constitution. The law required that the proposal be passed by two successive Parliaments and then by a referendum, which occurred 27 March 1953, Princess Margrethe therefore became heir presumptive. On her eighteenth birthday,16 April 1958, Margrethe was given a seat in the Council of State and she subsequently chaired the meetings of the Council in the absence of the King. Margrethe was educated at the private school N. Zahles School in Copenhagen from which she graduated in 1959 and she is a Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries of London. Queen Margrethe is fluent in Danish, French, English, Swedish and German, Princess Margrethe married a French diplomat, Count Henri de Laborde de Monpezat,10 June 1967, at the Church of Holmen in Copenhagen. Laborde de Monpezat received the style and title of His Royal Highness Prince Henrik of Denmark because of his new position as the spouse of the heir presumptive to the Danish throne, Margrethe gave birth to her first child 26 May 1968
7.
Prince Christian of Denmark
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Prince Christian of Denmark, Count of Monpezat is the elder son and eldest child of Crown Prince Frederik and Crown Princess Mary. He is a grandson of Queen Margrethe II and her husband Prince Henrik and he is second in the Danish line of succession, after his father. His sister Isabella is immediately after him in the line of succession, Prince Christian was born at 1,57 am in Rigshospitalet, the Copenhagen University Hospital, in Copenhagen on Saturday,15 October 2005. At noon on the day of his birth 21-gun salutes were fired from the Sixtus Battery at Holmen in Copenhagen, at the same time, public buses and official buildings flew the Danish flag, the Dannebrog. At sunset on the same day beacon bonfires were lit all over Denmark, while Naval Home Guard vessels lit their searchlights, bonfires were also lit in celebration in Australia. Christian was hospitalised briefly on 21 October 2005 because he suffered from jaundice, a usually harmless illness. The first photographs of the then 6-day-old boy showed a yellow tinge to his face, the prince was examined by doctors and underwent blood tests, then spent time in a light box under special coloured light rays to break down the bilirubin substance which causes jaundice. His parents took him again the same day and he made a full recovery. Christian was christened on 21 January 2006 in Christiansborg Palace Chapel by Bishop Erik Norman Svendsen and he was named Christian Valdemar Henri John, continuing the Danish royal tradition of alternating between the names Christian and Frederick in direct line. He received a number of presents on the occasion of his christening, including a pony called Flikflak from the Folketing, Christian is second-in-line to the Danish throne. Prince Christian will likewise presumably be known as King Christian XI of Denmark, the possibility Mary could be expecting a female child motivated Danish politicians to consider the possibility of adopting absolute primogeniture. This change allowed the present Queen to become heir presumptive and eventually inherit the throne, while the Crown Princess was still pregnant with Christian, the Folketing began the lengthy process to change the Danish constitution to allow absolute primogeniture. The birth of a boy removed some urgency from this drive, on 11 September 2006, Per Stig Møller, Denmarks Minister for Foreign Affairs, formally wrote and signed a hand-written document confirming Prince Christians place in the line of succession. The princes full name, his dates of birth and christening, should he succeed to the throne, Prince Christian will become the first monarch of Australian ancestry to hold the throne of any dominion. In 2006 Scandinavian Airlines System was in the process of purchasing new A319 aircraft, Christian was the first member of the Danish Royal Family to attend nursery school. At the same age, the Crown Prince had a nanny at the palace and he is also the first member of the Danish Royal Family to attend a public state school. Christian was the one who opened the elephant house by pressing a button on an interactive console, the elephants were a gift from the King and Queen of Thailand to the Queen and Prince Consort of Denmark on their last visit to Thailand. The elephant house was designed by Norman Foster and Partners, on 19 June 2010, he served as a page boy at the wedding of his fourth cousin and godmother, the Crown Princess of Sweden, to Daniel Westling
8.
Princess Isabella of Denmark
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Princess Isabella of Denmark, Countess of Monpezat, is the second child and elder daughter of Crown Prince Frederik and Crown Princess Mary. She is the fourth grandchild and oldest granddaughter of Queen Margrethe II and her husband and she was the first girl born into the Danish royal family since the birth of her grandaunt, Queen Anne-Marie of Greece, in 1946. She is third in the line of succession to the Danish throne, after her father and her older brother, Princess Isabella was born at Rigshospitalet, the Copenhagen University Hospital, in Copenhagen, to Crown Prince Frederik and Crown Princess Mary. At noon on 22 April, a 21-gun salute was fired from the Sixtus Battery at Holmen Naval Base in Copenhagen, isabellas christening took place on 1 July 2007, at the chapel of Fredensborg Palace. Her godparents were Queen Mathilde of Belgium, Princess Alexia of Greece and Denmark, Nadine Johnston, Christian Buchwald, Peter Heering, the princesss full name, dates of birth and christening, and the names of her godparents were recorded as dictated by the Royal Law of 1799. On 13 August 2013, Isabella started school at Tranegårdsskolen in Gentofte, Isabella is styled as Her Royal Highness Princess Isabella of Denmark, Countess of Monpezat. She has been Princess of Denmark since birth and Countess of Monpezat since 29 April 2008, official website New Danish princess named Isabella
9.
Princess Josephine of Denmark
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She is the twin sister of Prince Vincent of Denmark. Josephine is fifth in line to the Danish throne, after her father and older siblings, Prince Christian, Princess Isabella, Josephine was born at Rigshospitalet, the Copenhagen University Hospital, in Copenhagen, at 10,56 am local time,26 minutes after her twin brother. At noon on 8 January, a 21-gun salute was fired from the Sixtus Battery at Holmen Naval Base in Copenhagen, Josephine and Vincent were christened on 14 April 2011, at the chapel of the Church of Holmen. The Princesss name was announced as Josephine Sophia Ivalo Mathilda and her godparents are Princess Marie of Denmark, Patricia Bailey, Prince Carlo, Duke of Castro, Count Bendt Wedell, Birgitte Handwerk, and Crown Princess Marys Australian friend, Josephine Rechner. Josephine is styled as Her Royal Highness Princess Josephine of Denmark, medals 14 January 2012, Commemorative Ruby Jubilee Medal of Her Majesty The Queen 16 April 2015, Commemorative 75th Birthday Medal of Her Majesty The Queen Official website
10.
Prince Joachim of Denmark
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Prince Joachim of Denmark, Count of Monpezat, RE, SKmd is the younger son of Queen Margrethe II and Prince Henrik. Joachim is sixth in the line of succession to the Danish throne, following his brother, Crown Prince Frederik. His godparents were his aunt, Princess Benedikte of Denmark, his paternal uncle, Jean Baptiste de Laborde de Monpezat, King Harald V of Norway. Prince Joachim attended school as a pupil from 1974 until 1976 at Amalienborg Palace. In the period 1982–1983 the Prince studied as a boarder at École des Roches in Normandy, in 1986, Prince Joachim graduated from the Øregaard Gymnasium. In 1991–1993, he completed his studies in economics at Den Classenske Agerbrugskole Næsgaard. The Princes first language is Danish, but he also speaks French, English, Prince Joachim began his military education in 1987 as a recruit in the Queens Own Regiment. In 1988 the prince became a sergeant, and a year later, Prince Joachim served as a platoon commander of a tank squadron from 1989 to 1990. In 1990 the Prince gained the rank of first lieutenant of the reserve, after appointment to Major of the reserve in 2005, the Prince remains active in the defence reserve. Countess Alexandra of Frederiksborg subsequently married again and lost the title Princess of Denmark and she continues to live and work in Denmark and the couple share joint custody of their sons. On 3 October 2007 the Danish Royal Court announced that Prince Joachim had become engaged to Marie Cavallier, the wedding took place on 24 May 2008 in Møgeltønder Church – in which the christening of Prince Felix had taken place – near Schackenborg Manor. The wedding date marked the 73rd anniversary of the wedding of Joachims grandparents, King Frederick IX, all children hold the additional style of their father as Count/Countess of Monpezat in France. Joachim is styled as His Royal Highness Prince Joachim of Denmark and he has been Prince of Denmark since birth and Count of Monpezat since 29 April 2008, when Queen Margrethe granted the title to her male-line descendants. He participated in a race, part of the GTC-TC championship, he drove a BMW2002
11.
Princess Marie of Denmark
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Princess Marie of Denmark, Countess of Monpezat, RE is the second wife of Prince Joachim of Denmark. Marie Cavallier was born in Paris, France and she is the only child of Alain Cavallier, partner in an advertising agency, and Françoise Grassiot, owner of the Château de la Vernède, near Avignon. She is the granddaughter of Mr. Claude Cavallier and Baroness Odile Brunet de Sairigné. She moved to Geneva, Switzerland with her following the divorce of her parents. She has two older, maternal half-brothers, Benjamin and Gregory Grandet, both born in Switzerland, and two younger, paternal half-brothers, Charles and Edouard Cavallier, both born in Paris. After her parents divorced, Marie was sent to the Collège Alpin International Beau Soleil boarding school in Switzerland and she attended Babson College in Wellesley, Massachusetts, for a brief time, to study international business and economics and then went on to study economics in Genève. Marie earned a Bachelor of Arts at Marymount Manhattan College, during her years in college, Marie worked for Estée Lauder, as assistant to the public relations manager in 1994, and as an assistant to the managing director of ING Numismatic Group SA in Genève. After graduating, she started working for DoubleClick Inc, an advertising agency. Back in France, she worked for advertising agency Media Marketing and she then worked for Reuters financial news agency Radianz in Switzerland, took a position with REInvest in Geneva and worked as executive secretary in ING Numismatic Group SA until the engagement. Princess Maries mother tongue is French, in addition she speaks English, Spanish and Italian. In connection to her wedding with Prince Joachim she started taking lessons in Danish, Marie first came to public attention when she was photographed on a private holiday in Avignon, France, with Prince Joachim in August 2005. She celebrated the New Year 2006/2007 with Prince Joachim, his former wife Alexandra, their sons, Nikolai and Felix, in January 2007, Marie accompanied Prince Joachim and his children on a ski holiday in Switzerland. Later that year, Marie joined the family for Easter at Marselisborg Palace. Marie increasingly made weekend visits from Geneva to Denmark in 2007, on 3 October 2007, it was officially announced that Marie Cavallier was engaged to Prince Joachim. On 21 November 2007, the Royal Court announced that the wedding would be held on 24 May 2008, the first wedding took place on 24 May 2008 in Møgeltønder Church. Upon her marriage to Joachim, Maries title is Her Royal Highness Princess Marie of Denmark, Countess of Monpezat. Marie, who had been a French citizen and a member of the Roman Catholic Church, became, in connection with the marriage, a Danish citizen and a member of the Evangelical-Lutheran Church of Denmark. Maries wedding gown was designed by Spanish-Italian fashion house Arasa Morelli, Marie started her role as Princess of Denmark shortly after her wedding, while attending with her husband events and activities from his patronages
12.
