1.
Mon Repos, Corfu
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Mon Repos is a villa on the island of Corfu, Greece. It lies south of Corfu City in the forest of Palaiopolis, the villa was rarely used as a residence for the later British governors. In 1833, it housed a school of arts, while in 1834. Empress Elisabeth of Austria stayed there in 1863, here she fell in love with the island, where she later built the Achilleion Palace. After the union with Greece in 1864, the villa was granted to King George I of the Hellenes as a summer residence, the royal family used it as a summer residence up until King Constantine II fled the country in 1967. The villa subsequently became derelict, but was restored in the 1990s, several royal births have taken place at the villa, including those of Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh on 10 June 1921, and Princess Alexia of Greece and Denmark on 10 July 1965. The villa was confiscated under controversial circumstances some years after the declaration of the Hellenic Republic in 1974. Its confiscation, and the confiscation of property of the deposed and exiled King Constantine II, without any compensation. The Kings argument centred on the claim that the property in question was acquired by his predecessors legally and was subject to regular personal inheritance. The villa and its gardens are the property of the Corfu municipality, Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh Princess Alexia of Greece and Denmark Hellenic Ministry of Culture and Tourism – Archaeological Museum of Palaeopolis Kardamitsi-Adami, Maro
Mon Repos, Corfu
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Mon Repos
Mon Repos, Corfu
–
Interior
2.
Corfu
–
Corfu is a Greek island in the Ionian Sea. It is the second largest of the Ionian Islands, and, including its satellite islands. The island is part of the Corfu regional unit, and is administered as a single municipality, the municipality has an area of 610.936 km2, the island proper 592.877 km2. The principal city of the island and seat of the municipality is also named Corfu, Corfu is home to the Ionian University. The island is bound up with the history of Greece from the beginnings of Greek mythology and its history is full of battles and conquests. Castles punctuating strategic locations across the island are a legacy of these struggles, two of these castles enclose its capital, which is the only city in Greece to be surrounded in such a way. As a result, Corfus capital has been declared a Kastropolis by the Greek government. From medieval times and into the 17th century, the island was recognised as a bulwark of the European States against the Ottoman Empire, the fortifications of the island were used by the Venetians to defend against Ottoman intrusion into the Adriatic. Corfu repulsed several Ottoman sieges, before falling under British rule following the Napoleonic Wars, in 2007, the citys old quarter was added to the UNESCO World Heritage List, following a recommendation by ICOMOS. Corfu is a popular tourist destination. The island was the location of the 1994 European Union summit, the Greek name, Kerkyra or Korkyra, is related to two powerful water deities, Poseidon, god of the sea, and Asopos, an important Greek mainland river. According to myth, Poseidon fell in love with the beautiful nymph Korkyra, daughter of Asopos and river nymph Metope, Poseidon brought Korkyra to the hitherto unnamed island and, in marital bliss, offered her name to the place, Korkyra, which gradually evolved to Kerkyra. They had a child they called Phaiax, after whom the inhabitants of the island were named Phaiakes, Corfus nickname is the island of the Phaeacians. The name Corfù, an Italian version of the Byzantine Κορυφώ, meaning city of the peaks, derives from the Byzantine Greek Κορυφαί, the northeastern edge of Corfu lies off the coast of Sarandë, Albania, separated by straits varying in width from 3 to 23 km. The southeast side of the island lies off the coast of Thesprotia and its shape resembles a sickle, to which it was compared by the ancients, the concave side, with the city and harbour of Corfu in the centre, lies toward the Albanian coast. With the islands area estimated at 592.9 square kilometres, it runs approximately 64 km long, two high and well-defined ranges divide the island into three districts, of which the northern is mountainous, the central undulating, and the southern low-lying. The more important of the two ranges, that of Pantokrator stretches east and west from Cape Falacro to Cape Psaromita, and attains its greatest elevation in the summit of the same name. The second range culminates in the mountain of Santi Jeca, or Santa Decca, as it is called by misinterpretation of the Greek designation Άγιοι Δέκα, or the Ten Saints
Corfu
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Pontikonisi (background) and Vlacherna Monastery (foreground) seen from the hilltops of Kanoni
Corfu
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Bay of
Agios Georgios in northwestern Corfu
Corfu
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Lazaretto Island
Corfu
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A relief of
Dionysus Bacchus at the
Archaeological Museum of Corfu.
3.
Kingdom of Greece
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The Kingdom of Greece was a state established in 1832 at the Convention of London by the Great Powers. It was internationally recognized by the Treaty of Constantinople, where it also secured full independence from the Ottoman Empire and this event also marked the birth of the first, fully independent, Greek state since the fall of the Byzantine Empire to the Ottomans in the mid-15th century. The Kingdom succeeded from the Greek provisional governments after the Greek War of Independence, in 1924 the monarchy was abolished, and the Second Hellenic Republic was established. The restored Kingdom of Greece lasted from 1935 to 1973, the Kingdom was again dissolved in the aftermath of the seven-year military dictatorship, and the Third Republic, the current Greek government, came to be. Most of Greece gradually became part of the Ottoman Empire in the 15th century, the Ottoman advance into Greece was preceded by victory over the Serbs to its north. This was followed by a draw in the 1389 Battle of Kosovo, with no further threat by the Serbs and the subsequent Byzantine civil wars, the Ottomans captured Constantinople in 1453 and advanced southwards into Greece, capturing Athens in 1458. The Greeks held out in the Peloponnese until 1460, and the Venetians and Genoese clung to some of the islands, the mountains of Greece were largely untouched, and were a refuge for Greeks to flee foreign rule and engage in guerrilla warfare. Cyprus fell in 1571, and the Venetians retained Crete until 1670, the Ionian Islands were only briefly ruled by the Ottomans, and remained primarily under the rule of Venice. In 1821, the Greeks rose up against the Ottoman Empire, following a protracted struggle, the autonomy of Greece was first recognized by the Great Powers in 1828, full independence was recognized in 1830. Count Ioannis Kapodistrias became Governor of Greece in 1827, but was assassinated in 1831, at the insistence of the Powers, the 1832 Treaty of London made Greece a monarchy. Pedro of Braganza, Prince Royal of Portugal, Brazil, Otto of Wittelsbach, Prince of Bavaria was chosen as its first King. Otto arrived at the capital, Nafplion, in 1833 aboard a British warship. Ottos reign would prove troubled, but managed to last for 30 years before he and his wife, Queen Amalia, left the way they came, nevertheless, they laid the foundations of a Greek administration, army, justice system and education system. Otto was sincere in his desire to give Greece good government, in addition, the new Kingdom tried to eliminate the traditional banditry, something that in many cases meant conflict with some old revolutionary fighters who continued to exercise this practice. But Greece still had no legislature and no constitution, Greek discontent grew until a revolt broke out in Athens in September 1843. Otto agreed to grant a constitution, and convened a National Assembly which met in November, the new constitution created a bicameral parliament, consisting of an Assembly and a Senate. Power then passed into the hands of a group of politicians, Greek politics in the 19th century was dominated by the national question. Greeks dreamed of liberating them all and reconstituting a state embracing all the Greek lands and this was called the Great Idea, and it was sustained by almost continuous rebellions against Ottoman rule in Greek-speaking territories, particularly Crete, Thessaly and Macedonia
Kingdom of Greece
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Otto, the first King of modern Greece, in traditional Greek dress.
Kingdom of Greece
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Flag (after 1863)
Kingdom of Greece
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King George I of the Hellenes.
Kingdom of Greece
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The
Hellenic Parliament in the 1880s, with PM
Charilaos Trikoupis standing at the podium.
4.
Munich
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Munich is the capital and largest city of the German state of Bavaria, on the banks of River Isar north of the Bavarian Alps. Munich is the third largest city in Germany, after Berlin and Hamburg, the Munich Metropolitan Region is home to 5.8 million people. According to the Globalization and World Rankings Research Institute Munich is considered an alpha-world city, the name of the city is derived from the Old/Middle High German term Munichen, meaning by the monks. It derives from the monks of the Benedictine order who ran a monastery at the place that was later to become the Old Town of Munich, Munich was first mentioned in 1158. From 1255 the city was seat of the Bavarian Dukes, black and gold—the colours of the Holy Roman Empire—have been the citys official colours since the time of Ludwig the Bavarian, when it was an imperial residence. Following a final reunification of the Wittelsbachian Duchy of Bavaria, previously divided and sub-divided for more than 200 years, like wide parts of the Holy Roman Empire, the area recovered slowly economically. In 1918, during the German Revolution, the house of Wittelsbach, which governed Bavaria since 1180, was forced to abdicate in Munich. In the 1920s, Munich became home to political factions, among them the NSDAP. During World War II, Munich was heavily bombed and more than 50% of the entire city, the postwar period was characterised by American occupation until 1949 and a strong increase of population and economic power during the years of the Wirtschaftswunder after 1949. The city is home to corporations like BMW, Siemens, MAN, Linde, Allianz and MunichRE as well as many small. Munich is home to national and international authorities, major universities, major museums. Its numerous architectural attractions, international events, exhibitions and conferences. Munich is one of the most prosperous and fastest growing cities in Germany and it is a top-ranked destination for migration and expatriate location, despite being the municipality with the highest density of population in Germany. Munich nowadays hosts more than 530,000 people of foreign background, the year 1158 is assumed to be the foundation date, which is the earliest date the city is mentioned in a document. The document was signed in Augsburg, by that time the Guelph Henry the Lion, Duke of Saxony and Bavaria, had built a bridge over the river Isar next to a settlement of Benedictine monks—this was on the Old Salt Route and a toll bridge. In 1175, Munich was officially granted city status and received fortification, in 1180, with the trial of Henry the Lion, Otto I Wittelsbach became Duke of Bavaria and Munich was handed over to the Bishop of Freising. In 1240, Munich was transferred to Otto II Wittelsbach and in 1255, Duke Louis IV, a native of Munich, was elected German king in 1314 and crowned as Holy Roman Emperor in 1328. He strengthened the position by granting it the salt monopoly
Munich
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From left to right: The
Munich Frauenkirche, the
Nymphenburg Palace, the
BMW Headquarters, the
New Town Hall, the
Munich Hofgarten and the
Allianz Arena.
Munich
–
Munich city
coat of arms
Munich
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Banners with the colours of Munich (left) and Bavaria (right) with the
Frauenkirche in the background
Munich
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Bombing damage to the Altstadt. Note the roofless and pockmarked Altes Rathaus looking up the Tal. The roofless Heilig-Geist-Kirche is on the right of the photo. Its spire, without the copper top, is behind the church. The Talbruck gate tower is missing completely.
5.
Bavaria
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Bavaria is a free state and one of 16 federal states of Germany. Located in the German southeast with an area of 70,548 square kilometres and its territory comprises roughly a fifth of the total land area of Germany, and, with 12.9 million inhabitants, it is Germanys second most populous state. Munich, Bavarias capital and largest city, is the third largest city in Germany, the Duchy of Bavaria dates back to the year 555. In the 17th century CE, the Duke of Bavaria became a Prince-elector of the Holy Roman Empire, the Kingdom of Bavaria existed from 1806 to 1918, when Bavaria became a republic. In 1946, the Free State of Bavaria re-organised itself on democratic lines after the Second World War, Bavaria has a unique culture, largely because of the states Catholic majority and conservative traditions. Bavarians have traditionally been proud of their culture, which includes such as Oktoberfest. The state also has the second largest economy among the German states by GDP figures, modern Bavaria also includes parts of the historical regions of Franconia, Upper Palatinate and Swabia. The Bavarians emerged in a north of the Alps, previously inhabited by Celts. The Bavarians spoke Old High German but, unlike other Germanic groups, rather, they seem to have coalesced out of other groups left behind by Roman withdrawal late in the 5th century. These peoples may have included the Celtic Boii, some remaining Romans, Marcomanni, Allemanni, Quadi, Thuringians, Goths, Scirians, Rugians, the name Bavarian means Men of Baia which may indicate Bohemia, the homeland of the Celtic Boii and later of the Marcomanni. They first appear in written sources circa 520, a 17th century Jewish chronicler David Solomon Ganz, citing Cyriacus Spangenberg, claimed that the diocese was named after an ancient Bohemian king, Boiia, in the 14th century BCE. From about 554 to 788, the house of Agilolfing ruled the Duchy of Bavaria and their daughter, Theodelinde, became Queen of the Lombards in northern Italy and Garibald was forced to flee to her when he fell out with his Frankish overlords. Garibalds successor, Tassilo I, tried unsuccessfully to hold the frontier against the expansion of Slavs. Tassilos son Garibald II seems to have achieved a balance of power between 610 and 616, after Garibald II little is known of the Bavarians until Duke Theodo I, whose reign may have begun as early as 680. From 696 onwards he invited churchmen from the west to organize churches and his son, Theudebert, led a decisive Bavarian campaign to intervene in a succession dispute in the Lombard Kingdom in 714, and married his sister Guntrud to the Lombard King Liutprand. At Theodos death the duchy was divided among his sons, at Hugberts death the duchy passed to a distant relative named Odilo, from neighbouring Alemannia. He was defeated near Augsburg in 743 but continued to rule until his death in 748, saint Boniface completed the peoples conversion to Christianity in the early 8th century. Bavaria was in ways affected by the Protestant Reformation in the 16th century
Bavaria
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Prehistoric Heunischenburg, in the vicinity of
Kronach
Bavaria
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Flag
Bavaria
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Kingdom of Bavaria 900
Bavaria
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Bavarian stamps during the German empire period
6.
Germany
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Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a federal parliamentary republic in central-western Europe. It includes 16 constituent states, covers an area of 357,021 square kilometres, with about 82 million inhabitants, Germany is the most populous member state of the European Union. After the United States, it is the second most popular destination in the world. Germanys capital and largest metropolis is Berlin, while its largest conurbation is the Ruhr, other major cities include Hamburg, Munich, Cologne, Frankfurt, Stuttgart, Düsseldorf and Leipzig. Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity, a region named Germania was documented before 100 AD. During the Migration Period the Germanic tribes expanded southward, beginning in the 10th century, German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire. During the 16th century, northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation, in 1871, Germany became a nation state when most of the German states unified into the Prussian-dominated German Empire. After World War I and the German Revolution of 1918–1919, the Empire was replaced by the parliamentary Weimar Republic, the establishment of the national socialist dictatorship in 1933 led to World War II and the Holocaust. After a period of Allied occupation, two German states were founded, the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic, in 1990, the country was reunified. In the 21st century, Germany is a power and has the worlds fourth-largest economy by nominal GDP. As a global leader in industrial and technological sectors, it is both the worlds third-largest exporter and importer of goods. Germany is a country with a very high standard of living sustained by a skilled. It upholds a social security and universal health system, environmental protection. Germany was a member of the European Economic Community in 1957. It is part of the Schengen Area, and became a co-founder of the Eurozone in 1999, Germany is a member of the United Nations, NATO, the G8, the G20, and the OECD. The national military expenditure is the 9th highest in the world, the English word Germany derives from the Latin Germania, which came into use after Julius Caesar adopted it for the peoples east of the Rhine. This in turn descends from Proto-Germanic *þiudiskaz popular, derived from *þeudō, descended from Proto-Indo-European *tewtéh₂- people, the discovery of the Mauer 1 mandible shows that ancient humans were present in Germany at least 600,000 years ago. The oldest complete hunting weapons found anywhere in the world were discovered in a mine in Schöningen where three 380, 000-year-old wooden javelins were unearthed
Germany
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The
Nebra sky disk is dated to c. 1600 BC.
Germany
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Flag
Germany
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Martin Luther (1483–1546) initiated the
Protestant Reformation.
Germany
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Foundation of the
German Empire in
Versailles, 1871.
Bismarck is at the center in a white uniform.
7.
