1.
Prince's Palace of Monaco
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The Princes Palace of Monaco is the official residence of the Sovereign Prince of Monaco. Built in 1191 as a Genoese fortress, during its long, since the end of the 13th century, it has been the stronghold and home of the Grimaldi family who first captured it in 1297. The Grimaldi ruled the area first as feudal lords, and from the 17th century as sovereign princes, thus while other European sovereigns were building luxurious, modern Renaissance and Baroque palaces, politics and common sense demanded that the palace of the Monegasque rulers be fortified. This unique requirement, at such a stage in history, has made the palace at Monaco one of the most unusual in Europe. Thus, their fortunes and politics are directly reflected in the evolution of the palace, thus, the Princes Palace reflects the history not only of Monaco, but of the family which in 1997 celebrated 700 years of rule from the same palace. During the 19th and early 20th centuries, the palace and its owners became symbols of the slightly risqué glamour and decadence that were associated with Monte Carlo, glamour and theatricality became reality when the American film star Grace Kelly became chatelaine of the palace in 1956. In the 21st century, the remains the residence of the current Prince of Monaco. The palace is a blend of styles, its ancient origins are indicated by a lack of symmetry. Thus to evaluate the architecture, wings and blocks have to be observed separately, the principal façade appears as a terrace of Renaissance style palazzi from differing periods of the Renaissance era which—even though they form only one palace—is exactly what they are. These wings are united by their common rusticated ground floor. This Renaissance architecture seems to mask earlier fortifications, the towers of which rise behind the differing classical façades and these towers—many complete with crenellations and machicolations—were actually mostly rebuilt during the 19th century. At the rear of the palace the original medieval fortifications seem untouched by time, the most notable of the many rooms are the state apartments. These were laid out from the 16th century onwards, and were enhanced in the style of those at Versailles during the 18th century, in the 19th century and again during the late 20th century, large-scale restoration of the state rooms consolidated the 18th-century style which prevails today. From here guests enter the Mirror Gallery, a long hall inspired by the Hall of Mirrors at Versailles. This gallery leads to the first of the rooms, the Officers Room. From the Officers Hall the enfilade continues to the Blue Room and this large drawing room, decorated with blue brocade, is hung with Grimaldi family portraits and has chandeliers of Murano glass. The following room, the largest of the apartments, is the Throne Room. Its ceiling and frescoes were executed by Orazio de Ferrari and depict the surrender of Alexander the Great, the throne, in the Empire style, is positioned on a dais, beneath a red silk canopy of estate surmounted by a gilt crown
2.
Monte Carlo
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Monte Carlo /ˈmɒnti ˈkɑːrloʊ/ officially refers to an administrative area of the Principality of Monaco, specifically the ward of Monte Carlo/Spélugues, where the Monte Carlo Casino is located. The permanent population of the ward of Monte Carlo is about 3,500, from west to east they are, Fontvieille, Monaco-Ville, La Condamine, and Monte Carlo. Monte Carlo is situated on a prominent escarpment at the base of the Maritime Alps along the French Riviera and it is also the location of the Hôtel de Paris, the Café de Paris, and the Salle Garnier. The eastern part of the quarter includes the community of Larvotto with Monacos only public beach, as well as its new center. At the quarters eastern border, one crosses into the French town of Beausoleil, at the time, a number of small towns in Europe were growing prosperous from the establishment of casinos, notably in German towns such as Baden-Baden and Homburg. The success of the casino grew slowly, largely due to the areas inaccessibility from much of Europe, the installation of the railway in 1868, however, brought with it an influx of people into Monte Carlo and saw it grow in wealth. Saint-Charles Church on Monte Carlos Avenue Sainte-Charles was completed in 1883 and it was restored in its centenary year. The municipalities were merged into one in 1917, after accusations that the government was acting according to the divide and conquer. Today, Monaco is divided into 10 wards, with an eleventh ward planned to land reclaimed from the sea. The quarter of Monte Carlo was served by tramways from 1900 to 1953, in 2003 a new cruise ship pier was completed in the harbour at Monte Carlo. Monte Carlo is host to most of the Circuit de Monaco and it also hosts world championship boxing bouts, the European Poker Tour Grand Final and the World Backgammon Championship as well as the Monaco International Auto Show, fashion shows and other events. Although the Monte Carlo Masters tennis tournament is billed as taking place in the community, Monte Carlo has been visited by royalty as well as the general public and movie stars for decades. The rally, however, takes place outside the Monte Carlo quarter and is run mostly on French roads, the Opéra de Monte-Carlo or Salle Garnier was built to designs of the architect Charles Garnier, who also designed the Paris opera house now known as the Palais Garnier. Although much smaller, the Salle Garnier is very similar in style with decorations in red and gold and it was inaugurated on 25 January 1879 with a performance by Sarah Bernhardt dressed as a nymph. The first opera performed there was Robert Planquettes Le Chevalier Gaston on 8 February 1879, gunsbourg had remained for sixty years. This production formed part of an association between the company and Massenet and his operas, two of which were presented there posthumously. Other famous twentieth-century singers to appear at Monte Carlo included Titta Ruffo, Geraldine Farrar, Mary Garden, Tito Schipa, Beniamino Gigli, Claudia Muzio, Georges Thill, and Lily Pons. Apart from Massenet, composers whose works had their first performances at Monte Carlo included, Saint-Saëns, Mascagni, indeed, since its inauguration, the theatre has hosted 45 world premiere productions of operas
3.
Monaco
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Monaco, officially the Principality of Monaco, is a sovereign city-state and microstate, located on the French Riviera in Western Europe. France borders the country on three sides while the other side borders the Mediterranean Sea, Monaco has an area of 2.02 km2 and a population of about 38,400 according to the last census of 2015. With 19,009 inhabitants per km², it is the second smallest, Monaco has a land border of 5.47 km, a coastline of 3.83 km, and a width that varies between 1,700 and 349 m. The highest point in the country is a pathway named Chemin des Révoires on the slopes of Mont Agel, in the Les Révoires Ward. Monacos most populous Quartier is Monte Carlo and the most populous Ward is Larvotto/Bas Moulins, through land reclamation, Monacos land mass has expanded by twenty percent, in 2005, it had an area of only 1.974 km2. Monaco is known as a playground for the rich and famous, in 2014, it was noted about 30% of the population was made up of millionaires, more than in Zürich or Geneva. Monaco is a principality governed under a form of constitutional monarchy, although Prince Albert II is a constitutional monarch, he wields immense political power. The House of Grimaldi have ruled Monaco, with brief interruptions, the official language is French, but Monégasque, Italian, and English are widely spoken and understood. The states sovereignty was recognized by the Franco-Monegasque Treaty of 1861. Despite Monacos independence and separate foreign policy, its defense is the responsibility of France, however, Monaco does maintain two small military units. Economic development was spurred in the late 19th century with the opening of the countrys first casino, Monte Carlo, since then, Monacos mild climate, scenery, and gambling facilities have contributed to the principalitys status as a tourist destination and recreation center for the rich. In more recent years, Monaco has become a major banking center and has sought to diversify its economy into services and small, high-value-added, the state has no income tax, low business taxes, and is well known for being a tax haven. It is also the host of the street circuit motor race Monaco Grand Prix. Monaco is not formally a part of the European Union, but it participates in certain EU policies, including customs, through its relationship with France, Monaco uses the euro as its sole currency. Monaco joined the Council of Europe in 2004 and it is a member of the Organisation Internationale de la Francophonie. Monacos name comes from the nearby 6th-century BC Phocaean Greek colony, according to an ancient myth, Hercules passed through the Monaco area and turned away the previous gods. As a result, a temple was constructed there, the temple of Hercules Monoikos, because the only temple of this area was the House of Hercules, the city was called Monoikos. It ended up in the hands of the Holy Roman Empire, an ousted branch of a Genoese family, the Grimaldi, contested it for a hundred years before actually gaining control
4.
Daniel Ducruet
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Daniel Ducruet is a former husband of Princess Stéphanie of Monaco, to whom he was married in 1995 and divorced from a year later in 1996. Two of his children, Louis and Pauline, are currently 11th and 12th in the line of succession to the Monegasque throne, Ducruet was born in Beausoleil, Alpes-Maritimes to Henri Ducruet, a manual laborer and his wife Maguy, a homemaker. Ducruet attended the University of Nice but dropped out after a year and he worked as a bodybuilder, pet shop clerk and a fish monger before being accepted into Monacos police force as a trainee officer in 1986. Within two years he had appointed a Palace bodyguard with responsibility for Prince Albert. In 1991, he was appointed by Prince Rainier to accompany his daughter Princess Stéphanie as bodyguard on her tour to promote her record album. Daniel has since launched a career as a singer releasing two albums Pourquoi Pas and Jamais personne, with little success and he also wrote a book about his life with the Grimaldi family. In 2004 he has part in the Italian reality TV show La Fattoria and the similar French reality TV show La Ferme Célébrités. Also in 2004 he hosted Real TV, the Italian version of Real TV, Ducruets first marriage to Sandra Naccache ended in divorce in the mid-1980s. Ducruets girlfriend Martine Malbouvier was six months pregnant with his first child and his first son, Michaël Ducruet, was born in February 1992. On 26 November 1992, ten months after the birth of his first child, Stéphanie campaigned long and hard for her father to approve a marriage between her and Ducruet, since he was reluctant to sanction a marriage between the two. Only after the birth of their child, a daughter Pauline Grace Maguy Ducruet, born on 4 May 1994. Louis and Pauline Ducruet were legitimated by their parents marriage and are currently 11th and 12th in the line of succession to the Monégasque throne, on 1 July 1995 Ducruet and Princess Stéphanie were married in a civil ceremony at the Monacos Palace Princier. Ducruet and Princess Stéphanie jointly invested in the Replay Store and Replay Cafe in Monaco, Ducruet claimed that he was set up. At the height of the scandal, a 90-minute video of the Ducruets encounter with Houteman sold in Italy, when the story made headlines, Ducruet fled to Morocco. Upon his return he met with his wife who submitted a written request for a divorce from her father on 16 September 1996, Princess Stéphanie divorced Ducruet on 4 October 1996. After the divorce, Stéphanie bought his share of their joint business interest in Replay Restaurant on Rue Grimaldi, after the publication of the compromising photographs and video footage of Ducruet and Muriel Fili Mol-Houteman, Ducruet took legal action. He claimed that Mol-Houteman had conspired with photographer Stephane de Lisiecki and he also claimed that Mol-Houteman drugged his champagne. Mol-Houteman received a suspended sentence, while Lisiecki and Hoogewys were given one-year suspended sentences
5.
Adans Lopez Peres
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He is a well-known performer but is probably best known as the second husband of Princess Stéphanie of Monaco. He is 10 years her junior and they allegedly married secretly in Vandœuvres on 12 September 2003. On 22 July 2004, Germanys illustrated Bild newspaper reported that Stephanie had split from Peres and that autumn they were divorced on 24 November 2004, after only 10 months of marriage, without issue
6.
Louis Ducruet
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Louis Robert Paul Ducruet is the son of Princess Stéphanie of Monaco and Daniel Ducruet who were married in a civil cermeony on July 1,1995. His sister Pauline Grace Ducruet was born on May 4,1994, Ducruet has a half-brother Michaël, and a half-sister Camille Marie. Although he holds no title, he is a grandson of Rainier III, Prince of Monaco, as nephew of Prince Albert II, he is currently 11th in the line of succession to the Monegasque throne. Ducruet is soccer fan and supports the AS Monaco FC team with great enthusiasm and he is fluent in French and English and Monegasque. He also speaks some German, Italian and Japanese, Ducruet attended primary school in Auron, France. He currently studies Sports Management at Western Carolina University, in Cullowhee, photos of Louis next to his mother, Princess Stéphanie and uncle Prince Albert II
7.