Prince Nikolai of Denmark
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Prince Nikolai of Denmark, Count of Monpezat, is a member of the Danish Royal Family. He is the son of Prince Joachim and his first wife, Alexandra. As of 2016, Prince Nikolai is seventh in the line of succession to the Danish throne, at the time of his birth, he was third, after his uncle and father. Prince Nikolai was born at Rigshospitalet, the Copenhagen University Hospital, Prince Nikolai is the oldest grandchild of Queen Margrethe II of Denmark and her husband, Prince Henrik. In addition, the prince is of Chinese descent, as his mother is a great-granddaughter of Mary Ho Li from Guangdong and he was christened in the chapel of the Fredensborg Palace on 6 November 1999 by the royal vicar Christian Thodberg. At the christening the musical work Lys på din vej, composed by Frederik Magle and his godparents are the Crown Prince of Denmark, Nicola Baird, the Earl of Wessex, Peter Steenstrup, and Camilla Flint. After their divorce, Prince Joachim and Alexandra have joint custody of Prince Nikolai, like his father and uncle, Nikolai attended Krebs School in Copenhagen. In 2014, he attended 10th grade at Herlufsholm School at Næstved and is expected to receive his secondary education there as well. Nikolai was confirmed on Saturday,18 May 2013 in Fredensborg Palace Church in the presence of his immediate family and all his godparents. 28 August 1999 —29 April 2008, His Highness Prince Nikolai of Denmark 29 April 2008 — present, His Highness Prince Nikolai of Denmark, Count of Monpezat Official website
13.
Prince Felix of Denmark
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Prince Felix of Denmark, Count of Monpezat, is the younger son of Prince Joachim and his former wife, Alexandra, Countess of Frederiksborg. As of April 2017, Felix is eighth in the line of succession to the Danish throne, Prince Felix was born at Rigshospitalet the Copenhagen University Hospital in Copenhagen on 22 July 2002. When his father met the following the birth, he joked that the baby could be named anything from Ib to Nebukadnesar. He was christened in Møgeltønder Church in Møgeltønder on 4 October 2002 by the royal vicar Christian Thodberg and his names were revealed to be Felix Henrik Valdemar Christian. His godparents are Martina Bent, and friends of his parents, Count Christian Ahlefeldt-Laurvig, Oscar Davidsen Siesbye, Damian Sibley, at the christening the musical work Dåbens Pagt composed by Frederik Magle, dedicated to Prince Felix, was given its first performance. In addition, the prince is of Chinese descent, as his mother is a great-granddaughter of Mary Ho Li from Guangdong, after their divorce, Prince Joachim and Alexandra have joint custody of Prince Felix and his older brother Prince Nikolai. Felix attended pre-school at the Garnison Church in Copenhagen, and at age six, followed in the footsteps of his father, brother, Felix is styled as His Highness Prince Felix of Denmark, Count of Monpezat. He has been Prince of Denmark since birth and Count of Monpezat since 29 April 2008, when Queen Margrethe granted the title to her male-line descendants
14.
Princess Athena of Denmark
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Princess Athena of Denmark, Countess of Monpezat, is the youngest child and only daughter of Prince Joachim and Princess Marie of Denmark. As of April 2017, Athena is tenth in the line of succession to the Danish throne, Princess Athena was born in 24 January 2012 at Rigshospitalet the Copenhagen University Hospital in Copenhagen. When her father met the press following her birth, he joked that her name could become anything between Jo and Scheherazade and she has two older half-brothers from her fathers first marriage, Prince Nikolai and Prince Felix, and an older brother, Prince Henrik. At her christening, she was named Athena Marguerite Françoise Marie, after her grandmothers, Athena is styled as Her Highness Princess Athena of Denmark, Countess of Monpezat
15.
Princess Benedikte of Denmark
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Princess Benedikte of Denmark RE, SKmd, D. Ht. is the second daughter of King Frederick IX of Denmark and Ingrid of Sweden. She is the sister of the reigning Queen of Denmark, Margrethe II. Princess Benedikte often represents her elder sister at official or semi-official events and she and her late husband, Richard, 6th Prince of Sayn-Wittgenstein-Berleburg, have three children. Princess Benedikte is currently eleventh in the line of succession to the Danish throne and her birth took place during Nazi Germanys Occupation of Denmark. She was baptised on 24 May 1944 in the Church of Holmen in Copenhagen, at her birth, Princess Benedikte had one elder sister, Margrethe, the present Queen of Denmark. Her second sister Princess Anne Marie was born in 1946, Anne-Marie later married Constantine II of Greece and now lives in Greece. Princess Benedikte and her sisters grew up in apartments at Frederick VIIIIs Palace at Amalienborg in Copenhagen and she spent summer holidays with the royal family in her parents summer residence at Gråsten Palace in Southern Jutland. On 20 April 1947, King Christian X died and Benediktes father ascended the throne as King Frederick IX, at the time of her fathers accession to the throne, only males could ascend the throne of Denmark. As her parents had no sons, it was assumed that her uncle Prince Knud would one day assume the throne, Benediktes elder sister Margrethe therefore became heir presumptive, and Princess Benedikte and Princess Anne-Marie became second and third in the line of succession. Princess Benedikte was educated at N. Zahles School, a school in Copenhagen, followed by stays at a boarding school in England. In 1965 she took a class at the Margrethe-Skolen, a private fashion, along with her younger sister, Anne-Marie, Benedikte was a bridesmaid at the 1962 wedding of Prince Juan Carlos of Spain and Princess Sophia of Greece and Denmark. Benedikte was married on 3 February 1968 at Fredensborg Palace Church to Richard, 6th Prince of Sayn-Wittgenstein-Berleburg and he was the son of Prince Gustav Albrecht, 5th Prince of Sayn-Wittgenstein-Berleburg and his wife, Margareta Fouché dOtrante. The King decreed that her children would need to be raised in Denmark in order to have succession rights, since the condition was not met, Princess Benediktes three children are not in line to succeed to the throne. Prince Richard died on 13 March 2017 after 49 years of marriage, Princess Benedikte is very much involved in the Scout/Guide organization in Denmark as well as internationally. When she was a child, a special Scout unit was created, now her involvement is more at the organisational level as she is chairman for Pigespejdernes Fællesråd Danmark. She is patron of De grønne pigespejdere and Det Danske Spejderkorps, in addition she is patron of the Olave Baden Powell Society, a support organisation for the World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts. She is a member of the St Georges Guilds in Denmark. In 2007 she was awarded with a prize of honour by this Scout association for adults and she is also involved in equestrian sport, and has acted as an honorary patron of the World Breeding Federation for Sport Horses
16.
Queen Anne-Marie of Greece
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Queen Anne-Marie of Greece, RE is the wife of King Constantine II, who reigned from 1964 until 1973. Anne-Marie is the youngest daughter of King Frederick IX of Denmark and she is the youngest sister of the reigning Queen Margrethe II of Denmark and cousin of the reigning King Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden. The princess was baptised on 9 October 1946 in the Church of Holmen in Copenhagen, Princess Anne-Marie and her sisters grew up in apartments at Frederick VIIIIs Palace at Amalienborg in Copenhagen and in Fredensborg Palace in North Zealand. She spent summer holidays with the family in her parents summer residence at Gråsten Palace in Southern Jutland. On 20 April 1947, King Christian X died and Anne-Maries father ascended the throne as King Frederik IX, at the time of her fathers accession to the throne, only males could ascend the throne of Denmark. As Anne-Maries parents had no sons, it was assumed that her uncle Prince Knud would one day assume the throne, Anne-Maries elder sister Margrethe therefore became heir presumptive, and Princess Benedikte and Princess Anne-Marie became second and third in the line of succession. Anne-Marie was educated at N. Zahles School, a school in Copenhagen. In 1961 she attended the Chatelard School for Girls, an English boarding school outside Montreux in Switzerland, in 1963 and 1964 she attended the Institut Le Mesnil, a Swiss finishing school also in Montreux. They met a time in Denmark in 1961, when Constantine declared to his parents his intention to marry Anne-Marie. On 6 March 1964, King Paul died, and Constantine succeeded him as King of the Hellenes, in July 1964, the announcement of the engagement of Constantine and Anne-Marie raised the polite protests of the Left in Denmark. Anne-Marie and Constantine were married on 18 September 1964 in the Metropolis, the bride wore a Jørgen Bender design. Prior to the wedding, Anne-Marie converted from Lutheranism to the Greek Orthodox Church, Anne-Marie and her husband Constantine are third cousins, they share King Christian IX of Denmark as patrilineal great-great-grandfather. They also share Queen Victoria as a great-great-grandmother and they have five children, Princess Alexia, Crown Prince Pavlos, Prince Nikolaos, Princess Theodora and Prince Philippos. As Queen of Greece, Anne-Marie spent much of her working for a charitable foundation known as Her Majestys Fund which provided assistance to people in rural areas of Greece. In December 1967, Anne-Marie’s husband King Constantine attempted a counter-coup against the junta which had been sworn in by himself after a successful coup during the previous April. The counter-coup failed and Anne-Marie and her family had to flee to Italy, during the aftermath, Anne-Marie miscarried a child. The family lived for two months in the Greek embassy and then for the five years in a house in a suburb of Rome. In 1973 Anne-Marie moved with her family to England and they lived first in Chobham in Surrey
17.
Greek royal family
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The Greek Royal Family is a branch of the House of Glücksburg that reigned in Greece from 1863 to 1924 and again from 1935 to 1973. Its first monarch was George I, the son of King Christian IX of Denmark. He and his successors styled themselves Kings of the Hellenes, the family came to the throne after the overthrow in 1862 of the first king of the independent Greek state, Otto of Bavaria. He received six votes in the referendum, the Greek National Assembly proclaimed him king as George I, George I would marry Grand Duchess Olga Constaninovna of Russia, and would have seven surviving children. In turn, all three of Constantines sons, George II, Alexander and Paul, would occupy the throne. The royal family saw Greece experience several upheavals including the Balkan Wars, World War I, World War II, the Greek Civil War, and the Greek military junta of 1967–1974. On April 21,1967 the elected government was overthrown by a group of middle-ranking army officers led by Colonel Georgios Papadopoulos, the regime, known as The Regime of the Colonels, forced King Constantine II into accepting it as legitimate. On December 13,1967, the King launched a counter-coup but it failed and he, together with his family, fled to exile in Rome, on 1 June 1973, Constantine II was declared deposed by the military junta and Papadopoulos appointed himself as President of the Republic. On 29 July 1973, a questionable referendum sought to confirm the abolition of the monarchy, the dictatorship fell in August 1974 and the new regime held a fresh referendum on 8 December 1974, which confirmed the abolition of the monarchy by a vote of 69% to 30%. The deposed King has never questioned the validity of this referendum, in 2013 Constantine II and his wife Anne-Marie announced that they were once again living in Greece. The Duke discontinued using his Greek and Danish titles shortly before his 1947 marriage, prince Philips family form the senior part of the British Royal Family. Notes * Member of the royal family List of kings of Greece House of Oldenborg Kings of the Hellenes family tree Armorial of Greek Royal Family The official website of the Greek Royal family
18.