Schliersee
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For the lake, see Lake Schliersee. Schliersee is a town and a municipality in the district of Miesbach in Bavaria in Germany. It is named after the nearby Lake Schliersee and it comprises the districts Schliersee, Westenhofen, Neuhaus, Fischhausen, Josefsthal and Spitzingsee. Among the points of interest in Schliersee, a health resort, is the St Sixtus church with a Holy Trinity group by Erasmus Grasser and wall. Schliersee is located on the shore of the lake of the same name and is a well known resort in the Bavarian Alps. Schliersee provides scenic views of the mountains, in particular Aiplspitz, Jägerkamp, Brecherspitz and Bodenschneid. The Spitzingsee area is at an elevation of 1,090 meters high and is a well known winter sports and mountain hiking centre. Schliersee lies on the B307,7 km south of Miesbach,17 km from the motorway A8,32 km from Rosenheim and 53 km from the state capital Munich, Schliersee terminal station lies on the Holzkirchen-Schliersee railway line and the Schliersee-Bayrischzell railway operated by the Bavarian Oberland Bahn. Trains run from Munich via Holzkirchen to Bayrischzell through Schliersee station, at peak hours, the service operates every 30 minutes and hourly at other times. There are regular busses to Spitzingsee with some continuing to Valepp, buses operate via Hausham to Tegernsee and from June to October to Kufstein in Tyrol via Thiersee. After Schliersee was raised to Markt status in 1919, the applied for the authorisation to use the local colours of cornflower blue / gold yellow. However this encountered difficulties, since in the opinion of the Bavarian State Archives, then town then commissioned Prof. Otto Hupp, to revise the Schliersee coat of arms. On August 24,1926, the council approved the new coat of arms. It had the description, Pope martyr Sixtus II sitting on a Faldistorium on blue field, in golden cope with Papal tiara. This new coat of arms and the local colour cornflower blue / gold yellow were approved by resolution of the Bavarian Ministry of the Interior of 27 November 1926. An act of the Prince-Bishopric of Freising on 21 January 779, confirms that five brothers founded on Slyrse a monastic cell and this monastery was on the Kirchbichl, north of the present church. The canons lived on farms around the church with which they made their livelihood. In 1493/95, against the will of the canons, the Frauenkirche was moved to Munich, from the 12th century, power over the area was vested Hohenwaldeck counts
Schliersee
8.
Prince Christoph of Hesse
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Christoph Ernst August of Hesse was the fifth son of Prince Frederick Charles of Hesse and Princess Margaret of Prussia. He was a German SS officer killed accidentally during World War II, Prince Christophe was a director in the Third Reichs Ministry of Air Forces, Commander of the Air Reserves, and held the rank of Oberführer in the SS. On 7 October 1943, he was killed in an accident in the Apennine Mountains near Forlì. His body was found two days later, christoph married Princess Sophie of Greece and Denmark on 15 December 1930 in Kronberg im Taunus, Germany. Princess Sophie was the youngest daughter of Prince Andrew of Greece and Denmark and Princess Alice of Battenberg,3 Dec 1960 Clarissa Elisabetta Fiore Prinzessin zu Windisch-Grätz b.5 Aug
Prince Christoph of Hesse
–
Prince Christoph
9.
Prince Welf Ernst of Hanover
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Welf was a first cousin of Charles, Prince of Wales. The prince used the name Welf Prinz von Hannover, born in Lower Saxony at the Hanover family seat of Schloss Marienburg, Welf was raised in Munich. In 1969 the prince married Wibke van Gunsteren, Welf and his wife became disciples of Osho, taking the names Vimalkirti and Wibke Prem Turiya. In 1975 Welf and Wibke along with their five-year-old daughter Tania Saskia, moved to Poona, Welf died at the age of 33 at a clinic in Poona from a cerebral haemorrhage after collapsing during a morning karate practice session and becoming paralyzed. Welf married Wibke Christians, daughter of Dr Hans Daniel Christians and Ursula Schmidt-Prange and they were married two days later in a religious ceremony at Essen-Bredeney in Essen, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. Although many genealogical sources record the opposite, Welf Ernst and Wibke were not divorced in 1979 and they had one daughter, HRH Princess Tania Saskia Viktoria-Luise of Hanover. Princess Saskias first husband was Michael Alexander Naylor-Leyland whom she married on 6 July 1990 and they have two children, Jake John Naylor-Leyland Gabriel George Naylor-Leyland Princess Saskia married her second husband, Edward Hooper, on 27 January 2001. They have one son, Louis Ivan Welf Otto Hooper Welfs biography in Osho world
Prince Welf Ernst of Hanover
–
1st generation
10.
Prince Georg of Hanover
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Prince Georg of Hanover, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg. Georg is the second eldest son of Prince George William of Hanover and his wife Princess Sophie of Greece and Denmark and he is a first cousin of Charles, Prince of Wales and nephew of Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh and Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom. Georg married Victoria Anne Bee, daughter of Robert Bee and Countess Eleonore Fugger von Babenhausen, on 15 September 1973 at Rottach-am-Tegernsee, Bavaria, Georg and Victoria have two daughters, Vera Alice Prinzessin von Hannover, born 5 November 1976 in Munich. Vera married her longtime friend Manuel Dmoch on 12 August 2006 civilly at the Rathaus in Aschau im Chiemgau, Bavaria, Germany and religiously at Steinling Chapel in Kampenwand,9 December 1949 – present, His Royal Highness Prince Georg of Hanover
Prince Georg of Hanover
–
1st generation
11.
Dynasty
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A dynasty is a sequence of rulers from the same family, usually in the context of a feudal or monarchical system but sometimes also appearing in elective republics. The dynastic family or lineage may be known as a house, historians periodize the histories of many sovereign states, such as Ancient Egypt, the Carolingian Empire and Imperial China, using a framework of successive dynasties. As such, the dynasty may be used to delimit the era during which the family reigned and to describe events, trends. The word dynasty itself is often dropped from such adjectival references, until the 19th century, it was taken for granted that a legitimate function of a monarch was to aggrandize his dynasty, that is, to increase the territory, wealth, and power of his family members. The longest-surviving dynasty in the world is the Imperial House of Japan, dynasties throughout the world have traditionally been reckoned patrilineally, such as under the Frankish Salic law. Succession through a daughter when permitted was considered to establish a new dynasty in her husbands ruling house, however, some states in Africa, determined descent matrilineally, while rulers have at other times adopted the name of their mothers dynasty when coming into her inheritance. It is also extended to unrelated people such as poets of the same school or various rosters of a single sports team. The word dynasty derives via Latin dynastia from Greek dynastéia, where it referred to power, dominion and it was the abstract noun of dynástēs, the agent noun of dynamis, power or ability, from dýnamai, to be able. A ruler in a dynasty is referred to as a dynast. For example, following his abdication, Edward VIII of the United Kingdom ceased to be a member of the House of Windsor. A dynastic marriage is one that complies with monarchical house law restrictions, the marriage of Willem-Alexander, Prince of Orange, to Máxima Zorreguieta in 2002 was dynastic, for example, and their eldest child is expected to inherit the Dutch crown eventually. But the marriage of his younger brother Prince Friso to Mabel Wisse Smit in 2003 lacked government support, thus Friso forfeited his place in the order of succession, lost his title as a Prince of the Netherlands, and left his children without dynastic rights. In historical and monarchist references to formerly reigning families, a dynast is a member who would have had succession rights, were the monarchys rules still in force. Even since abolition of the Austrian monarchy, Max and his descendants have not been considered the rightful pretenders by Austrian monarchists, nor have they claimed that position. The term dynast is sometimes used only to refer to descendants of a realms monarchs. The term can therefore describe overlapping but distinct sets of people, yet he is not a male-line member of the royal family, and is therefore not a dynast of the House of Windsor. Thus, in 1999 he requested and obtained permission from Elizabeth II to marry the Roman Catholic Princess Caroline of Monaco. Yet a clause of the English Act of Settlement 1701 remained in effect at that time and that exclusion, too, ceased to apply on 26 March 2015, with retroactive effect for those who had been dynasts prior to triggering it by marriage to a Catholic
Dynasty
–
Charles I of England and his son, the future
James II
12.
Prince Andrew of Greece and Denmark
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Prince Andrew of Greece and Denmark of the House of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg, was the seventh child and fourth son of King George I of Greece and Olga Constantinovna of Russia. He was a grandson of Christian IX of Denmark and father of Prince Philip and he began military training at an early age, and was commissioned as an officer in the Greek army. His command positions were substantive appointments rather than honorary, and he saw service in the Balkan Wars, in 1913, his father was assassinated and Andrews elder brother, Constantine, became king. Dissatisfaction with his brothers neutrality policy during World War I led to his brothers abdication and most of the royal family, including Andrew, was exiled. On their return a few later, Andrew saw service in the Greco-Turkish War, but the war went badly for Greece. He was exiled for a time in 1922, and spent most of the rest of his life in France. By 1930, he was estranged from his wife, Princess Alice of Battenberg and his only son, Prince Philip, served in the British navy during World War II, while all four of his daughters were married to Germans, three of whom had Nazi connections. Separated from his wife and son by the effects of the war and he had seen neither of them since 1939. Prince Andrew was born at the Old Royal Palace in Athens on February 2,1882 and he was taught English by his caretakers as he grew up, but in conversations with his parents he refused to speak anything but Greek. He also spoke German, Danish, Russian, and French and he attended cadet school and staff college at Athens, and was given additional private tuition in military subjects by Panagiotis Danglis. Despite his short-sightedness, Andrew joined the army as a officer in May 1901. In 1902, Prince Andrew met Princess Alice of Battenberg at the coronation of her grand-uncle and his aunts husband, King Edward VII, Princess Alice was a daughter of Prince Louis of Battenberg and Princess Victoria of Hesse and by Rhine. They fell in love, and the year, on 6 October 1903. The following day two religious wedding services were performed, one Lutheran in the Evangelical Castle Church, and another Greek Orthodox in the Russian Chapel on the Mathildenhöhe, Prince and Princess Andrew had five children, all of whom later had children of their own. In 1909, the situation in Greece led to a coup détat, as the Athens government refused to support the Cretan parliament. A group of dissatisfied officers formed a Greek nationalist Military League that eventually led to Prince Andrews resignation from the army and the rise to power of Eleftherios Venizelos. A few years later, at the outbreak of the Balkan Wars in 1912, Andrew was reinstated in the army as a lieutenant colonel in the 3rd Cavalry Regiment, and placed in command of a field hospital. During the war, his father was assassinated and Andrew inherited a villa on the island of Corfu, in 1914, Andrew held honorary military posts in both the German and Russian empires, as well as Prussian, Russian, Danish and Italian knighthoods
Prince Andrew of Greece and Denmark
–
Portrait by
Philip de László, 1913
Prince Andrew of Greece and Denmark
–
Prince Andrew (left), with his older brothers, the
Crown Prince Constantine and
Prince Nicholas
13.
Princess Alice of Battenberg
–
Princess Alice of Battenberg, later Princess Andrew of Greece and Denmark, was the mother of Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, and mother-in-law of Queen Elizabeth II. A great-granddaughter of Queen Victoria, she grew up in Germany, England, after marrying Prince Andrew of Greece and Denmark in 1903, she lived in Greece until the exile of most of the Greek royal family in 1917. In 1930, she was diagnosed with schizophrenia and committed to a sanatorium in Switzerland, thereafter, after her recovery, she devoted most of her remaining years to charity work in Greece. She stayed in Athens during the Second World War, sheltering Jewish refugees, for which she is recognized as Righteous Among the Nations by Israels Holocaust memorial institution, Yad Vashem. After the war, she stayed in Greece and founded an Orthodox nursing order of nuns known as the Christian Sisterhood of Martha and her remains were transferred to the Mount of Olives in Jerusalem in 1988. Alice was born in the Tapestry Room at Windsor Castle in Berkshire in the presence of her great-grandmother and she was the eldest child of Prince Louis of Battenberg and his wife Princess Victoria of Hesse and by Rhine. Her mother was the eldest daughter of Princess Alice, Grand Duchess of Hesse and her father was the eldest son of Prince Alexander of Hesse and by Rhine through his morganatic marriage to Julia von Hauke, Princess of Battenberg. Her three younger siblings, Louise, George, and Louis, later became Queen of Sweden, 2nd Marquess of Milford Haven and she was christened Victoria Alice Elizabeth Julia Marie in Darmstadt on 25 April 1885. Alice spent her childhood between Darmstadt, London, Jugenheim, and Malta and her mother noticed that she was slow in learning to talk, and became concerned by her indistinct pronunciation. Eventually, she was diagnosed with congenital deafness after her grandmother identified the problem, with encouragement from her mother, Alice learned to both lip-read and speak in English and German. Educated privately, she studied French, and later, after her engagement and her early years were spent in the company of her royal relatives, and she was a bridesmaid at the marriage of George, Duke of York and Mary of Teck in 1893. A few weeks before her birthday she attended the funeral of Queen Victoria in St Georges Chapel, Windsor Castle. Princess Alice met and fell in love with Prince Andrew of Greece and Denmark and they married in a civil ceremony on 6 October 1903 at Darmstadt. The following day, there were two religious marriage ceremonies, one Lutheran in the Evangelical Castle Church, and one Greek Orthodox in the Russian Chapel on the Mathildenhöhe and she adopted the style of her husband, becoming Princess Andrew. All of Prince and Princess Andrews children later had children of their own, after their marriage, Prince Andrew continued his career in the military and Princess Andrew became involved in charity work. In 1908, she visited Russia for the wedding of Grand Duchess Marie of Russia, while there, she talked with her aunt, Grand Duchess Elizabeth Fyodorovna, who was formulating plans for the foundation of a religious order of nurses. Princess Andrew attended the laying of the stone for her aunts new church. Later in the year, the Grand Duchess began giving away all her possessions in preparation for a spiritual life
Princess Alice of Battenberg
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Princess Alice of Battenberg
Princess Alice of Battenberg
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Alice with her first two children,
Margarita and
Theodora, c. 1910
Princess Alice of Battenberg
–
Princess Andrew of Greece and Denmark by
Philip de László, 1907. Private collection of Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh.
Princess Alice of Battenberg
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Princess Andrew of Greece and Denmark by
Philip de László, 1922. Private collection of Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh.
14.
Greek language
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Greek is an independent branch of the Indo-European family of languages, native to Greece and other parts of the Eastern Mediterranean. It has the longest documented history of any living language, spanning 34 centuries of written records and its writing system has been the Greek alphabet for the major part of its history, other systems, such as Linear B and the Cypriot syllabary, were used previously. The alphabet arose from the Phoenician script and was in turn the basis of the Latin, Cyrillic, Armenian, Coptic, Gothic and many other writing systems. Together with the Latin texts and traditions of the Roman world, during antiquity, Greek was a widely spoken lingua franca in the Mediterranean world and many places beyond. It would eventually become the official parlance of the Byzantine Empire, the language is spoken by at least 13.2 million people today in Greece, Cyprus, Italy, Albania, Turkey, and the Greek diaspora. Greek roots are used to coin new words for other languages, Greek. Greek has been spoken in the Balkan peninsula since around the 3rd millennium BC, the earliest written evidence is a Linear B clay tablet found in Messenia that dates to between 1450 and 1350 BC, making Greek the worlds oldest recorded living language. Among the Indo-European languages, its date of earliest written attestation is matched only by the now extinct Anatolian languages, the Greek language is conventionally divided into the following periods, Proto-Greek, the unrecorded but assumed last ancestor of all known varieties of Greek. The unity of Proto-Greek would have ended as Hellenic migrants entered the Greek peninsula sometime in the Neolithic era or the Bronze Age, Mycenaean Greek, the language of the Mycenaean civilisation. It is recorded in the Linear B script on tablets dating from the 15th century BC onwards, Ancient Greek, in its various dialects, the language of the Archaic and Classical periods of the ancient Greek civilisation. It was widely known throughout the Roman Empire, after the Roman conquest of Greece, an unofficial bilingualism of Greek and Latin was established in the city of Rome and Koine Greek became a first or second language in the Roman Empire. The origin of Christianity can also be traced through Koine Greek, Medieval Greek, also known as Byzantine Greek, the continuation of Koine Greek in Byzantine Greece, up to the demise of the Byzantine Empire in the 15th century. Much of the written Greek that was used as the language of the Byzantine Empire was an eclectic middle-ground variety based on the tradition of written Koine. Modern Greek, Stemming from Medieval Greek, Modern Greek usages can be traced in the Byzantine period and it is the language used by the modern Greeks, and, apart from Standard Modern Greek, there are several dialects of it. In the modern era, the Greek language entered a state of diglossia, the historical unity and continuing identity between the various stages of the Greek language is often emphasised. Greek speakers today still tend to regard literary works of ancient Greek as part of their own rather than a foreign language and it is also often stated that the historical changes have been relatively slight compared with some other languages. According to one estimation, Homeric Greek is probably closer to demotic than 12-century Middle English is to modern spoken English, Greek is spoken by about 13 million people, mainly in Greece, Albania and Cyprus, but also worldwide by the large Greek diaspora. Greek is the language of Greece, where it is spoken by almost the entire population
Greek language
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Idealized portrayal of
Homer
Greek language
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regions where Greek is the official language
Greek language
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Greek language road sign, A27 Motorway, Greece
15.
Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh
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Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh is the husband of Queen Elizabeth II. A member of the House of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg, Philip was born into the Greek and he was born in Greece, but his family was exiled from the country when he was an infant. After being educated in France, Germany, and the United Kingdom, he joined the Royal Navy in 1939, from July 1939, he began corresponding with the 13-year-old Princess Elizabeth, whom he had first met in 1934. During the Second World War he served with the Mediterranean and Pacific fleets, after the war, Philip was granted permission by King George VI to marry Elizabeth. After an engagement of five months, he married Elizabeth on 20 November 1947, just before the wedding, he was created Duke of Edinburgh. Philip left active service when Elizabeth became Queen in 1952. He was formally made a Prince of the United Kingdom in 1957, Philip has four children with Elizabeth, Prince Charles, Princess Anne, Prince Andrew, and Prince Edward. He has eight grandchildren and five great-grandchildren, a keen sports enthusiast, Philip helped develop the equestrian event of carriage driving. He is a patron of over 800 organisations and serves as chairman of the Duke of Edinburghs Award scheme for people aged 14 to 24 and he is the longest-serving consort of a reigning British monarch and the oldest-ever male member of the British royal family. Philips four elder sisters were Margarita, Theodora, Cecilie, and he was baptised into the Greek Orthodox Church. His godparents were Queen Olga of Greece and the Mayor of Corfu, shortly after Philips birth, his maternal grandfather, Prince Louis of Battenberg, then known as Louis Mountbatten, Marquess of Milford Haven, died in London. Louis was a naturalised British citizen, who, after a career in the Royal Navy, had renounced his German titles and adopted the surname Mountbatten during the First World War. After visiting London for the memorial, Philip and his mother returned to Greece where Prince Andrew had remained behind to command an army division embroiled in the Greco-Turkish War, the war went badly for Greece and the Turks made large gains. On 22 September 1922, Philips uncle, King Constantine I, was forced to abdicate, the commander of the army, General Georgios Hatzianestis, and five senior politicians were executed. Prince Andrews life was believed to be in danger, and Alice was under surveillance, in December, a revolutionary court banished Prince Andrew from Greece for life. The British naval vessel HMS Calypso evacuated Prince Andrews family, with Philip carried to safety in a cot made from a fruit box. Philips family went to France, where settled in the Paris suburb of Saint-Cloud in a house lent to them by his wealthy aunt, Princess George of Greece. Because Philip left Greece as a baby, he not have a strong grasp of Greek
Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh
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Prince Philip in March 2015
Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh
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Mon Repos, the birthplace of Philip
Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh
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Philip studied at
Gordonstoun school, Scotland.
Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh
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Philip served aboard
HMS Valiant in the
Battle of the Mediterranean.
16.
King George I of Greece
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George I was King of Greece from 1863 until his assassination in 1913. Originally a Danish prince, George was born in Copenhagen, and he was only 17 years old when he was elected king by the Greek National Assembly, which had deposed the unpopular former king Otto. His nomination was both suggested and supported by the Great Powers, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Second French Empire and he married the Russian grand duchess Olga Constantinovna of Russia, and became the first monarch of a new Greek dynasty. Two of his sisters, Alexandra and Dagmar, married into the British, King Edward VII and Tsar Alexander III were his brothers-in-law and King George V and Tsar Nicholas II were his nephews. Georges reign of almost 50 years was characterized by territorial gains as Greece established its place in pre-World War I Europe, Britain ceded the Ionian Islands peacefully, while Thessaly was annexed from the Ottoman Empire after the Russo-Turkish War. Greece was not always successful in its ambitions, it was defeated in the Greco-Turkish War. During the First Balkan War, after Greek troops had captured much of Greek Macedonia, compared to his own long tenure, the reigns of his successors Constantine, Alexander, and George II proved short and insecure. George was born at the Yellow Palace, an 18th-century town house at 18 Amaliegade and he was the second son of Prince Christian of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg and Louise of Hesse-Kassel. Although he was of blood, his family was relatively obscure. In 1852, however, Georges father was designated the heir presumptive to the childless King Frederick VII of Denmark, Georges siblings were Frederick, Alexandra, Dagmar, Thyra and Valdemar. Georges mother tongue was Danish, with English as a second language and he was also taught French and German. He embarked on a career in the Royal Danish Navy, while Frederick was described as quiet and extremely well-behaved, George was lively and full of pranks. Many Greeks, seeking closer ties to the pre-eminent world power, Great Britain, rallied around Prince Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh, second son of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert. British prime minister Lord Palmerston believed that the Greeks were panting for increase in territory, hoping for a gift of the Ionian Islands, which were then a British protectorate. The London Conference of 1832, however, prohibited any of the Great Powers ruling families from accepting the crown, the Greeks nevertheless insisted on holding a plebiscite in which Prince Alfred received over 95% of the 240,000 votes. There were 93 votes for a Republic and 6 for a Greek, with Prince Alfreds exclusion, the search began for an alternative candidate. Eventually, the Greeks and Great Powers winnowed their choice to Prince William of Denmark, aged only 17, he was elected King of the Hellenes on 30 March 1863 by the Greek National Assembly under the regnal name of George I. Paradoxically, he ascended a royal throne before his father, who became King of Denmark on 15 November the same year, there were two significant differences between Georges elevation and that of his predecessor, Otto
King George I of Greece
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George I in the uniform of an Admiral of the
Royal Hellenic Navy
King George I of Greece
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Portrait by August Schiøtt, 1853
King George I of Greece
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George and his family, 1862: (back row left to right)
Frederick,
Christian IX, George; (front row left to right)
Dagmar,
Valdemar,
Queen Louise,
Thyra,
Alexandra
King George I of Greece
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Photograph by Southwell Bros., 1863
17.
Grand Duchess Olga Konstantinovna of Russia
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Grand Duchess Olga Constantinovna of Russia, later Queen Olga of the Hellenes, was the wife of King George I of Greece and, briefly in 1920, regent of Greece. Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, is her grandson, a member of the Romanov dynasty, she was the daughter of Grand Duke Constantine Nikolaievich and his wife, Princess Alexandra of Saxe-Altenburg. She spent her childhood in Saint Petersburg, Poland and the Crimea, at first, she felt ill at ease in the Kingdom of Greece, but she quickly became involved in social and charitable work. She founded hospitals and help centers, but her attempt to promote a new, more accessible, on the assassination of her husband in 1913, Olga returned to Russia. When the First World War broke out, she set up a hospital in Pavlovsk Palace. She was trapped in the palace after the Russian Revolution of 1917, until the Danish embassy intervened, Olga could not return to Greece as her son, King Constantine I, had been deposed. In October 1920, she returned to Athens on the illness of her grandson. After his death, she was appointed regent until the restoration of Constantine I the following month. After the defeat of the Greeks in the Greco-Turkish War of 1919–22 the Greek royal family were exiled and Olga spent the last years of her life in the United Kingdom, France. Olga was born at Pavlovsk Palace near Saint Petersburg on 3 September 1851 and she was the second child and elder daughter of Grand Duke Constantine Nikolaievich and his wife, Grand Duchess Alexandra, a former princess of Saxe-Altenburg. Through her father, Olga was a granddaughter of Tsar Nicholas I and her childhood was spent at her fathers homes, including Pavlovsk Palace and estates in the Crimea. Her father was a brother of Alexander II, and her mother was considered one of the most intelligent and elegant women of the court. Olga was particularly close to her brother, Nicholas, and was one of the few members of the imperial family to keep in touch with him after he was banished to Tashkent. As a child, Olga was described as a simple and chubby little girl with a broad face, unlike her younger sister, Vera, she had a calm temperament, but she was also extremely shy. For example, when interrogated by her tutors during lessons, she burst into tears, in 1862, Grand Duke Constantine Nikolaievich was appointed viceroy of Russian Poland by his brother and moved to Warsaw with his wife and children. The stay in Poland proved difficult for the Grand Duke, who was the victim of a nationalist assassination attempt the day after his arrival in the Polish capital. Although Constantine embarked on a program of liberalization and re-instated Polish as an official language, finally, an uprising in January 1863 and the radicalization of the separatists pushed the Tsar to recall his brother in August. Olgas difficult experiences in Poland marked her profoundly, the young King George I of Greece visited Russia in 1863 to thank Olgas uncle Tsar Alexander II for his support during Georges election to the throne of Greece
Grand Duchess Olga Konstantinovna of Russia
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Olga Constantinovna of Russia
Grand Duchess Olga Konstantinovna of Russia
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Grand Duchess Olga Constantinovna, 1867
Grand Duchess Olga Konstantinovna of Russia
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Edition of
Le Petit Journal celebrating the silver wedding anniversary of King George I and Queen Olga, 1892
Grand Duchess Olga Konstantinovna of Russia
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Amalieion orphanage, Athens
18.
King Christian IX of Denmark
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Christian IX was King of Denmark from 1863 to 1906. From 1863 to 1864, he was concurrently Duke of Schleswig, Holstein, however, in 1852, Christian was chosen as heir to the Danish monarchy in light of the expected extinction of the senior line of the House of Oldenburg. Upon the death of King Frederick VII of Denmark in 1863, Christian married his second cousin, Princess Louise of Hesse-Kassel, in 1842. Their six children married into royal families across Europe, earning him the sobriquet the father-in-law of Europe. The British consort Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh is also a descendant of Christian IX, as are Michael I of Romania and Constantine II of Greece. Also, the queens consort Anne of Romania, Anne-Marie of Greece and he was named after Prince Christian of Denmark, the later King Christian VIII, who was also his godfather. Christians father was the head of the house of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Beck. As such, Christian was eligible to succeed in the duchies of Schleswig-Holstein. Initially, Christian lived with his parents and many siblings at Gottorf Castle, however, on 6 June 1825, Duke Friedrich Wilhelm was appointed Duke of Glücksburg by his brother-in-law Frederick VI of Denmark, as the elder Glücksburg line had become extinct in 1779. He subsequently changed his title to Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg and founded the younger Glücksburg line, subsequently, the family moved to Glücksburg Castle, where Christian was raised with his siblings under their fathers supervision. Following the early death of the father in 1831, Christian grew up in Denmark and was educated in the Military Academy of Copenhagen, as a young man, Christian unsuccessfully sought the hand of his third cousin, Queen Victoria, in marriage. At the Amalienborg Palace in Copenhagen on 26 May 1842, he married his cousin, Louise of Hesse-Kassel. A justification for this choice was his marriage to Louise of Hesse-Kassel, Frederick VIIs childlessness had presented a thorny dilemma and the question of succession to the Danish throne proved problematic. Denmarks adherence to the Salic Law and a burgeoning nationalism within the German-speaking parts of Schleswig-Holstein hindered all hopes of a peaceful solution, proposed resolutions to keep the two Duchies together and part of Denmark proved unsatisfactory to both Danish and German interests. While Denmark had adopted the Salic Law, this affected the descendants of Frederick III of Denmark. Agnatic descent from Frederick III would end with the death of the childless King Frederick VII and his childless uncle. At that point, the law of succession promulgated by Frederick III provided for a Semi-Salic succession, as the nations of Europe looked on, the numerous descendants of Helvig of Schauenburg began to vie for the Danish throne. Frederick VII belonged to the branch of Helvigs descendants
King Christian IX of Denmark
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Portrait by Hans Olrik
King Christian IX of Denmark
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Prince Christian's birthplace
Gottorp Castle, photographed in 2007
King Christian IX of Denmark
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Christian's father
Friedrich Wilhelm, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Beck, from 1825
Duke of Glücksburg.
King Christian IX of Denmark
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Christian's wife
Louise of Hesse-Kassel.
19.
Queen Victoria
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Victoria was Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland from 20 June 1837 until her death. From 1 May 1876, she adopted the title of Empress of India. Victoria was the daughter of Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn, both the Duke of Kent and King George III died in 1820, and Victoria was raised under close supervision by her German-born mother Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld. She inherited the throne aged 18, after her fathers three brothers had all died, leaving no surviving legitimate children. The United Kingdom was already a constitutional monarchy, in which the sovereign held relatively little direct political power. Privately, Victoria attempted to influence government policy and ministerial appointments, publicly, Victoria married her first cousin, Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, in 1840. Their nine children married into royal and noble families across the continent, tying them together, after Alberts death in 1861, Victoria plunged into deep mourning and avoided public appearances. As a result of her seclusion, republicanism temporarily gained strength and her Golden and Diamond Jubilees were times of public celebration. Her reign of 63 years and seven months is known as the Victorian era and it was a period of industrial, cultural, political, scientific, and military change within the United Kingdom, and was marked by a great expansion of the British Empire. She was the last British monarch of the House of Hanover and her son and successor, Edward VII, belonged to the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, the line of his father. Victorias father was Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn, until 1817, Edwards niece, Princess Charlotte of Wales, was the only legitimate grandchild of George III. Her death in 1817 precipitated a crisis that brought pressure on the Duke of Kent. In 1818 he married Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, a widowed German princess with two children—Carl and Feodora —by her first marriage to the Prince of Leiningen and her brother Leopold was Princess Charlottes widower. The Duke and Duchess of Kents only child, Victoria, was born at 4.15 a. m. on 24 May 1819 at Kensington Palace in London. Victoria was christened privately by the Archbishop of Canterbury, Charles Manners-Sutton, on 24 June 1819 in the Cupola Room at Kensington Palace and she was baptised Alexandrina, after one of her godparents, Emperor Alexander I of Russia, and Victoria, after her mother. Additional names proposed by her parents—Georgina, Charlotte, and Augusta—were dropped on the instructions of the Dukes eldest brother, George, the Duke of Clarence and the Duke of Kent married on the same day in 1818, but both of Clarences daughters died as infants. Victorias father died in January 1820, when Victoria was less than a year old, a week later her grandfather died and was succeeded by his eldest son, George IV. The Duke of York died in 1827, when George IV died in 1830, he was succeeded by his next surviving brother, William IV, and Victoria became heir presumptive
Queen Victoria
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Victoria wearing her
small diamond crown Photograph by
Alexander Bassano, 1882
Queen Victoria
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Victoria, aged four Painting by
Stephen Poyntz Denning, 1823
Queen Victoria
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Victoria with her spaniel Dash, 1833 Painting by
George Hayter
Queen Victoria
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Self-portrait, 1835
20.
Alice, Grand Duchess of Hesse
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Princess Alice of the United Kingdom was the third child and second daughter of Queen Victoria and Albert, Prince Consort. Alice was the first of Queen Victorias nine children to die, Alice spent her early childhood in the company of her parents and siblings, travelling between the British royal residences. Her education was devised by Alberts close friend and adviser, Baron Stockmar, when her father, Prince Albert, was diagnosed with typhoid fever in December 1861, Alice nursed him until his death on 14 December that year. Following his death, Queen Victoria entered a period of intense mourning, on 1 July 1862, while the court was still at the height of mourning, Alice married the minor German Prince Louis of Hesse, heir to the Grand Duchy of Hesse. The ceremony—conducted privately and with unrelieved gloom at Osborne House—was described by the Queen as more of a funeral than a wedding, the Princesss life in Darmstadt was unhappy as a result of impoverishment, family tragedy, and worsening relations with her husband and mother. Alice was a patron of womens causes and showed an interest in nursing. When Hesse became involved in the Austro-Prussian War, Darmstadt filled with the injured, one of her organisations, the Princess Alice Womens Guild, took over much of the day-to-day running of the states military hospitals. As a result of activity, Queen Victoria became concerned about Alices directness about medical and, in particular, gynaecological. In 1871, she wrote to Alices younger sister, Princess Louise, be very silent and cautious about your interior. In 1877, Alice became Grand Duchess upon the accession of her husband, in the latter months of 1878, diphtheria infected the Hessian court. Alice nursed her family for over a month before falling ill herself, another daughter, Elisabeth, who had married Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich of Russia, was, like the tsaritsa and her family, killed by the Bolsheviks in 1918. Alice was born on 25 April 1843 at Buckingham Palace in London and she was the second daughter and third child of Queen Victoria, and her husband Albert, Prince Consort. She was christened Alice Maud Mary in the chapel at Buckingham Palace by The Archbishop of Canterbury, William Howley. She was named Alice to honour Victorias first Prime Minister, Lord Melbourne, Maud, the Anglo-Saxon name for Matilda, was chosen in honour of one of Alices godparents, Princess Sophia Matilda of Gloucester, a niece of King George III. Mary was chosen because Alice was born on the day as her maternal great-aunt. Her gender was greeted with mixed feelings from the public, and even the Privy Council sent a message to Albert expressing its congratulation, Alices birth prompted her parents to find a larger family home. Buckingham Palace was not equipped with the apartments that Victorias growing family needed. Therefore, in 1844, Victoria and Albert purchased Osborne House on the Isle of Wight as a holiday home
Alice, Grand Duchess of Hesse
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Princess Alice in 1875
Alice, Grand Duchess of Hesse
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Alice (right) and her sister
Victoria in the 1850s
Alice, Grand Duchess of Hesse
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A portrait of Louis of Hesse, 1860
Alice, Grand Duchess of Hesse
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Princess Alice in 1861
21.