Pauline Ducruet
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Pauline Grace Maguy Ducruet is a member of Princely House of Grimaldi. She is the daughter of Princess Stéphanie of Monaco. Her maternal grandparents were Rainier III, Prince of Monaco, and she is the niece of Prince Albert II. Ducruet is currently 13th in the line of succession to the Monegasque throne, Pauline was born in 4 May 1994 at Princess Grace Hospital Centre in La Colle, Monaco. She is the child of Princess Stéphanie of Monaco and her first ex-Daniel Ducruet. Her parents subsequently married in a ceremony on 1 July 1995. She has a brother and two half-siblings from her parents other relationships, a half-brother from a relationship her father previously had with Martine Malbouvier. She received aAssociate degree in Fashion Design from Parsons The New School for Design 2015-2017, a License in Styling from Istituto Marangoni in Paris, France 2012-2015. She recevied a baccalaureate, literary section, from Lycée Prince Albert I de Monaco and she attendedCollège Charles III de Monaco. And, for a time, Lycée Français de Zurich. She attended an École Primaire in Auron, France, Pauline is said to have skipped a year in school, making her a year behind her brother, rather than two years behind. She received her French Baccalauréat degree in July 2011 and she joined her uncle Prince Albert for the opening of a Grace Kelly exhibit in New York in 2016. Pauline Ducruet is a competitive diver, in August 2010 she was part of the Monaco delegation at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics in Singapore. 18th FINA Junior Diving World Championships Group A Girls 1m -21 Group A Girls 3m -29 On 5 November 2010, miss Ducruets earliest activities include the training of elephants in the circus of Franco Knie. In 2004, she was involved in gymnastics, her mother is president of Monacos gymnastics federation, Pauline has been appointed President of the Jury of the New International Festival for Young Artists as a part of the International Circus Festival of Monte-Carlo 2012. Photos of Pauline next to her mother, Princess Stéphanie and her family and uncle Prince Albert II Biography on the site of the Singapore Youth Olympics
8.
Dynasty
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A dynasty is a sequence of rulers from the same family, usually in the context of a feudal or monarchical system but sometimes also appearing in elective republics. The dynastic family or lineage may be known as a house, historians periodize the histories of many sovereign states, such as Ancient Egypt, the Carolingian Empire and Imperial China, using a framework of successive dynasties. As such, the dynasty may be used to delimit the era during which the family reigned and to describe events, trends. The word dynasty itself is often dropped from such adjectival references, until the 19th century, it was taken for granted that a legitimate function of a monarch was to aggrandize his dynasty, that is, to increase the territory, wealth, and power of his family members. The longest-surviving dynasty in the world is the Imperial House of Japan, dynasties throughout the world have traditionally been reckoned patrilineally, such as under the Frankish Salic law. Succession through a daughter when permitted was considered to establish a new dynasty in her husbands ruling house, however, some states in Africa, determined descent matrilineally, while rulers have at other times adopted the name of their mothers dynasty when coming into her inheritance. It is also extended to unrelated people such as poets of the same school or various rosters of a single sports team. The word dynasty derives via Latin dynastia from Greek dynastéia, where it referred to power, dominion and it was the abstract noun of dynástēs, the agent noun of dynamis, power or ability, from dýnamai, to be able. A ruler in a dynasty is referred to as a dynast. For example, following his abdication, Edward VIII of the United Kingdom ceased to be a member of the House of Windsor. A dynastic marriage is one that complies with monarchical house law restrictions, the marriage of Willem-Alexander, Prince of Orange, to Máxima Zorreguieta in 2002 was dynastic, for example, and their eldest child is expected to inherit the Dutch crown eventually. But the marriage of his younger brother Prince Friso to Mabel Wisse Smit in 2003 lacked government support, thus Friso forfeited his place in the order of succession, lost his title as a Prince of the Netherlands, and left his children without dynastic rights. In historical and monarchist references to formerly reigning families, a dynast is a member who would have had succession rights, were the monarchys rules still in force. Even since abolition of the Austrian monarchy, Max and his descendants have not been considered the rightful pretenders by Austrian monarchists, nor have they claimed that position. The term dynast is sometimes used only to refer to descendants of a realms monarchs. The term can therefore describe overlapping but distinct sets of people, yet he is not a male-line member of the royal family, and is therefore not a dynast of the House of Windsor. Thus, in 1999 he requested and obtained permission from Elizabeth II to marry the Roman Catholic Princess Caroline of Monaco. Yet a clause of the English Act of Settlement 1701 remained in effect at that time and that exclusion, too, ceased to apply on 26 March 2015, with retroactive effect for those who had been dynasts prior to triggering it by marriage to a Catholic
9.
House of Grimaldi
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The House of Grimaldi is associated with the history of the Republic of Genoa, Italy and of the Principality of Monaco. The Grimaldi descend from Grimaldo, a Genoese statesman at the time of the early Crusades and he may have been a son of Otto Canella, a consul of the Republic of Genoa in 1133. In turn Grimaldo became a consul in 1160,1170 and again in 1184 and his numerous descendants led maritime expeditions throughout the Mediterranean, the Black Sea, and soon the North Sea. They quickly became one of the most powerful families of Genoa, the Grimaldis feared that the head of a rival Genoese family could break the fragile balance of power in a political coup and become lord of Genoa, as had happened in other Italian cities. They entered into a Guelphic alliance with the Fieschi family and defended their interests with the sword, the Guelfs however were banned from the City in 1271, and found refuge in their castles in Liguria and Provence. They signed a treaty with Charles of Anjou, King of Naples and Count of Provence to retake control of Genoa, in 1276, they accepted a peace under the auspices of the Pope, which however did not put an end to the civil war. Not all the Grimaldis chose to return to Genoa, as preferred to settle in their fiefdoms. In 1299, the Grimaldis and their allies launched a few galleys to attack the port of Genoa before taking refuge on the Western Riviera, during the following years, the Grimaldis entered into different alliances that would allow them to return to power in Genoa. This time, it was the turn of their rivals, the Spinola family, during this period, both the Guelphs and Ghibellines took and abandoned the castle of Monaco, which was ideally located to launch political and military operations against Genoa. Therefore, the tale of Francis Grimaldi and his faction — who took the castle of Monaco disguised as friars in 1297 — is largely anecdotal, in the early 14th century, the Aragonese raided the shores of Provence and Liguria, challenging Genoa and King Robert of Provence. In 1353, the fleet of eighty Venetian and Aragonese galleys gathered in Sardinia to meet the fleet of sixty galleys under the command of Anthony Grimaldi. Only nineteen Genoese vessels survived the battle, fearing an invasion, Genoa rushed to request the protection of the Lord of Milan. Several of the oldest feudal branches of the House of Grimaldi appeared during these conflicts, such as the branches of Antibes, Beuil, Nice, Puget, and Sicily. In 1395, the Grimaldis took advantage of the discords in Genoa to take possession of Monaco and this is the origin of todays principality. As was customary in Genoa, the Grimaldis organised their family ties within a corporation called albergo, the House of Grimaldi provided several doges, cardinals, cabinet ministers, and military officers of historical note. By convention, sovereign European houses are reckoned in the male line, therefore, since 1731, it has been determined genealogically that it was in fact the French noble House of Goyon-Matignon that ruled as Princes of Monaco until 1949. Similarly, when Charlotte Louvet was legitimised in 1911 and made successor to Monaco, her husband, Count Pierre de Polignac, adopted, as a condition of the marriage, in this way the Grimaldi name and arms were continued. Until 2002, a treaty between Monaco and France stated that if the reigning Prince ever failed to leave dynastic offspring, the 2002 agreement modified this to expand the pool of potential heirs to dynastic collaterals of the reigning Prince, guaranteeing Monegasque independence
10.
Rainier III, Prince of Monaco
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Rainier III ruled the Principality of Monaco for almost 56 years, making him one of the longest ruling monarchs in European history. Gambling accounts for approximately three percent of the nations annual revenue today, when Rainier ascended the throne in 1949. As of 2017, he was the last European monarch to have died on the throne. Rainier was born at Princes Palace in Monaco, the son of Prince Pierre of Monaco, Duke of Valentinois and his wife. Rainier was the first native-born hereditary prince of Monaco since Honore IV in 1758, Rainiers father was a half-French, half-Mexican who adopted his wifes surname, Grimaldi, upon marriage and was made a prince of Monaco by Prince Louis, his father-in-law. Rainier had one sibling, Princess Antoinette, Baroness of Massy, Rainiers early education was conducted in England, at the prestigious public schools of Summerfields in St Leonards-on-Sea, Sussex, and later at Stowe, in Buckinghamshire. In 1944, upon his 21st birthday, Rainiers mother renounced her right to the Monegasque throne and Rainier became Prince Louiss direct heir. In World War II Rainier joined the Free French Army in September 1944, and serving under General de Monsabert as a second lieutenant and he received the French Croix de Guerre with bronze star and was given the rank of Chevalier in the French Legion of Honor in 1947. Following his decommission from the French Army, he was promoted by the French government as a captain in April 1949, Rainiers sister, Princess Antoinette, wishing her own son to ascend the throne, spread rumours that Pascal was infertile. The rumours combined with a snobbery over Pascals family origins ultimately ended the relationship, Rainier became the Sovereign Prince of Monaco on the death of Louis II on 9 May 1949. After ascending the throne, Rainier worked assiduously to recoup Monacos lustre, according to numerous obituaries, the prince was faced upon his ascension with a treasury that was practically empty. The small nations traditional gambling clientele, largely European aristocrats, found themselves with reduced funds after World War II, other gambling centers had opened to compete with Monaco, many of them successfully. To compensate for loss of income, Rainier decided to promote Monaco as a tax haven, commercial center, real-estate development opportunity. Prince Rainier regained control of SBM in 1964, effectively ensuring that his vision of Monaco would be implemented, as Prince of Monaco, Rainier was also responsible for the principalitys new constitution in 1962 which significantly reduced the power of the sovereign. The changes ended autocratic rule, placing power with the prince, at the time of his death, he was the worlds second longest-serving living head of state, ranking just below the King of Thailand, Bhumibol Adulyadej. After a year-long courtship described as containing a good deal of rational appraisal on both sides, Prince Rainier married Oscar-winning American actress Grace Kelly in 1956, the ceremonies in Monaco were on 18 April 1956 and 19 April 1956. In 1979, Prince Rainier made his debut alongside his wife Grace in a 33-minute independent film called Rearranged, produced in Monaco. According to co-star Edward Meeks, after premiering it in Monaco, Grace showed it to ABC TV executives in New York in 1982, however, Grace died in a car crash caused by a stroke in 1982, making it impossible to expand the film for American release
11.
Grace Kelly
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Grace Patricia Kelly was an American actress who became Princess of Monaco after marrying Prince Rainier III, in April 1956. In October 1953, she gained stardom from her performance in the film Mogambo, which won her a Golden Globe Award, subsequently, she had leading roles in five films, including The Country Girl, for which her deglamorized performance earned her an Academy Award for Best Actress. Kelly retired from acting at the age of 26 to marry Rainier and they had three children, Caroline, Albert II, and Stéphanie. Kelly retained her American roots, maintaining dual U. S. and she died on September 14,1982, a day after suffering a stroke while driving her car, which caused a crash. Kelly was born on November 12,1929, at Hahnemann University Hospital in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, to an affluent and influential family. Her father, Irish-American John B. Kelly Sr. had won three Olympic gold medals for sculling and owned a successful brickwork contracting company that was well-known on the East Coast. A registered Democrat, he was nominated to be mayor of Philadelphia for the 1935 election, in later years, he served on the Fairmount Park Commission and, during World War II, was appointed by President Roosevelt as National Director of Physical Fitness. Kellys mother was Philadelphia native Margaret Katherine Majer, the daughter of German immigrants, Margaret had taught physical education at the University of Pennsylvania and had been the first woman to coach womens athletics at the institution. She was noted for her beauty and modeled for a time in her youth, after marrying John B. Kelly in 1924, Margaret focused on being a housewife until all her children were of school age, following which she began actively participating in various civic organizations. Kelly had two siblings, Margaret and John Jr. and a younger sister, Elizabeth. The children were raised in the Roman Catholic faith, while attending Ravenhill Academy, a prestigious Catholic girls school, Kelly modeled fashions at local social events with her mother and sisters. In 1942, at the age of 12, she played the lead in Dont Feed the Animals, before graduating in May 1947 from Stevens School, a socially prominent private institution on Walnut Lane in the Northwest Philadelphia neighborhood of Germantown, she acted and danced. Her graduation yearbook listed her favorite actress as Ingrid Bergman and her favorite actor as Joseph Cotten, written in the Stevens Prophecy section was, Miss Grace P. Kelly – a famous star of stage and screen. Owing to her low mathematics scores, Kelly was rejected by Bennington College in July 1947, despite her parents initial disapproval, Kelly decided to pursue her dreams of being an actress. John was particularly displeased with her decision, he viewed acting as a cut above streetwalker. To start her career, she auditioned for the American Academy of Dramatic Arts in New York, although the school had already met its semester quota, she obtained an interview with the admission officer, Emile Diestel, and was admitted through the influence of George. She began her first term the following October, while at school, she lived in Manhattans Barbizon Hotel for Women, a prestigious establishment which barred men from entering after 10 pm, and she worked as a model to support her studies. Kelly worked diligently and practiced her speech by using a tape recorder and her early acting pursuits led her to the stage, most notably a Broadway debut in Strindbergs The Father alongside Raymond Massey
12.