Henrik, Prince Consort of Denmark
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Prince Henrik of Denmark, is the husband of Queen Margrethe II. Henrik married Margrethe at the Naval Church of Copenhagen on 10 June 1967 and became her consort when she succeeded her father, King Frederick IX, the couple have two sons, Crown Prince Frederik and Prince Joachim. On 14 April 2016 Prince Henrik renounced the title of Prince Consort, Henrik was born in Talence, Gironde, France. He spent his first five years in Hanoi, where his father looked after business interests. He returned to Hanoi in 1950, graduating from the French secondary school there in 1952, between 1952 and 1957 he simultaneously studied law and political science at the Sorbonne, Paris, and Chinese and Vietnamese at the École Nationale des Langues Orientales. He also studied in Hong Kong in 1957 and Saigon in 1958, on 10 June 1967 he married Princess Margrethe, the heir presumptive to the Danish throne, at the Naval Church of Copenhagen. At the time of the wedding his name was Danicised to Henrik, before the wedding, the Prince converted to Lutheranism. Princess Josephine, born on 8 January 2011 at Rigshospitalet in Copenhagen Prince Joachim, Princess Athena, born on 24 January 2012 at Rigshospitalet in Copenhagen. Prince Henriks native language is French, and his language is Danish. He also speaks fluent English, Chinese, and Vietnamese, although he quickly learned Danish after marrying Margrethe, Danes still joke about his grasp of Danish and his thick French accent. In 2002, Henrik left Denmark and went to stay at the couples Château de Caïx in Cahors in southern France. The cause of his departure from Denmark was a New Years Day reception in which his son, Henrik felt pushed aside, degraded and humiliated by being relegated to third place in the royal hierarchy. For many years I have been Denmarks number two, he said, ive been satisfied with that role, but I dont want to be relegated to number three after so many years. Henrik fled Denmark to reflect on his status in the Danish Royal Family, Queen Margrethe flew to France to meet her husband. Henrik stressed that neither his wife nor son were to blame for the incident, the Prince Consort spent three weeks in Caix, and did not appear with his wife as expected at the wedding of Willem-Alexander, Prince of Orange, and Máxima Zorreguieta. After three weeks, Henrik returned to Denmark, the Queens private secretary Henning Fode commented, The Queen and the Prince Consort have considered this for quite some time, and it has led to the belief that it was the right thing to do. It is a joy for me that his French roots will also be remembered. Although no announcement was made at time, Prince Christian does now include this part of his French grandfathers surnames among his hereditary titles
19.
Succession to the Danish throne
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The Danish Act of Succession, adopted on 27 March 1953, restricts the throne to those descended from Christian X and his wife, Alexandrine of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, through approved marriages. Succession is governed by absolute primogeniture, dynasts lose their right to the throne if they marry without the permission of the monarch, to be given in the Council of State. Individuals born to unmarried dynasts or to former dynasts that married without royal permission, further, when approving a marriage, the monarch can impose conditions that must be met in order for any resulting offspring to have succession rights. Should there be no eligible descendant of King Christian X and Queen Alexandrine, since the condition was not met, Princess Benediktes children are not deemed to have succession rights and are not included in the official line of succession. Before 1953, various descendants of King Christian IX had succession rights in Denmark, the new Act of Succession terminated those rights but left the individuals involved in possession of their titles. This created a class of people with royal titles but no rights to the throne, as a distinction, those entitled to inherit the throne are called Prins til Danmark while those without succession rights are referred to as Prins af Danmark. From 1853 until 1953, the crown passed according to agnatic primogeniture, the monarch in 1953, King Frederick IX, had three daughters but no sons. Under the 1953 act, the heir presumptive to the throne was Hereditary Prince Knud, the Hereditary Prince was far less popular than the King was. Further, his mother-in-law, Princess Helena, was accused of supporting the Nazi movement during the Second World War, thus, the Salic law was changed to male-preference primogeniture in 1953, meaning that females could inherit, but only if they had no brothers. His sons married without the permission and lost both their royal titles and succession rights. Only Knuds daughter, the unmarried Princess Elisabeth, retains her rights to the throne, Queen Margrethe IIs youngest sister, Anne-Marie, married King Constantine II of Greece in 1964. The bill was voted through two successive parliaments, and submitted to a referendum, ensuring that, in future, the apparent to the throne of Denmark would be the monarchs first-born child. However, the yes did not change the line of succession at that time. The Crown Princess gave birth to twins on 8 January 2011
20.
Elvis Presley
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Elvis Aaron Presley was an American singer and actor. Regarded as one of the most significant cultural icons of the 20th century, he is referred to as the King of Rock and Roll. Presley was born in Tupelo, Mississippi, and relocated to Memphis and his music career began there in 1954, when he recorded a song with producer Sam Phillips at Sun Records. Accompanied by guitarist Scotty Moore and bassist Bill Black, Presley was a popularizer of rockabilly. RCA Victor acquired his contract in a deal arranged by Colonel Tom Parker, Presleys first RCA single, Heartbreak Hotel, was released in January 1956 and became a number-one hit in the United States. He was regarded as the figure of rock and roll after a series of successful network television appearances. In November 1956, Presley made his debut in Love Me Tender. In 1958, he was drafted into military service, in 1973, Presley featured in the first globally broadcast concert via satellite, Aloha from Hawaii. Several years of drug abuse severely damaged his health. Presley is one of the most celebrated and influential musicians of the 20th century and he won three Grammys, also receiving the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award at age 36, and has been inducted into multiple music halls of fame. Presley was born on January 8,1935, in Tupelo, Mississippi, to Gladys Love and Vernon Elvis Presley, Jesse Garon Presley, his identical twin brother, was delivered stillborn 35 minutes before his own birth. Thus, as a child, Presley became close to both parents and formed an especially close bond with his mother. The family attended an Assembly of God, where he found his musical inspiration. Although he was in conflict with the Pentecostal church in his later years, rev. Rex Humbard officiated at his funeral, as Presley had been an admirer of Humbards ministry. Presleys ancestry was primarily a Western European mix, including Scots-Irish, Scottish, German, gladyss great-great-grandmother, Morning Dove White, was possibly a Cherokee Native American. Gladys was regarded by relatives and friends as the dominant member of the small family, Vernon moved from one odd job to the next, evincing little ambition. The family often relied on help from neighbors and government food assistance, the Presleys survived the F5 tornado in the 1936 Tupelo–Gainesville tornado outbreak. In 1938, they lost their home after Vernon was found guilty of kiting a check written by the landowner, Orville S. Bean and he was jailed for eight months, and Gladys and Elvis moved in with relatives
21.
21-gun salute
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A 21-gun salute is the most commonly recognized of the customary gun salutes that are performed by the firing of cannons or artillery as a military honor. As naval customs evolved,21 guns came to be fired for heads of state, or in circumstances for head of government. While the 21-gun salute is the most commonly recognized, the number of rounds fired in any given salute will vary depending on the conditions. The tradition of saluting can be traced to the Late Middle Ages practice of placing oneself in a position and, therefore. The gun salute had been established as a tradition by the late sixteenth century. A man-of-war which visited a port would discharge all its guns to show that its guns were empty. Since the ship would not have time to reload before it was within range of the shore batteries. Salute by gunfire is an ancient ceremony, for years, the British compelled weaker nations to render the first salute, but in time, international practice compelled gun for gun on the principle of equality of nations. In the earliest days, seven guns was the recognized British national salute because seven was the number of weapons on a vessel. In that day, gunpowder made from sodium nitrate was easier to keep on dry land than at sea. Thus those early regulations stated that although a ship would fire only seven guns, odd numbers were chosen, as even numbers indicated a death. With the increase in quality of gunpowder by the use of potassium nitrate. 21 guns became the highest national honour, the British at that time officially considered the international salute to sovereign states to be 21 guns, and the United States adopted the 21 guns and gun for gun return on 18 August 1875. The 21-gun salute in Bangladesh is generally used for, Martyrs Opening the Victory Day parade show on 16 December, occasions that happen to be largely associated with any national achievements or celebrations. Gun salutes are used at special holidays, state funerals, a 17-gun salute is given to the Canadian Minister of National Defence when visiting a saluting station, as well as foreign ministers of defence. The 21-gun salute is used in the Republic of China in honor of the President during National Day celebrations, after three trumpets blow, the audience is asked to stand up as the President enters. After he stands in the podium, the gun salute starts while the gun salute music is played, in some celebrations, it is done while the National Anthem is played. This cannonade salute is used in relation to Czech presidential events and it is fired to the sound of the National Anthem
22.
Holmen naval base
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Naval Station Holmen is one of several naval stations of the Royal Danish Navy, supplementing the two Danish naval bases in Frederikshavn and Korsør. Founded in the late 17th century it is also an attraction with many historical buildings that has played a vital role in the history of Denmark as well as Copenhagen. The naval base used to occupy the area of Holmen, which was in fact created by a series of landfills to house it. Holmen was for years the base of command for the Danish Naval Flag and has through the times been called Nyholm. It was never actually named Naval Station Holmen, even many people not in the Navy have used this name. For over 300 years, Holmen was Denmark’s largest employer, today the Navy only has a single institution left on Holmen. Since the 1990s, the area has opened to the public. Erik Menved was the first Danish king to establish a port in Copenhagen. Later the fleet, under the command of Valdemar Atterdag was moved to Vordingborg, Christian IV of Denmark built a “war port” on Slotsholmen, but the harbor’s basin has been filled since and today is the site of the Royal Library. The buildings around the harbor housed supplies for the Navy, as ships started to grow in size, the war port became too small, and the fleet moved to Bremerholm. Under Christian the 6th, a dock was established in 1739 at Christianshavn and this dock existed up to 1871, when it was taken over by Copenhagen’s Harbor Control, and the docks were filled. The name Gammel Dok still show part of the Navy’s shipyard was. Since the city was growing, it was not practical to have the Navy Fleet stationed in the center of the city, the ships were of course built out of wood and were fire hazards. The seamen on the ships simply threw their waste and trash directly into the harbor, in 1680, a plan was made to move the fleet out of the city. Responsibility for the plan was given to Admiral Niels Juel, west of a sand bank called Revshalen, old ships were scuttled after being filled with stones. In 1685, a wall with seven bastions was built. The bastions still exist today, and in Carls and Wilhems Bastion and these depots are Holmen’s oldest buildings, built in 1688 and 1690. The northern bastion was Charlotte Amalies Bastion, and north of two cannon batteries were established, “Batteriet Quintus” and “Batteriet Neptunus”
23.