Elizabeth II
–
Elizabeth II has been Queen of the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand since 6 February 1952. Elizabeth was born in London as the eldest child of the Duke and Duchess of York, later King George VI and Queen Elizabeth and her father acceded to the throne on the abdication of his brother Edward VIII in 1936, from which time she was the heir presumptive. She began to undertake duties during the Second World War. Elizabeths many historic visits and meetings include a visit to the Republic of Ireland. She has seen major changes, such as devolution in the United Kingdom, Canadian patriation. She has reigned through various wars and conflicts involving many of her realms and she is the worlds oldest reigning monarch as well as Britains longest-lived. In October 2016, she became the longest currently reigning monarch, in 2017 she became the first British monarch to commemorate a Sapphire Jubilee. Elizabeth has occasionally faced republican sentiments and press criticism of the family, however, support for the monarchy remains high. Elizabeth was born at 02,40 on 21 April 1926, during the reign of her paternal grandfather and her father, Prince Albert, Duke of York, was the second son of the King. Her mother, Elizabeth, Duchess of York, was the youngest daughter of Scottish aristocrat Claude Bowes-Lyon, 14th Earl of Strathmore and she was delivered by Caesarean section at her maternal grandfathers London house,17 Bruton Street, Mayfair. Elizabeths only sibling, Princess Margaret, was born in 1930, the two princesses were educated at home under the supervision of their mother and their governess, Marion Crawford, who was casually known as Crawfie. Lessons concentrated on history, language, literature and music, Crawford published a biography of Elizabeth and Margarets childhood years entitled The Little Princesses in 1950, much to the dismay of the royal family. The book describes Elizabeths love of horses and dogs, her orderliness, others echoed such observations, Winston Churchill described Elizabeth when she was two as a character. She has an air of authority and reflectiveness astonishing in an infant and her cousin Margaret Rhodes described her as a jolly little girl, but fundamentally sensible and well-behaved. During her grandfathers reign, Elizabeth was third in the line of succession to the throne, behind her uncle Edward, Prince of Wales, and her father, the Duke of York. Although her birth generated public interest, she was not expected to become queen, many people believed that he would marry and have children of his own. When her grandfather died in 1936 and her uncle succeeded as Edward VIII, she became second-in-line to the throne, later that year, Edward abdicated, after his proposed marriage to divorced socialite Wallis Simpson provoked a constitutional crisis. Consequently, Elizabeths father became king, and she became heir presumptive, if her parents had had a later son, she would have lost her position as first-in-line, as her brother would have been heir apparent and above her in the line of succession
Elizabeth II
–
The Queen in March 2015
Elizabeth II
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Princess Elizabeth aged 3, April 1929
Elizabeth II
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Princess Elizabeth aged 7, painted by
Philip de László, 1933
Elizabeth II
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Elizabeth in
Auxiliary Territorial Service uniform, April 1945
22.
Princess Margarita of Greece and Denmark
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Princess Margarita of Greece and Denmark was the eldest child and daughter of Prince Andrew of Greece and Denmark and Princess Alice of Battenberg. She was the first great-great-grandchild of Queen Victoria, and the eldest sister of Prince Philip, Princess Margarita was born on 18 April 1905 at the Royal Palace in Athens. She was the sister of Prince Philip of Greece and Denmark and she also had three sisters, Theodora, Margravine of Baden, Cecilie, Hereditary Grand Duchess of Hesse and by Rhine, and Sophie, later Princess George of Hanover. Margarita married Prince Gottfried of Hohenlohe-Langenburg on 20 April 1931 in Langenburg, in descent from Queen Victoria, Prince Gottfried was a second cousin once removed of Princess Margarita and in descent from Nicholas I, they were third cousins. Gottfried succeeded his father as Prince of Hohenlohe-Langenburg on 11 December 1950 and they have two daughters, Princess Katharina Clementine Beatrix of Hohenlohe-Langenburg married Prince Nikolaus of Waldeck and Pyrmont on 29 September 2002. They have two daughters, Princess Laetitia of Waldeck and Pyrmont Princess Alexia of Waldeck and Pyrmont Princess Tatiana Luise of Hohenlohe-Langenburg married Hubertus Stephan on 10 September 2010. They have one son, Prince Ludwig of Hohenlohe-Langenburg Their four elder children were all born at Schwäbisch Hall, Princess Margarita died on 24 April 1981 in Langenburg, Germany. She survived her husband by 21 years
Princess Margarita of Greece and Denmark
–
Princess Margarita with her mother
Princess Alice and sister
Princess Theodora, ca. 1912.
23.
Princess Cecilie of Greece and Denmark
–
Princess Cecilie of Greece and Denmark was the wife of Hereditary Grand Duke Georg Donatus of Hesse and third eldest sister to Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh. Cecilie was the child and daughter of Prince Andrew of Greece and Denmark. She was born on 22 June 1911 at the estate of the Greek Royal Family at Tatoi. Although her given name was Cecilie, she was known to her family as Cécile, Cecilie was baptised at Tatoi on 2 July 1911. Her godparents were King George V of the United Kingdom, Grand Duke Ernst Louis of Hesse, Prince Nicholas of Greece, through her father Cecilie was a grandchild of King George I of Greece and his wife Grand Duchess Olga Konstantinova of Russia. Through her mother she was a granddaughter of Queen Victoria. Cecilie had three sisters, Margarita, Theodora and Sophie and her brother Philip, later Duke of Edinburgh, is the husband of Queen Elizabeth II. In 1922 Cecilie and her sisters were bridesmaids at the wedding of their maternal uncle Lord Louis Mountbatten to Edwina Ashley, on 2 February 1931 at Darmstadt, Cecilie married her maternal first cousin once-removed Georg Donatus, Hereditary Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine. They had four children, On 1 May 1937 Cecilie and her husband joined the Nazi Party. In October 1937, Cecilies father-in-law Grand Duke Ernst Ludwig of Hesse died, a few weeks after the funeral, her brother-in-law Prince Ludwig was due to be married to the Hon. Margaret Campbell-Geddes in London. On 16 November 1937, Georg Donatus, Cecilie, their two sons and Georgs mother Grand Duchess Eleonore left Darmstadt for London, where they planned to attend the wedding. The aircraft in which they were travelling struck a chimney in bad weather near Ostend, Belgium. Cecilie was eight months pregnant with her child at the time of the crash. Cecilie was buried with her husband, two sons and the child in Darmstadt at the Rosenhöhe, the traditional burial place of the Hesse family. Cecilies daughter Johanna was adopted by Prince Ludwig and Princess Margaret, however, Johanna died two years later from meningitis and is buried with her parents and siblings. Cecilie was the first of Prince Andrew and Princess Alices children to die. The crash figures in the plot of A Matter of Honour by Jeffrey Archer, where Grand Duke Georg has in his possession the jewels of his aunt, the last Tsaritsa of Russia, there is no evidence in reality that this was the case
Princess Cecilie of Greece and Denmark
–
Princess Cecilie
Princess Cecilie of Greece and Denmark
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Cecilie as a young girl.
Princess Cecilie of Greece and Denmark
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Princess Cecilie with her children Princes Alexander and Ludwig and Princess Johanna.
24.
Constantine I of Greece
–
Constantine I was King of Greece from 1913 to 1917 and from 1920 to 1922. He succeeded to the throne of Greece on 18 March 1913 and his disagreement with Eleftherios Venizelos over whether Greece should enter World War I led to the National Schism. Constantine forced Venizelos to resign twice, but in 1917 he left Greece, after threats of the Entente forces to bombard Athens, his son, Alexander. After Alexanders death, Venizelos defeat in the 1920 legislative elections, and he abdicated the throne for the second and last time in 1922, when Greece lost the Greco-Turkish War of 1919–1922, and was succeeded by his eldest son, George II. Constantine died in four months later, in Sicily. Born on 2 August 1868 in Athens, Constantine was the eldest son of King George I and his birth was met with an immense wave of enthusiasm, the new heir apparent to the throne was the first Greek-born member of the family. As the ceremonial cannon on Lycabettus Hill fired the salute, huge crowds gathered outside the Palace shouting what they thought should rightfully be the newborn princes name. He was inevitably christened Constantine on 12 August, and his style was the Diádochos. An additional nickname adopted mainly by the royalists for Constantine was the son of the eagle, on 30 October 1882 he enrolled in the Hellenic Military Academy. After graduation he was sent to Berlin for further military education, Constantine also studied political science and business in Heidelberg and Leipzig. In 1890 he became a Major General, and assumed command of the 3rd Army Headquarters in Athens, in January 1895, Constantine caused political turmoil when he ordered army and gendarmerie forces to break up a street protest against tax policy. Constantine had previously addressed the crowd and advised them to submit their grievances to the government, Prime Minister Charilaos Trikoupis asked the King to recommend that his son avoid such interventions in politics without prior consultation with the government. King George responded that the Crown Prince was, in dispersing protesters, merely obeying orders. The incident caused a debate in Parliament, and Trikoupis finally resigned as a result. In the following elections Trikoupis was defeated, and the new Prime Minister, Theodoros Deligiannis, the organization of the first modern Olympics in Athens was another issue which caused a Constantine-Trikoupis confrontation, with Trikoupis opposed to hosting the Games. After Deligiannis electoral victory over Trikoupis in 1895, those who favored a revival of the Olympic Games, including the Crown Prince, coubertin assured that the King and the Crown Prince will confer their patronage on the holding of these Games. Constantine later conferred more than that, he assumed the presidency of the 1896 organizing committee. At the Crown Princes request, wealthy businessman George Averoff agreed to pay one million drachmas to fund the restoration of the Panathinaiko Stadium in white marble
Constantine I of Greece
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Photograph, 1915
Constantine I of Greece
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Constantine with
George I and the
Greek Army enter
Thessaloniki.
Constantine I of Greece
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Constantine with
Eleftherios Venizelos in 1913.
Constantine I of Greece
–
A portrait of Constantine I by
Philip de László, 1915
25.
Alexander of Greece
–
Alexander was King of Greece from 11 June 1917 until his death from the effects of a monkey bite at the age of 27. The second son of King Constantine I, Alexander was born in the palace of Tatoi. He succeeded his father in 1917, during World War I, after the Entente Powers and the followers of Eleftherios Venizelos pushed Constantine I, having no real political experience, the new king was stripped of his powers by the Venizelists and effectively imprisoned in his own palace. Venizelos, as minister, was the effective ruler with the support of the Entente. Though reduced to the status of a king, Alexander supported Greek troops during their war against the Ottoman Empire. Alexander controversially married the commoner Aspasia Manos in 1919, provoking a scandal that forced the couple to leave Greece for several months. Soon after returning to Greece with his wife, Alexander was bitten by a domestic Barbary macaque, the sudden death of the sovereign led to questions over the monarchys survival and contributed to the fall of the Venizelist regime. After a general election and a referendum, Constantine I was restored, Alexander was born at Tatoi Palace on 1 August 1893, the second son of Crown Prince Constantine of Greece and his wife Princess Sophia of Prussia. He was related to royalty throughout Europe, Constantine was a grandson of King Christian IX of Denmark and a cousin of both King George V of the United Kingdom and Emperor Nicholas II of Russia. Sophia was the sister of Emperor Wilhelm II of Germany, and was also a cousin of King George V through her grandmother, Alexanders early life alternated between the Royal Palace in Athens, and Tatoi Palace in the citys suburbs. With his parents he undertook several trips abroad and regularly visited Schloss Friedrichshof, the home of his maternal grandmother, though he was very close to his younger sister, Princess Helen, Alexander was less warm towards his elder brother George, with whom he had little in common. As his fathers son, Alexander was third in line to the throne, after his father and elder brother. His education was expensive and carefully planned, but while George spent part of his training in Germany. He was passionate about cars and motors, and was one of the first Greeks to acquire an automobile and he distinguished himself in combat during the Balkan Wars of 1912–13. King George I was assassinated in Thessaloniki soon afterwards, and Alexanders father ascended the throne as Constantine I, in 1915, at a party held in Athens by court marshal Theodore Ypsilantis, Alexander became re-acquainted with one of his childhood friends, Aspasia Manos. She had just returned from education in France and Switzerland, and was reckoned as very beautiful by her acquaintances and she was the daughter of Constantines Master of the Horse, Colonel Petros Manos, and his wife Maria Argyropoulos. The 21-year-old Alexander was smitten, and was so determined to seduce her that he followed her to the island of Spetses where she holidayed that year. Initially, Aspasia was resistant to his charm, although considered very handsome by his contemporaries, despite this, he finally won her over, and the couple were engaged in secret
Alexander of Greece
–
A photograph of the King c. 1920
Alexander of Greece
–
Alexander and his siblings in 1905. Clockwise from far left:
Helen,
George, Alexander,
Paul and
Irene. (
Katherine was born after this photograph was taken.)
Alexander of Greece
–
Alexander's father,
Constantine I, in the uniform of a German field marshal, c. 1913
Alexander of Greece
–
Eleftherios Venizelos, Greek revolutionary and prime minister, c. 1919
26.
George II of Greece
–
George II reigned as King of Greece from 1922 to 1924 and from 1935 to 1947. George was born at the villa at Tatoi, near Athens. George pursued a career, training with the Prussian Guard at the age of 18. When his grandfather was assassinated in 1913, his father became King Constantine I, after a coup deposed King Constantine during the First World War, Crown Prince George, by then a Major, followed his father into exile in 1917. Georges younger brother, Alexander, was installed as king by prime minister Eleftherios Venizelos, when Alexander I died following an infection from a monkey bite in 1920, Venizelos was voted out of office, and a plebiscite restored Constantine to the throne. Crown Prince George served as a colonel, and later a general in the war against Turkey. During this time he married his cousin, on 27 February 1921 in Bucharest, Princess Elisabeth of Romania, daughter of King Ferdinand. When the Turks defeated Greece at the Battle of Dumlupınar, the military forced the abdication of Constantine, following a failed royalist coup in October 1923, the Revolutionary Committee asked him to depart Greece while the National Assembly considered the question of the future form of government. He complied and, although he refused to abdicate, he left on 19 December 1923 for exile in his wifes home nation of Romania. When a republic was proclaimed on 25 March 1924, he was deposed and stripped of his Greek nationality. His wife stayed in Bucharest whilst he spent more and more time abroad visiting Britain, in 1932 he left Romania permanently and moved to Britain. Elisabeth and he had no children, and were divorced on 6 July 1935, in Greece between 1924 and 1935 there were 23 changes of government, a dictatorship, and 13 coups. General Georgios Kondylis, a former Venizelist who had decided to throw in his lot with the monarchist forces, overthrew the government in October 1935. He then arranged a plebiscite both to approve his government and to bring an end to the republic, on 3 November 1935, almost 98% of the reported votes supported restoration of the monarchy. The balloting was not secret, and participation was compulsory, George, who had been living at Browns Hotel in London, returned to Greek soil on November 25. Almost immediately he and Kondylis disagreed over the terms of a general amnesty the King wanted to declare, new elections were held in January, which resulted in a hung parliament with the Communists holding the balance of power. A series of unexpected deaths amongst the politicians, as well as the uncertain political situation. The King, ruling with Prime Minister Metaxas, oversaw a right-wing regime in which opponents were arrested
George II of Greece
–
George II
George II of Greece
–
George in German uniform (1914)
George II of Greece
–
Arrival of Crown Prince George in Smyrna (Izmir), 1921
George II of Greece
–
George and his wife
Elisabeth of Romania in exile, London (1931)
27.
