1.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
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Academic library
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It is unknown how many academic libraries there are internationally. An academic and research portal maintained by UNESCO links to 3,785 libraries, according to the National Center for Education Statistics, there are an estimated 3,700 academic libraries in the United States. The support of teaching and learning material for class readings. In the past, the material for class readings, intended to supplement lectures as prescribed by the instructor, has been called reserves, in the period before electronic resources became available, the reserves were supplied as actual books or as photocopies of appropriate journal articles. Academic libraries must determine a focus for development since comprehensive collections are not feasible. Librarians do this by identifying the needs of the faculty and student body, as well as the mission, when there are particular areas of specialization in academic libraries, these are often referred to as niche collections. These collections are often the basis of a special department and may include original papers, artwork. There is a deal of variation among academic libraries based on their size, resources, collections. The Harvard University Library is considered to be the largest academic library in the world and has the third largest collection in the United States, another notable example is the University of the South Pacific which has academic libraries distributed throughout its twelve member countries. The first colleges in the United States were intended to train members of the clergy, the libraries associated with these institutions largely consisted of donated books on the subjects of theology and the classics. In 1766, Yale had approximately 4,000 volumes, second only to Harvard, access to these libraries was restricted to faculty members and a few students, the only staff was a part-time faculty member or the president of the college. The priority of the library was to protect the books, not to allow patrons to use them, in 1849, Yale was open 30 hours a week, the University of Virginia was open nine hours a week, Columbia University four, and Bowdoin College only three. Students instead created literary societies and assessed entrance fees in order to build a collection of usable volumes often in excess of what the university library held. Around the turn of the century, this began to change. The American Library Association was formed in 1876, with members including Melvil Dewey, Libraries re-prioritized in favor of improving access to materials, and found funding increasing as a result of increased demand for said materials. Academic libraries today vary in regard to the extent to which they accommodate those who are not affiliated with their parent universities, some offer reading and borrowing privileges to members of the public on payment of an annual fee, such fees can vary greatly. The privileges so obtained usually do not extend to such services as computer usage, other than to search the catalog, alumni and students of cooperating local universities may be given discounts or other consideration when arranging for borrowing privileges. On the other hand, access to the libraries of universities is absolutely restricted to students, faculty
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Historic districts in the United States
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Buildings, structures, objects and sites within a historic district are normally divided into two categories, contributing and non-contributing. Districts greatly vary in size, some have hundreds of structures, the U. S. federal government designates historic districts through the United States Department of Interior under the auspices of the National Park Service. Federally designated historic districts are listed on the National Register of Historic Places, state-level historic districts may follow similar criteria or may require adherence to certain historic rehabilitation standards. Local historic district designation offers, by far, the most legal protection for historic properties because most land use decisions are made at the local level, local districts are generally administered by the county or municipal government. The first U. S. historic district was established in Charleston, South Carolina in 1931, Charleston city government designated an Old and Historic District by local ordinance and created a board of architectural review to oversee it. New Orleans followed in 1937, establishing the Vieux Carré Commission, other localities picked up on the concept, with the city of Philadelphia enacting its historic preservation ordinance in 1955. The Supreme Court case validated the protection of resources as an entirely permissible governmental goal. In 1966 the federal government created the National Register of Historic Places, conference of Mayors had stated Americans suffered from rootlessness. By the 1980s there were thousands of federally designated historic districts, Historic districts are generally two types of properties, contributing and non-contributing. In general, contributing properties are integral parts of the historic context, in addition to the two types of classification within historic districts, properties listed on the National Register of Historic Places are classified into five broad categories. They are, building, structure, site, district and object, all but the eponymous district category are also applied to historic districts listed on the National Register. A listing on the National Register of Historic Places is governmental acknowledgment of a historic district, however, the Register is an honorary status with some federal financial incentives. The National Register of Historic Places defines a historic district per U. S. federal law, a district may also comprise individual elements separated geographically but linked by association or history. Districts established under U. S. federal guidelines generally begin the process of designation through a nomination to the National Register of Historic Places, the National Register is the official recognition by the U. S. government of cultural resources worthy of preservation. While designation through the National Register does offer a district or property some protections, if the federal government is not involved, then the listing on the National Register provides the site, property or district no protections. If, however, company A was under federal contract the Smith House would be protected, a federal designation is little more than recognition by the government that the resource is worthy of preservation. Usually, the National Register does not list religious structures, moved structures, reconstructed structures, however, if a property falls into one of those categories and are integral parts of districts that do meet the criteria then an exception allowing their listing will be made. Historic district listings, like all National Register nominations, can be rejected on the basis of owner disapproval, in the case of historic districts, a majority of owners must object in order to nullify a nomination to the National Register of Historic Places
4.