Kronborg
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Kronborg is a castle and stronghold in the town of Helsingør, Denmark. Immortalized as Elsinore in William Shakespeares play Hamlet, Kronborg is one of the most important Renaissance castles in Northern Europe and has added to UNESCOs World Heritage Sites list. The castle is situated on the northeastern tip of the island of Zealand at the narrowest point of the Øresund. In this part, the sound is only 4 kilometres wide, the castles story dates back to a stronghold, Krogen, built by King Eric VII in the 1420s. Along with the fortress Kärnan, Helsingborg on the opposite coast of Øresund, from 1574 to 1585 King Frederick II had the medieval fortress radically transformed into a magnificent Renaissance castle. The main architects were the Flemings Hans Hendrik van Paesschen and Anthonis van Obbergen, in 1629 a fire destroyed much of the castle, but King Christian IV subsequently had it rebuilt. The castle also has a church within its walls, in 1658 Kronborg was besieged and captured by the Swedes who took many of its valuable art treasures as war booty. In 1785 the castle ceased to be a residence and was converted into barracks for the army. The army left the castle in 1923, and after a renovation it was opened to the public. The castles story dates back to a fortress, Krogen, built in the 1420s by the Danish king, Eric of Pomerania. At the time, the Kingdom of Denmark extended across both sides of the Sound, and on the shore the Helsingborg Castle had been in existence since the Middle Ages. With the two castles and guard ships it was possible to all navigation through the Sound. The castle was built on Ørekrog, a tongue of land stretching into the sea from the coast of Zealand towards the coast of Scania. The castle consisted of a curtain wall with a number of stone buildings inside. The stone building in the northeastern corner contained the kings residence, the building in the southwestern corner contained a large arched banquet hall. The building in the southeastern corner possibly served as the chapel, large portions of the walls of Krogen are contained within the present-day Kronborg Castle. King Christian III had the corners of the curtain wall supplemented with bastions in 1558-59, from 1574 to 1585 Frederick II had the medieval fortress rebuilt into a magnificent Renaissance castle, unique in its appearance and size throughout Europe. After the conclusion of the Northern Seven Years War in 1570, the main architect was the Flemish architect Hans Hendrik van Paesschen and the fortification works were completed in 1577
24.
Church of Holmen
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The Church of Holmen is a Parish church in central Copenhagen in Denmark, on the street called Holmens Kanal. First built as a forge in 1563, it was converted into a naval church by Christian IV. It is famous for having hosted the wedding between Margrethe II of Denmark, current queen of Denmark, and Prince Henrik in 1967, the appearance of the Church of Holmen today closely resembles that of the renovation in 1872, except for the colour. The windows are in glass and predominantly set in iron. The spire is dressed in copper just like small spire on the confessionals roof, the church is of Lutheran denomination. The churchs pipe organ was made by Lambert Daniel Kastens and installed in 1738. The actual organ, however, is from 1956, the current pulpit was installed in 1662 and was carved by Abel Schrøder and stands in the natural colour of its oak, except for the kings monogram which is gilded. It is the oldest preserved pulpit in Copenhagen, and the most richly decorated and it stands from floor to ceiling, and depicts Christian history from Moses holding the basket up to Jesus Christ. The oldest baptismal font in the church is in wrought iron, a white marble font was installed in 1756, created by Carl Frederik Stanley in classicist style, but is no longer in the church. The new baptismal font from 1872 was made by the sculptor Evens by Ludvig Fengers design, in black marble, a model of Niels Juels ship Christianus Quintus hangs from the ceiling in the church. In medieval Copenhagen, Holmen was an actual island, however, in the 16th century, city restructuring made it less of an island and more of a peninsula surrounded by Holmens Canal. On this peninsula, Christian III of Denmark founded a shipyard which became synonymous with the name Holmen, when the shipyard moved to Nyholm on Christianshavn, the name Holmen followed, and Bremerholm then became Gammelholm, a name which is rarely used today. Holmens Canal was filled in the 1860s, but the lives on as a street. In 1562–63, Frederick II of Denmark built a forge for Holmen. The building was shaped, as special consideration was given not to spoil the view from the kings castle. The actual forge was hidden behind a building, called the tower, which was given a handsome front in Italian style facing the castle. In 1617, Christian IV of Denmark has built houses for the navys personnel between the Church of Saint Nikolaj and Holmen and this created an influx in population which made it necessary to build a larger church, which the king had set up in the former anchor forge. At first, the reconstruction into a church caused no redesign of the buildings blueprints, the church was consecrated on September 5,1619, but craftsmen were still working on the church during 1620
25.
Felipe VI of Spain
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Felipe VI is the King of Spain. He ascended to the throne on 19 June 2014 following the abdication of his father and he is the only son of Juan Carlos and his wife Sofía of Greece and Denmark. When Juan Carlos was chosen in 1969 to be Francisco Francos successor, Felipe became heir apparent when Juan Carlos succeeded Franco as head of state following his death in 1975. He was created Prince of Asturias in 1977, the title for the first in line. As Prince of Asturias, he worked to support philanthropic causes, in 2004, Felipe married TV presenter Letizia Ortiz with whom he has two daughters. Leonor, the elder, is his heir apparent and he succeeded his father as King of Spain when he abdicated in 2014. Felipe was born at Our Lady of Loreto Clinic in Madrid and he was baptised on 8 February 1968 at the Palace of Zarzuela by the Archbishop of Madrid, Casimiro Morcillo. His godparents were his paternal grandfather Juan and his paternal great-grandmother, shortly after his birth he was styled infante, although his father was not yet king. The ruling dictator General Francisco Franco died just over two months before Felipes eighth birthday, and Felipes father ascended the throne, in his first official appearance, Felipe attended his fathers proclamation as king on 22 November 1975. In 1977, Felipe was formally created Prince of Asturias, in May, nine-year-old Felipe was made an honorary soldier of the 1st Kings Immemorial Infantry Regiment. The occasion was marked on 28 May and was attended by the king, on 1 November the same year, he was ceremoniously paid homage as Prince of Asturias in Covadonga. In 1981 Felipe received the Collar of the Order of the Golden Fleece from his father, Felipe attended school at Santa María de los Rosales, which his daughters currently attend. As the heir to the throne, a regulated and structured plan was laid out for Felipes military training. In August 1985, a Royal Decree named Felipe as officer at the General Military Academy in Zaragoza and he began his military training there in September. He completed the first phase of his formation in October, in July 1986, he was promoted to Cadet 2nd Lieutenant. He was also named as Midshipman, on September 1986, he began his naval training at the Escuela Naval Militar in Pontevedra, joining the Third Brigade. In January 1987, he continued his training on board the training ship Juan Sebastián Elcano. In July, he was named as Student Ensign at the Academia General del Aire in Murcia, in September 1987, he began his air force training there
26.
Danish Act of Succession referendum, 2009
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The law did not affect anyone in the line of succession at the time of the election, the Queens two children are both male, as is the Crown Princes eldest child, born in 2005. However, had the referendum not been successful, Prince Vincent, under the rules for change of constitution, the law must be passed by two Parliaments, before and after an election, and then approved by a referendum. The law was passed in 2006 with only one abstention, the law was passed again by the new Folketing elected in 2007 on 24 February 2009 with two abstentions. It was then submitted to a referendum, no changes would be made to the constitution and §2 would continue to refer to the Act of Succession of 1953 even though that reference would become invalid. At the same time Christensen emphasizes, that he has no doubt, a frequent demand from the left wing is to integrate the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and a number of other basic rights in the constitution. The Conservative-Liberal cabinet of Anders Fogh Rasmussen, however, opposed such changes, the national Danish Peoples Party are staunch opponents of constitutional change, as they fear socialist stipulations and human rights, e. g. about refugees, will be codified in such a reform. Eventually, all parties in parliament except Enhedslisten supported the change because they would not vote against equal rights, Enhedslisten polemically called this arranged marriages. Changes to the act of succession in Denmark follow the rules as changes to the constitution. First, it must be passed by parliament, then passed in unchanged form by the parliament following parliamentary elections. In order for the law to be approved in the referendum, although an opinion poll from May 2005 showed a majority of 77% in favour of the change, it would not guarantee passage of the bill. In fact turnout at the preceding European Parliament elections in 2004 was so low, however, turnout increased and at midnight on the election night with most votes counted, the threshold had been passed and the law was certain to pass. In late May, the government launched a campaign, costing 5 million kroner. It was instantly criticised for being one-sided, undemocratic and patronising, the Prime Ministers Department admitted the official campaign video is an imitation of a sketch from the British comedy show, Harry Enfields Television Programme. The PR agency responsible for the video, Kunde & Co. declined to comment on whether the issue was sorted out. A surprising amount of opposition to the law arose at the end of May, parts of the Social Liberal Youth, Enhedslisten and republican circles advocate a blank vote, effectively having the same effect as a no vote. Others argued a blank vote because it would improve possibilities for a future in-depth constitutional reform, some people argued for drawing an extra Republic box on the ballot or writing the words Republic Now. on it, which would render a spoilt vote. According to historian Steffen Heiberg in a Ritzau story on 1 June 2009,85. 4% voted for the change, whilst 14. 6% voted against change. The referendum had a 58. 3% turnout, the number of blank and invalid votes was much higher in big cities, especially Copenhagen
27.
Primogeniture
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The son of a deceased elder brother inherits before a living younger brother by right of substitution for the deceased heir. In the absence of any children, brothers succeed, individually, among siblings, sons inherit before daughters. The principle has applied in history to inheritance of property as well as inherited titles and offices, most notably monarchies. Variations on primogeniture modify the right of the son to the entirety of a familys inheritance or, in the West since World War II. Most monarchies in Europe have eliminated male preference in succession, Belgium, Denmark, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, absolute, equal, or lineal primogeniture is a form of primogeniture in which gender does not matter for inheritance. This form of primogeniture was not practiced by any modern monarchy before 1980, however, according to Poumarede, the Basques of the Kingdom of Navarre transmitted title and property to the firstborn, whatever the gender. This inheritance practice was adhered to by the nobility and free families alike in the early. The Navarrese monarchy, however, was inherited by dynasties from outside of Navarre which followed different succession laws, eventually only the Basque lower nobility and free families of the Basque country and other regions continued to follow this practice, which persisted as late as the 19th century. The most notable of these are the Egyptian cases of Hatshepsut and Thutmose III, as well as the Ptolemaic Dynastys kings, Zapateros proposal was supported by the leader of the main opposition party, the conservative Partido Popular, making its passage likely. However, Zapateros administration ended before any amendment was drafted, Felipe succeeded to the throne as Felipe VI, upon his fathers abdication in 2014, by which time he had two daughters. Felipe VI has no son that would, absent the constitutional change, in July 2006, the Nepalese government proposed adopting absolute primogeniture, but the monarchy was abolished in 2008 before the change could be put into effect. In 2011, the governments of the 16 Commonwealth realms who share the person as their respective monarch announced the Perth Agreement. This was implemented when the legislation came into effect on 26 March 2015. In Japan, debates have occurred over whether to adopt absolute primogeniture, however, the birth of Prince Hisahito, a son of Prince Akishino has sidelined the debate. In 2006, King Juan Carlos I of Spain issued a decree reforming the succession to noble titles from male-preference primogeniture to absolute primogeniture. The order of succession for all noble dignities is determined in accordance with the title of concession and, if there is none, with that traditionally applied in these cases. Men and women have a right of succession to grandeeship and to titles of nobility in Spain. Male-preference primogeniture accords succession to the throne to a member of a dynasty if she has no living brothers
28.