Sanatorium
–
A sanatorium is a medical facility for long-term illness, most typically associated with treatment of tuberculosis before antibiotics. A distinction is made between sanitarium and sanatorium. In 1863, Hermann Brehmer opened the Brehmersche Heilanstalt für Lungenkranke in Görbersdorf, Silesia, patients were exposed to plentiful amounts of high altitude, fresh air, and good nutrition. Tuberculosis sanatoria became common throughout Europe from the late-19th century onward, the Adirondack Cottage Sanitarium, established in Saranac Lake, New York, in 1885, was the first such establishment in North America. According to the Saskatchewan Lung Association, when the National Anti-Tuberculosis Association was founded in 1904, its members, accordingly, they took the Latin verb root sano, meaning to heal, and adopted the new word sanatorium. Switzerland used to have many sanatoria, as health professionals believed that clean, in Finland, a series of tuberculosis sanatoria were built throughout the country in isolated forest areas during the early 1900s. The most famous was the Paimio Sanatorium, completed in 1933 and it had both sun-balconies and a rooftop terrace where the patients would lie all day either in beds or on specially designed chairs, the Paimio Chair. In Portugal, the Heliantia Sanatorium in Valadares, was used for the treatment of tuberculosis between the 1930s and 1960s. In the early 20th century, tuberculosis sanatoria became common in the United States, in the early 1900s, Arizonas sunshine and dry desert air attracted many people suffering from tuberculosis, rheumatism, asthma, and numerous other diseases. Wealthier people chose to recuperate in exclusive TB resorts, while others used their savings to make the journey to Arizona, TB camps in the desert were formed by pitching tents and building cabins. During the tuberculosis epidemic, cities in Arizona advertised the state as a place for treatment of TB. Many sanatoriums in the state of Arizona were modeled after European away-from-city resorts of the time, boasting courtyards, each sanatorium was equipped to take care of about 120 people. The greatest area for sanatoriums was in Tucson, with over 12 hotel-style facilities in the city, by 1920, Tucson had 7,000 people who had come for treatment of tuberculosis. So many people came to the West that not enough housing was available for them all, in 1910, tent cities began to pop up in different areas, one was described as a place of squalor and shunned by most citizens. Many of the infected slept in the open desert, the first tuberculosis sanatorium for blacks in the segregated South was the Piedmont Sanatorium in Burkeville, Virginia. Waverly Hills Sanatorium, a Louisville, Kentucky, tuberculosis sanatorium, was founded in 1911 and it has become a mecca for curiosity seekers who believe it is haunted. Because of its dry climate, Colorado Springs was home to several sanatoria, a. G. Holley Hospital in Lantana, Florida was the last remaining freestanding tuberculosis sanatorium in the United States until it closed on July 2,2012. In 1907, Stannington Sanatorium was open in the North East of England to treat tuberculosis in children, the sanatorium was opened using funds raised by a local charity, the Poor Childrens Holiday Association, now the regions oldest childrens charity, Children North East
Sanatorium
–
One of the remaining turrets of the Grunwald Sanatorium (now
Sokołowsko, Poland)
Sanatorium
–
Postage stamp depicting the Paimio tuberculosis sanatorium, Finland, by Alvar Aalto
28.
Victoria, Marchioness of Milford-Haven
–
Her mother died while her brother and sisters were still young, which placed her in an early position of responsibility over her siblings. She was perceived by her family as liberal in outlook, straightforward, practical, during World War I, she and her husband abandoned their German titles and adopted the British-sounding surname of Mountbatten, which was simply a translation into English of the German Battenberg. Two of her sisters – Elisabeth and Alix, who had married into the Russian imperial family – were killed by communist revolutionaries and she was the maternal grandmother of Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, the consort of Queen Elizabeth II. Victoria was born on Easter Sunday at Windsor Castle in the presence of her maternal grandmother and she was christened in the Lutheran faith in the arms of the Queen on 27 April. Her early life was spent at Bessungen, a suburb of Darmstadt, there, she shared a room with her younger sister, Elisabeth, until adulthood. She was privately educated to a standard and was, throughout her life. During the Franco-Prussian War of 1870, military hospitals were set up in the grounds at Darmstadt. She remembered the intense cold of the winter, and being burned on the arm by hot soup, in 1872, Victorias eighteen-month-old brother, Friedrich, was diagnosed with haemophilia. The following year, Friedrich fell from a window onto stone steps and it was the first of many tragedies to beset the Hesse family. In early November 1878, Victoria contracted diphtheria, Elisabeth was swiftly moved out of their room and was the only member of the family to escape the disease. For days, Victorias mother, Princess Alice, nursed the sick, but she was unable to save her youngest daughter, Victorias sister Marie, just as the rest of the family seemed to have recovered, Princess Alice fell ill. She died on 14 December, the anniversary of the death of her father, as the eldest child, Victoria partly assumed the role of mother to the younger children and of companion to her father. She later wrote, My mothers death was an irreparable loss and my childhood ended with her death, for I became the eldest and most responsible. At family gatherings, Victoria had often met Prince Louis of Battenberg, who was her first cousin once removed, Prince Louis had adopted British nationality and was serving as an officer in the Royal Navy. In the winter of 1882, they met again at Darmstadt, after a brief postponement because of the death of her maternal uncle, Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany, Victoria married Prince Louis on 30 April 1884 at Darmstadt. Her father did not approve of the match, in his view Prince Louis had little money and would deprive him of his daughters company, however, Victoria was of an independent mind and took little notice of her fathers displeasure. Remarkably, Victorias father secretly married the same evening his mistress, Countess Alexandrine Hutten-Czapska, the wife of Alexander von Kolemine. Over the next sixteen years, Victoria had four children, They lived in a succession of houses at Chichester, Sussex, Walton-on-Thames, when Prince Louis was serving with the Mediterranean Fleet, she spent some winters in Malta
Victoria, Marchioness of Milford-Haven
–
Photograph by
Alexander Bassano, c. 1878
Victoria, Marchioness of Milford-Haven
–
Four of the Hesse sisters: (left to right)
Irene, Victoria,
Elizabeth and
Alix, 1885
Victoria, Marchioness of Milford-Haven
–
Victoria (back row, second from right) at the marriage of her brother
Ernest Louis (back row, right) to
Princess Victoria Melita of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (seated, second from right), 1894.
Nicholas II of Russia and his fiance Alix are on the back row left, Irene and Elizabeth are seated front row left, and
Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich of Russia (Elizabeth's husband) is seated right.
29.
Kronberg
–
Kronberg im Taunus is a town in the Hochtaunuskreis district, Hesse, Germany and part of the Frankfurt Rhein-Main urban area. Before 1866, it was in the Duchy of Nassau, in year the whole Duchy was absorbed into Prussia. Kronberg lies at the foot of the Taunus, flanked in the north, a mineral water spring also rises in the town. Kronberg is especially known for its extremely expensive residential areas and it is therefore a very exclusive area to live and that is indicative of the higher than average incomes enjoyed by its population. The German magazine der Spiegel published a study showing that Kronberg had the most expensive areas in whole Germany. Kronberg consists of the three centres of Kronberg, Oberhöchstadt and Schönberg, when Kronberg Castle was built it was shared by the Knights of Askenburne, who owned a towered castle there. The Kronenstamm moved to Kronberg, giving themselves that name at the time, town rights were granted the small settlement on 25 April 1330 by Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor. As of 1367, the also had market rights as well as Blutgerichtsbarkeit, granted by Charles IV. Together with those from Hattstein Castle and Reifenberg Castle, the Knights of Kronberg from Frankfurt declared the so-called Kronberg Feud in 1389. The story is told in Kronberg that during the one of the knights of Kronberg was unhorsed. Peace was, however, quickly concluded and alliance sought with Kronberg, finally, in 1398, the Schießgesellen zu Cronenberg invited the Schießgesellen zue Franckenfurd unsern guten frunden to a Schießen umb eyn Cleynod. The letter bearing this message is said to be Germanys oldest surviving invitation to a shooting event, Hartmut fled, and Philip introduced the Reformation throughout Hesse. However, since Kronberg was an Imperial fief, Philip had to give the castle and these rights were affirmed by Hesse-Darmstadt in the 17th and 18th centuries, ensuring that Mainzs later attempts at a Counterreformation and the Simultanisierung would never enjoy success. In 1704, the last member of the family, Herr Johann Niclas von und zu Cronberg, died childless at Hohlenfels Castle, nowadays in Hahnstätten. Kronberg, along with the communities of Schönberg, Niederhöchstadt and Eschborn therefore passed to the Electorate of Mainz. It was under Mainzs rule that the nowadays so-called Dispute Church was built, since 1768, the building has served secular purposes. In the Austro-Prussian War of 1866, the Duke of Nassau sided with Austria, even artists, among them Anton Burger and Jakob Fürchtegott Dielmann, came to Kronberg and founded the Kronberg Painters Colony, which lasted into the 20th century. Some of the Kronberg painters works are on display in the museum at the Dispute Church, after the Second World War, Kronberg belonged to Groß-Hessen, and remains in Hesse today
Kronberg
–
Kronberg Castle.
Kronberg
–
View from Falkenstein castle.
Kronberg
–
Battle of Eschborn, 1389 (
Historical museum, Frankfurt).
30.
Berlin
–
Berlin is the capital and the largest city of Germany as well as one of its constituent 16 states. With a population of approximately 3.5 million, Berlin is the second most populous city proper, due to its location in the European Plain, Berlin is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate. Around one-third of the area is composed of forests, parks, gardens, rivers. Berlin in the 1920s was the third largest municipality in the world, following German reunification in 1990, Berlin once again became the capital of all-Germany. Berlin is a city of culture, politics, media. Its economy is based on high-tech firms and the sector, encompassing a diverse range of creative industries, research facilities, media corporations. Berlin serves as a hub for air and rail traffic and has a highly complex public transportation network. The metropolis is a popular tourist destination, significant industries also include IT, pharmaceuticals, biomedical engineering, clean tech, biotechnology, construction and electronics. Modern Berlin is home to world renowned universities, orchestras, museums and its urban setting has made it a sought-after location for international film productions. The city is known for its festivals, diverse architecture, nightlife, contemporary arts. Since 2000 Berlin has seen the emergence of a cosmopolitan entrepreneurial scene, the name Berlin has its roots in the language of West Slavic inhabitants of the area of todays Berlin, and may be related to the Old Polabian stem berl-/birl-. All German place names ending on -ow, -itz and -in, since the Ber- at the beginning sounds like the German word Bär, a bear appears in the coat of arms of the city. It is therefore a canting arm, the first written records of towns in the area of present-day Berlin date from the late 12th century. Spandau is first mentioned in 1197 and Köpenick in 1209, although these areas did not join Berlin until 1920, the central part of Berlin can be traced back to two towns. Cölln on the Fischerinsel is first mentioned in a 1237 document,1237 is considered the founding date of the city. The two towns over time formed close economic and social ties, and profited from the right on the two important trade routes Via Imperii and from Bruges to Novgorod. In 1307, they formed an alliance with a common external policy, in 1415 Frederick I became the elector of the Margraviate of Brandenburg, which he ruled until 1440. In 1443 Frederick II Irontooth started the construction of a new palace in the twin city Berlin-Cölln
Berlin
Berlin
Berlin
Berlin
31.
Prince Frederick Charles of Hesse
–
He was elected King of Finland on 9 October 1918, but renounced the throne on 14 December 1918. Frederick was born at his familys manor, Gut Panker, in Plön and he was the third son of Frederick William of Hesse, Landgrave of Hesse, and his wife Princess Anna of Prussia, daughter of Prince Charles of Prussia and Princess Marie Louise of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach. On 25 January 1893, Frederick Charles married Princess Margaret of Prussia, youngest sister of Kaiser Wilhelm II, wolfgang Moritz Prince Christoph Ernst August of Hesse married Princess Sophie of Greece and Denmark, had issue. Richard Wilhelm Leopold, unmarried Upon their fathers death in 1884, Fredericks eldest brother Frederick William became the head of the House of Hesse, Frederick Charles was elected as the King of Finland by the Parliament of Finland on 9 October 1918. Not much is known of the stance of the victorious allies. Frederick Charles renounced the throne on 14 December 1918, without arriving in the country. Finland subsequently adopted a republican constitution, Landgrave Alexander Frederick of Hesse abdicated as the head of the House of Hesse on 16 March 1925, and was succeeded by Frederick Charles, his younger brother. At Fredericks death, his eldest surviving son, Philipp, succeeded him as head, Philipp was in the military and unable to be contacted at the time. On the contrary, it is inconceivable that succession of a kingdom would depend on secondary consideration. The source Viini 2/2007 indicates a view that until his death Moritz of Hesse was the current successor, nash, Michael L The last King of Finland. Royalty Digest Quarterly,2012,1 List of Finnish monarchs Rulers of Hesse Archduke Charles Stephen of Austria Mindaugas II of Lithuania
Prince Frederick Charles of Hesse
–
Frederick Charles
Prince Frederick Charles of Hesse
–
Prince Frederick Charles and Princess Margaret of Prussia in 1893.
Prince Frederick Charles of Hesse
–
The crown planned for the King of Finland
32.
Princess Margaret of Prussia
–
Princess Margaret of Prussia was a daughter of Frederick III, German Emperor and Victoria, Princess Royal and the younger sister of Kaiser Wilhelm II and a granddaughter of Queen Victoria. She married Prince Frederick Charles of Hesse, the elected King of Finland, in 1926 they became Landgrave and Landgravine of Hesse. She lost three sons in both World Wars I and II, born on 22 April 1872 in the Hohenzollerns New Palace in Potsdam, by the time the infant was christened, her head was covered with short hair like moss, from which she acquired her nickname Mossy. Her godparent was Emperor Pedro II of Brazil and she was named Margarethe Beatrice Feodora, and Margaret, the Crown Princess of Italy, was her godmother. Princess Margaret grew up amid great privilege and formality and she remained close to her mother after the death of her father. Margaret was widely regarded as the most popular of Kaiser Wilhelm IIs sisters and she was a first cousin of both King George V of the United Kingdom and Empress Alexandra of Russia, all three being grandchildren of Victoria. As an adult, she was said to resemble her aunt, Princess Margaret was first attracted to Prince Maximilian of Baden. They were married on 25 January 1893 at the Hohenzollern Stadtschloss in Berlin on the anniversary of her parents wedding, at the time of the wedding, Prince Frederick Charles was not the Head of the House of Hesse-Kassel. The position was held by his older and virtually blind brother Landgrave Alexander Friederich, Prince Frederick Charles, as was his title when he married, was addressed as His Highness, while Princess Margaret warranted Royal Highness. This disparity came to an end in 1925 when Frederick Charles became Landgrave of Hesse and they were second cousins, both great-grandchildren of King Friedrich Wilhelm III of Prussia, he through his mother Anna, she through her father Friedrich. Initially, her brother Wilhelm opposed the match as he felt that Frederick Charless position was too minor for the Kaisers sister, later, however, he gave his blessing, since Margaret herself was so unimportant. Princess Margaret had a personality, she would always seem more secure. The couples main residence during the years of marriage was Schloss Rumpenheim. Margarets husband was her mothers favorite son-in-law, in 1901, Princess Margaret inherited Schloss Friedrichshof at the death of her mother. It was highly unconventional for a husband to reside in his wifes home, however, Margaret was committed to maintain the house of her mother which entailed a great expense and the family moved to Friedrichshof. In 1918, Margarets husband accepted the offer of the throne of newly independent Finland and she would have become the Queen of Finland. Her predecessor as Grand Princess-consort of Finland was her first cousin, Landgravine Margaret and her husband Frederick Charles of Hesse had six children, including two sets of twins, Prince Friedrich Wilhelm of Hesse-Kassel, killed in action World War I. Prince Maximilian of Hesse-Kassel, killed in action World War I, Prince Philipp of Hesse-Kassel, married on 23 Sept 1925 to Princess Mafalda of Savoy, had issue
Princess Margaret of Prussia
–
An official portrait of Princess Margaret of Prussia
Princess Margaret of Prussia
–
Princess Margaret and Prince Frederick Charles of Hesse in 1893.
Princess Margaret of Prussia
–
Princess Margaret in uniform
Princess Margaret of Prussia
–
Princess Margaret
33.