Contributing property
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Government agencies, at the state, national, and local level in the United States, have differing definitions of what constitutes a contributing property but there are common characteristics. Local laws often regulate the changes that can be made to contributing structures within designated historic districts, the first local ordinances dealing with the alteration of buildings within historic districts was in Charleston, South Carolina in 1931. Properties within a district fall into one of two types of property, contributing and non-contributing. A contributing property, such as a 19th Century mansion, helps make a historic district historic, while a non-contributing property, such as a medical clinic. The contributing properties are key to a districts historic associations, historic architectural qualities. A property can change from contributing to non-contributing and vice versa if significant alterations take place, the ordinance declared that buildings in the district could not have changes made to their architectural features visible from the street. By the mid-1930s, other U. S. cities followed Charlestons lead, an amendment to the Louisiana Constitution led to the 1937 creation of the Vieux Carre Commission, which was charged with protecting and preserving the French Quarter in the city of New Orleans. The city then passed an ordinance that set standards regulating changes within the quarter. Other sources, such as the Columbia Law Review in 1963, the Columbia Law Review gave dates of 1925 for the New Orleans laws and 1924 for Charleston. The same publication claimed that two cities were the only cities with historic district zoning until Alexandria, Virginia adopted an ordinance in 1946. The National Park Service appears to refute this, in 1939, the city of San Antonio, Texas, enacted an ordinance that protected the area of La Villita, which was the citys original Mexican village marketplace. In 1941 the authority of local controls on buildings within historic districts was being challenged in court. In City of New Orleans vs Pergament Louisiana state appellate courts ruled that the design, beginning in the mid-1950s, controls that once applied to only historic districts were extended to individual landmark structures. The United States Congress adopted legislation that declared the Georgetown neighborhood in Washington, by 1965,51 American communities had adopted preservation ordinances. By 1998, more than 2,300 U. S. towns, contributing properties are defined through historic district or historic preservation zoning laws, usually at the local level. Zoning ordinances pertaining to historic districts are designed to maintain a historic character by controlling demolition and alteration to existing properties. It can be any property, structure or object that adds to the integrity or architectural qualities that make the historic district, either local or federal. Definitions vary but, in general, they maintain the same characteristics, another key aspect of a contributing property is historic integrity
5.