Queen Victoria
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Victoria was Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland from 20 June 1837 until her death. From 1 May 1876, she adopted the title of Empress of India. Victoria was the daughter of Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn, both the Duke of Kent and King George III died in 1820, and Victoria was raised under close supervision by her German-born mother Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld. She inherited the throne aged 18, after her fathers three brothers had all died, leaving no surviving legitimate children. The United Kingdom was already a constitutional monarchy, in which the sovereign held relatively little direct political power. Privately, Victoria attempted to influence government policy and ministerial appointments, publicly, Victoria married her first cousin, Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, in 1840. Their nine children married into royal and noble families across the continent, tying them together, after Alberts death in 1861, Victoria plunged into deep mourning and avoided public appearances. As a result of her seclusion, republicanism temporarily gained strength and her Golden and Diamond Jubilees were times of public celebration. Her reign of 63 years and seven months is known as the Victorian era and it was a period of industrial, cultural, political, scientific, and military change within the United Kingdom, and was marked by a great expansion of the British Empire. She was the last British monarch of the House of Hanover and her son and successor, Edward VII, belonged to the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, the line of his father. Victorias father was Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn, until 1817, Edwards niece, Princess Charlotte of Wales, was the only legitimate grandchild of George III. Her death in 1817 precipitated a crisis that brought pressure on the Duke of Kent. In 1818 he married Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, a widowed German princess with two children—Carl and Feodora —by her first marriage to the Prince of Leiningen and her brother Leopold was Princess Charlottes widower. The Duke and Duchess of Kents only child, Victoria, was born at 4.15 a. m. on 24 May 1819 at Kensington Palace in London. Victoria was christened privately by the Archbishop of Canterbury, Charles Manners-Sutton, on 24 June 1819 in the Cupola Room at Kensington Palace and she was baptised Alexandrina, after one of her godparents, Emperor Alexander I of Russia, and Victoria, after her mother. Additional names proposed by her parents—Georgina, Charlotte, and Augusta—were dropped on the instructions of the Dukes eldest brother, George, the Duke of Clarence and the Duke of Kent married on the same day in 1818, but both of Clarences daughters died as infants. Victorias father died in January 1820, when Victoria was less than a year old, a week later her grandfather died and was succeeded by his eldest son, George IV. The Duke of York died in 1827, when George IV died in 1830, he was succeeded by his next surviving brother, William IV, and Victoria became heir presumptive
29.
Succession to the British throne
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Succession to the British throne is determined by descent, gender, legitimacy, and religion. Under common law, the crown is inherited by an individuals children, Protestant descendants of those excluded for being Catholics are eligible to succeed. Queen Elizabeth II is the present sovereign and her heir apparent is her eldest son, Charles, next in line after him is Prince William, Duke of Cambridge, the Prince of Waless elder son. Third in line is Prince George of Cambridge, the son of the Duke of Cambridge, followed by his sister, fifth in line is Prince Harry, the younger son of the Prince of Wales. Sixth in line is Prince Andrew, Duke of York, the Queens second-eldest son, the first four individuals in the line of succession who are twenty-one years or older, and the sovereigns consort, may be appointed Counsellors of State. Counsellors of State perform some of the duties in the United Kingdom while he or she is out of the country or temporarily incapacitated. Otherwise, individuals in the line of succession need not have specific legal or official roles, the United Kingdom is one of the 16 Commonwealth realms. Each of those countries has the person as monarch and the same order of succession. After the necessary legislation had been enacted in accordance with each realms constitution, no official, complete version of the line of succession is currently maintained. The exact number, in remoter collateral lines, of the persons who would be eligible is uncertain, in 2001 genealogist William Addams Reitwiesner compiled a list of 4,973 living descendants of the Electress Sophia in order of succession, but disregarding Roman Catholic status. When updated in January 2011, the number was more than five thousand, the annotated list below covers the first part of this line of succession, being limited to descendants of the sons of George V. Persons named in italics are unnumbered either because they are deceased or because sources report them to be excluded from the succession. The order of the first sixteen numbered in the list is given on the website of the British Monarchy, other list numbers and exclusions are explained by annotations. Notes and sources, XC Excluded as Roman Catholics and this exclusion is not affected by changes subsequent to the Perth Agreement. MC These people were excluded through marriage to a Roman Catholic and this exclusion was repealed on 26 March 2015, restoring them to the line of succession, when the Perth Agreement came into effect. B listed by the website of the British Monarchy, Succession. Originally in both countries, there were no fixed rules governing succession to the throne, the individual could have relied on inheritance, statute, election, nomination, conquest or prescription. It was often unclear which of these bases should take precedence, often, the outcome depended not on the strength of the claims
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Commonwealth realm
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Subsequently, India and Pakistan and Ceylon became Dominions. By the early 1950s, in order to reflect the equality between the countries in that group, each came to be known as a realm. The word was used in Britains proclamation of Elizabeth II as queen in 1952 and was adopted for the modern royal styles and titles under the legislation enacted by the individual countries. The principle was applied to countries as they became Commonwealth realms. The phrase Commonwealth realm, though used officially, is not a statutory term, the number of independent countries in the Commonwealth of Nations all sharing the same person as monarch reached 18 between 1983 and 1987. The Commonwealth realms are, for purposes of international relations, sovereign states, political scientist Peter Boyce called this grouping of countries associated in this manner, an achievement without parallel in the history of international relations or constitutional law. Since each realm has the person as its monarch, the diplomatic practice of exchanging ambassadors with letters of credence. Diplomatic relations between the Commonwealth realms are thus at a cabinet level only and high commissioners are exchanged between realms, a high commissioners full title will thus be High Commissioner for Her Majestys Government in. Opinion on the prospect of the coming to fruition is mixed. This means that in different contexts the term Crown may refer to the extra-national institution associating all 16 countries, from a cultural standpoint, the sovereigns name and image and other royal symbols unique to each nation are visible in the emblems and insignia of governmental institutions and militia. By 1959, it was being asserted by Buckingham Palace officials that the Queen was equally at home in all her realms and this convention was first applied to the abdication of Edward VIII in 1936. For expediency and to avoid embarrassment, the British government had suggested that the Dominion governments automatically regard the monarch of the UK, whoever this may be, as their monarch also. Sir Maurice Gwyer, first parliamentary counsel in the UK, reflected this position and these changes came into effect on 26 March 2015. Agreement among the realms does not, however, mean the succession laws cannot diverge, the parliament of South Africa, however, passed its own legislation—His Majesty King Edward the Eighths Abdication Act, 1937—which backdated the abdication there to 10 December. The Irish Free State recognised the kings abdication with the Executive Authority Act 1936 on 12 December, according to Anne Twomey, this demonstrated the divisibility of the Crown in the personal, as well as the political, sense. For E H Coghill, writing as early as 1937, it proved that the convention of a line of succession is not of imperative force. It is generally agreed that any alteration of succession by the UK would not have effect in all the realms. Following the accession of George VI to the throne, the United Kingdom created legislation that provided for a regency in the event that the monarch was not of age or incapacitated
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Perth Agreement
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However, the ban on Catholics and other non-Protestants becoming sovereign and the requirement for the sovereign to be in communion with the Church of England remained. By December 2012, all the governments had agreed to implement the proposals. New Zealand chaired a group to determine the process for reform. Succession to the throne in each of the Commonwealth realms is governed both by law and statute. Succession is also governed by the Acts of Union 1707, which restates the provisions of the Act of Settlement 1701, and the Bill of Rights 1689. These laws originally restricted the succession to legitimate descendants of Sophia, Electress of Hanover, the descendants of those who are debarred for being or marrying Roman Catholics, however, may still be eligible to succeed. By a convention made explicit in the preamble to the Statute of Westminster 1931, challenges had been made against the Act of Settlement, especially its provisions regarding Roman Catholics and preference for males. In 2002, ODonohue launched a court action that argued the Act of Settlement violates the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, but the case was dismissed by the court. In the United Kingdom, from time to time there had been debate over repealing the clause that prevents Papists or those who marry one from ascending to the British throne. The Scottish Parliament unanimously passed a motion in 1999 calling for the removal of any discrimination linked to the monarchy. A private members bill—the Succession to the Crown Bill—was introduced in the House of Lords in December 2004. The government, headed by Tony Blair, however, blocked all attempts to revise the laws, claiming it would raise too many constitutional issues. The issue was raised again in January 2009, when a members bill to amend the Act of Succession was introduced in parliament. In 2011, the Deputy Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, Nick Clegg, at CHOGM on 28 October 2011, the prime ministers of the other Commonwealth realms agreed to support the proposed changes. The prohibition on Roman Catholics becoming monarch would remain, the bill put before the Parliament of the United Kingdom would act as a model for the legislation required to be passed in at least some of the other realms. The Queen was understood to support the changes, along with the changes in the succession law, Cameron proposed that the necessity for royal consent to marriages in the royal family should be limited to the first six people in line to the throne. This was approved by the other Commonwealth leaders, camerons proposals were supported by the Prime Minister of Australia, Julia Gillard, who said she was very enthusiastic about it. You would expect the first Australian woman prime minister to be enthusiastic about a change which equals equality for women in a new area