Albert II, Prince of Monaco
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Albert II is the reigning monarch of the Principality of Monaco and head of the princely house of Grimaldi. He is the son of Prince Rainier III and the American actress Grace Kelly, Prince Alberts sisters are Caroline, Princess of Hanover, and Princess Stéphanie. In July 2011, Prince Albert married Charlene Wittstock, Prince Albert II is one of the wealthiest royals in the world, with assets valued at more than $1 billion, which include land in Monaco and France. Albert was born in the Princes Palace of Monaco and he has ancestry from Ireland, Britain, the United States, Germany, France, Belgium, and Monaco. His godmother was the Spanish queen Victoria Eugenia of Battenberg, Albert graduated with distinction from the Lycee Albert Premier, in 1976. He was a camper and later a counselor for six summers at Camp Tecumseh, on Lake Winnipesaukee, Moultonborough, New Hampshire and he speaks French, English, German, and Italian. He spent the summer of 1979 touring Europe and the Middle East with the Amherst Glee Club, Albert also undertook an exchange program with the University of Bristol, at the Alfred Marshall School of Economics and Management in 1979. Albert was a sportsman, participating in cross country, javelin throwing, handball, judo, swimming, tennis, rowing, sailing, skiing, squash. He is a patron of Monacos football teams, Albert competed in the bobsleigh at five consecutive Winter Olympics for Monaco, taking part in both the two-man and four-man events. In the two-man bobsleigh Albert finished 25th at the 1988 games in Calgary, 43rd at the 1992 games in Albertville, and 31st at the 2002 games. In the four-man bobsleigh Albert finished 27th in 1992, 26th at the 1994 games in Lillehammer, Albert was Monacos flag bearer at the 1988,1994, and 1998 Winter Olympics. Albert took part in the 1985 Paris–Dakar Rally, but did not finish it and he also became a judo black belt. On 7 March 2005, Alberts father was admitted to a hospital in the principality, the Prince was being treated for breathing, kidney, and heart trouble. This decision was reached by the Crown Council of Monaco, a made up of notable local figures with residual powers to make judgments about certain constitutional matters. On 6 April 2005, Ranier III died and Albert succeeded him as Albert II, the first part of Prince Albert IIs enthronement as ruler of the Principality was on 12 July 2005, after the end of the three-month mourning period for his father. A morning mass at Saint Nicholas Cathedral presided over by the Archbishop of Monaco, afterward Albert II returned to the princely palace to host a garden party for 7,000 Monégasques born in the principality. In the courtyard, the Prince was presented with two keys of the city as a symbol of his investiture, the evening ended with a spectacular fireworks display on the waterfront. The second part of his investiture was on 19 November 2005, Albert was enthroned at Saint Nicholas Cathedral
13.
Caroline, Princess of Hanover
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Caroline, Princess of Hanover, is the eldest child of Rainier III, Prince of Monaco, and American actress Grace Kelly. She is the sister of Prince Albert II and Princess Stéphanie. Caroline is married to Ernst August, Prince of Hanover, the heir to the throne of the Kingdom of Hanover. Caroline was born on 23 January 1957 in the Princes Palace and she is the eldest child of Rainier III, Prince of Monaco, and his wife, former American actress Grace Kelly. Christened Caroline Louise Marguerite, she belongs to the House of Grimaldi and she was the heir presumptive from her birth to 14 March 1958, when her brother Prince Albert was born. On 1 February 1965, her younger sister Princess Stéphanie was born, Caroline is a legitimate patrilineal descendant of the Dukes of Polignac, and as such belongs to the historical French nobility. Through her mother, she is of Irish and German descent, as a child, she spent some of her time at the home of her maternal grandparents John B. Kelly Sr. and Margaret Major in Philadelphia. In an interview for People in April 1982, shortly before her death, Grace described Caroline and Stéphanie as warm, bright, amusing, intelligent, theyre very much in tune with their era. Besides being good students, they are good athletes – excellent skiers and swimmers, both can cook and sew and play the piano and ride a horse. But, above all, my children are good sports, conscious of their position and they are sympathetic to the problems and concerns in the world today. The princess received her French baccalauréat in 1974 with honors and she was also educated at St Marys School Ascot. Caroline continued her studies at the Sorbonne University, where she received a diploma in philosophy and she is fluent in French, English, Spanish, German and Italian. In 1979, Princess Caroline was appointed by her father as the president of the Monegasque Committee for the International Year of the Child, two years later, in 1981, she founded her own foundation Jeune Jécoute. Following her mothers death in 1982, Caroline served as de facto first lady of Monaco until her brother married Charlene Wittstock in 2011, due to her commitment to philanthropy and arts, Caroline was named a UNESCO Goodwill Ambassador on 2 December 2003. The UNICEF honoured her with Childrens Champion Award on 20 May 2006, the next year, she travelled to the Republic of South Africa to meet its former president Nelson Mandela. In December 2011, the World Association of Childrens Friends honoured her for tireless endeavours in continuing the organisations legacy and her personal friend and the Chanel head designer Karl Lagerfeld presented her the award. Caroline had also previously been given the Grand Cross of the Order of St. Charles, Carolines personal interests include horseback riding, swimming and skiing. Since her youth, she has considered a international fashion icon
14.
Line of succession to the Monegasque throne
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The line of succession to the Monegasque throne is a list of people entitled to succeed to the throne of Monaco. The line of succession was most recently and notably modified by a change implemented by Princely Law 1.249 of 2 April 2002. Under the constitution of Monaco, the crown according to male-preference cognatic primogeniture. Children born as a result of adultery are permanently excluded, the list below includes only persons eligible to succeed to the throne. A person born to a dynast who was not married to the parent at the time of birth does not have any succession rights unless legitimized by his or her parents subsequent marriage. Louis and Pauline Ducruet and Alexandre Casiraghi have been legitimised by their parents subsequent marriages, until 2002, the crown of Monaco could only pass to the direct descendants, including adopted children, of the reigning prince. Constitution of Monaco List of rulers of Monaco List of heirs to the Monegasque throne Monaco succession crisis of 1918
15.
French language
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French is a Romance language of the Indo-European family. It descended from the Vulgar Latin of the Roman Empire, as did all Romance languages, French has evolved from Gallo-Romance, the spoken Latin in Gaul, and more specifically in Northern Gaul. Its closest relatives are the other langues doïl—languages historically spoken in northern France and in southern Belgium, French was also influenced by native Celtic languages of Northern Roman Gaul like Gallia Belgica and by the Frankish language of the post-Roman Frankish invaders. Today, owing to Frances past overseas expansion, there are numerous French-based creole languages, a French-speaking person or nation may be referred to as Francophone in both English and French. French is a language in 29 countries, most of which are members of la francophonie. As of 2015, 40% of the population is in Europe, 35% in sub-Saharan Africa, 15% in North Africa and the Middle East, 8% in the Americas. French is the fourth-most widely spoken mother tongue in the European Union, 1/5 of Europeans who do not have French as a mother tongue speak French as a second language. As a result of French and Belgian colonialism from the 17th and 18th century onward, French was introduced to new territories in the Americas, Africa, most second-language speakers reside in Francophone Africa, in particular Gabon, Algeria, Mauritius, Senegal and Ivory Coast. In 2015, French was estimated to have 77 to 110 million native speakers, approximately 274 million people are able to speak the language. The Organisation internationale de la Francophonie estimates 700 million by 2050, in 2011, Bloomberg Businessweek ranked French the third most useful language for business, after English and Standard Mandarin Chinese. Under the Constitution of France, French has been the language of the Republic since 1992. France mandates the use of French in official government publications, public education except in specific cases, French is one of the four official languages of Switzerland and is spoken in the western part of Switzerland called Romandie, of which Geneva is the largest city. French is the language of about 23% of the Swiss population. French is also a language of Luxembourg, Monaco, and Aosta Valley, while French dialects remain spoken by minorities on the Channel Islands. A plurality of the worlds French-speaking population lives in Africa and this number does not include the people living in non-Francophone African countries who have learned French as a foreign language. Due to the rise of French in Africa, the total French-speaking population worldwide is expected to reach 700 million people in 2050, French is the fastest growing language on the continent. French is mostly a language in Africa, but it has become a first language in some urban areas, such as the region of Abidjan, Ivory Coast and in Libreville. There is not a single African French, but multiple forms that diverged through contact with various indigenous African languages, sub-Saharan Africa is the region where the French language is most likely to expand, because of the expansion of education and rapid population growth
16.
France
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France, officially the French Republic, is a country with territory in western Europe and several overseas regions and territories. The European, or metropolitan, area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, Overseas France include French Guiana on the South American continent and several island territories in the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian oceans. France spans 643,801 square kilometres and had a population of almost 67 million people as of January 2017. It is a unitary republic with the capital in Paris. Other major urban centres include Marseille, Lyon, Lille, Nice, Toulouse, during the Iron Age, what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls, a Celtic people. The area was annexed in 51 BC by Rome, which held Gaul until 486, France emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages, with its victory in the Hundred Years War strengthening state-building and political centralisation. During the Renaissance, French culture flourished and a colonial empire was established. The 16th century was dominated by civil wars between Catholics and Protestants. France became Europes dominant cultural, political, and military power under Louis XIV, in the 19th century Napoleon took power and established the First French Empire, whose subsequent Napoleonic Wars shaped the course of continental Europe. Following the collapse of the Empire, France endured a succession of governments culminating with the establishment of the French Third Republic in 1870. Following liberation in 1944, a Fourth Republic was established and later dissolved in the course of the Algerian War, the Fifth Republic, led by Charles de Gaulle, was formed in 1958 and remains to this day. Algeria and nearly all the colonies became independent in the 1960s with minimal controversy and typically retained close economic. France has long been a centre of art, science. It hosts Europes fourth-largest number of cultural UNESCO World Heritage Sites and receives around 83 million foreign tourists annually, France is a developed country with the worlds sixth-largest economy by nominal GDP and ninth-largest by purchasing power parity. In terms of household wealth, it ranks fourth in the world. France performs well in international rankings of education, health care, life expectancy, France remains a great power in the world, being one of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council with the power to veto and an official nuclear-weapon state. It is a member state of the European Union and the Eurozone. It is also a member of the Group of 7, North Atlantic Treaty Organization, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, the World Trade Organization, originally applied to the whole Frankish Empire, the name France comes from the Latin Francia, or country of the Franks
17.
Paris Match
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Paris Match is a French-language weekly news magazine. It covers major national and international news along with celebrity lifestyle features, the magazine was started as a news magazine with the name Match in 1938 by the industrialist Jean Prouvost and closed in June 1940. It was relaunched in 1949 with a new name, Paris Match, the magazine temporarily ceased its publication between 18 May and 15 June 1968 upon the call for a strike by the Syndicat du Livre, the French Printers’ Union. In 1976 Daniel Filipacchi purchased the ailing Paris Match, and turned it into one of Frances most successful and it is published weekly and is now part of Hachette Filipacchi Médias, which is itself owned by the Lagardère Group. On occasion, Paris Match has sold more than one million worldwide when covering major events such as the first flight by a French astronaut aboard the U. S. Benoît Clair, a writer for Paris Match, was the first journalist allowed to join the shuttle crew members from training until the departure for the launch pad at Cape Canaveral. A series of reports on the training was published in Paris Match on 22 April 1985,17 June 1985 and 20 January 1986, as of 1996 the magazine had an independent political stance. Paris Match had a circulation of 1,800,000 copies in 1958, the 1988 circulation of the magazine was 873,000 copies, making it the best-selling news weekly in the country. In 2001 the weekly was the tenth largest news magazine worldwide with a circulation of 630,000 copies, Paris Match had a circulation of 656,000 copies during the 2007–2008 period. In 2009 the magazine was the best selling magazine in France with a circulation of 611,000 copies. Its circulation was 578,282 copies in 2014, in Hergés Tintin adventure The Castafiore Emerald, reporters from the imaginary Paris-Flash magazine play a major role in the plots development. The magazine is satirized as sensationalist and inaccurate
18.