Princeton, New Jersey
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As of the 2010 United States Census, the municipalitys population was 28,572, reflecting the former townships population of 16,265, along with the 12,307 in the former borough. Princeton was founded before the American Revolution and is best known as the location of Princeton University, Princeton is roughly equidistant from New York City and Philadelphia. It is close to major highways that serve both cities, and receives major television and radio broadcasts from each. It is also close to Trenton, New Jerseys capital city, the governor of New Jerseys official residence has been in Princeton since 1945, when Morven in the borough became the first Governors mansion. It was later replaced by the larger Drumthwacket, a mansion located in the former Township. Morven became a property of the New Jersey Historical Society. Princeton was ranked 15th of the top 100 towns in the United States to Live, although residents of Princeton traditionally have a strong community-wide identity, the community had been composed of two separate municipalities, a township and a borough. The central borough was completely surrounded by the township, the Borough contained Nassau Street, the main commercial street, most of the University campus, and incorporated most of the urban area until the postwar suburbanization. The Borough and Township had roughly equal populations, the Lenni Lenape Native Americans were the earliest identifiable inhabitants of the Princeton area. Europeans founded their settlement in the part of the 17th century. The first European to find his home in the boundaries of the town was Henry Greenland. He built his house in 1683 along with a tavern, in this drinking hole representatives of West Jersey and East Jersey met to set boundaries for the location of the township. Originally, Princeton was known only as part of nearby Stony Brook, James Leonard first referred to the town as Princetown, when describing the location of his large estate in his diary. The town bore a variety of names subsequently, including, Princetown, Princes Town, although there is no official documentary backing, the town is considered to be named after King William III, Prince William of Orange of the House of Nassau. Another theory suggests that the name came from a large land-owner named Henry Prince, a royal prince seems a more likely eponym for the settlement, as three nearby towns had similar names, Kingston, Queenstown and Princessville. When Richard Stockton, one of the founders of the township, died in 1709 he left his estate to his sons, who helped to expand property, based on the 1880 United States Census, the population of the town comprised 3,209 persons. Local population has expanded from the nineteenth century, according to the 2010 Census, Princeton Borough had 12,307 inhabitants, while Princeton Township had 16,265. Aside from housing the university of the name, the settlement suffered the revolutionary Battle of Princeton on its soil
6.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
7.
Collegiate Gothic
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A form of historicist architecture, it took its inspiration from English Tudor and Gothic buildings. It is for us, as part of our duty as our highest privilege to act, Gothic Revival architecture was used for American college buildings as early as 1829, when Old Kenyon was completed on the campus of Kenyon College in Gambier, Ohio. Alexander Jackson Daviss University Hall, on New York Universitys Washington Square campus, was another early example, richard Bonds church-like library for Harvard College, Gore Hall, became the model for other library buildings. James Renwick, Jr. s Free Academy Building, for what is today City College of New York, inspired by Londons Hampton Court Palace, Swedish-born Charles Ulricson designed Old Main at Knox College in Galesburg, Illinois. Richards, architect, Harvard College – Memorial Hall, William Robert Ware and Henry Van Brunt, architects, and Cornell University – Sage Hall, Charles Babcock, architect. In 1871, English architect William Burges designed a row of vigorous French Gothic-inspired buildings for Trinity College – Seabury Hall, Northam Tower, Jarvis Hall – in Hartford, Connecticut. Tastes became more conservative in the 1880s, and collegiate architecture soon after came to prefer a more scholarly, inspired by the architecture of Oxford and Cambridge universities, and historicists but not literal copyists, Cope & Stewardson were highly influential in establishing the Collegiate Gothic style. In 1901, the firm of Shepley, Rutan & Coolidge created a plan for a Collegiate Gothic campus for the fledgling University of Chicago. Some of their works, such as the Mitchell Tower, were copies of historic buildings. George Browne Post designed the City College of New Yorks new campus at Hamilton Heights, Manhattan, the style was experienced up-close by a wide audience at the 1904 Louisiana Purchase Exposition in St. Louis, Missouri. The Worlds Fair and 1904 Olympic Games were held on the completed campus of Washington University. The movement gained momentum when Charles Donagh Maginnis designed Gasson Hall at Boston College in 1908. Ralph Adams Cram designed one of the most poetic collections of Collegiate Gothic buildings for the Princeton University Graduate College, james Gamble Rogerss extensive work at Yale University, beginning in 1917, took historicist fantasy to an extreme. He was criticized by the growing Modernist movement, following McMaster Universitys decision to relocate to Hamilton, Ontario, Canadian architect William Lyon Somerville designed its new campus in the style. These buildings are among the most remarkable yet built in America and they are picturesque also, even dramatic, they are altogether wonderful in mass and in composition. If they are not a constant inspiration to those who dwell within their walls or pass through their quads or their vaulted archways, it is not their fault, the tower has been severely criticized as an archaeological abstraction reared to commemorate contemporary American heroism. The criticism seems just to me, though only in a measure, American heroism harks back to English heroism, the blood shed before Manila and on San Juan Hill was the same blood that flowed at Bosworth Field, Flodden, and the Boyne. Therefore the British base of the design is indispensable, for such were the racial foundations, Collegiate Gothic complexes were most often horizontal compositions, save for a single tower or towers serving as an exclamation
8.