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Gentofte
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Gentofte is a district of Gentofte Municipality in the northern suburbs of Copenhagen, Denmark. Major landmarks include Gentofte Town Hall, Gentofte Hospital and Gentofte Church, Gentofte Lake with surrpunding parkland and nature reserves form the most important greenspace. Gentofte is roughly bounded by Lyngbyvej to the west, theS-train line to Hillerød to the northeast, Bernstorffsvej to the east, the southern border with Hellerup is, however, not clearly defined. Gentofte postal district has a different definition. Gentofte, as defined by Gentofte Municipality, covers circa 335 hectares or 13% of the municipalitys total, on 1 January 2012 the district had 8,289 residents, equaling 11% of the total population of Gentofte Municipality. Gentofte Lake is a dominant geographical feature, the most urban part of the district is centred on the central part of Gentoftegade, Gentofte Torv and part of Baunegårdsvej. Secondary centre are located in the periphery of the district at Bernstorffsvej, the area around Gentofte Lake has been inhabited since the Stone Age. The name Gentofte is first seen in a letter from Absalon to the Bishop of Roskilde from 11186. The gift comprises extensive parts of what is now Copenhagen, including. mansionem de Gefnetofte cum omnibus pertenentiis suis, Gentofte is most likely considerably older since place names with the suffix -tofte have usually emerged during the 9th century. The area was confiscated by the crown during the Reformation and it was placed under Ibstrup Ladegård which was renamed Jægersborg by Christian V. Tax records show that Gentofte had approximately 450 residents in 1645, in 1685 the village consisted of 19 farms. One of them had given to Queen Charlotte Amalie as a wedding present. A cavalry school, the first of its kund in Denmark, the entire area was acquired by Foreign Minister Johann Hartwig Ernst von Bernstorff in 1752 and his new Bernstorff Palace was completed in 1765. Bernstorffsvej, a new road linking Lyngby Kongevej with the palace, Bernstorff was a driving force behind the agricultural reforms of the 1780s and the farmers were there the first in Denmark to get to own their own land. Most of the farms were moved out of the village to be closer to their land, a parish counvil was established in 1842. The opening of the railway to Lyngby in 1863 resulted in increased growth in Gentofte. In the 1870s, the population increased from 4,158 to 5,106 In 1887 and his plan was to sell it off in lots to developers and private citizens. He purchased Smakkegård, Rygård, Lundegård and Stengård in Gentofte, in 1916, Ibsen placed his remaining land in a company, A/S De Ibsenske Grunde i Gjentofte Sogn, which existed until 1945
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House of Monpezat
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The House of Laborde de Monpezat is a French family, known since the seventeenth century, associated with the Danish Royal Family by marriage. In 1967, Henri de Laborde de Monpezat wed Princess Margrethe of Denmark, in the event of ascension to the Danish throne of their son or male-line descendant, the main branch of the Danish Royal Family will belong patrilineally to the Laborde de Monpezat lineage. However, it is unclear which name the family will use in this event. Letters patent of ennoblement were issued by Louis XIV of France in 1655, nonetheless, the family survived the French Revolution under the name of Monpezat. By Napoleonic decrees, the requests to legally change their surname to de Laborde-Monpezat. Under the present form of the name, the family supplied a mayor to the town of Pau in 1875, sometime late in the nineteenth century, the Laborde de Monpezats assumed the comital style, using it as if it were a titre de courtoisie. Traditionally the royal court and French society accepted such usage by genuinely noble families, henriks 1996 autobiography acknowledges the unsuccessful ennoblement. Danish law never required that royal spouses be of aristocratic origin. From the date of that marriage Count Henri de Laborde de Monpezat was designated Prince Henrik of Denmark, in 2005, his wife having reigned as Queen Margrethe II since 1972, Henrik was officially declared Denmarks Prince Consort. On 30 April 2008, the title Count of Monpezat, was conferred by the Queen on both of her sons, and made hereditary for their descendants in the male-line, for males and females. The Queens Private Secretary Henning Fode commented, The Queen and the Prince Consort have considered this for some time. It is a joy for me that his French roots will also be remembered. Although no announcement was made at time, Prince Christian does now include his French grandfathers surname among his hereditary titles. The grant does not extend this Danish comital title to Henrik himself, nor has the Danish Crown issued a proclamation or statement indicating the name that the royal dynasty will bear after Queen Margrethes reign. Jean Laborde, dates unknown Jean Laborde, ca.1620 -, paul Laborde de Monpezat,1672 -
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Wayback Machine
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The Internet Archive launched the Wayback Machine in October 2001. It was set up by Brewster Kahle and Bruce Gilliat, and is maintained with content from Alexa Internet, the service enables users to see archived versions of web pages across time, which the archive calls a three dimensional index. Since 1996, the Wayback Machine has been archiving cached pages of websites onto its large cluster of Linux nodes and it revisits sites every few weeks or months and archives a new version. Sites can also be captured on the fly by visitors who enter the sites URL into a search box, the intent is to capture and archive content that otherwise would be lost whenever a site is changed or closed down. The overall vision of the machines creators is to archive the entire Internet, the name Wayback Machine was chosen as a reference to the WABAC machine, a time-traveling device used by the characters Mr. Peabody and Sherman in The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show, an animated cartoon. These crawlers also respect the robots exclusion standard for websites whose owners opt for them not to appear in search results or be cached, to overcome inconsistencies in partially cached websites, Archive-It. Information had been kept on digital tape for five years, with Kahle occasionally allowing researchers, when the archive reached its fifth anniversary, it was unveiled and opened to the public in a ceremony at the University of California, Berkeley. Snapshots usually become more than six months after they are archived or, in some cases, even later. The frequency of snapshots is variable, so not all tracked website updates are recorded, Sometimes there are intervals of several weeks or years between snapshots. After August 2008 sites had to be listed on the Open Directory in order to be included. As of 2009, the Wayback Machine contained approximately three petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of 100 terabytes each month, the growth rate reported in 2003 was 12 terabytes/month, the data is stored on PetaBox rack systems manufactured by Capricorn Technologies. In 2009, the Internet Archive migrated its customized storage architecture to Sun Open Storage, in 2011 a new, improved version of the Wayback Machine, with an updated interface and fresher index of archived content, was made available for public testing. The index driving the classic Wayback Machine only has a bit of material past 2008. In January 2013, the company announced a ground-breaking milestone of 240 billion URLs, in October 2013, the company announced the Save a Page feature which allows any Internet user to archive the contents of a URL. This became a threat of abuse by the service for hosting malicious binaries, as of December 2014, the Wayback Machine contained almost nine petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of about 20 terabytes each week. Between October 2013 and March 2015 the websites global Alexa rank changed from 162 to 208, in a 2009 case, Netbula, LLC v. Chordiant Software Inc. defendant Chordiant filed a motion to compel Netbula to disable the robots. Netbula objected to the motion on the ground that defendants were asking to alter Netbulas website, in an October 2004 case, Telewizja Polska USA, Inc. v. Echostar Satellite, No.02 C3293,65 Fed. 673, a litigant attempted to use the Wayback Machine archives as a source of admissible evidence, Telewizja Polska is the provider of TVP Polonia and EchoStar operates the Dish Network
35.
Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn
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Upon graduation, he was commissioned as a lieutenant in the British Army, where he served for some 40 years, seeing service in various parts of the British Empire. During this time he was created a royal duke, becoming the Duke of Connaught and Strathearn. In 1911, he was appointed as Governor General of Canada and he occupied this post until being succeeded by the Duke of Devonshire in 1916. After the end of his tenure, Arthur returned to the United Kingdom and there, as well as in India, performed various royal duties. Though he retired from life in 1928, he continued to make his presence known in the army well into the Second World War. He was Queen Victorias last surviving son, Arthur was born at Buckingham Palace on 1 May 1850, the seventh child and third son of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert. The prince was baptised by the Archbishop of Canterbury, John Bird Sumner, as with his older brothers, Arthur received his early education from private tutors. It was reported that he became the Queens favourite child, following his arrival at Halifax, Arthur toured the country for eight weeks and made a visit in January 1870 to Washington, D. C. where he met with President Ulysses S. Grant. Arthur made an impression on many in Canada, as he became the 51st chief on the council, his appointment broke the centuries-old tradition that there should only be 50 chiefs of the Six Nations. Arthur was promoted to the rank of colonel on 14 June 1871, substantive lieutenant-colonel in 1876, colonel on 29 May 1880 and. He gained military experience as Commander-in-Chief of the Bombay Army from December 1886 to March 1890 and he went on to be General Officer Commanding Southern District, at Portsmouth, from September 1890 to 1893. The Prince had hoped to succeed his first cousin once-removed, the elderly Prince George, Duke of Cambridge, as Commander-in-chief of the British Army, upon the latters forced retirement in 1895. But this desire was denied to Arthur, and instead he was given, between 1893 and 1898, command of the Aldershot District Command, the regiment had recently been converted to the infantry role from the 2nd Battalion, 5th British Columbia Regiment of Canadian Artillery. With the Princes agreement the unit was renamed 6th Regiment, Duke of Connaughts Own Rifles on 1 May 1900 and he was subsequently appointed colonel-in-chief of the regiment, then known as The British Columbia Regiment, in 1923. He held that appointment until his death, on his mothers birthday in 1874, Arthur was created a royal peer, being titled as the Duke of Connaught and Strathearn and Earl of Sussex. Through his childrens marriages, Arthur became the father-in-law of Crown Prince Gustaf Adolf of Sweden, Princess Alexandra, Duchess of Fife, arthurs first two children predeceased him, Margaret while pregnant with his sixth grandchild. For many years, Arthur maintained a liaison with Leonie, Lady Leslie, sister of Jennie Churchill, alongside his military career, he continued to undertake royal duties beyond, or vaguely associated with, the army. On the return from a posting in India, he again and he also toured Canada in 1906
36.