English language
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English /ˈɪŋɡlɪʃ/ is a West Germanic language that was first spoken in early medieval England and is now the global lingua franca. Named after the Angles, one of the Germanic tribes that migrated to England, English is either the official language or one of the official languages in almost 60 sovereign states. It is the third most common language in the world, after Mandarin. It is the most widely learned second language and a language of the United Nations, of the European Union. It is the most widely spoken Germanic language, accounting for at least 70% of speakers of this Indo-European branch, English has developed over the course of more than 1,400 years. The earliest forms of English, a set of Anglo-Frisian dialects brought to Great Britain by Anglo-Saxon settlers in the century, are called Old English. Middle English began in the late 11th century with the Norman conquest of England, Early Modern English began in the late 15th century with the introduction of the printing press to London and the King James Bible, and the start of the Great Vowel Shift. Through the worldwide influence of the British Empire, modern English spread around the world from the 17th to mid-20th centuries, English is an Indo-European language, and belongs to the West Germanic group of the Germanic languages. Most closely related to English are the Frisian languages, and English, Old Saxon and its descendent Low German languages are also closely related, and sometimes Low German, English, and Frisian are grouped together as the Ingvaeonic or North Sea Germanic languages. Modern English descends from Middle English, which in turn descends from Old English, particular dialects of Old and Middle English also developed into a number of other English languages, including Scots and the extinct Fingallian and Forth and Bargy dialects of Ireland. English is classified as a Germanic language because it shares new language features with other Germanic languages such as Dutch, German and these shared innovations show that the languages have descended from a single common ancestor, which linguists call Proto-Germanic. Through Grimms law, the word for foot begins with /f/ in Germanic languages, English is classified as an Anglo-Frisian language because Frisian and English share other features, such as the palatalisation of consonants that were velar consonants in Proto-Germanic. The earliest form of English is called Old English or Anglo-Saxon, in the fifth century, the Anglo-Saxons settled Britain and the Romans withdrew from Britain. England and English are named after the Angles, Old English was divided into four dialects, the Anglian dialects, Mercian and Northumbrian, and the Saxon dialects, Kentish and West Saxon. Through the educational reforms of King Alfred in the century and the influence of the kingdom of Wessex. The epic poem Beowulf is written in West Saxon, and the earliest English poem, Modern English developed mainly from Mercian, but the Scots language developed from Northumbrian. A few short inscriptions from the period of Old English were written using a runic script. By the sixth century, a Latin alphabet was adopted, written with half-uncial letterforms and it included the runic letters wynn ⟨ƿ⟩ and thorn ⟨þ⟩, and the modified Latin letters eth ⟨ð⟩, and ash ⟨æ⟩
19.
Italian language
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By most measures, Italian, together with Sardinian, is the closest to Latin of the Romance languages. Italian is a language in Italy, Switzerland, San Marino, Vatican City. Italian is spoken by minorities in places such as France, Montenegro, Bosnia & Herzegovina, Crimea and Tunisia and by large expatriate communities in the Americas. Many speakers are native bilinguals of both standardized Italian and other regional languages, Italian is the fourth most studied language in the world. Italian is a major European language, being one of the languages of the Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe. It is the third most widely spoken first language in the European Union with 65 million native speakers, including Italian speakers in non-EU European countries and on other continents, the total number of speakers is around 85 million. Italian is the working language of the Holy See, serving as the lingua franca in the Roman Catholic hierarchy as well as the official language of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta. Italian is known as the language of music because of its use in musical terminology and its influence is also widespread in the arts and in the luxury goods market. Italian has been reported as the fourth or fifth most frequently taught foreign language in the world, Italian was adopted by the state after the Unification of Italy, having previously been a literary language based on Tuscan as spoken mostly by the upper class of Florentine society. Its development was influenced by other Italian languages and to some minor extent. Its vowels are the second-closest to Latin after Sardinian, unlike most other Romance languages, Italian retains Latins contrast between short and long consonants. As in most Romance languages, stress is distinctive, however, Italian as a language used in Italy and some surrounding regions has a longer history. What would come to be thought of as Italian was first formalized in the early 14th century through the works of Tuscan writer Dante Alighieri, written in his native Florentine. Dante is still credited with standardizing the Italian language, and thus the dialect of Florence became the basis for what would become the language of Italy. Italian was also one of the recognised languages in the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Italy has always had a dialect for each city, because the cities. Those dialects now have considerable variety, as Tuscan-derived Italian came to be used throughout Italy, features of local speech were naturally adopted, producing various versions of Regional Italian. Even in the case of Northern Italian languages, however, scholars are not to overstate the effects of outsiders on the natural indigenous developments of the languages
20.
Sisters of the Infant Jesus
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They were founded in Rouen, France, in 1666, as part of the work of Nicolas Barré, a Minim friar and Catholic priest, who had gathered some young women for the free instruction of the poor in 1662. Today, the Infant Jesus Sisters and their lay volunteers have a presence worldwide through social projects and they are also known as Dames of St. -Maur, from the address of their major house in Paris. In 1659 Barré, who was a scholar within his Order, was sent to the monastery of the Order in Rouen. He became widely known as a preacher and his sermons attracted a large audience, in 1662 Barré saw the need for the education of the poor in France. France in the late 17th century was suffering from the effects of the Franco-Spanish War, as a result of his efforts to promote a planned parish mission in the nearby village of Sotteville-lès-Rouen, Barré came to see the suffering of the local population. To enable parents to attend the mission, Barré asked two young women to come and help with the children. One was a resident, Françoise Duval,18 years old, the other was Marguerite Lestocq, then aged 20. He saw the need to make education more accessible to all. There were hardly any schools for girls and very few for boys, most primary school teachers were poorly educated and religious education was almost non-existent, there was profound ignorance of the Catholic faith. In 1662, half the children in Rouen died of famine, many were homeless and wandered the streets as beggars and, for some, prostitution became one of the few means of livelihood available. They began to give classes to young girls in a room which they were allowed to use. Soon three other women joined them, and two separate schools were opened. He taught them the value of “instruction and education” and from the beginning he trained the young teachers to respect the uniqueness of each child and to develop each one’s potential. The teachers were to speak in a humble, gentle and simple manner so that even the youngest could understand, and they were to teach only what they themselves had adequately grasped. As the enrollment increased, more schools were established, and four years later and this was the beginning of a religious congregation whose main work was the education of the poor. The year 1666 saw the founding of the Congregation of the Sisters of the Infant Jesus, after several years of teaching in the schools, the five young women were invited by Barré to consider becoming part of a committed community. After some reflection, they felt that they were indeed called to this way of life and these women were not bound by religious vows or confined to a cloister. They were free to serve the community and provide free education for poor children
21.
Dupanloup
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Félix Antoine Philibert Dupanloup was a French ecclesiastic. Dupanloup was born at Saint-Félix, in Haute-Savoie, an son of Camillo Borghese. In his earliest years he was confided to the care of his brother, in 1810 he was sent to a pensionnat ecclésiastique at Paris. Thence he went to the seminary of St Nicolas de Chardonnel in 1813, in 1825 he was ordained priest, and was appointed vicar of the Madeleine at Paris. For a time he was tutor to the Orléans princes and he became the founder of the celebrated academy at St Hyacinthe, and received a letter from Gregory XVI lauding his work there, and calling him Apostolus juventutis. Dupanloup resigned in 1875 after Émile Littré, an agnostic, was elected to the Academy and his imposing height, his noble features, his brilliant eloquence, as well as his renown for zeal and charity, made him a prominent feature in French life for many years. Crowds of persons attended his addresses, on whom his energy, command of language, powerful voice, when made bishop of Orléans in 1849, he pronounced a fervid panegyric on Joan of Arc, which attracted attention in England as well as France. Joan of Arc was later canonized, due partly to Dupanloups efforts, before this, he had been sent by Archbishop Aifre to Rome, and had been appointed Roman prelate and protonotary apostolic. For thirty years he remained a figure in France, doing his utmost to arouse his countrymen from religious indifference. He was a distinguished educationist who fought for the retention of the Latin classics in the schools, among his publications are De lÉducation, De la Haute Éducation Intellectuelle, Œuvres Choisies, Histoire de Jésus, a counterblast to Renans Vie de Jésus. In ecclesiastical policy his views were moderate, both before and during the First Vatican Council, he opposed the definition of the dogma of papal infallibility as inopportune, but after the definition was among the first to accept the dogma. Dupanloup died on 11 October 1878 at the château of La Combe-de-Lancey, in the work known as Illustrissimi, a collection of letters written by Pope John Paul I when he was Patriarch of Venice, Dupanloup is one of the recipients of the letters. Each of the letters tend to be droll and witty, but cleverly turned into a sermon in order to make a point, whether it is on fashion, pornography, capitalism. He was at once with a lady who made a peculiar little noise. Oh, Madame, said the witty Bishop, please dont trouble to find a rhyme, the Prince laughed but did not prize the witty word at its real worth. La Souveraineté Pontificale selon le Droit Catholique et le Droit Européen, J. Lecoffre et Cie. Réponse de Mgr lÉvêque dOrléans à M. le Baron Molroguier. Défense de la Liberté de lÉglise, suivie dune Lettre au Journal des Débats. Paris, Charles Douniol et Cie. Entretiens sur la Prédication Populaire, louis XVII, sa Vie, son Agonie, sa Mort, captivité de la famille royale au Temple
22.
Paris
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Paris is the capital and most populous city of France. It has an area of 105 square kilometres and a population of 2,229,621 in 2013 within its administrative limits, the agglomeration has grown well beyond the citys administrative limits. By the 17th century, Paris was one of Europes major centres of finance, commerce, fashion, science, and the arts, and it retains that position still today. The aire urbaine de Paris, a measure of area, spans most of the Île-de-France region and has a population of 12,405,426. It is therefore the second largest metropolitan area in the European Union after London, the Metropole of Grand Paris was created in 2016, combining the commune and its nearest suburbs into a single area for economic and environmental co-operation. Grand Paris covers 814 square kilometres and has a population of 7 million persons, the Paris Region had a GDP of €624 billion in 2012, accounting for 30.0 percent of the GDP of France and ranking it as one of the wealthiest regions in Europe. The city is also a rail, highway, and air-transport hub served by two international airports, Paris-Charles de Gaulle and Paris-Orly. Opened in 1900, the subway system, the Paris Métro. It is the second busiest metro system in Europe after Moscow Metro, notably, Paris Gare du Nord is the busiest railway station in the world outside of Japan, with 262 millions passengers in 2015. In 2015, Paris received 22.2 million visitors, making it one of the top tourist destinations. The association football club Paris Saint-Germain and the rugby union club Stade Français are based in Paris, the 80, 000-seat Stade de France, built for the 1998 FIFA World Cup, is located just north of Paris in the neighbouring commune of Saint-Denis. Paris hosts the annual French Open Grand Slam tennis tournament on the red clay of Roland Garros, Paris hosted the 1900 and 1924 Summer Olympics and is bidding to host the 2024 Summer Olympics. The name Paris is derived from its inhabitants, the Celtic Parisii tribe. Thus, though written the same, the name is not related to the Paris of Greek mythology. In the 1860s, the boulevards and streets of Paris were illuminated by 56,000 gas lamps, since the late 19th century, Paris has also been known as Panam in French slang. Inhabitants are known in English as Parisians and in French as Parisiens and they are also pejoratively called Parigots. The Parisii, a sub-tribe of the Celtic Senones, inhabited the Paris area from around the middle of the 3rd century BC. One of the areas major north-south trade routes crossed the Seine on the île de la Cité, this place of land and water trade routes gradually became a town
23.