Princeton University
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Princeton University is a private Ivy League research university in Princeton, New Jersey, United States. The institution moved to Newark in 1747, then to the current site nine years later, Princeton provides undergraduate and graduate instruction in the humanities, social sciences, natural sciences, and engineering. The university has ties with the Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton Theological Seminary, Princeton has the largest endowment per student in the United States. The university has graduated many notable alumni, two U. S. Presidents,12 U. S. Supreme Court Justices, and numerous living billionaires and foreign heads of state are all counted among Princetons alumni body. New Light Presbyterians founded the College of New Jersey in 1746 in order to train ministers, the college was the educational and religious capital of Scots-Irish America. In 1754, trustees of the College of New Jersey suggested that, in recognition of Governors interest, gov. Jonathan Belcher replied, What a name that would be. In 1756, the moved to Princeton, New Jersey. Its home in Princeton was Nassau Hall, named for the royal House of Orange-Nassau of William III of England, following the untimely deaths of Princetons first five presidents, John Witherspoon became president in 1768 and remained in that office until his death in 1794. During his presidency, Witherspoon shifted the focus from training ministers to preparing a new generation for leadership in the new American nation. To this end, he tightened academic standards and solicited investment in the college, in 1812, the eighth president the College of New Jersey, Ashbel Green, helped establish the Princeton Theological Seminary next door. The plan to extend the theological curriculum met with approval on the part of the authorities at the College of New Jersey. Today, Princeton University and Princeton Theological Seminary maintain separate institutions with ties that include such as cross-registration. Before the construction of Stanhope Hall in 1803, Nassau Hall was the sole building. The cornerstone of the building was laid on September 17,1754, during the summer of 1783, the Continental Congress met in Nassau Hall, making Princeton the countrys capital for four months. The class of 1879 donated twin lion sculptures that flanked the entrance until 1911, Nassau Halls bell rang after the halls construction, however, the fire of 1802 melted it. The bell was then recast and melted again in the fire of 1855, James McCosh took office as the colleges president in 1868 and lifted the institution out of a low period that had been brought about by the American Civil War. McCosh Hall is named in his honor, in 1879, the first thesis for a Doctor of Philosophy Ph. D. was submitted by James F. Williamson, Class of 1877. In 1896, the officially changed its name from the College of New Jersey to Princeton University to honor the town in which it resides
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Magnate
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Magnate, from the Late Latin magnas, a great man, itself from Latin magnus, great, designates a noble or other man in a high social position, by birth, wealth or other qualities. In reference to the Middle Ages, the term is used to distinguish higher territorial landowners and warlords such as counts, earls, dukes. In England, the class went through a change in the later Middle Ages. It had previously consisted of all tenants-in-chief of the crown, a group of more than a hundred families, the emergence of Parliament led to the establishment of a parliamentary peerage that received personal summons, rarely more than sixty families. A similar class in the Gaelic world were the Flatha, in the Middle Ages a bishop sometimes held territory as a magnate, collecting the revenue of the manors and the associated knights fees. In the Tudor period, after Henry VII defeated Richard III at Bosworth Field, Henry VII would make parliament attaint undesirable nobles and magnates, thereby stripping them of their wealth, protection from torture, and power. Henry VII also used the Court of the Star Chamber to have powerful nobles executed, Henry VIII continued this approach in his reign, he inherited a survivalistic mistrust of nobles from his father. Henry VIII ennobled very few men and the ones he did were all new men, novi homines, greatly indebted to him, the term was specifically applied to the members of the Upper House in the Apostolic Kingdom of Hungary, the Főrendiház or House of Magnates. In the Early and High Middle Ages the highest title was vojvoda, during the Serbian Empire the higher court members held titles such as despot, sevastokrator and kesar. During foreign rule, under the Ottoman Empire, Habsburg Monarchy, Republic of Venice, and later in the Revolution, in Spain, since the late Middle Ages the highest class of nobility hold the appellation of Grandee of Spain. In Sweden, the wealthiest medieval lords were known as storman, great men, a similar description and meaning as the English term magnate. Aristocracy Szlachta, in Poland Boyar, in Eastern Europe Velikaš, in Serbia and Croatia Magnat This article incorporates text from a now in the public domain, Chisholm, Hugh
10.