Frederick III of Denmark
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Frederick III was king of Denmark and Norway from 1648 until his death. He also governed under the name Frederick II as diocesan administrator of the Prince-Bishopric of Verden, and he instituted absolute monarchy in Denmark-Norway in 1660, confirmed by law in 1665 as the first in Western historiography. He also ordered the creation of the Throne Chair of Denmark and he was born the second-eldest son of Christian IV and Anne Catherine of Brandenburg. Frederick was only considered an heir to the throne after the death of his older brother Prince Christian in 1647, in order to be elected king after the death of his father, Frederick conceded significant influence to the nobility. As king, he fought two wars against Sweden and he was defeated in the Dano-Swedish War of 1657–1658, but attained great popularity when he weathered the 1659 Assault on Copenhagen and won the Dano-Swedish War of 1658–1660. Later that year, Frederick used his popularity to disband the elective monarchy in favour of absolute monarchy and he married Sophie Amalie of Brunswick-Lüneburg, with whom he fathered Christian V of Denmark. Frederick was born at Haderslev in Slesvig, the son of Christian IV, in his youth and early manhood, there was no prospect of his ascending the Danish throne, as his older brother Christian was elected heir apparent in 1608. Frederick was educated at Sorø Academy and studied in the Netherlands, as a young man, he demonstrated an interest in theology, natural sciences, and Scandinavian history. He was a reserved and enigmatic prince who seldom laughed, spoke little, and wrote less, even though he lacked the impulsive and jovial qualities of his father, Frederick possessed the compensating virtues of moderation and self-control. On 1 October 1643 Frederick wed Sophie Amalie of Brunswick-Lüneburg, the daughter of George, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, who had an energetic, passionate and he was an enthusiastic collector of books and his collection became the foundation for the Copenhagen Royal Library. In his youth, Frederick became the instrument of his fathers political schemes in the Holy Roman Empire and he was granted administration of the Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen, the Prince-Bishopric of Verden, and named coadjutor of the Bishopric of Halberstadt. Thus, from an age, he had considerable experience as an administrator. At the age of eighteen, he was the commandant of the Bremian fortress of Stade. During the Torstenson War of 1643–45, Frederick lost control of his possessions within the empire and he was then appointed commander in the royal shares in the Duchies of Schleswig and Holstein by his father. His command was not successful, chiefly owing to his quarrels with the Earl-Marshal Anders Bille and this was Fredericks first collision with the Danish nobility, who afterwards regarded him with extreme distrust. The death of his elder brother Christian in June 1647 opened the possibility for Frederick to be elected heir apparent to the Danish throne, however, this issue was still unsettled when Christian IV died on 28 February 1648. After long deliberation among the Danish Estates and in the Rigsraadet, on 6 July, Frederick received the homage of his subjects, and he was crowned on 23 November. The Haandfæstning included provisions curtailing the already diminished royal prerogative in favour of increased influence for the Rigsraadet, in the first years of his reign, the Rigsraadet was the main power center of Danish politics
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Christian V of Denmark
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Christian V was king of Denmark and Norway from 1670 until his death in 1699. As king he wanted to show his power as absolute monarch through architecture and he was the first to use the 1671 Throne Chair of Denmark, partly made for this purpose. His motto was, Pietate et Justitia, Christian was elected successor to his father in June 1650. This was not a choice, but de facto automatic hereditary succession. Escorted by his chamberlain Christoffer Parsberg, Christian went on a trip abroad, to Holland, England, France. On this trip, he saw absolutism in its most splendid achievement at the young Louis XIVs court and he returned to Denmark in August 1663. From 1664 he was allowed to attend proceedings of the State College, hereditary succession was made official by Royal Law in 1665. ChristIan was hailed as heir in Copenhagen in August 1665, in Odense and Viborg in September, only a short time before he became king, he was taken into the Council of the Realm and the Supreme Court. He became king upon his fathers death on 9 February 1670 and he was the first hereditary king of Denmark, and in honor of this, Denmark acquired costly new crown jewels and a magnificent new ceremonial sword. The war exhausted Denmarks economic resources without securing any gains, to accommodate non-aristocrats into state service, he created the new noble ranks of count and baron. One of the elevated in this way by the king was Peder Schumacher, named Count Griffenfeld by Christian V in 1670. The results of the war efforts proved politically and financially unremunerative for Denmark, the damage to the Danish economy was extensive. After the Scanian War, his sister, Princess Ulrike Eleonora of Denmark, married the Swedish king Charles XI, Christian V was also often considered dependent on his councillors by contemporary sources. The Danish monarch did nothing to dispel this notion, in his memoirs, he listed hunting, love-making, war and maritime affairs as his main interests in life. Christian V introduced Danske Lov in 1683, the first law code for all of Denmark and it was succeeded by the similar Norske Lov of 1687. He also introduced the land register of 1688, which attempted to out the land value of the united monarchy in order to create a more just taxation. During his reign, science witnessed a golden age due to the work of the astronomer Ole Rømer in spite of the king’s personal lack of scientific knowledge and he died from the after-effects of a hunting accident and was interred in Roskilde Cathedral. Christian V had eight children by his wife and six by his Maîtresse-en-titre, Sophie Amalie Moth, Sophie was the daughter of his former tutor Poul Moth
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Prince George of Denmark
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Prince George of Denmark and Norway, Duke of Cumberland, was the husband of Queen Anne, who reigned over Great Britain from 1702. His marriage to Anne was arranged in the early 1680s with a view to developing an Anglo-Danish alliance to contain Dutch maritime power, as a result, George was unpopular with his Dutch brother-in-law William of Orange, who was married to Annes elder sister, Mary. William and Mary became joint monarchs of Britain, with Anne as their heir presumptive, in 1689 after the Glorious Revolution deposed James II and VII, the father of both Anne and Mary. William excluded George from active service, and neither George nor Anne wielded any great influence until after the deaths of William and Mary. During his wifes reign, George occasionally used his influence in support of his wife and he had an easy-going manner and little interest in politics, his appointment as Lord High Admiral in 1702 was largely honorary. Annes seventeen pregnancies by George resulted in twelve miscarriages or stillbirths, four infant deaths, and a sick son, William. Despite the history of their children, George and Annes marriage was a strong one, George died aged 55 from a recurring and chronic lung disease, much to the devastation of his wife, and he was buried in Westminster Abbey. George was born in Copenhagen Castle, and was the son of King Frederick III of Denmark and Norway. His mother was the sister of Ernest Augustus, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, from 1661, his governor was Otto Grote, later Hanoverian minister to Denmark. Grote was more courtier and statesman than educator and when he left for the Hanoverian court in 1665, George received military training, and undertook a Grand Tour of Europe, spending eight months in 1668–69 in France and mid-1669 in England. His father died in 1670, while George was in Italy and he travelled through Germany again in 1672–73, to visit two of his sisters, Anna Sophia and Wilhelmine Ernestine, who were married to the electoral princes of Saxony and the Palatinate. In 1674, George was a candidate for the Polish elective throne, Georges staunch Lutheranism was a barrier to election in Roman Catholic Poland, and John Sobieski was chosen instead. In 1677, George served with distinction with his elder brother Christian in the Scanian War against Sweden. His brother was captured by the Swedes at the Battle of Landskrona, and George cut his way through the enemies numbers, as a Protestant, George was considered a suitable partner for the niece of King Charles II of England, Lady Anne. Although they were related, they had never met. George was hosted by Charles II in London in 1669, both Denmark and Britain were Protestant countries, and Louis XIV was keen on an Anglo-Danish alliance to contain the power of the Dutch Republic. George and Anne were married on 28 July 1683 in the Chapel Royal at St Jamess Palace, London, by Henry Compton, the guests included King Charles II, Queen Catherine, and the Duke and Duchess of York. Anne was voted a parliamentary allowance of £20,000 a year, while George received £10,000 a year from his Danish estates, King Charles gave them a set of buildings in the Palace of Whitehall known as the Cockpit as their London residence
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Frederick IV of Denmark
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Frederick IV was the king of Denmark and Norway from 1699 until his death. Frederick was the son of King Christian V of Denmark-Norway and his consort Charlotte Amalie of Hesse-Kassel, as crown prince, Frederick broadened his education by travelling in Europe, led by his chamberlain Ditlev Wibe. The one-story building, probably designed by Ernst Brandenburger, was completed in 1703, Frederick was allowed to choose his future wife from a number of Protestant royal daughters in northern Germany. In 1695, he visited the court of Gustav-Adolph in Güstrow, but his visit there was cut short by a message telling of his brother Christians serious illness. Frederick later returned to Güstrow, where he was forced to choose the eldest of the unmarried princesses, on 5 December 1695 at Copenhagen Castle, he married Louise of Mecklenburg-Güstrow, herself a great-great-granddaughter of Frederick II of Denmark. The couple were crowned King and Queen of Denmark-Norway on 25 August 1699 in the Frederiksborg Chapel, Fredericks most important domestic reform was the abolition in 1702 of the so-called vornedskab, a kind of serfdom which had fallen on the peasants of Zealand in the Late Middle Ages. His efforts were largely in vain because of the introduction of adscription in 1733, after the war, trade and culture flowered. The first Danish theatre, Lille Grönnegade, was created and the great dramatist Ludvig Holberg began his career, also, a colonisation of Greenland was started by the missionary Hans Egede. Politically this period was marked by the connection to the Reventlows, the Holsteiner relatives of his last queen. During Fredericks rule Copenhagen was struck by two disasters, the plague of 1711, and the fire of October 1728, which destroyed most of the medieval capital. And Fredensborg Palace, both considered monuments to the conclusion of the Great Northern War and he maintained weekly audiences where anyone could attend and deliver letters with complaints or projects. While the nine weeks stay lasted, the king was a frequent guest on operas and comedies, during the visit to the state armory, he received the republics upscale gift, two large ore guns and an ore mortar. A regatta on the Grand Canal was held in his honour and is imortalized in a painting by Luca Carlevarijs. The winter that season was particularly cold, so cold that the lagoon of Venice froze over, and it was joked that the king of Denmark had brought the cold weather with him. On his return he led negotiations with the Elector Augustus of Saxony. For much of Frederick IVs reign Denmark was engaged in the Great Northern War against Sweden, in spite of the conclusion of the Peace of Travendal in 1700, there was soon a Swedish invasion and threats from Europes western naval powers. In 1709 Denmark again entered the war encouraged by the Swedish defeat at Poltava, Frederick IV commanded the Danish troops at the battle of Gadebusch in 1712. Although Denmark emerged on the side, she failed to reconquer lost possessions in southern Sweden
40.
Prince Charles of Denmark
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Prince Charles of Denmark was the fourth son of Christian V of Denmark and his consort Queen Charlotte Amalie, and thus a younger brother of King Frederick IV. He never married and had no children, nor did he engage in any political activities. Instead he maintained a withdrawn life on his estates, Prince Charles was born on 26 October 1680 at Copenhagen Castle as the fourth son of Christian V and his consort Queen Charlotte Amalie. As was the tradition at the court, his upbringing was left to others, including Johan Georg Holstein, in particular Christian Siegfried von Plessen was charged with his upbringing. Prince Charles suffered from health and was hard of hearing. In order to benefit from a climate he was sent to France and Italy on a study trip from 1696 to 1699. On the journey he was accompanied by Carl Adolph von Plessen, the son of his mentor, von Plessen would remain a close friend and companion of the prince for the rest of his life, with title of first hoffmeister and later chamberlain. However, none of the marriages was materialized, back in Denmark Prince Charles settled at Jægerspris Castle which he was given by his older brother, now King Frederick IV of Denmark since his ascent to the throne. He immediately embarked on an extension of the castle and passionately fond of horses. From his mother, who died in 1715, he inherited Vemmetofte Manor and Højstrup Manors on Zealand and his holdings also included a pleasure garden in Copenhagen located outside the citys Northern City Gate. It was known as Prinsens Have and later Blågård, a name which is commemorated in several toponyms today. Von Plessen enjoyed such a reputation for exercising such an influence on the prince that on one occasion it prompted the king to exclaim Well there comes Prince Plessen with my brother Charles. Ultimately, the two brothers were reconciled and in the end Prince Charles even ended up godfathering one of the children by Anne Sophie. After suffering from weak health throughout his life, Charles died in 1729 and was interred at Roskilde Cathedral
41.