Piano
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The piano is an acoustic, stringed musical instrument invented around the year 1700, in which the strings are struck by hammers. It is played using a keyboard, which is a row of keys that the performer presses down or strikes with the fingers and thumbs of both hands to cause the hammers to strike the strings. The word piano is a form of pianoforte, the Italian term for the early 1700s versions of the instrument. The first fortepianos in the 1700s had a sound and smaller dynamic range. An acoustic piano usually has a wooden case surrounding the soundboard and metal strings. Pressing one or more keys on the keyboard causes a padded hammer to strike the strings. The hammer rebounds from the strings, and the continue to vibrate at their resonant frequency. These vibrations are transmitted through a bridge to a soundboard that amplifies by more efficiently coupling the acoustic energy to the air, when the key is released, a damper stops the strings vibration, ending the sound. Notes can be sustained, even when the keys are released by the fingers and thumbs and this means that the piano can play 88 different pitches, going from the deepest bass range to the highest treble. The black keys are for the accidentals, which are needed to play in all twelve keys, more rarely, some pianos have additional keys. Most notes have three strings, except for the bass that graduates from one to two, the strings are sounded when keys are pressed or struck, and silenced by dampers when the hands are lifted from the keyboard. There are two types of piano, the grand piano and the upright piano. The grand piano is used for Classical solos, chamber music and art song and it is used in jazz. The upright piano, which is compact, is the most popular type, as they are a better size for use in private homes for domestic music-making. During the nineteenth century, music publishers produced many works in arrangements for piano, so that music lovers could play. The piano is widely employed in classical, jazz, traditional and popular music for solo and ensemble performances, accompaniment, with technological advances, amplified electric pianos, electronic pianos, and digital pianos have also been developed. The electric piano became an instrument in the 1960s and 1970s genres of jazz fusion, funk music. The piano was founded on earlier technological innovations in keyboard instruments, pipe organs have been used since Antiquity, and as such, the development of pipe organs enabled instrument builders to learn about creating keyboard mechanisms for sounding pitches
24.
Gymnastics
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Gymnastics is a sport involving the performance of exercises requiring balance, strength, flexibility, agility, endurance and control. The movements involved in gymnastics contribute to the development of the arms, legs, shoulders, chest, alertness, precision, daring, self-confidence and self-discipline are mental traits that can also be developed through gymnastics. Gymnastics evolved from exercises used by the ancient Greeks that included skills for mounting and dismounting a horse, most forms of competitive gymnastics events are governed by the Fédération Internationale de Gymnastique. Each country has its own governing body affiliated to FIG. Competitive artistic gymnastics is the best known of the gymnastic events and it typically involves the womens events of vault, uneven bars, balance beam and floor exercise. Mens events are floor exercise, pommel horse, still rings, vault, parallel bars, other FIG disciplines include rhythmic gymnastics, trampolining and tumbling, acrobatic gymnastics and aerobic gymnastics. Disciplines not currently recognized by FIG include wheel gymnastics, aesthetic group gymnastics, mens rhythmic gymnastics and TeamGym. The word gymnastics derives from the common Greek adjective Greek, by way of the related verb γυμνάζω, whose meaning is to train naked, train in gymnastic exercise, generally to train, the verb had this meaning, because athletes in ancient times exercised and competed without clothing. It came into use in the 1570s, from Latin gymnasticus, from Greek gymnastikos fond of or skilled in bodily exercise, Gymnastics originated in ancient Spain and was originally intended for military training, where it was used by soldiers to prepare for warfare. Don Francisco Amorós y Ondeano, was born on February 19,1770 in Valencia and he was a Spanish colonel, and the first person to introduce educative gymnastic in France. Jahn promoted the use of bars, rings and high bars in international competition. The Federation of International Gymnastics was founded in Liege in 1881, by the end of the nineteenth century, mens gymnastics competition was popular enough to be included in the first modern Olympic Games in 1896. During the 1920s, women organized and participated in gymnastics events, the first womens Olympic competition was primitive, only involving synchronized calisthenics and track and field. These games were held in 1928, in Amsterdam, by 1954, Olympic Games apparatus and events for both men and women had been standardized in modern format, and uniform grading structures had been agreed upon. At this time, Soviet gymnasts astounded the world with highly disciplined and difficult performances, television has helped publicize and initiate a modern age of gymnastics. Both mens and womens gymnastics now attract considerable international interest, in 2006, a new points system for Artistic gymnastics was put into play. With an A Score being the difficulty score, which as of 2009 is based on the top 8 high scoring elements in a routine, the B Score, is the score for execution, and is given for how well the skills are performed. The following disciplines are governed by FIG, Artistic Gymnastics is usually divided into Mens and Womens Gymnastics
25.
Horse riding
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Equestrianism, more often known as riding, horseback riding or horse riding, refers to the skill of riding, driving, steeplechasing or vaulting with horses. This broad description includes the use of horses for practical working purposes, transportation, recreational activities, artistic or cultural exercises, Horses are trained and ridden for practical working purposes such as in police work or for controlling herd animals on a ranch. They are also used in sports including, but not limited to, dressage, endurance riding, eventing, reining, show jumping, tent pegging, vaulting, polo, horse racing, driving. Some popular forms of competition are grouped together at horse shows, Horses are used for non-competitive recreational riding such as fox hunting, trail riding or hacking. There is public access to trails in almost every part of the world, many parks, ranches. Horses are also used for therapeutic purposes, both in specialized paraequestrian competition as well as non-competitive riding to improve health and emotional development. Horses are also driven in harness racing, at shows and in other types of exhibition, historical reenactment or ceremony. In some parts of the world, they are used for practical purposes such as farming. Horses continue to be used in service, in traditional ceremonies, police and volunteer mounted patrols. Riding halls enable the training of horse and rider in all weathers as well as indoor competition riding, though there is controversy over the exact date horses were domesticated and when they were first ridden, the best estimate is that horses first were ridden approximately 3500 BC. Indirect evidence suggests that horses were ridden long before they were driven, however, the most unequivocal early archaeological evidence of equines put to working use was of horses being driven. Chariot burials about 2500 BC present the most direct evidence of horses used as working animals. In ancient times chariot warfare was followed by the use of war horses as light, the horse played an important role throughout human history all over the world, both in warfare and in peaceful pursuits such as transportation, trade and agriculture. Horses lived in North America, but died out at the end of the Ice Age, Horses were brought back to North America by European explorers, beginning with the second voyage of Columbus in 1493. Humans appear to have expressed a desire to know which horse were the fastest. Gambling on horse races appears to go hand-in hand with racing and has a history as well. Thoroughbreds have the pre-eminent reputation as a breed, but other breeds also race. Under saddle, Thoroughbred horse racing is the most popular form worldwide, in the UK, it is known as flat racing and is governed by the Jockey Club in the United Kingdom
26.
Christian Dior
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Christian Dior was a French fashion designer, best known as the founder of one of the worlds top fashion houses, also called Christian Dior, which is now owned by Groupe Arnault. Christian Dior was born in Granville, a town on the coast of Normandy. He was the second of five born to Maurice Dior, a wealthy fertilizer manufacturer. He had four siblings, Raymond, Jacqueline, Bernard, when Christian was about five years old, the family moved to Paris, but still returned to the Normandy coast for summer holidays. Diors family had hoped he would become a diplomat, but Dior was artistic, to make money, he sold his fashion sketches outside his house for about 10 cents each. In 1928, Dior left school and received money from his father to finance a small art gallery, where he, from 1937, Dior was employed by the fashion designer Robert Piguet, who gave him the opportunity to design for three Piguet collections. Dior would later say that Robert Piguet taught me the virtues of simplicity through which true elegance must come, one of his original designs for Piguet, a day dress with a short, full skirt called Cafe Anglais, was particularly well received. Whilst at Piguet, Dior worked alongside Pierre Balmain, and was succeeded as house designer by Marc Bohan – who would, in 1960, Dior left Piguet when he was called up for military service. In 1942, when Dior left the army, he joined the house of Lucien Lelong. In 1946 Marcel Boussac, an entrepreneur known as the richest man in France, invited Dior to design for Philippe et Gaston. Dior refused, wishing to make a fresh start under his own rather than reviving an old brand. On 8 December 1946, with Boussacs backing, Dior founded his fashion house. The actual name of the line of his first collection, presented on 12 February 1947, was Corolle, but the phrase New Look was coined for it by Carmel Snow, the editor-in-chief of Harpers Bazaar. Diors designs were more voluptuous than the boxy, fabric-conserving shapes of the recent World War II styles and he was a master at creating shapes and silhouettes, Dior is quoted as saying I have designed flower women. Initially, women protested because his designs covered up their legs, there was also some backlash to Diors designs due to the amount of fabrics used in a single dress or suit. During one photo shoot in a Paris market, the models were attacked by female vendors over this profligacy, the New Look revolutionized womens dress and reestablished Paris as the centre of the fashion world after World War II. Christian Dior died while on holiday in Montecatini, Italy on 24 October 1957, some reports say that he died of a heart attack after choking on a fish bone. Times obituary stated that he died of an attack after playing a game of cards
27.
Marc Bohan
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Marc Roger Maurice Louis Bohan, is a French fashion designer, best known for his 30-year career at the house of Dior. Bohan was born in Paris and grew up in Sceaux, as a child, Marc Bohan was encouraged into fashion by his mother who worked as a milliner. After school at the Lycée Lakanal, in 1945 he secured a job at Robert Piguet where he remained for four years, in 1949 he accepted a job as an assistant to Edward Molyneux. He worked as a designer for Madeleine de Rauch in 1952, before opening his own Paris salon. In 1954, Bohan was offered a job at Jean Patou, designing the haute couture collection, from 1958 to 1960 Bohan designed for the Christian Dior, London line. In September 1960, Dior’s creative director Yves Saint Laurent was called up for military service and his deceptively simple, elegant designs drew their inspiration from the 1920s, and rejected the extremes of contemporary fashion. One notable collection in 1966 was inspired by the Russian style of Dr Zhivago, Bohans classic pieces are now found in museum collections around the world. In 2009, the Musee Christian Dior at Granville held a major Bohan retrospective, in 1989 Bohan left Dior, before joining for the house of Norman Hartnell in London, where he worked for the label until 1992. Bohan has since designed under his own name, Bohan designed for Princess Grace of Monaco, Lynn Wyatt, and Betsy Bloomingdale. Princess Grace supported Bohan by opening the Baby Dior boutique in 1967, jacqueline Kennedy admired Bohans designs and had them adapted by Oleg Cassini and Chez Ninon. In 1976, Bohan was chosen to design the dress of Silvia Sommerlath at her wedding to King Carl Gustaf of Sweden. Two years later, he designed the gown of Princess Caroline of Monaco for her 1978 wedding to Philippe Junot. Bohan’s first wife, Dominique Gaborit, whom he married in 1950, Bohan has a home at a restored 18th-century country house in Burgundy. Sports Illustrated Designer of the Year award,1963, Schiffli Lace and Embroidery Institute award,1963, Chevalier de la Legion dHonneur,1979, Ordre de Saint Charles, Marc Bohan at the Internet Movie Database Marc Bohan at the Fashion Model Directory
28.
Haute couture
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Haute couture is the creation of exclusive custom-fitted clothing. A haute couture garment is made for a client, tailored specifically for the wearers measurements. Considering the amount of time, money, and skill allotted to each completed piece, haute couture garments are described as having no price tag. The term originally referred to Englishman Charles Frederick Worths work, produced in Paris in the mid-nineteenth century, in modern France, haute couture is a protected name that may not be used except by firms that meet certain well-defined standards. However, the term is used loosely to describe all high-fashion custom-fitted clothing whether it is produced in Paris or in other fashion capitals such as London, Milan. In either case, the term can refer to the houses or fashion designers that create exclusive. In France, the haute couture is protected by law and is defined by the Chambre de commerce et dindustrie de Paris based in Paris. The chambre syndicale de la haute couture is defined as the commission that determines which fashion houses are eligible to be true haute couture houses. Formation of the organization was brought about by Charles Frederick Worth, an affiliated school was organized in 1930 called LEcole de la Chambre Syndicale de la Couture. The school helps bring new designers to help the couture houses that are present today. Since 1975, this organization has worked within the Federation Francaise, de couture, more rigorous criteria for haute couture were established in 1945. g. With that of prêt-à-porter in the public perception, almost every haute couture house also markets prêt-à-porter collections, which typically deliver a higher return on investment than their custom clothing. Falling revenues have forced a few houses to abandon their less profitable haute couture division. These houses are no longer considered haute couture houses by the original, legal usage of the term. Many top designer fashion houses such as Chanel use the word for some of their special collections, as well, the term haute couture has taken on further popular meanings referring to non-dressmaking activities, such as production of fine art, music, etc. Haute couture can be referenced back as early as the 17th Century, rose Bertin, the French fashion designer to Queen Marie Antoinette, can be credited for bringing fashion and haute couture to French culture. Visitors to Paris brought back clothing that was copied by local dressmakers. Stylish women also ordered fashion d dressed in the latest Parisian fashion to serve as models, as railroads and steamships made European travel easier, it was increasingly common for wealthy women to travel to Paris to shop for clothing and accessories
29.