Victoria, Princess Royal
–
Victoria, Princess Royal was German Empress and Queen of Prussia by marriage to German Emperor Frederick III. She was the eldest child of Queen Victoria of Great Britain and Ireland and Prince Albert and she was the mother of Wilhelm II, German Emperor. Criticised for this attitude and her English origins, Victoria suffered the ostracism of the Hohenzollerns and this isolation increased after the arrival of Otto von Bismarck to power in 1862. Victoria was Empress and Queen of Prussia for only a few months, Frederick III died in 1888 – just 99 days after his accession – from laryngeal cancer and was succeeded by their son William II, who had much more conservative views than his parents. After her husbands death, she became known as Empress Frederick. The Empress Dowager then settled in Kronberg im Taunus, where she built a castle, Friedrichshof, increasingly isolated after the weddings of her younger daughters, Victoria died of breast cancer a few months after her mother in 1901. These give an insight into the life of the Prussian court during 1858-1900. Princess Victoria was born on 21 November 1840 at Buckingham Palace and she was named after her mother, Queen Victoria, the only child of George IIIs fourth eldest son, Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn, and Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld. Her father was Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, the second and younger son of Ernest I, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, as a daughter of the sovereign, Victoria was automatically a British princess with the title Her Royal Highness, styled HRH The Princess Victoria. On 19 January 1841, the Queen created Victoria Princess Royal, Victoria was then styled HRH The Princess Royal. In addition, she was heiress presumptive to the throne of the United Kingdom, to her family, she was known simply as Vicky or Pussy. She was baptised in the Throne Room of Buckingham Palace on 10 February 1841 by the Archbishop of Canterbury, the Lily font was commissioned especially for the occasion of her christening. Her godparents were Queen Adelaide, King Leopold I of Belgium, Ernst I, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, The Duke of Sussex, The Duchess of Gloucester, the royal couple decided to give their children as complete an education as possible. In fact, Queen Victoria, who succeeded her uncle, King William IV, at the age of 18, believed that she herself had not been sufficiently prepared for the government affairs. For his part, Prince Albert, born in the small Duchy of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, had received a careful education, thanks to his uncle, Leopold I. Therefore, shortly after the birth of Victoria, Prince Albert wrote a memoir detailing the tasks and duties of all those involved with the royal children. Another 48-page document, written a year and a half later by the Baron Stockmar, intimate of the royal couple, unfortunately, the royal couple had only a very vague idea of the proper educational development of a child. Queen Victoria, for example, believed that the fact that her baby sucked bracelets was a sign of deficient education, according to Hannah Pakula, biographer of the future German Empress, the first two governesses of the princess were therefore particularly well chosen
Victoria, Princess Royal
–
Victoria
Victoria, Princess Royal
–
Victoria with her father, Albert
Victoria, Princess Royal
–
Victoria in 1867, portrait by
Franz Xaver Winterhalter
Victoria, Princess Royal
–
Wilhelm II, German Emperor and King of Prussia
34.
Frederick III, German Emperor
–
Frederick III was German Emperor and King of Prussia for ninety-nine days in 1888, the Year of the Three Emperors. Friedrich Wilhelm Nikolaus Karl, known informally as Fritz, was the son of Emperor Wilhelm I and was raised in his familys tradition of military service. Following the unification of Germany in 1871 his father, then King of Prussia, Frederick was suffering from cancer of the larynx when he died on 15 June 1888, aged fifty-six, following unsuccessful medical treatments for his condition. Frederick married Victoria, Princess Royal, eldest daughter of Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom, the couple were well-matched, their shared liberal ideology led them to seek greater representation for commoners in the government. Frederick, in spite of his conservative militaristic family background, had developed liberal tendencies as a result of his ties with Britain, liberals in both Germany and Britain hoped that as emperor, Frederick III would move to liberalize the German Empire. Frederick and Victoria were great admirers of Prince Albert, Victorias father and they planned to rule as consorts, like Albert and Queen Victoria, and to reform what they saw as flaws in the executive branch that Bismarck had created for himself. The office of Chancellor, responsible to the Emperor, would be replaced with a British-style cabinet, government policy would be based on the consensus of the cabinet. Frederick described the Imperial Constitution as ingeniously contrived chaos and he sought to guard against such a turn by keeping the Crown Prince from a position of any influence and by using foul means as well as fair to make him unpopular. The timing of Fredericks death and the length of his reign are important topics among historians, Frederick William was born in the New Palace at Potsdam in Prussia on 18 October 1831. He was a scion of the House of Hohenzollern, rulers of Prussia, Fredericks father, Prince William, was a younger brother of King Frederick William IV and, having been raised in the military traditions of the Hohenzollerns, developed into a strict disciplinarian. Because of their differences, the couple did not have a marriage and, as a result, Frederick grew up in a troubled household. He had one sister, Louise, who was eight years his junior, Frederick also had a very good relationship with his uncle, King Frederick William IV, who has been called the romantic on the throne. Frederick grew up during a tumultuous political period as the concept of liberalism in Germany, overall, the liberals desired a government ruled by popular representation. When Frederick was 17, these emergent nationalistic and liberal sentiments sparked a series of uprisings across the German states. In Germany, their goal was to protect freedoms, such as the freedom of assembly and freedom of the press, although the uprisings ultimately brought about no lasting changes, liberal sentiments remained an influential force in German politics throughout Fredericks life. Despite the value placed by the Hohenzollern family on a military education. Accordingly, Frederick was thoroughly tutored in military traditions and the liberal arts. His private tutor was Ernst Curtius, a famous archaeologist, Frederick was a talented student, particularly good at foreign languages, becoming fluent in English and French, and studying Latin
Frederick III, German Emperor
–
Frederick III
Frederick III, German Emperor
–
Frederick William, ca. 1841
Frederick III, German Emperor
–
Victoria, Princess Royal —eldest daughter of
Queen Victoria —whom Frederick married in 1858
Frederick III, German Emperor
–
William allowed Frederick few official duties, such as attending balls and socializing with dignitaries.
35.
Third Reich
–
Nazi Germany is the common English name for the period in German history from 1933 to 1945, when Germany was governed by a dictatorship under the control of Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party. Under Hitlers rule, Germany was transformed into a fascist state in which the Nazi Party took totalitarian control over all aspects of life. The official name of the state was Deutsches Reich from 1933 to 1943, the period is also known under the names the Third Reich and the National Socialist Period. The Nazi regime came to an end after the Allied Powers defeated Germany in May 1945, Hitler was appointed Chancellor of Germany by the President of the Weimar Republic Paul von Hindenburg on 30 January 1933. The Nazi Party then began to eliminate all opposition and consolidate its power. Hindenburg died on 2 August 1934, and Hitler became dictator of Germany by merging the powers and offices of the Chancellery, a national referendum held 19 August 1934 confirmed Hitler as sole Führer of Germany. All power was centralised in Hitlers person, and his word became above all laws, the government was not a coordinated, co-operating body, but a collection of factions struggling for power and Hitlers favour. In the midst of the Great Depression, the Nazis restored economic stability and ended mass unemployment using heavy military spending, extensive public works were undertaken, including the construction of Autobahnen. The return to economic stability boosted the regimes popularity, racism, especially antisemitism, was a central feature of the regime. The Germanic peoples were considered by the Nazis to be the purest branch of the Aryan race, millions of Jews and other peoples deemed undesirable by the state were murdered in the Holocaust. Opposition to Hitlers rule was ruthlessly suppressed, members of the liberal, socialist, and communist opposition were killed, imprisoned, or exiled. The Christian churches were also oppressed, with many leaders imprisoned, education focused on racial biology, population policy, and fitness for military service. Career and educational opportunities for women were curtailed, recreation and tourism were organised via the Strength Through Joy program, and the 1936 Summer Olympics showcased the Third Reich on the international stage. Propaganda minister Joseph Goebbels made effective use of film, mass rallies, the government controlled artistic expression, promoting specific art forms and banning or discouraging others. Beginning in the late 1930s, Nazi Germany made increasingly aggressive territorial demands and it seized Austria and Czechoslovakia in 1938 and 1939. Hitler made a pact with Joseph Stalin and invaded Poland in September 1939. In alliance with Italy and smaller Axis powers, Germany conquered most of Europe by 1940, reichskommissariats took control of conquered areas, and a German administration was established in what was left of Poland. Jews and others deemed undesirable were imprisoned, murdered in Nazi concentration camps and extermination camps, following the German invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941, the tide gradually turned against the Nazis, who suffered major military defeats in 1943
Third Reich
–
Hitler became Germany's head of state, with the title of
Führer und Reichskanzler, in 1934.
Third Reich
–
Flag
Third Reich
–
Joseph Goebbels,
Reich Minister of Propaganda
Third Reich
–
Ethnic Germans in
Saaz, Czechoslovakia, greet German soldiers with the
Nazi salute, 1938
36.
SS
–
The Schutzstaffel was a major paramilitary organization under Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist German Workers Party in Nazi Germany. It began with a guard unit known as the Saal-Schutz made up of NSDAP volunteers to provide security for party meetings in Munich. In 1925, Heinrich Himmler joined the unit, which had by then been reformed, under his direction, it grew from a small paramilitary formation to one of the most powerful organizations in Nazi Germany. From 1929 until the collapse in 1945, the SS was the foremost agency of security, surveillance. The two main constituent groups were the Allgemeine SS and Waffen-SS, the Allgemeine SS was responsible for enforcing the racial policy of Nazi Germany and general policing, whereas the Waffen-SS consisted of combat units of troops within Nazi Germanys military. A third component of the SS, the SS-Totenkopfverbände, ran the concentration camps, additional subdivisions of the SS included the Gestapo and the Sicherheitsdienst organizations. The SS was the organization most responsible for the killing of an estimated 5.5 to 6 million Jews. Members of all of its branches committed war crimes and crimes against humanity during World War II, the SS was also involved in commercial enterprises and exploited concentration camp inmates as slave labor. After Nazi Germanys defeat, the SS and the NSDAP were judged by the International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg to be criminal organizations, Ernst Kaltenbrunner, the highest-ranking surviving SS officer at the time, was found guilty of crimes against humanity at the Nuremberg trials and hanged in 1946. By 1923, the Nazi Party led by Adolf Hitler had created a volunteer guard unit known as the Saal-Schutz to provide security at their meetings in Munich. The same year, Hitler ordered the formation of a bodyguard unit dedicated to his personal service. He wished it to be separate from the mass of the party, including the paramilitary Sturmabteilung. The new formation was designated the Stabswache, originally the unit was composed of eight men, commanded by Julius Schreck and Joseph Berchtold, and was modeled after the Erhardt Naval Brigade, a Freikorps of the time. The unit was renamed Stoßtrupp in May 1923, the Stoßtrupp was abolished after the failed 1923 Beer Hall Putsch, an attempt by the NSDAP to seize power in Munich. In 1925, Hitler ordered Schreck to organize a new bodyguard unit and it was tasked with providing personal protection for Hitler at NSDAP functions and events. That same year, the Schutzkommando was expanded to an organization and renamed successively the Sturmstaffel. Officially, the SS marked its foundation on 9 November 1925, the new SS was to provide protection for NSDAP leaders throughout Germany. Hitlers personal SS protection unit was enlarged to include combat units
SS
–
Adolf Hitler inspects the
Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler upon arrival at
Klagenfurt, April 1938.
Heinrich Himmler is standing slightly behind Hitler's right
SS
–
SS insignia (
sig runes)
SS
–
Nazi supporters and stormtroopers in Munich during the
Beer Hall Putsch, 1923
SS
–
Heinrich Himmler, head of all SS organisations, stated, "Once the Führer himself has made a decision and given the order, it must be carried out, not only according to the word and the letter, but also in spirit."
37.
Combat
–
Combat or fighting is a purposeful violent conflict meant to weaken, establish dominance over, or kill the opposition, or to drive the opposition away from a location where it is not wanted or needed. Combat violence can be unilateral, whereas fighting implies at least a defensive reaction, a large-scale fight is known as a battle. A verbal fight is known as an argument. Combat effectiveness, in the field, requires combat readiness. In military areas, the term is applied also to personnel, Combat may take place under a specific set of rules or be unregulated. Examples of rules include the Geneva Conventions, medieval chivalry, the Marquess of Queensberry rules, Combat in warfare involves two or more opposing military organizations, usually fighting for nations at war. Warfare falls under the laws of war, which govern its purposes and conduct, Combat may be armed or unarmed. Hand-to-hand combat is combat at close range, attacking the opponent with the body and/or with a melee weapon. “Combat Motivation in Today’s Soldiers, U. S. Army War College Strategic Studies Institute. ”Armed Forces & Society, vol. “Combat Casualties and Race, What Can We Learn from the 2003-2004 Iraq Conflict. ”“Undermining Combat Readiness in the Russian Military, 1992-2005. ”Armed Forces & Society, Jul 2006, vol. Http, //afs. sagepub. com/cgi/content/abstract/32/4/513 Ben-Shalom, Uzi, Lehrer, Zeev, and Ben-Ari, Eyal. “Cohesion during Military Operations, A Field Study on Combat Units in the Al-Aqsa Intifada. ”Http, //afs. sagepub. com/cgi/content/abstract/32/1/63 Woodruff, Todd, Kelty, Ryan, Segal, Archie Cooper, David R.2006. “Propensity to Serve and Motivation to Enlist among American Combat Soldiers. ”Armed Forces & Society, Apr 2006, vol
Combat
–
Naval combat of Iquique, 21 May 1879 - oil on canvas painting by
Thomas Somerscales, 19th century.
38.
Apennine mountains
–
The Apennines or Apennine Mountains are a mountain range consisting of parallel smaller chains extending c. 1,200 km along the length of peninsular Italy. In the northwest they join with the Ligurian Alps at Altare, in the southwest they end at Reggio di Calabria, the coastal city at the tip of the peninsula. The system forms an arc enclosing the east side of the Ligurian and Tyrrhenian Seas, the name originally applied to the north Apennines. However, historical linguists have never found a derivation with which they are universally comfortable, wilhelm Deecke said. its etymology is doubtful but some derive it from the Ligurian-Celtish Pen or Ben, which means mountain peak. The mountains lend their name to the Apennine peninsula, which forms the part of Italy. They are mostly verdant, although one side of the highest peak, Corno Grande is partially covered by Calderone glacier and it has been receding since 1794. The eastern slopes down to the Adriatic Sea are steep, while the western slopes form foothills on which most of peninsular Italys cities are located. The mountains tend to be named from the province or provinces in which they are located, for example, as the provincial borders have not always been stable, this practice has resulted in some confusion about exactly where the montane borders are. Often but not always a feature can be found that lends itself to being a border. The Apennines are divided into three sectors, northern, central, and southern, a number of long hiking trails wind through the Apennines. Of note is European walking route E1 coming from northern Europe and traversing the lengths of the northern, the Grand Italian Trail begins in Trieste and after winding through the Alpine arc traverses the entire Apennine system, Sicily and Sardinia. The northern Apennines consist of three sub-chains, the Ligurian, Tuscan-Emilian, and Umbrian Apennines, the Ligurian Apennines border the Ligurian Sea in the Gulf of Genoa, from about Savona below the upper Bormida River valley to about La Spezia below the upper Magra River valley. The range follows the Gulf of Genoa separating it from the upper Po Valley, the northwestern border follows the line of the Bormida River to Acqui Terme. There the river continues northeast to Alessandria in the Po Valley, the upper Bormida can be reached by a number of roads proceeding inland at a right angle to the coast southwest of Savona, the chief one being the Autostrada Torino-Savona. They ascend to the Bocchetta di Altare, sometimes called Colle di Cadibona,436 m, a bronze plaque fixed to a stone marks the top of the pass. In the vicinity are fragments of the old road and three ruins of former fortifications, at Carcare, the main roads connect with the upper Bormida valley before turning west. The Scrivia, the Trebbia and the Taro, tributaries of the Po River, the range contains dozens of peaks. Toward the southern end the Aveto Natural Regional Park includes Monte Penna, nearby is the highest point of Ligurian Apennines, Monte Maggiorasca at 1,780 m
Apennine mountains
–
Abruzzo National Park
Apennine mountains
–
The plaque marking the Bocchetta di
Altare
Apennine mountains
–
Monte Cimone (2165 m) is the highest mountain of the northern Apennines in the
Emilia Romagna
Apennine mountains
–
Source of the Tiber. Marked by a
Column decorated with an Eagle and Wolf heads - Part of the fauna of the Apennines and symbols of
Rome
39.