Prince William, Duke of Gloucester
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Prince William, Duke of Gloucester was the son of Princess Anne, later Queen of England, Ireland and Scotland from 1702, and her husband, Prince George, Duke of Cumberland. He was their child to survive infancy. Gloucesters mother was estranged from her brother-in-law and cousin, William III, and her sister, Mary II and he grew close to his uncle William, who created him a Knight of the Garter, and his aunt Mary, who frequently sent him presents. Gloucesters precarious health was a constant source of worry to his mother and his death, in 1700 at the age of eleven, precipitated a succession crisis as his mother was the only individual remaining in the Protestant line of succession established by the Bill of Rights 1689. William and his wife, Jamess elder daughter Mary, were recognised by the English and Scottish parliaments as king, as they had no children, Marys younger sister, Anne, was designated their heiress presumptive in England and Scotland. The accession of William and Mary and the succession through Anne were enshrined in the Bill of Rights 1689. Anne was married to Prince George of Denmark and Norway, and in their six years of marriage Anne had been pregnant six times, but none of her children had survived. At the end of her pregnancy, at 5 a. m. on 24 July 1689. As it was usual for the births of potential heirs to the throne to be attended by several witnesses, three days later, the newborn baby was baptised William Henry after his uncle King William by Henry Compton, Bishop of London. The King, who was one of the godparents along with the Marchioness of Halifax, Gloucester was second in line to the throne after his mother, and because his birth secured the Protestant succession, he was the hope of the revolutions supporters. The ode The Noise of Foreign Wars, attributed to Henry Purcell, was written in celebration of the birth, however, supporters of James, the Jacobites, spoke of Gloucester as a sickly and doomed usurper. His convulsions were possibly symptomatic of meningitis, likely contracted at birth, as was usual among royalty, Gloucester was placed in the care of a governess, Lady Fitzhardinge, and was suckled by a wet nurse, Mrs. Pack, rather than his mother. As part of his treatment, Gloucester was driven outside every day in an open carriage, pulled by Shetland ponies. The effectiveness of Gloucesters treatment having exceeded their expectations, Princess Anne and Prince George acquired a permanent residence in the area, Campden House and it was here that Gloucester befriended Welsh body-servant Jenkin Lewis, whose memoir of his master is an important source for historians. Throughout his life, Gloucester suffered from a recurrent ague, which was treated with doses of Jesuits bark by his physician. Gloucester disliked the treatment intensely, and usually vomited after being given it, possibly as a result of hydrocephalus, he had an enlarged head, which his surgeons pierced intermittently to draw off fluid. He could not walk properly, and was apt to stumble, nearing the age of five, Gloucester refused to climb stairs without two attendants to hold him, which Lewis blamed on indulgent nurses who over-protected the boy. His father birched him until he agreed to walk by himself, corporal punishment was usual at the time, and such treatment would not have been considered harsh
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Christian VI of Denmark
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Christian VI was King of Denmark and Norway from 1730-46. He was the first king of the Oldenburg dynasty to refrain from entering in any war and he was married to Sophia Magdalene of Brandenburg-Kulmbach and was the father of Frederick V. His chosen motto was deo et populo, from 1706, Christian came to understand Danish but used German for everyday speaking and writing. He got an education and acquired more knowledge than his father and grandfather. As Crown Prince he was allowed by his father to find a wife by himself, Sophia Magdalene came from a minor margraviate of the Hohenzollern dynasty where able consciousness was inversely proportional to the funds, half of the land was mortgaged, and her father died young. She had 13 siblings and was considered a match for the Danish prince. In Christians letters, he describes his feelings for the princesss intense religiosity and they were married on 7 August 1721, while Christian was crown prince. The wedding was held at Pretzsch in Saxony, the king was shy and introverted by nature, and stayed away from the public. For the first ten years of his government he consulted often with his cousin, the count took part in almost everything, from the dismissal of cooks in the Queens kitchen to determining alliance policy. He encouraged the king as long as possible to maintain the English alliance, around 1740, Count Christian Ernsts preference swung towards France and he ceased his influence. This coincided with the situation in Germany no longer allowing him, as a vassal German prince. In 1733, the couple travelled to Norway. A poem/speech by Peter Höyer was performed in his honor when he visited the city of Trondheim on 18 July, the act would later be abolished in 1788. The Pietist views of King Christian influenced much of his ecclesiastical polity, on the surface the king was victorious, but both nobility and many common people secretly resisted the kings influence. This did not mean that it was without effect and it influenced much of the poetry of the age, among others, that of the great hymn writer Hans Adolph Brorson. Another lasting result of the efforts was the introduction of mandatory confirmation in 1736. This resulted in a need for a school system, which was created by decree in 1739 and 1741. There were numerous building activities connected to Christian VI, and he was probably the greatest Danish builder of the 18th century and his queen also made a notable effort
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Frederick V of Denmark
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Frederick V was king of Denmark-Norway and Duke of Schleswig-Holstein from 1746 until his death. He was the son of Christian VI of Denmark and Sophia Magdalene of Brandenburg-Kulmbach, Frederick was born on 31 March 1723 at Copenhagen Castle. He was the grandson of King Frederick IV of Denmark and the son of Crown Prince Christian, on 12 October 1730, King Frederick IV died and Fredericks father ascended the throne as King Christian VI. Christian VI and Sophia Magdalene were deeply devoted to Pietism, although not unfamiliar with religious sentiments, Frederick grew into a hedonist who enjoyed the pleasures of life such as wine and women. His mother ironically referred to him as Der Dänische Prinz because he occasionally spoke Danish, Fredericks propensity for debauchery accelerated his marriage negotiations. He was married at Altona, Holstein, on 11 December 1743 to Princess Louise of Great Britain, daughter of King George II and they were the parents of six children, but one was stillborn. Meanwhile, Frederick continued to enjoy liaisons with others. During the years 1746-51, the king had a favorite named Madam Hansen who bore him five children, the Norwegian Masonic historian Karl Ludvig Tørrisen Bugge claims that Frederik V as crown prince was included in the Copenhagen Masonic Lodge St. Martin. This was probably third June 1744, and inspired by the Prussian king Frederick the Great who was included in a masonic lodge in his youth. They both had fathers who were opposed to the Masons, but unlike the Prussian king. As an active Freemason, he set up on 24 June 1749 the first Masonic lodge in Norway, on 6 August 1746 – the day before his parentss silver marriage festivities– his father died at Hirschholm Palace, the royal familys summer retreat. Christian VI was interred in Roskilde Cathedral, Frederick and Louise immediately ascended Denmark-Norways throne, being anointed in Frederiksborg Palaces Chapel the following year. The personal influence of Frederick was limited, making him one of absolute rulers who least made for the states strength and these men marked his reign by the progress of commerce and the emerging industry of gunpowder plant and cannon foundry in Frederiksværk, built by Johan Frederik Classen. They also avoided involving Denmark in the European wars of his time, in the same period the Royal Frederiks Hospital and the Royal Orphanage was created, a school intended for poor boys that still exists today, opened in Christianshavn on 1 October 1753. On 29 June 1753 Frederick V created Denmarks first lottery, called the Royal Copenhagen Lottery - a lottery that exists to this day as Klasselotteriet, one of his main tasks was to take care that his dissolute Majesty didnt damage the Royal households reputation with his constant orgies. Frederick purchased what would become known as the Danish West Indies from the Danish West India Company in 1754. Louise died suddenly on 19 December 1751 at Christiansborg Palace, predeceasing her husband by fourteen years and causing great impact on the family and the courts life. She was buried with great pomp at Roskilde Cathedral, at the time of her death, she was pregnant with her sixth child, who also died
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Christian VII of Denmark
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Christian VII was a monarch of the House of Oldenburg who was King of Denmark-Norway and Duke of Schleswig and Holstein from 1766 until his death. For his motto he chose, Gloria ex amore patriae, Christian VIIs reign was marked by mental illness and for most of his reign Christian was only nominally king. His half-brother Frederick was designated as regent of Denmark in 1772, from 1784 until Christian VIIs death in 1808, Christians son, later Frederick VI, acted as unofficial regent. Christian was the son of King Frederick V and his first wife Louise of Great Britain and he was born in the Queens Bedchamber at Christiansborg Palace, the Royal residence in Copenhagen. He was baptized a few hours later the same day and his godparents were King Frederick V, Queen Dowager Sophie Magdalene, Princess Louise and Princess Charlotte Amalie. A former heir to the throne, also named Christian, had died in infancy in 1747, therefore and his mother Queen Louise died in 1751, two years after his birth. The following year his father married to Juliane Marie of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, after a long period of infirmity, Frederick V died 14 January 1766, just 42 years old. Later the same day, Christian was proclaimed king from the balcony of Christiansborg Palace, Christians reign was marked by mental illness which affected government decisions, and for most of his reign Christian was only nominally king. His court physicians were especially worried by his frequent masturbation and his royal advisers changed depending on who won power struggles around the throne. In the late 1760s, he came under the influence of his personal physician Johann Friedrich Struensee, from 1770 to 1772, Struensee was de facto regent of the country, and introduced progressive reforms signed into law by Christian VII. The dynastic marriage took place at Christiansborg Palace on 8 November 1766, after his marriage, he abandoned himself to the worst excesses, especially sexual promiscuity. In 1767, he entered into a relationship with the courtesan Støvlet-Cathrine and he publicly declared that he could not love Caroline Matilda, because it was unfashionable to love ones wife. He ultimately sank into a condition of mental stupor, symptoms during this time included paranoia, self-mutilation and hallucinations. Struensee was a protégé of an Enlightenment circle of aristocrats that had been rejected by the court in Copenhagen and he was a skilled doctor, and having somewhat restored the kings health while visiting the Schleswig-Holstein area, he gained the kings affection. He was retained as travelling physician on 5 April 1768, and accompanied the entourage on the King’s foreign tour to Paris and he was given the title of State Councilor on 12 May 1768, barely a week after leaving Altona. The neglected and lonely Caroline Matilda entered into an affair with Struensee, in 1772, the kings marriage with Caroline Matilda was dissolved by divorce. Christians marriage with Caroline Matilda produced two children, the future King Frederick VI and Princess Louise Auguste, however, it is widely believed that Louise was the daughter of Struensee—portrait comparisons tend to support this hypothesis. Struensee, following a deluge of modernising and emancipating reforms, was arrested and executed the same year, Christian signed Struensees arrest and execution warrant under pressure from his stepmother, Queen Juliane Marie, who had led the movement to have the marriage ended