Vogue (magazine)
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Vogue is an American fashion and lifestyle magazine made up of many components including fashion, beauty, culture, living, and runway. Vogue began as a newspaper in 1892 in the United States. The British Vogue was the first international edition launched in 1916, Turnures intention was to create a publication that celebrated the ceremonial side of life, one that attracts the sage as well as debutante, men of affairs as well as the belle. From its inception, the magazine targeted the new New York upper class, the magazine at this time was primarily concerned with fashion, with coverage of sports and social affairs included for its male readership. Despite the magazines content, it very slowly during this period. Condé Montrose Nast purchased Vogue in 1905 one year before Turnures death and he changed it to a bi-weekly magazine and started Vogue overseas in the 1910s. Under Nast, the magazine shifted its focus to women. The magazines number of publications and profit increased dramatically under Nasts management, by 1911, the Vogue brand had garnered a reputation that it continues to maintain, targeting an elite audience and expanding into the coverage of weddings. According to Condé Naste Russia, after the First World War made deliveries in the Old World impossible, the decision to print in England proved to be successful causing Nast to release the first issue of French Vogue in 1920. The magazines number of subscriptions surged during the Great Depression, during this time, noted critic and former Vanity Fair editor Frank Crowninshield served as its editor, having been moved over from Vanity Fair by publisher Condé Nast. In July of 1932, American Vogue placed its first color photograph on the cover of the magazine, the photograph was taken by photographer Edward Steichen and portrays a woman swimmer holding a beach ball in the air. Nast was responsible for introducing color printing and the two-page spread and he greatly impacted the magazine and turned it into a successful business and the womens magazine we recognize today and greatly increased the sales volumes until his death in 1942. Toward this end, Vogue extended coverage to include East Village boutiques such as Limbo on St, marks Place, as well as including features of downtown personalities such as Andy Warhols Superstar Jane Holzers favorite haunts. Vogue also continued making household names out of models, a practice continued with Suzy Parker, Twiggy, Jean Shrimpton, Lauren Hutton, Veruschka, Marisa Berenson, Penelope Tree. In 1973, Vogue became a monthly publication, under editor-in-chief Grace Mirabella, the magazine underwent extensive editorial and stylistic changes to respond to changes in the lifestyles of its target audience. Mirabella states that she was chosen to change Vogue because women werent interested in reading about or buying clothes that served no purpose in their changing lives and she was selected to make the magazine appeal to the the free, working, liberated woman of the seventies. She changed the magazine by adding text with interviews, arts coverage, when that type of stylihtic ceange f ell out of favor in the 1980s, Mirabella was brutally fired. Her take on it, For a magazine devoted to style, in July of 1988, after Vogue had began to lose ground to a three-year-old upstart Elle, Anna Wintour was named editor-in-chief
30.
Vanity Fair (magazine)
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Vanity Fair is a magazine of popular culture, fashion, and current affairs published by Condé Nast in the United States. The first version of Vanity Fair was published from 1913 to 1936, the imprint was revived in 1983, and came to include four European editions of the magazine. The current editor is Graydon Carter, Condé Montrose Nast began his empire by purchasing the mens fashion magazine Dress in 1913. He renamed the magazine Dress and Vanity Fair and published four issues in 1913 and it continued to thrive into the twenties. However, it became a casualty of the Great Depression and declining advertising revenues, although its circulation, Condé Nast announced in December 1935 that Vanity Fair would be folded into Vogue as of the March 1936 issue. Condé Nast Publications, under the ownership of S. I. Newhouse, the first issue was released in February 1983, edited by Richard Locke, formerly of The New York Times Book Review. After three issues, Locke was replaced by Leo Lerman, veteran features editor of Vogue and he was followed by editors Tina Brown and Graydon Carter. Regular writers columnists have included Dominick Dunne, Sebastian Junger, Michael Wolff, Maureen Orth and Christopher Hitchens. Amongst the most famous of these was the August 1991 Leibovitz cover featuring a naked, pregnant Demi Moore, in addition to its controversial photography, the magazine also prints articles on a variety of topics. In 1996, journalist Marie Brenner wrote an exposé on the tobacco industry titled The Man Who Knew Too Much, the article was later adapted into a movie The Insider, which starred Al Pacino and Russell Crowe. S. The magazine also features interviews with celebrities, including a monthly Proust Questionnaire. The magazine was the subject of Toby Youngs book, How to Lose Friends and Alienate People, about his search for success, from 1995, the book has been made into a movie, with Jeff Bridges playing Carter. There are currently five international editions of Vanity Fair being published, namely in the United Kingdom, Spain, France, Italy, the British Vanity Fair was first published in 1991. The Italian Vanity Fair was established in October 2003 and celebrated its 10th anniversary in 2013, Vanity Fair Germany launched in February 2007 at a cost of €50 million, then the most expensive new magazine in Germany in years and Condé Nasts biggest investment outside the United States. After circulation had plummeted from half a million to less than 200,000 per week, a French version started in June 2013. The Spanish version of the magazine was first published in Spain in 2008, in April 2015 Condé Nast México y Latinoamerica was to launch Vanity Fair Mexico. As a successor to a similar invitation-only event annually held by the late agent Irving Paul Lazar, during its first years, the magazines Oscar party was co-hosted by producer Steve Tisch at Mortons in West Hollywood. At first, editor Graydon Carter kept the invitation list small, between 2009 and 2013, the party was held at Sunset Tower
31.
Helmut Newton
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Helmut Newton was a German-Australian photographer. He was a prolific, widely imitated fashion photographer whose provocative, erotically charged black-and-white photos were a mainstay of Vogue, Newton was born in Berlin, the son of Klara Claire and Max Neustädter, a button factory owner. Newton attended the Heinrich-von-Treitschke-Realgymnasium and the American School in Berlin, interested in photography from the age of 12 when he purchased his first camera, he worked for the German photographer Yva from 1936. Newtons parents fled to South America and he was issued with a passport just after turning 18 and left Germany on 5 December 1938. At Trieste he boarded the Conte Rosso, intending to journey to China, after arriving in Singapore he found he was able to remain there, first briefly as a photographer for the Straits Times and then as a portrait photographer. Newton was interned by British authorities while in Singapore and was sent to Australia on board the Queen Mary, internees travelled to the camp at Tatura, Victoria by train under armed guard. He was released from internment in 1942 and briefly worked as a fruit picker in Northern Victoria, in April 1942, he enlisted with the Australian Army and worked as a truck driver. After the war in 1945, he became a British subject, in 1948, he married actress June Browne, who performed under the stage name June Brunell. She later became a photographer under the ironic pseudonym Alice Springs. In 1946, Newton set up a studio in fashionable Flinders Lane in Melbourne and worked on fashion and he shared his first joint exhibition in May 1953 with Wolfgang Sievers, a German refugee like himself who had also served in the same company. The exhibition of New Visions in Photography was displayed at the Federal Hotel in Collins Street and was probably the first glimpse of New Objectivity photography in Australia, the studio was renamed Helmut Newton and Henry Talbot. Newtons growing reputation as a photographer was rewarded when he secured a commission to illustrate fashions in a special Australian supplement for Vogue magazine. He won a 12-month contract with British Vogue and left for London in February 1957, Newton left the magazine before the end of his contract and went to Paris, where he worked for French and German magazines. He returned to Melbourne in March 1959 to a contract for Australian Vogue, Newton settled in Paris in 1961 and continued to work as a fashion photographer. His images appeared in including the French edition of Vogue. He established a style marked by erotic, stylised scenes. Newton also worked in portraiture and more fantastical studies, Newton shot a number of pictorials for Playboy, including pictorials of Nastassja Kinski and Kristine DeBell. In 2009, June Browne Newton conceptualised a tribute exhibition to Newton, all three had been photography students at The Art Center College of Design in Pasadena, California in 1979 when they became Newtons longtime assistants, and all three went on to independent careers
32.
National Portrait Gallery (United States)
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The National Portrait Gallery is a historic art museum located between 7th, 9th, F, and G Streets NW in Washington, D. C. in the United States. Founded in 1962 and opened to the public in 1968, it is part of the Smithsonian Institution and its collections focus on images of famous Americans. The museum is housed in the historic Old Patent Office Building, the two museums are the eponym for the Gallery Place Washington Metro station, located at the corner of F and 7th Streets NW. The first portrait gallery in the United States was Charles Willson Peales American Pantheon, in 1859, the National Portrait Gallery in London opened, but few Americans took notice. The idea of a federally owned national portrait gallery can be traced back to 1886, Winthrope, president of the Massachusetts Historical Society, visited the National Portrait Gallery in London. Upon his return to the United States, Winthrope began pressing for the establishment of a museum in America. In January 1919, the Smithsonian Institution entered into a cooperative endeavor with the American Federation of Arts, the committees goal was to commission portraits of famous leaders from the various nations involved in World War I. The portraits commissioned went on display in the National Museum of Natural History in May 1921 and this formed the nucleus of what would become the National Portrait Gallery Collection. In 1937, Andrew W. Mellon donated his collection of classic and modernist art to the United States. The collection included a number of portraits. Mellon asked that, should a portrait gallery be created, the portraits be transferred to it, in 1957, a proposal was made by the federal government to demolish the Old Patent Office Building. After a public outcry and an agreement to save the historic structure and this committee was created in 1960. The National Portrait Gallery was authorized and founded by Congress in 1962, the legislation specified, however, that the museums collection be limited to painting, prints, drawings, and engravings. Despite the Smithsonians own extensive collection of art and Mellons collection, to found a portrait gallery in the 1960s, Smithsonian Secretary S. Dillon Ripley said, was difficult because American portraiture has already reached the zenith in price and the nadir in supply. Ripley, whose leadership of the Smithsonian began in 1964, was a supporter of the new museum. He encouraged the museums curators to build a collection from scratch based on individual pieces chosen through high-quality scholarship rather than buying complete collections from others, the NPGs collection was slowly built over the next five years through donations and purchases. The museum had little money at this time, often, it located items it wanted and then asked the owner to simply donate it. The first NPG exhibit, Nucleus for a National Collection, went on display in the Arts, the following year, the NPG completed the Catalog of American Portraits, the first inventory of portraiture held by the Smithsonian
33.
Nancy Reagan
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Nancy Davis Reagan was an American actress, and the wife of the 40th President of the United States, Ronald Reagan. She served as the First Lady of the United States from 1981 to 1989 and she was born in New York City. After her parents separated, she lived in Maryland with an aunt and she moved to Chicago when her mother remarried in 1929, and later took the name Davis from her stepfather. As Nancy Davis, she was a Hollywood actress in the 1940s and 1950s, Night into Morning, and Donovans Brain. In 1952, she married Ronald Reagan, who was president of the Screen Actors Guild. Reagan was the First Lady of California when her husband was Governor from 1967 to 1975, Reagan became First Lady of the United States in January 1981, following her husbands victory in the 1980 presidential election. She was criticized early in his first term, largely due to her decision to replace the White House china and she aimed to restore a Kennedy-esque glamour to the White House following years of lax formality, and her interest in high-end fashion garnered much attention as well as criticism. She championed recreational drug prevention causes by founding the Just Say No drug awareness campaign and she had a strong influence on her husband, and played a role in a few of his personnel and diplomatic decisions. The Reagans retired to their home in Bel Air, Los Angeles, Reagan devoted most of her time to caring for her husband, who was diagnosed with Alzheimers disease in 1994, until his death at the age of 93 on June 5,2004. Reagan remained active within the Reagan Library and in politics, particularly in support of stem cell research. Anne Frances Robbins was born on July 6,1921, at Sloane Hospital for Women and she was the only child of Kenneth Seymour Robbins, a farmer turned car salesman who had been born into a once-prosperous family, and his actress wife, radio actress Edith Prescott Luckett. Her godmother was silent-film-star Alla Nazimova, from birth, she was commonly called Nancy. She lived her first two years in Flushing, Queens, in New York City, in a house on Roosevelt Avenue between 149th and 150th Streets. Her parents separated soon after her birth and were divorced in 1928, after their separation, her mother traveled the country to pursue acting jobs and Reagan was raised in Bethesda, Maryland, for six years by her aunt, Virginia Luckett, and uncle, Audley Gailbraith. Nancy later described longing for her mother during those years, My favorite times were when Mother had a job in New York, in 1929, her mother married Loyal Edward Davis, a prominent conservative neurosurgeon who moved the family to Chicago. Nancy and her stepfather got along well, she later wrote that he was a man of great integrity who exemplified old-fashioned values. He formally adopted her in 1935, and she would refer to him as her father. At the time of the adoption, her name was changed to Nancy Davis
34.