Harvey Samuel Firestone
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Harvey Samuel Firestone was an American businessman, and the founder of the Firestone Tire and Rubber Company, one of the first global makers of automobile tires. Firestone was born on the Columbiana, Ohio farm built by his paternal grandfather and he was the second of Benjamin and Catherine Firestones three sons, Benjamin had a son and a daughter by his first wife. Firestones paternal great-great-great-grandfather, Nicholas Feuerstein, immigrated from Berg/Alsace/France, in 1753, three of Nicholass sons – including Harveys great-great-grandfather, Johan Nicholas – changed their surname to Firestone, the English translation of the familys German name Feuerstein. Firestones birthplace was moved later to Greenfield Village, a 90-acre historical site founded by Henry Ford. On November 20,1895, Firestone married Idabelle Smith, notable great-grandchildren include, Andrew Firestone, Nick Firestone, and William Clay Ford, Jr. After graduating from Columbiana High School, Firestone worked for the Columbus Buggy Company in Columbus, Ohio before starting his own company in 1890, making rubber tires for carriages. In 1900 he soon saw the potential for marketing tires for automobiles and then founded the Firestone Tire and Rubber Company. In 1926 he published a book, Men and Rubber, The Story of Business, in 1938, Firestone died of coronary thrombosis. Firestone, Henry Ford, and Thomas Edison were generally considered the three leaders in American industry at the time, and often worked and vacationed together, all three were part of a very exclusive group titled The Millionaires Club. The main library of Princeton University is named Firestone Library in his honor and it is among the largest university libraries in the world. On August 3,1950, the Harvey S Firestone Memorial and it is located at Bridgestone Firestone Inc.1200 Firestone Parkway in Akron, Ohio. In 1974, Firestone was inducted into the Automotive Hall of Fame, Firestone High School in Akron, Ohio, is named in his honor. There is a Harvey S Firestone Park in Columbiana, Ohio, the town Harbel in Liberia, home to Firestones rubber plantation, the largest in the world, is named after Firestone and his wife Isabelle
11.
World War II
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World War II, also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although related conflicts began earlier. It involved the vast majority of the worlds countries—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing alliances, the Allies and the Axis. It was the most widespread war in history, and directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries. Marked by mass deaths of civilians, including the Holocaust and the bombing of industrial and population centres. These made World War II the deadliest conflict in human history, from late 1939 to early 1941, in a series of campaigns and treaties, Germany conquered or controlled much of continental Europe, and formed the Axis alliance with Italy and Japan. Under the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union partitioned and annexed territories of their European neighbours, Poland, Finland, Romania and the Baltic states. In December 1941, Japan attacked the United States and European colonies in the Pacific Ocean, and quickly conquered much of the Western Pacific. The Axis advance halted in 1942 when Japan lost the critical Battle of Midway, near Hawaii, in 1944, the Western Allies invaded German-occupied France, while the Soviet Union regained all of its territorial losses and invaded Germany and its allies. During 1944 and 1945 the Japanese suffered major reverses in mainland Asia in South Central China and Burma, while the Allies crippled the Japanese Navy, thus ended the war in Asia, cementing the total victory of the Allies. World War II altered the political alignment and social structure of the world, the United Nations was established to foster international co-operation and prevent future conflicts. The victorious great powers—the United States, the Soviet Union, China, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union and the United States emerged as rival superpowers, setting the stage for the Cold War, which lasted for the next 46 years. Meanwhile, the influence of European great powers waned, while the decolonisation of Asia, most countries whose industries had been damaged moved towards economic recovery. Political integration, especially in Europe, emerged as an effort to end pre-war enmities, the start of the war in Europe is generally held to be 1 September 1939, beginning with the German invasion of Poland, Britain and France declared war on Germany two days later. The dates for the beginning of war in the Pacific include the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War on 7 July 1937, or even the Japanese invasion of Manchuria on 19 September 1931. Others follow the British historian A. J. P. Taylor, who held that the Sino-Japanese War and war in Europe and its colonies occurred simultaneously and this article uses the conventional dating. Other starting dates sometimes used for World War II include the Italian invasion of Abyssinia on 3 October 1935. The British historian Antony Beevor views the beginning of World War II as the Battles of Khalkhin Gol fought between Japan and the forces of Mongolia and the Soviet Union from May to September 1939, the exact date of the wars end is also not universally agreed upon. It was generally accepted at the time that the war ended with the armistice of 14 August 1945, rather than the formal surrender of Japan
12.