Prince Andrew of Yugoslavia
–
Prince Andrew of Yugoslavia was born in Bled, Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, subsequently Kingdom of Yugoslavia, now Slovenia. He was the youngest child of King Alexander I of Yugoslavia and Maria of Yugoslavia, daughter of King Ferdinand of Romania and Marie of Edinburgh. After the fall of the monarchy in Yugoslavia, he went into exile in London, on 2 August 1956, he married his third cousin-once-removed Princess Christina Margarethe of Hesse, in Kronberg im Taunus, Germany. She was the eldest child of Prince Christoph of Hesse and his wife Princess Sophie of Greece and Denmark, her mother being a sister of Prince Philip and they had two children, Princess Maria Tatiana, married 30 June 1990 Gregory Per Edward Anthony Michael Thune-Larsen. Prince Christopher, a teacher who died in a bicycle accident. The couple divorced in London on 31 May 1962, on 18 September 1963, he married his second cousin Princess Kira of Leiningen, daughter of Karl, Prince of Leiningen and Grand Duchess Maria Kirillovna of Russia. Married firstly 20 May 1989 Erastos Dimitrios Sidiropoulos and secondly on 4 October 1998 Austin Prichard-Levy, nadya Marie George, illegitimate, fathered by Roy Rexford Finnimore, her surname was changed to Sidiropoulos in 1990. Prince Karl Vladimir Cyril Andrej, married 18 April 2000 Brigitte Müller and they were divorced in Frankfurt am Main on 10 July 1972. Andrej married thirdly Eva Maria Andjelkovich on 30 March 1974 in Palm Springs, California and he was found dead in his car in Irvine, California, US on 7 May 1990. The death was determined to be suicide by carbon monoxide and his remains were initially buried in New Gračanica Monastery, Third Lake, Illinois. They remained there until 2013, when they were returned to Serbia and buried in Saint Georges Church, Oplenac on 26 May 2013
Prince Andrew of Yugoslavia
–
Prince Andrew
40.
Christian IX
–
Christian IX was King of Denmark from 1863 to 1906. From 1863 to 1864, he was concurrently Duke of Schleswig, Holstein, however, in 1852, Christian was chosen as heir to the Danish monarchy in light of the expected extinction of the senior line of the House of Oldenburg. Upon the death of King Frederick VII of Denmark in 1863, Christian married his second cousin, Princess Louise of Hesse-Kassel, in 1842. Their six children married into royal families across Europe, earning him the sobriquet the father-in-law of Europe. The British consort Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh is also a descendant of Christian IX, as are Michael I of Romania and Constantine II of Greece. Also, the queens consort Anne of Romania, Anne-Marie of Greece and he was named after Prince Christian of Denmark, the later King Christian VIII, who was also his godfather. Christians father was the head of the house of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Beck. As such, Christian was eligible to succeed in the duchies of Schleswig-Holstein. Initially, Christian lived with his parents and many siblings at Gottorf Castle, however, on 6 June 1825, Duke Friedrich Wilhelm was appointed Duke of Glücksburg by his brother-in-law Frederick VI of Denmark, as the elder Glücksburg line had become extinct in 1779. He subsequently changed his title to Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg and founded the younger Glücksburg line, subsequently, the family moved to Glücksburg Castle, where Christian was raised with his siblings under their fathers supervision. Following the early death of the father in 1831, Christian grew up in Denmark and was educated in the Military Academy of Copenhagen, as a young man, Christian unsuccessfully sought the hand of his third cousin, Queen Victoria, in marriage. At the Amalienborg Palace in Copenhagen on 26 May 1842, he married his cousin, Louise of Hesse-Kassel. A justification for this choice was his marriage to Louise of Hesse-Kassel, Frederick VIIs childlessness had presented a thorny dilemma and the question of succession to the Danish throne proved problematic. Denmarks adherence to the Salic Law and a burgeoning nationalism within the German-speaking parts of Schleswig-Holstein hindered all hopes of a peaceful solution, proposed resolutions to keep the two Duchies together and part of Denmark proved unsatisfactory to both Danish and German interests. While Denmark had adopted the Salic Law, this affected the descendants of Frederick III of Denmark. Agnatic descent from Frederick III would end with the death of the childless King Frederick VII and his childless uncle. At that point, the law of succession promulgated by Frederick III provided for a Semi-Salic succession, as the nations of Europe looked on, the numerous descendants of Helvig of Schauenburg began to vie for the Danish throne. Frederick VII belonged to the branch of Helvigs descendants
Christian IX
–
Portrait by Hans Olrik
Christian IX
–
Prince Christian's birthplace
Gottorp Castle, photographed in 2007
Christian IX
–
Christian's father
Friedrich Wilhelm, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Beck, from 1825
Duke of Glücksburg.
Christian IX
–
Christian's wife
Louise of Hesse-Kassel.
41.
Ernest Augustus III, Duke of Brunswick
–
Ernest Augustus, reigning Duke of Brunswick, was a grandson of George V of Hanover, whom the Prussians deposed in 1866, and Christian IX of Denmark. Prince Ernest Augustus was born at Penzing near Vienna, the sixth and youngest child of Crown Prince Ernest Augustus of Hanover and his wife and his father succeeded as pretender to the Hanoverian throne and as Duke of Cumberland and Teviotdale in the peerage of Great Britain in 1878. The younger Prince Ernest August became heir apparent to the dukedom of Cumberland and he was a first cousin of George V of the United Kingdom, Nicholas II of Russia, and Christian X of Denmark, Haakon VII of Norway, and Constantine I of Greece. In 1884, the reigning Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, a distant cousin, since the younger branch of the House of Ghuelph died with him, under house rules it would have passed to the Duke of Cumberland, who immediately claimed the throne. Bismarck did this because the duke had never renounced his claims to the kingdom of Hanover. Instead, Prince Albrecht of Prussia became the regent of Brunswick, when Ernests older brother, Prince George, died in an automobile accident on 20 May 1912, the German Emperor sent a message of condolence to the Duke of Cumberland. In response to this gesture, the Duke sent his only surviving son, Ernest. Ernest and the German Emperor were third cousins in descent from George III of the United Kingdom, in Berlin, Ernest met and fell in love with the Emperor William IIs only daughter, Princess Victoria Louise of Prussia. On 24 May 1913, Ernest and Victoria Louise, third cousins once removed through descent from George IIIs sons King Ernest Augustus I of Hanover and Edward and this marriage ended the decades-long rift between the Houses of Hohenzollern and Hanover. The wedding of Prince Ernest Augustus and Princess Victoria Louise was also the last great gathering of European sovereigns before the outbreak of The Great War. In addition to the German Emperor and Empress and the Duke and Duchess of Cumberland, George V and Queen Mary of the United Kingdom, two imprisoned British spies Captain Stewart and Captain Trench, were pardoned and released by the Kaiser as a wedding present to the United Kingdom. George V of the United Kingdom gave his consent to the marriage on 17 March 1913 as required under the Royal Marriages Act, on 27 October 1913, the Duke of Cumberland formally renounced his claims to the duchy of Brunswick in favor of his surviving son. The following day, the Federal Council voted to allow Prince Ernest Augustus of Cumberland to become the reigning Duke of Brunswick, the new Duke of Brunswick, who received a promotion to colonel in the Zieten–Hussars, formally took possession of his duchy on 1 November. During World War I, the rose to the rank of major-general. On 8 November 1918, he was forced to abdicate his throne along with the other German kings, grand dukes, dukes, thus when his father died, in 1923, Ernest Augustus did not succeed to his fathers title of Duke of Cumberland. For the next thirty years Ernest Augustus would remain as head of the House of Hanover, the Duke of Brunswick is the maternal grandfather of Queen Sophia of Spain and the former King Constantine II of Greece. He died at Marienburg Castle near Hanover in 1953, Prince George William, married 1946, Princess Sophie of Greece and Denmark, and had issue. Princess Frederica, married 1938 Paul I of the Hellenes, and had issue, Prince Christian Oscar, married 1963 Mireille Dutry, and had issue
Ernest Augustus III, Duke of Brunswick
–
Ernest Augustus III
Ernest Augustus III, Duke of Brunswick
42.
Abolished monarchy
–
The abolition of monarchy has occurred throughout history, either through revolutions, coups détat, wars, or legislative reforms. The founding of the Roman Republic is an example and became part of the nations traditions including as justification for the assassination of Julius Caesar. The twentieth century saw an acceleration of this process, with many monarchies violently overthrown by revolution or war. By contrast, the restoration of monarchies is rare in modern times,1660 saw a monarchical restoration - though in a more limited form moderated by a more independent Parliament. With the Declaration of Independence in 1776, the most violent wave of anti-monarchical protest began, with the destruction of the relics. Examples can be found in the toppling of the statue of George III on Bowling Green in New York City. Monarchic loyalists were particularly affected by attacks or harassment, with tens of thousands leaving for Canada, Britain. Wealth or property which remained was typically confiscated, thomas Paine, the famous author of the revolutionary pamphlet Common Sense, urged the colonists to finance the revolutionary war through this means. Even today, very few artifacts depicting the British monarchy from the period can be found in the United States. However, not all anti-British or anti-Loyalist sentiment equated to anti-monarchism, the normalcy of having a King at the head of a polity had strong roots in much political thought and in religious doctrine (see for example 1 Samuel 8, 6-9. Some Americans saw the presidency in monarchical terms, however, the most famous abolition of monarchy in history - apart from the Dutch Republic of 1581 to 1795 - involved the French monarchy in 1792, during the French Revolution. The French monarchy was restored several times with differing levels of authority. The 1848 Revolution was a more clear anti-monarchic uprising that replaced the succession of leaders with the short-lived Second French Republic. In 1858 the Mughal Empire came to an end after losing a war against Britain, between 1859 and 1861, four monarchies in Southern Europe ceased to exist, Parma, Modena, Tuscany and the Two Sicilies, when they all became part of the new Kingdom of Italy. The Second Mexican Empire collapsed in 1867, and its Emperor, the Second French Empire came to an end in 1870 after it had lost the war against Prussia, causing Emperor Napoleon III to lose his throne. He was the last monarch of France, in Spain monarchy was abolished from 1873 to 1874 by the First Spanish Republic, but then restored until 1931. The monarchy of Tahiti came to an end in 1880 when France made it a colony and that of Burma was abolished in 1885, when the last king, Thibaw Min, lost his throne and the country was annexed by Britain. In Brazil, the monarchy was abolished in 1889, when Emperor Pedro II was overthrown by a military coup
Abolished monarchy
–
1908 postcard depicting nineteen reigning monarchs; twelve of their thrones were abolished during the twentieth century, although the Spanish monarchy was later restored.
43.
Princess Viktoria Luise of Prussia
–
Victoria Louise of Prussia was the only daughter and the last child of German Emperor Wilhelm II and Augusta Victoria of Schleswig-Holstein. She was a great-granddaughter of Queen Victoria through her father, shortly after the wedding, she became the Duchess of Brunswick by marriage. Through her daughter Frederica, Princess Victoria Louise was the grandmother of Queen Sophia of Spain. Princess Victoria Louise Adelheid Mathilde Charlotte was born on 13 September 1892, after six sons, God has given us our seventh child, a small but very strong little daughter, the empress wrote in her diary soon after the birth. The young princess was christened on 22 October, and was named after her paternal great-grandmother, Queen Victoria, known officially as Victoria Louise, she would be nicknamed Sissy by her family. Vovk writes that Victoria Louise was intelligent like her paternal grandmother Empress Frederick, stately and dignified like her mother and she enjoyed being the center of attention, and was her fathers favourite. According to her eldest brother Crown Prince Wilhelm, Victoria Louise was the one of us who succeeded in her childhood in gaining a snug place in their fathers heart. In 1902, her English governess Anne Topham observed in their first meeting that the princess was friendly, energetic. Anne later noted that the warlike emperor unbends to an extent when in the bosom of his family. His ideas, his opinions on men and things are persistently quoted by her, the family resided at Homburg Castle, and Victoria Louise and Joachim would often visit their cousins – the children of the Prussian princesses Margaret and Sophia – at nearby Kronberg Castle. In 1905, the princess studied music with concert pianist Sandra Drouker and her confirmation took place at Friedenskirche in Potsdam on 18 October 1909. While in Berlin, Ernest Augustus met Victoria Louise, and the two became smitten with each other, the family had been barred from the succession to Brunswick due to their claims towards the Hanoverian kingdom. They were engaged in Karlsruhe on 11 February 1913 and their wedding, an extravagant affair, took place on 24 May 1913 in Berlin. It was hailed in the press as the end of the rift between the House of Hanover and House of Hohenzollern that had existed since the 1866 annexation, the Times described the union as akin to Romeo and Juliet, albeit with a happier ending. In a diplomatic gesture, Emperor Wilhelm invited almost his entire extended family, also two imprisoned British spies Captain Stewart and Captain Trench, were pardoned and released by the Kaiser as a present to the United Kingdom. Attendees included Wilhelms cousins King George V and Tsar Nicholas II, accompanied by their respective wives Queen Mary, the wedding feast included 1,200 guests. Empress Augusta Victoria took the separation from her only daughter badly, the new duke and duchess of Brunswick moved to the capital of Brunswick and began their family with the birth of their eldest son, Prince Ernest Augustus IV, less than a year after their wedding. They would have four children, Prince George William, Princess Frederica, Prince Christian Oscar
Princess Viktoria Luise of Prussia
–
Photograph of Princess Victoria Louise in 1910
Princess Viktoria Luise of Prussia
–
Victoria Louise, aged 10
Princess Viktoria Luise of Prussia
–
Victoria Louise, c. 1918
Princess Viktoria Luise of Prussia
–
Victoria Louise in military dress, c. 1913
44.
Wilhelm II, German Emperor
–
Wilhelm II or William II was the last German Emperor and King of Prussia, ruling the German Empire and the Kingdom of Prussia from 15 June 1888 to 9 November 1918. He was the eldest grandchild of the British Queen Victoria and related to many monarchs and his leading generals, Paul von Hindenburg and Erich Ludendorff, dictated policy during the First World War with little regard for the civilian government. An ineffective war-time leader, he lost the support of the army, abdicated in November 1918, and fled to exile in the Netherlands. Wilhelm was born on 27 January 1859 at the Crown Princes Palace, Berlin to Prince Frederick William of Prussia and his wife, Victoria, Princess Royal, the eldest daughter of Britains Queen Victoria. At the time of his birth, his great-uncle Frederick William IV was king of Prussia, a traumatic breech birth left him with a withered left arm due to Erbs palsy, which he tried with some success to conceal. His left arm was about 6 inches shorter than his right arm, historians have suggested that this disability affected his emotional development. In 1863, Wilhelm was taken to England to be present at the wedding of his Uncle Bertie, William attended the ceremony in a Highland costume, complete with a small toy dirk. During the ceremony the four-year-old became restless and his eighteen-year-old uncle Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh, charged with keeping an eye on him, told him to be quiet, but Wilhelm drew his dirk and threatened Alfred. When Alfred attempted to subdue him by force, Wilhelm bit him on the leg and his grandmother, Queen Victoria, missed seeing the fracas, to her Wilhelm remained a clever, dear, good little child, the great favourite of my beloved Vicky. His mother, Vicky, was obsessed with his damaged arm and she blamed herself for the childs handicap and insisted that he become a good rider. The thought that he, as heir to the throne, should not be able to ride was intolerable to her, riding lessons began when Wilhelm was eight and were a matter of endurance for Wilhelm. Over and over, the prince was set on his horse. He fell off time after time but despite his tears was set on its back again, after weeks of this he finally got it right and was able to maintain his balance. Wilhelm, from six years of age, was tutored and heavily influenced by the 39-year-old teacher Georg Hinzpeter, Hinzpeter, he later wrote, was really a good fellow. Whether he was the tutor for me, I dare not decide. The torments inflicted on me, in this riding, must be attributed to my mother. As a teenager he was educated at Kassel at the Friedrichsgymnasium, in January 1877, Wilhelm finished high school and on his eighteenth birthday received as a present from his grandmother, Queen Victoria, the Order of the Garter. After Kassel he spent four terms at the University of Bonn, studying law and he became a member of the exclusive Corps Borussia Bonn
Wilhelm II, German Emperor
–
Kaiser Wilhelm II, c. 1914
Wilhelm II, German Emperor
–
Wilhelm with his father, in Highland dress, in 1862
Wilhelm II, German Emperor
–
In this photo of Wilhelm, his right hand is holding his left hand, which was affected by
Erb's palsy.