Robert McCormick Adams
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Robert McCormick Adams Jr. is a U. S. anthropologist and was Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution from 1984 to 1994. He has worked in both the Near East and Mesoamerica, in scholarly circles, he is best known for his research in Iraq. Born in Chicago, he received his doctorate from the University of Chicago in 1957 and he was director of the Oriental Institute at the University of Chicago in 1962-68 and 1981-83. He served as the provost of the University of Chicago from 1982-1984 and he is currently an adjunct professor at the University of California, San Diego. Adams served as the secretary of the Smithsonian Institution in Washington. During Adams’ tenure, the Smithsonian acquired the National Museum of the American Indian, Adams formed the Smithsonian Cultural Education Committee to promote diversity across all aspects of Smithsonian operations. He also encouraged digitization projects, such as the National Air and Space Museum’s videodisc technology for storage and retrieval of documents, photos, the “culture wars” arrived at the Smithsonian in 1991, with criticisms of The West as America, an exhibit at the Smithsonian American Art Museum. In 1994, Science in American Life, at the National Museum of American History, and the first script for the Enola Gay exhibit in the National Air and Space Museum was completed shortly before Adams departure. Adams retired from the Smithsonian after ten years of service in 1994 and returned to academia as a professor at the University of California, San Diego. He received a Distinguished Service Award from the Society for American Archaeology in 1996 and has continued his fieldwork, Robert McCormick Adams has had a wide-ranging career spanning many fields. Geographically, his interests have involved extensive fieldwork in the Middle East, with a broadly interdisciplinary approach, he has studied the course of development of urban civilizations over many millennia, and he has also dealt with the history of technology. Over the course of his career Adams has emphasized the importance of social interaction and his research has explored how cultural ecology can help explain the rise of civilizations and how cultures affect each other. He was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts, Adams received the Gold Medal Award for Distinguished Archaeological Achievement in 2002 from the Archaeological Institute of America. Adams, Robert McCormick, Academic American Encyclopedia,1991 edition, UCSD, Department of Anthropology, Robert McCormick Adams, Faculty Profile and CV. On Being a Scientist by the Committee on the Conduct of Science, rediscovering Geography Committee, National Research Council. Rediscovering Geography, New Relevance for Science and Society, la Jolla, CA, University of California Television
35.
Barcelona
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Founded as a Roman city, in the Middle Ages Barcelona became the capital of the County of Barcelona. Barcelona has a cultural heritage and is today an important cultural centre. Particularly renowned are the works of Antoni Gaudí and Lluís Domènech i Montaner. The headquarters of the Union for the Mediterranean is located in Barcelona, the city is known for hosting the 1992 Summer Olympics as well as world-class conferences and expositions and also many international sport tournaments. It is a cultural and economic centre in southwestern Europe, 24th in the world. In 2008 it was the fourth most economically powerful city by GDP in the European Union, in 2012 Barcelona had a GDP of $170 billion, it is leading Spain in both employment rate and GDP per capita change. In 2009 the city was ranked Europes third and one of the worlds most successful as a city brand, since 2011 Barcelona has been a leading smart city in Europe. During the Middle Ages, the city was known as Barchinona, Barçalona, Barchelonaa. Internationally, Barcelonas name is abbreviated to Barça. However, this refers only to FC Barcelona, the football club. The common abbreviated form used by locals is Barna, another common abbreviation is BCN, which is also the IATA airport code of the Barcelona-El Prat Airport. The city is referred to as the Ciutat Comtal in Catalan. The origin of the earliest settlement at the site of present-day Barcelona is unclear, the ruins of an early settlement have been excavated in the El Raval neighbourhood, including different tombs and dwellings dating to earlier than 5000 BC. The founding of Barcelona is the subject of two different legends, the first attributes the founding of the city to the mythological Hercules. In about 15 BC, the Romans redrew the town as a castrum centred on the Mons Taber, under the Romans, it was a colony with the surname of Faventia, or, in full, Colonia Faventia Julia Augusta Pia Barcino or Colonia Julia Augusta Faventia Paterna Barcino. It enjoyed immunity from imperial burdens, the city minted its own coins, some from the era of Galba survive. Some remaining fragments of the Roman walls have incorporated into the cathedral. The cathedral, also known as the Basilica La Seu, is said to have founded in 343
36.
Vogue Paris
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The French edition of Vogue magazine, Vogue Paris, is a fashion magazine that has been published since 1920. The French edition of Vogue was first issued on 15 June 1920, more information about French Vogue in the 1920s is available in Mary E. Daviss book Classic Chic, Music, Fashion, and Modernism. Michel de Brunhoff was the magazines editor-in-chief from 1929 until 1954, edmonde Charles-Roux, who had previously worked at Elle and France-Soir, became the magazine’s editor-in-chief in 1954. In August 1956, the magazine issued a special ready-to-wear issue and she left Vogue in 1966, as the result of a conflict for wanting to place a black woman on the cover of the magazine. When later asked about her departure, Charles-Roux refused to confirm or deny this account, francine Crescent, whose editorship would later be described as prescient, daring, and courageous, took the helm of French Vogue in 1968. Under her leadership, the became the global leader in fashion photography. Crescent gave Helmut Newton and Guy Bourdin, the two most influential photographers, complete creative control over their work. At times, Bourdins work was so scandalous that Crescent laid her job on the line to preserve his artistic independence. The two photographers greatly influenced the image of womanhood and were among the first to realize the importance of image, as opposed to product. By the late 1980s, however, Newton and Bourdins star power had faded, colombe Pringle replaced Crescent as the magazines editor-in-chief in 1987. Under Pringle’s watch, the magazine recruited new photographers such as Peter Lindbergh and Steven Meisel, even still, the magazine struggled, remaining dull and heavily reliant on foreign stories. When Pringle left the magazine in 1994, word spread that her resignation had been forced, joan Juliet Buck, an American, was named Pringles successor effective 1 June 1994. Her selection was described by The New York Times as an indication that Conde Nast intended to modernize the magazine, Bucks first two years as editor-in-chief were extremely controversial, many employees resigned or were fired, including the magazines publishing director and most of its top editors. Though rumors circulated in 1996 that the magazine was on the verge of a shutdown, Buck persevered, during her editorship, the magazine’s circulation ultimately increased 40 percent. Buck remade the magazine in her own image, tripling the amount of text in the magazine and devoting special issues to art, music, literature. Juliet Buck announced her decision to leave the magazine in December 2000, the Sydney Morning Herald later compared her departure, which took place during Milans fashion week, to the firing of a football coach during a championship game. Carine Roitfeld, who had been the creative director, was named as Bucks successor the next April. Roitfeld aimed to restore the place as a leader in fashion journalism
37.
Carrere Records
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Carrere was a French record label which specialized in Euro disco and rock music. The record company was sold to Warner Music Group in the early 1990s, Claude Carrere started working with Annie Chancel in 1962 and renamed her Sheila, who remained his sole artist for a while. He set up Carrere Productions and the records were distributed by Philips Records, in the late 1960s, he created Disques Carrere. In 1972, he produced and distributed his own releases, a lot of singers would be signed alongside Sheila, the most important ones being Ringo, Dalida and even Claude François. In 1977, the disco group Sheila and B, devotion was created and Carrere started exporting his releases. He appointed Freddie Cannon Managing Director to head up his Carrere UK label, Cannon opened the Carrere offices at Hansa Records UK in June 1978 and signed a South African group named Clout. Carrere UKs first release was Clouts single Substitute, which went to number 2 in the UK Singles Chart in 1978, Cannon and A&R Manager Peter Hinton signed power pop band the Incredible Kidda Band and followed this in 1979 with the NWOBHM band Saxon. Cannon renamed the group Saxon, since he could not work with their original name Son of a Bitch, Saxon released their eponymous debut album the following year and stayed with the label until 1984. In 1981, Cannon signed Australian rock bands The Church and Rose Tattoo, the label released also the final album by The Buggles, 1981s Adventures in Modern Recording, which was distributed in the United States through Columbia Records. Debbie Bonham also signed to Carrere and released her acclaimed album For You. In the same year, Peter Hinton left the company, in 1985, Carrere released Move Closer, the only ballad from the labels Disco Queen Phyllis Nelson, and this number 1 song became the labels biggest selling single of all time in the UK. It is featured in over 300 compilations around the world, the group signed also Eros Ramazzotti and released his first hit single Una Storia Importante. Carrere UK went on to help develop album selling artists for the Carrere label worldwide with groups like Demon, Rage, Saxon, Rose Tattoo, The Church, Dokken, Eros Ramazzotti and Debbie Bonham were launched by Carrere and are still performing today. Other artists of note on the label were Princess Stéphanie of Monaco, Dollar, who enjoyed a number of hits with the label, boney M. and Ottawan were also huge hits for the label. FR David also had an international hit with Words. In June 1988, exactly 10 years after opening the label in the UK and he joined Pete Waterman and David Howells at PWL Records as International Director. Claude Carrere loaned his music company to Warner Music France, in 1993, Carrere closed down, but the Carrere family still has the rights for its catalogs. Claude Carrere died April 10,2014, Carrere was the only French label to have multiple international successes worldwide, including a number 1 Adult Contemporary hit in the US with Friends and Lovers by Gloria Loring and Carl Anderson
38.
Ouragan (song)
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Ouragan, also released in English under the title Irresistible, is the first single recorded by Princess Stéphanie of Monaco, from her debut album Besoin. Released in 1986, it was a success in France. This song was written by Romano Musumarra, who had written several hits for Jeanne Mas. The song was recorded in English, under the name Irresistible, in order to win over the Anglophones and other non-French speaking peoples -. No music video was produced initially, as the song was not expected to be such a success, the only video available was some footage shot in the recording studio. Eventually a video was made that features the princess in various locations pursuing a mysterious stranger in a hat. At the end of the video, in a significant plot twist, the video runs for 5,20 and uses a remix of the song that alternates between the original French lyrics and the English lyrics for Irresistible. The single was a success in France, peaking at number one for ten consecutive weeks. It debuted at seventeen on the French Top 50 Singles Chart on 5 April 1986 and rocketed up the chart. The song charted for a total of 29 weeks until 18 October 1986 and it peaked at number eleven in Switzerland and was also a hit in Germany, where it reached number two. In 1986, the single was certified Platinum Single by the French certifier SNEP, having achieved at least one million sales, sales of the single exceeded two million copies worldwide. In France, the song is the 83rd best-selling single of all time. Ouragan was the first single to remain at the top of the French Singles Chart for at least ten weeks, beating the record set in 1985 by Peter and Sloane with Besoin de rien, envie de toi. It was also the second best-selling single in 1986, behind Les Démons de minuit, actors Jean-Paul Rouve and Isabelle Nanty performed the song as duet in the Olivier Barouxs 2011 film Les Tuche. After a live performance of the song in 2014, Italian singer Sabrina Salerno released the song as a single in 2015, the single is also available on several of Stéphanies other albums, Besoin, Stéphanie, Rendez-Vous, and Ouragan. The song is also on numerous 1980s compilations, Ouragan, lyrics Irresistible, lyrics Ouragan, music video
39.
Besoin
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Besoin is the debut studio album released by Princess Stéphanie of Monaco. The album was released in 1986 through Julisa and Carrere Records, produced by Yyves Roze, it was released as Stéphanie in some countries. Besoin reached number six at the French Albums Chart and the Swedish Albums Chart, number twelve at the German Albums Chart and it reportedly sold in approximately 1.5 million units, and achieved gold status in France for over 100,000 units. Preceding the release of Besoin, Stéphanie released her début single Ouragan and it reportedly sold in more than 2 million units. Stéphanie then signed a contract with French record labels Julisa. The album was produced by Yves Roze, Besoin was released in September 1986, incorporating dance-pop, synthpop, dance and pop music. Despite the success of her first album, Stéphanie did not make a follow-up for five years until the release of Stéphanie in 1991, Ouragan was released as the lead single from the album. The song achieved a success, topping the French Singles Chart. Its English language version Irresistible peaked at two at the German Singles Chart and number five at the Austrian Singles Chart. Flash was released in 1986, charting at number four in France and its English language version One Love to Give reached number one in Sweden and number ten in Germany. Young Ones Everywhere was not released as a single. Fleur du mal was released in 1987, and charted at number 16 in France, the single version has been retitled Fleurs du mal. Live Your Life was released in 1987 as the single from Besoin. It peaked at nine at the Norwegian Singles Chart
40.