Scheide Library
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The Scheide Library once a private library, is now a permanent part of the Department of Rare Books and Special Collections of the Princeton University Library. It is housed in the Harvey S. Firestone Memorial Library on the campus of Princeton University, in 2015, following the death of William Scheide, the library was gifted to the University to be a part of the permanent collection. It marks the largest gift in the universitys history, the Scheide Library is possibly the finest collection of rare books and manuscripts in the Western Hemisphere. It is the only library outside of Europe to possess all four of the first printed bibles, The Gutenberg Bible, the 1460 Bible, the 36-line Bible, other notable holdings include manuscripts by Abraham Lincoln, J. S. Bach, and Ludwig van Beethoven, a copy of the Declaration of Independence, and first editions of Shakespeare, the library also holds significant collections of medieval manuscripts and incunabula, printed books on travel and exploration, and Americana. Official website Guide to the Princeton University Library
13.
F. Scott Fitzgerald
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Francis Scott Key Fitzgerald, known professionally as F. Scott Fitzgerald, was an American novelist and short story writer, whose works illustrate the Jazz Age. While he achieved limited success in his lifetime, he is now regarded as one of the greatest American writers of the 20th century. Fitzgerald is considered a member of the Lost Generation of the 1920s and he finished four novels, This Side of Paradise, The Beautiful and Damned, The Great Gatsby, and Tender Is the Night. A fifth, unfinished novel, The Last Tycoon, was published posthumously, Fitzgerald also wrote numerous short stories, many of which treat themes of youth and promise, and age and despair. He was also named after his sister, Louise Scott Fitzgerald. Well, three months before I was born, he wrote as an adult, my mother lost her two children. I think I started then to be a writer and his mother was Mary Molly McQuillan Fitzgerald, the daughter of an Irish immigrant who had made his fortune in the wholesale grocery business. Fitzgerald was the first cousin once removed of Mary Surratt, hanged in 1865 for conspiring to assassinate Abraham Lincoln, Edward Fitzgerald had earlier worked as a wicker furniture salesman, he joined Procter & Gamble when the business failed. His parents, both Catholic, sent Fitzgerald to two Catholic schools on the West Side of Buffalo, first Holy Angels Convent and then Nardin Academy and his formative years in Buffalo revealed him to be a boy of unusual intelligence with a keen early interest in literature. His doting mother ensured that her son had all the advantages of an upper-middle-class upbringing and her inheritance and donations from an aunt allowed the family to live a comfortable lifestyle. In a rather unconventional style of parenting, Fitzgerald attended Holy Angels with the arrangement that he go for only half a day—and was allowed to choose which half. In 1908, his father was fired from Procter & Gamble, and the returned to Minnesota. When he was 13, he saw his first piece of writing appear in print—a detective story published in the school newspaper. In 1911, when Fitzgerald was 15 years old, his parents sent him to the Newman School, Fitzgerald played on the 1912 Newman football team. At Newman, he met Father Sigourney Fay, who noticed his incipient talent with the written word, after graduating from the Newman School in 1913, Fitzgerald decided to stay in New Jersey to continue his artistic development at Princeton University. He tried out for the football team, but was cut the first day of practice. He firmly dedicated himself at Princeton to honing his craft as a writer and he wrote for the Princeton Triangle Club, the Nassau Lit, and the Princeton Tiger. He also was involved in the American Whig-Cliosophic Society, which ran the Nassau Lit and his absorption in the Triangle—a kind of musical-comedy society—led to his submission of a novel to Charles Scribners Sons where the editor praised the writing but ultimately rejected the book
14.