Wilhelm II, German Emperor
–
Wilhelm II, German Emperor
45.
George II of Great Britain
–
George II was King of Great Britain and Ireland, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg and Prince-elector of the Holy Roman Empire from 11 June 1727 until his death. George was the last British monarch born outside Great Britain, he was born, after the deaths of Sophia and Anne, Queen of Great Britain, in 1714, his father George I, Elector of Hanover, inherited the British throne. In the first years of his fathers reign as king, George was associated with opposition politicians, as king from 1727, George exercised little control over British domestic policy, which was largely controlled by the Parliament of Great Britain. As elector, he spent twelve summers in Hanover, where he had direct control over government policy. He had a relationship with his eldest son, Frederick. During the War of the Austrian Succession, George participated at the Battle of Dettingen in 1743, Frederick died unexpectedly in 1751, nine years before his father, and so George II was ultimately succeeded by his grandson, George III. For two centuries after George IIs death, history tended to him with disdain, concentrating on his mistresses, short temper. Since then, most scholars have reassessed his legacy and conclude that he held and exercised influence in foreign policy and military appointments. George was born in the city of Hanover in Germany, and was the son of George Louis, Hereditary Prince of Brunswick-Lüneburg, both of Georges parents committed adultery, and in 1694 their marriage was dissolved on the pretext that Sophia had abandoned her husband. She was confined to Ahlden House and denied access to her two children, George and his sister Sophia Dorothea of Hanover, who never saw their mother again. George spoke only French, the language of diplomacy and the court, until the age of four, after which he was taught German by one of his tutors, Johann Hilmar Holstein. In addition to French and German, he was schooled in English and Italian. Georges second cousin once removed, Queen Anne, ascended the thrones of England, Scotland and Ireland in 1702, consequently, after his grandmother and father, George was third in line to succeed Anne in two of her three realms. England and Scotland united in 1707 to form the Kingdom of Great Britain, Georges father did not want his son to enter into a loveless arranged marriage as he had, and wanted him to have the opportunity of meeting his bride before any formal arrangements were made. Negotiations from 1702 for the hand of Princess Hedvig Sophia of Sweden, Dowager Duchess and regent of Holstein-Gottorp, the English envoy to Hanover, Edmund Poley, reported that George was so taken by the good character he had of her that he would not think of anybody else. A marriage contract was concluded by the end of July, on 22 August /2 September 1705O. S. /N. S. Caroline arrived in Hanover for her wedding, which was held the evening in the chapel at Herrenhausen. George was keen to participate in the war against France in Flanders, in early 1707, Georges hopes were fulfilled when Caroline gave birth to a son, Frederick
George II of Great Britain
–
Portrait by
Thomas Hudson, 1744
George II of Great Britain
–
George as a young boy with his mother,
Sophia Dorothea of Celle, and his sister,
Sophia Dorothea of Hanover
George II of Great Britain
–
Caroline of Ansbach by
Godfrey Kneller, 1716
George II of Great Britain
–
London, c. 1710
46.
Royal Marriages Act 1772
–
The right of veto vested in the sovereign by this act provoked severe adverse criticism at the time of its passage. It was repealed on 26 March 2015 as a result of the 2011 Perth Agreement and its provisions were replaced by more limited restrictions that apply only to the first six people in the line of succession. That consent was to be set out in the licence and in the register of the marriage, any marriage contracted without the consent of the monarch was to be null and void. There is, however, no instance in which the formal consent in Council was refused. The Act further made it a crime to perform or participate in a marriage of any member of the Royal Family. This provision was repealed by the Criminal Law Act 1967, both alliances were considered highly unsuitable by the King, who saw himself as having been forced to marry for purely dynastic reasons. Although viewed as a canonically sound marriage by Roman Catholics, this marriage was invalid under the Act, had the marriage been valid, it would have excluded the Prince from succession to the throne under the terms of the Act of Settlement 1701. Both marriages were declared null and void by the Court of Arches on 14 July 1794, acceptance of the marriage would have meant acceptance of the Dukes earlier marriage and the legitimacy of his two children. However, the couple cohabited and were accepted as husband. From about 1858, Fairbrother took the name Mrs FitzGeorge, the marriage was non-existent, not a morganatic marriage as many have called it. It is also incorrect to say that Queen Victoria refused to consent to marriage, as no application was made to her under the Act. The Act rendered void any marriage wherever contracted or solemnised in contravention of it, the Act applied to Catholics, even though they are ineligible to succeed to the throne. It did not apply to descendants of Sophia of Hanover who are not also descendants of George II, the effects of the law were not always foreseen. All European monarchies, and many non-European realms, have laws or traditions requiring prior approval of the monarch for members of the dynasty to marry. Many of George IIs descendants in female lines have married back into the British royal family, in particular, the Queen and other members of the House of Windsor descend from two daughters of George II — — who married foreign rulers, and through Queen Mary from a third. Consent to marriages in the Royal Family continued to be sought, thus, some marriages of British princesses to continental monarchs and princes were not, in law, marriages to foreigners. The wording of the statute also excluded any issue of the marriage from being subject to the Act, in October 2011 David Cameron wrote to the leaders of the other Commonwealth realms proposing that the act be limited to the first six people in line to the throne. The leaders approved the change at the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting held in Perth
Royal Marriages Act 1772
47.
George VI
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George VI was King of the United Kingdom and the Dominions of the British Commonwealth from 11 December 1936 until his death. He was the last Emperor of India and the first Head of the Commonwealth, known as Albert until his accession, George VI was born in the reign of his great-grandmother Queen Victoria, and was named after his great-grandfather Albert, Prince Consort. As the second son of King George V, he was not expected to inherit the throne and spent his life in the shadow of his elder brother. He attended naval college as a teenager, and served in the Royal Navy, in 1920, he was made Duke of York. He married Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon in 1923 and they had two daughters, Elizabeth and Margaret, in the mid-1920s, he had speech therapy for a stammer, which he never fully overcame. Georges elder brother ascended the throne as Edward VIII upon the death of their father in 1936, however, later that year Edward revealed his desire to marry divorced American socialite Wallis Simpson. British Prime Minister Stanley Baldwin advised Edward that for political and religious reasons he could not marry a divorced woman, Edward abdicated in order to marry, and George ascended the throne as the third monarch of the House of Windsor. During Georges reign, the break-up of the British Empire and its transition into the Commonwealth of Nations accelerated, the parliament of the Irish Free State removed direct mention of the monarch from the countrys constitution on the day of his accession. The following year, a new Irish constitution changed the name of the state to Ireland, from 1939, the Empire and Commonwealth – except Ireland – was at war with Nazi Germany. War with Italy and Japan followed in 1940 and 1941, respectively, though Britain and its allies were ultimately victorious in 1945, the United States and the Soviet Union rose as pre-eminent world powers and the British Empire declined. After the independence of India and Pakistan in 1947, George remained king of countries, but relinquished the title of Emperor of India in June 1948. Ireland formally declared itself a republic and left the Commonwealth in 1949, George adopted the new title of Head of the Commonwealth. He was beset by problems in the later years of his reign. He was succeeded by his eldest daughter, Elizabeth II, George was born at York Cottage, on the Sandringham Estate in Norfolk, during the reign of his great-grandmother Queen Victoria. His father was Prince George, Duke of York, the second and eldest-surviving son of the Prince and his mother was the Duchess of York, the eldest child and only daughter of the Duke and Duchess of Teck. His birthday was the 34th anniversary of the death of his great-grandfather, Albert, uncertain of how the Prince Consorts widow, Queen Victoria, would take the news of the birth, the Prince of Wales wrote to the Duke of York that the Queen had been rather distressed. Two days later, he again, I really think it would gratify her if you yourself proposed the name Albert to her. Consequently, he was baptised Albert Frederick Arthur George at St. Mary Magdalenes Church near Sandringham three months later, within the family, he was known informally as Bertie
George VI
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Formal portrait, c. 1940–46
George VI
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Four kings: Edward VII (far right), his son George, Prince of Wales, later George V (far left), and grandsons Edward, later Edward VIII (rear), and Albert, later George VI (foreground), c. 1908
George VI
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Prince Albert (left) at an
RAF dinner in 1919 with
Sir Hugh Trenchard (centre) and
Christopher Courtney (right)
George VI
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The Duke and Duchess (centre, reading programmes) at
Eagle Farm Racecourse,
Brisbane, 1927
48.
Frederika of Hanover
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Frederica of Hanover was Queen consort of the Hellenes as the wife of King Paul of Greece. As a descendant of Queen Victoria, she was, at birth, 34th in the line of succession to the British throne, in her memoirs, Fredericas mother described that she and her husband were shattered and such a possibility had never entered our minds. Victoria Louise herself had once considered as a potential bride for the very same person prior to her marriage. Moreover, the age difference was too great, and her parents were unwilling to put any pressure on their daughter. Prince Paul of Greece, her mothers paternal first cousin, proposed to her during the summer of 1936, Paul was a son of King Constantine I and Fredericas grand-aunt Sophia. Their engagement was announced officially on 28 September 1937, and Britains King George VI gave his consent pursuant to the Royal Marriages Act 1772 on 26 December 1937 and they married in Athens on 9 January 1938. Frederica became Hereditary Princess of Greece, her husband being heir presumptive to his childless elder brother, during the early part of their marriage, they resided at Villa Psychiko in the suburbs of Athens. Ten months after their marriage, their first child, the future Queen Sofia of Spain, was born on 2 November 1938, on 2 June 1940, Frederica gave birth to the future King Constantine II. At the peak of World War II, in April,1941 the Greek Royal Family evacuated to Crete in a Sunderland flying boat, shortly afterwards, the German forces attacked Crete. Frederica and her family were evacuated again, setting up an office in London. In exile, King George II and the rest of the Greek Royal Family settled in South Africa, here Fredericas last child, Princess Irene, was born on 11 May 1942. The South African leader, General Jan Smuts, served as her godfather, the family eventually settled in Egypt in February 1944. On 1 September 1946 the Greek people decided by referendum to restore King George to the throne, the Hereditary Prince and Princess returned to their villa in Psychiko. On 1 April 1947, George II died and Fredericas husband ascended the throne as Paul I, communist political instability in Northern Greece led to the Greek Civil War. The King and Queen toured Northern Greece under severe security to try to appeal for loyalty in the summer of 1947, Queen Frederica was constantly attacked for her German ancestry. Left-wing politicians in Greece repeatedly used the fact that the Kaiser was her grandfather, and she was also criticized variously as very Prussian and was a Nazi. During the civil war, Queen Frederica set the Queens Camps or Child-cities a network of 53 Camps around Greece where she would gather mostly orphans and these camps provided much needed shelter, food, and education to these children who were aged 3 years to adolescence. The role of these Queens Camps is disputed as a means of propaganda by the monarchy through the educational program, the Queens Camps were a way to care for the children - victims of the civil war
Frederika of Hanover
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Frederica of Hanover
Frederika of Hanover
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Queen Frederica with her husband visiting the USS Providence (CL-82), at Athens, circa May 1947
49.
House of Hanover
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Upon Victorias death, the British throne passed to her eldest son Edward VII, a member of the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha through his father. The House of Hanover was formally named the House of Brunswick-Lüneburg, Hanover line, the senior branch became extinct in 1884, and the House of Hanover is now the only surviving branch of the House of Welf, which is the senior branch of the House of Este. The current head of the House of Hanover is Ernst August, George, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, is considered the first member of the House of Hanover. When the Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg was divided in 1635, George inherited the Principality of Calenberg and his son, Christian Louis inherited the Principality of Lüneburg from Georges brother. Calenberg and Lüneburg were then shared between Georges sons until united in 1705 under his grandson, also called George, who subsequently became George I of Great Britain, all held the title Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg. George died in 1641 and was succeeded by, Christian Louis, 1st son of Duke George, Prince of Calenberg and he relinquished Calenburg when he became Prince of Lüneburg. George William, 2nd son of Duke George, Prince of Calenberg and he relinquished Calenburg when he became Prince of Lüneburg on the death of his brother, Christian Louis. John Frederick, 3rd son of Duke George, Prince of Calenberg, Ernest Augustus, 4th son of Duke George, Prince of Calenberg. He became Prince of Calenberg on the death of his brother John Frederick and he was elevated to prince-elector of the Holy Roman Empire in 1692. Ernest Augustuss wife, Sophia of the Palatinate, was declared heiress of the throne of England by the Act of Settlement of 1701, Sophia was at that time the senior eligible Protestant descendant of James I of England. George Louis, son of Duke Ernest Augustus and Sophia, became Elector and Prince of Calenberg in 1698 and he inherited his mothers claim to the throne of Great Britain when she died in 1714. George Louis became the first British monarch of the House of Hanover as George I in 1714, George I, George II, and George III also served as electors and dukes of Brunswick-Lüneburg, informally, Electors of Hanover. From 1814, when Hanover became a kingdom, the British monarch was also King of Hanover, in 1837, however, the personal union of the thrones of the United Kingdom and Hanover ended. After the death of William IV in 1837, the kings of Hanover continued the dynasty. The 1866 rift between the House of Hanover and the House of Hohenzollern was settled only by the 1913 marriage of Princess Viktoria Luise of Prussia to Ernest Augustus, Duke of Brunswick. At the end of the Thirty Years War, the Peace of Westphalia awarded the Prince-Bishopric of Osnabrück alternately to a Catholic bishop, since the treaty gave cadets priority over heirs and reigning princes, Osnabrück became a form of appanage of the House of Hanover. In 1884, the branch of the House of Welf became extinct. By a law of 1879, the Duchy of Brunswick established a council of regency to take over at the Dukes death
House of Hanover
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George I (1714–1727)
House of Hanover
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House of Hanover
House of Hanover
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George III (1760–1820)
House of Hanover
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George IV (1820–1830)
50.
George III of the United Kingdom
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He was concurrently Duke and prince-elector of Brunswick-Lüneburg in the Holy Roman Empire until his promotion to King of Hanover on 12 October 1814. He was the third British monarch of the House of Hanover, early in his reign, Great Britain defeated France in the Seven Years War, becoming the dominant European power in North America and India. However, many of Britains American colonies were soon lost in the American War of Independence, further wars against revolutionary and Napoleonic France from 1793 concluded in the defeat of Napoleon at the Battle of Waterloo in 1815. In the later part of his life, George III had recurrent, although it has since been suggested that he had the blood disease porphyria, the cause of his illness remains unknown. After a final relapse in 1810, a regency was established, on George IIIs death, the Prince Regent succeeded his father as George IV. Historical analysis of George IIIs life has gone through a kaleidoscope of changing views that have depended heavily on the prejudices of his biographers and the sources available to them. Until it was reassessed in the half of the 20th century, his reputation in the United States was one of a tyrant. George was born in London at Norfolk House and he was the grandson of King George II, and the eldest son of Frederick, Prince of Wales, and Augusta of Saxe-Gotha. As Prince George was born two months prematurely and he was unlikely to survive, he was baptised the same day by Thomas Secker. One month later, he was baptised at Norfolk House. His godparents were the King of Sweden, his uncle the Duke of Saxe-Gotha, George grew into a healthy but reserved and shy child. The family moved to Leicester Square, where George and his younger brother Prince Edward, Duke of York, Family letters show that he could read and write in both English and German, as well as comment on political events of the time, by the age of eight. He was the first British monarch to study science systematically and his religious education was wholly Anglican. At age 10 George took part in a production of Joseph Addisons play Cato and said in the new prologue, What. It may with truth be said, A boy in England born, historian Romney Sedgwick argued that these lines appear to be the source of the only historical phrase with which he is associated. Georges grandfather, King George II, disliked the Prince of Wales, however, in 1751 the Prince of Wales died unexpectedly from a lung injury, and George became heir apparent to the throne. He inherited one of his fathers titles and became the Duke of Edinburgh, now more interested in his grandson, three weeks later the King created George Prince of Wales. Georges mother, now the Dowager Princess of Wales, preferred to keep George at home where she could imbue him with her moral values
George III of the United Kingdom
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Coronation portrait by
Allan Ramsay, 1762
George III of the United Kingdom
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George (right) with his brother
Prince Edward, Duke of York and Albany, and their tutor,
Francis Ayscough, later
Dean of
Bristol, c. 1749
George III of the United Kingdom
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Pastel portrait of George as
Prince of Wales by
Jean-Étienne Liotard, 1754
George III of the United Kingdom
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George III by
Allan Ramsay, 1762