UNICEF
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The United Nations Childrens Fund is a United Nations programme headquartered in New York City that provides humanitarian and developmental assistance to children and mothers in developing countries. It is a member of the United Nations Development Group, the Polish physician Ludwik Rajchman is widely regarded as the founder of UNICEF and served as its first chairman from 1946. On Rajchmans suggestion, the American Maurice Pate was appointed its first executive director, in 1950, UNICEFs mandate was extended to address the long-term needs of children and women in developing countries everywhere. UNICEF relies on contributions from governments and private donors, UNICEFs total income for 2008 was US$3,372,540,239, governments contribute two-thirds of the organizations resources. Private groups and some six million individuals contribute the rest through national committees and it is estimated that 92 per cent of UNICEF revenue is distributed to programme services. UNICEFs programmes emphasize developing community-level services to promote the health and well-being of children, UNICEF was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1965 and the Prince of Asturias Award of Concord in 2006. Most of UNICEFs work is in the field, with staff in over 190 countries and territories, more than 200 country offices carry out UNICEFs mission through programmes developed with host governments. Seven regional offices provide technical assistance to country offices as needed, a 36-member executive board establishes policies, approves programmes and oversees administrative and financial plans. The executive board is made up of government representatives who are elected by the United Nations Economic and Social Council, there are national committees in 34 countries, each established as an independent local non-governmental organization. The national committees raise funds from the private sector, UNICEF is funded entirely by voluntary contributions, and the National Committees collectively raise around one-third of UNICEFs annual income. This comes through contributions from corporations, civil society organizations around six million individual donors worldwide, UNICEF is present in 191 countries and territories around the world, but not involved in nine others. Many people in developed countries first hear about UNICEFs work through the activities of one of the 36 National Committees for UNICEF, the US Fund for UNICEF is the oldest of the national committees, founded in 1947. On 19 April 2007, Grand Duchess Maria Teresa of Luxembourg was appointed UNICEF Eminent Advocate for Children, in which role she has visited Brazil, China, and Burundi. In 2009, the British retailer Tesco used Change for Good as advertising and they went on to call on the public who have children’s welfare at heart, to consider carefully who they support when making consumer choices. As part of the agreement, FC Barcelona will wear the UNICEF logo on the front of their uniform and this was the first time a football club sponsored an organization rather than the other way around. It was also the first time in FC Barcelonas history that they have had another organizations name across the front of their uniform, in January 2007 UNICEF struck a partnership with Canadas national tent pegging team. The team was officially re-flagged as UNICEF Team Canada, its riders wear UNICEFs logo in competition, the Swedish club Hammarby IF followed the Spanish and Canadian lead on 14 April 2007, also raising funds for UNICEF and displaying the UNICEF name on their sportswear. The Danish football club Brøndby IF participated in an arrangement from 2008 to 2013
41.
Los Angeles
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Los Angeles, officially the City of Los Angeles and often known by its initials L. A. is the cultural, financial, and commercial center of Southern California. With a census-estimated 2015 population of 3,971,883, it is the second-most populous city in the United States, Los Angeles is also the seat of Los Angeles County, the most populated county in the United States. The citys inhabitants are referred to as Angelenos, historically home to the Chumash and Tongva, Los Angeles was claimed by Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo for Spain in 1542 along with the rest of what would become Alta California. The city was founded on September 4,1781, by Spanish governor Felipe de Neve. It became a part of Mexico in 1821 following the Mexican War of Independence, in 1848, at the end of the Mexican–American War, Los Angeles and the rest of California were purchased as part of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, thereby becoming part of the United States. Los Angeles was incorporated as a municipality on April 4,1850, the discovery of oil in the 1890s brought rapid growth to the city. The completion of the Los Angeles Aqueduct in 1913, delivering water from Eastern California, nicknamed the City of Angels, Los Angeles is known for its Mediterranean climate, ethnic diversity, and sprawling metropolis. Los Angeles also has an economy in culture, media, fashion, science, sports, technology, education, medicine. A global city, it has been ranked 6th in the Global Cities Index, the city is home to renowned institutions covering a broad range of professional and cultural fields, and is one of the most substantial economic engines within the United States. The Los Angeles combined statistical area has a gross metropolitan product of $831 billion, making it the third-largest in the world, after the Greater Tokyo and New York metropolitan areas. The city has hosted the Summer Olympic Games in 1932 and 1984 and is bidding to host the 2024 Summer Olympics and thus become the second city after London to have hosted the Games three times. The Los Angeles area also hosted the 1994 FIFA mens World Cup final match as well as the 1999 FIFA womens World Cup final match, the mens event was watched on television by over 700 million people worldwide. The Los Angeles coastal area was first settled by the Tongva, a Gabrielino settlement in the area was called iyáangẚ, meaning poison oak place. Gaspar de Portolà and Franciscan missionary Juan Crespí, reached the present site of Los Angeles on August 2,1769, in 1771, Franciscan friar Junípero Serra directed the building of the Mission San Gabriel Arcángel, the first mission in the area. The Queen of the Angels is an honorific of the Virgin Mary, two-thirds of the settlers were mestizo or mulatto with a mixture of African, indigenous and European ancestry. The settlement remained a small town for decades, but by 1820. Today, the pueblo is commemorated in the district of Los Angeles Pueblo Plaza and Olvera Street. New Spain achieved its independence from the Spanish Empire in 1821, during Mexican rule, Governor Pío Pico made Los Angeles Alta Californias regional capital
42.
The Oprah Winfrey Show
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The Oprah Winfrey Show, often referred to simply as Oprah, is an American syndicated tabloid talk show that aired nationally for 25 seasons from September 8,1986 to May 25,2011 in Chicago, Illinois. Produced and hosted by its namesake, Oprah Winfrey, it remains the highest-rated talk show in American television history, the show has been highly influential, and many of its topics have penetrated into the American pop-cultural consciousness. Winfrey has used the show as a platform, featuring book clubs, interviews, self-improvement segments. Oprah is one of the daytime television tabloid talk shows in history. The show received 47 Daytime Emmy Awards before Winfrey chose to stop submitting it for consideration in 2000, in 2002, TV Guide ranked it at #49 on TV Guides 50 Greatest TV Shows of All Time. In 2013, they ranked it as the 19th greatest TV show of all time, the show has its roots in A. M. Chicago, a morning talk show airing on WLS-TV, an ABC owned-and-operated station in Chicago. Winfrey took over as host on January 2,1984 and, within a month, for the premiere, the shows producers tried rigorously to book Miami Vices Don Johnson as the first guest, even trying to bribe him with Dom Pérignon and a pair of rhinestone sunglasses. All attempts to book Johnson failed and Winfrey decided to do what we do best, the topic for the premiere show was How to Marry the Man or Woman of Your Choice. Early in the 12th season of The Oprah Winfrey Show, Winfrey confessed she was exhausted and considered quitting. However, while making the 1998 movie Beloved, Winfrey then admitted that it brought her back to her responsibility as a black woman with a great deal of power. She realized that being in such a position within the media industry, Winfrey was once again inspired to continue to help people take better control of their destinies, hence her slogan, Live Your Best Life. In the midst of doing Beloved, in a 2008 interview with Larry King, Winfrey announced that in 2011, although there would be a full season of her shows in that year, she would not renew her contract, thus ending the show. Winfrey interviewed a plethora of public figures and everyday people during the shows 25-year history, Winfrey claims her worst interviewing experience was with Elizabeth Taylor in the shows second season. Just before the interview, Taylor asked Winfrey not to ask any questions about her relationships, Winfrey found this to be a challenge considering Taylor had been married seven times. Taylor returned to the show in 1992, apologized to Winfrey and told her that she was in excruciating back, on February 10,1993, Winfrey sat down with Michael Jackson for what would become the most-watched interview in television history. Jackson, a private entertainer, had not given an interview in 14 years. The event was broadcast live from Jacksons Neverland Ranch and was watched by 90 million people worldwide, Jackson discussed missing out on a normal childhood and his strained relationship with his father, Joe Jackson
43.
In the Closet
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In the Closet is a song by American recording artist Michael Jackson. It is the single from his eighth album, Dangerous. The song became the third consecutive top ten pop single. It also became its second number one R&B single, the song, written and composed by Michael Jackson and Teddy Riley, is about keeping a relationship secret between lovers. In the closet is an English idiom used when one is not open about an aspect of their life, despite the songs suggestive name its lyrics do not allude to hidden sexual orientation but rather a concealed relationship, Dont hide our love / Woman to man. The New York Times stated, Only Jackson would use that title for a love song. The songs female vocal was originally labeled Mystery Girl but was revealed to be Princess Stéphanie of Monaco. The song, with its heavy industrial-sounding percussion and uptempo arrangement, is typical of producer Teddy Rileys style, the unique, Eastern-influenced backing vocals, reaching crescendo at middle eight imbue the song with an erotic edge usually missing from Jacksons music. Princess Stéphanies spoken lines were replaced with Jacksons live speech for the sequence, allMusic wrote that this song is fine and theres a lot to be said for professional craftsmanship at its peak and he highlighted it. Robert Christgau praised and described, hes hawking the most credible sex-and-romance of his career, in the Closet implores his mystery woman to keep their—get this--lust behind closed doors. Soon hes going wild, or fabricating desperate nostalgia for their used-to-be, alan Light of Rolling Stone called this song, repressed lust in the titillatingly titled and he wrote that this song has a snaky, unexpected bridge. In the Closet was originally conceived as a duet between Jackson and Madonna, the sepia colored music video was directed by Herb Ritts and features Jackson performing sensual dance routines with supermodel Naomi Campbell. The spoken vocals by Princess Stéphanie of Monaco were re-recorded by Campbell for the video, the clip was filmed in late March 1992 in Salton Sea, California and premiered on April 23,1992. It was Jacksons most sexually provocative piece and was banned in South Africa because of its imagery. The video is featured on the DVDs Dangerous, The Short Films and Michael Jacksons Vision
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Michael Jackson
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Michael Joseph Jackson was an American singer, songwriter, record producer, dancer, actor, and philanthropist. Called the King of Pop, his contributions to music, dance, the eighth child of the Jackson family, Michael made his professional debut in 1964 with his elder brothers Jackie, Tito, Jermaine, and Marlon as a member of the Jackson 5. He began his career in 1971. In the early 1980s, Jackson became a dominant figure in popular music, the popularity of these videos helped bring the television channel MTV to fame. Jacksons 1987 album Bad spawned the U. S and he continued to innovate with videos such as Black or White and Scream throughout the 1990s, and forged a reputation as a touring solo artist. Through stage and video performances, Jackson popularized a number of complicated dance techniques, such as the robot and his distinctive sound and style has influenced numerous artists of various music genres. Thriller is the album of all time, with estimated sales of 65 million copies worldwide. Jacksons other albums, including Off the Wall, Bad, Dangerous and he is recognized as the Most Successful Entertainer of All Time by Guinness World Records. Jackson won hundreds of awards, making him the most awarded recording artist in the history of popular music. He became the first artist in history to have a top ten single in the Billboard Hot 100 in five different decades when Love Never Felt So Good reached number nine on May 21,2014. Jackson traveled the world attending events honoring his humanitarianism, and, in 2000, aspects of Jacksons personal life, including his changing appearance, personal relationships, and behavior, generated controversy. In 1993, he was accused of sexual abuse, but the civil case was settled out of court for an undisclosed amount. In 2005, he was tried and acquitted of child sexual abuse allegations. While preparing for his concert series, This Is It, Jackson died of acute propofol and benzodiazepine intoxication on June 25,2009. The Los Angeles County Coroner ruled his death a homicide, and his personal physician, Jacksons death triggered a global outpouring of grief, and a live broadcast of his public memorial service was viewed around the world. Forbes ranks Jackson as the dead celebrity with earnings of $825 million in 2016. Michael Joseph Jackson was born on August 29,1958 and his mother, Katherine Esther Scruse, was a devout Jehovahs Witness. She played clarinet and piano and once aspired to be a country-and-western performer, michaels father, Joseph Walter Joe Jackson, a former boxer, was a steelworker at U. S. Steel
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Monaco: Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Grimaldi[38][39][40][41][42]