The Great Gatsby
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The story primarily concerns the young and mysterious millionaire Jay Gatsby and his quixotic passion and obsession for the beautiful former debutante Daisy Buchanan. Progress was slow, with Fitzgerald completing his first draft following a move to the French Riviera in 1924 and his editor, Maxwell Perkins, felt the book was vague and persuaded the author to revise over the next winter. First published by Scribners in April 1925, The Great Gatsby received mixed reviews and sold poorly, in its first year, Fitzgerald died in 1940, believing himself to be a failure and his work forgotten. However, the experienced a revival during World War II. Today, The Great Gatsby is widely considered to be a literary classic, in 1998, the Modern Library editorial board voted it the 20th centurys best American novel and second best English-language novel of the same time period. Set on the prosperous Long Island of 1922, The Great Gatsby provides a social history of America during the Roaring Twenties within its fictional narrative. Fitzgerald educates his readers about the society of the Roaring Twenties by placing a timeless. Fitzgeralds visits to Long Islands north shore and his experience attending parties at mansions inspired The Great Gatsbys setting, today, there are a number of theories as to which mansion was the inspiration for the book. One possibility is Lands End, a notable Gold Coast Mansion where Fitzgerald may have attended a party, many of the events in Fitzgeralds early life are reflected throughout The Great Gatsby. Fitzgerald was a man from Minnesota, and like Nick, he was educated at an Ivy League school. Fitzgerald is also similar to Jay Gatsby, in that he fell in love while stationed far from home in the military, Fitzgerald became a second lieutenant, and was stationed at Camp Sheridan, in Montgomery, Alabama. There he met and fell in love with a wild seventeen-year-old beauty named Zelda Sayre, Zelda finally agreed to marry him, but her preference for wealth, fun, and leisure led her to delay their wedding until he could prove a success. Like Nick in The Great Gatsby, Fitzgerald found this new lifestyle seductive and exciting, in many ways, The Great Gatsby represents Fitzgeralds attempt to confront his conflicting feelings about the Jazz Age. Like Gatsby, Fitzgerald was driven by his love for a woman who symbolized everything he wanted, even as she led him toward everything he despised. In her book Careless People, Murder, Mayhem and the Invention of The Great Gatsby, based on her forensic search for clues, she asserts that the two victims in the Hall-Mills murder case inspired the characters who were murdered in The Great Gatsby. The main events of the novel take place in the summer of 1922, Nick Carraway, a Yale graduate and veteran of the Great War from the Midwest—who serves as the novels narrator—takes a job in New York as a bond salesman. Nick drives around the bay to East Egg for dinner at the home of his cousin, Daisy Fay Buchanan, and her husband, Tom and they introduce Nick to Jordan Baker, an attractive, cynical young golfer with whom Nick begins a romantic relationship. She reveals to Nick that Tom has a mistress, Myrtle Wilson, who lives in the valley of ashes, not long after this revelation, Nick travels to New York City with Tom and Myrtle to an apartment Tom keeps for his affairs with Myrtle and others
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Mario Vargas Llosa
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Vargas Llosa is one of Latin Americas most significant novelists and essayists, and one of the leading writers of his generation. He writes prolifically across an array of genres, including literary criticism and journalism. His novels include comedies, murder mysteries, historical novels, several, such as Captain Pantoja and the Special Service and Aunt Julia and the Scriptwriter, have been adapted as feature films. Many of Vargas Llosas works are influenced by the perception of Peruvian society. Increasingly- however- he has expanded his range, and tackled themes that arise from other parts of the world, in his essays, Vargas Llosa has made many criticisms of nationalism in different parts of the world. Another change over the course of his career has been a shift from a style and approach associated with literary modernism, while he initially supported the Cuban revolutionary government of Fidel Castro, Vargas Llosa later became disenchanted with his policies. He ran for the Peruvian presidency in 1990 with the center-right Frente Democrático coalition, advocating classical liberal reforms, Mario Vargas Llosa was born to a middle-class family on March 28,1936, in the Peruvian provincial city of Arequipa. He was the child of Ernesto Vargas Maldonado and Dora Llosa Ureta. Shortly after Marios birth, his father revealed that he was having an affair with a German woman, consequently, Vargas Llosa lived with his maternal family in Arequipa until a year after his parents divorce, when his maternal grandfather was named honorary consul for Peru in Bolivia. With his mother and her family, Vargas Llosa then moved to Cochabamba, Bolivia and his maternal family, the Llosas, were sustained by his grandfather, who managed a cotton farm. As a child, Vargas Llosa was led to believe that his father had died—his mother and her family did not want to explain that his parents had separated, while in Piura, Vargas Llosa attended elementary school at the religious academy Colegio Salesiano. In 1946, at the age of ten, he moved to Lima and his parents re-established their relationship and lived in Magdalena del Mar, a middle-class Lima suburb, during his teenage years. While in Lima, he studied at the Colegio La Salle, when Vargas Llosa was fourteen, his father sent him to the Leoncio Prado Military Academy in Lima. At the age of 16, before his graduation, Vargas Llosa began working as an amateur journalist for local newspapers, in 1953, during the government of Manuel A. Odría, Vargas Llosa enrolled in Limas National University of San Marcos, to study law and literature. He married Julia Urquidi, his maternal uncles sister-in-law, in 1955 at the age of 19, Vargas Llosa began his literary career in earnest in 1957 with the publication of his first short stories, The Leaders and The Grandfather, while working for two Peruvian newspapers. Upon his graduation from the National University of San Marcos in 1958, despite Mario and Julias unexpected financial status, the couple decided to remain in Paris where he began to write prolifically. Their marriage lasted only a few years, ending in divorce in 1964. As of 2015, he is in a relationship with Filipina Spanish socialite and TV personality Isabel Preysler, Vargas Llosas first novel, The Time of the Hero, was published in 1963
16.
Toni Morrison
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Toni Morrison is an American novelist, editor, and Professor Emeritus at Princeton University. Her novels are known for their themes, vivid dialogue. Among her best known novels are The Bluest Eye, Sula, Song of Solomon, Morrison won the Pulitzer Prize and the American Book Award in 1988 for Beloved. Beloved was adapted into a film of the name in 1998. Morrison was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1993, in 1996, the National Endowment for the Humanities selected her for the Jefferson Lecture, the U. S. federal governments highest honor for achievement in the humanities. She was honored with the 1996 National Book Foundations Medal of Distinguished Contribution to American Letters, Morrison was commissioned to write the libretto for a new opera, Margaret Garner, first performed in 2005. On May 29,2012, Morrison received the Presidential Medal of Freedom, in 2016 Morrison received the PEN/Saul Bellow Award for Achievement in American Fiction. Toni Morrison was born in Lorain, Ohio, to Ramah and she is the second of four children in a working-class family. Her parents moved to Ohio to escape racism and instilled a sense of heritage through telling traditional African American folktales. She read frequently as a child, among her favorite authors were Jane Austen and she became a Catholic at the age of 12 and received the baptismal name Anthony, which later became the basis for her nickname Toni. In 1949 she enrolled at Howard University, graduating in 1953 with a B. A. in English and her Masters thesis was Virginia Woolfs and William Faulkners Treatment of the Alienated. She taught English, first at Texas Southern University in Houston for two years, then at Howard for seven years, while teaching at Howard, she met Harold Morrison, a Jamaican architect, whom she married in 1958. The couple had two children and divorced in 1964, in that capacity, Morrison played a vital role in bringing black literature into the mainstream, editing books by authors such as Henry Dumas, Toni Cade Bambara, Angela Davis, and Gayl Jones. In 1983, she left publishing to devote time to writing. Morrison began writing fiction as part of an group of poets. She attended one meeting with a story about a black girl who longed to have blue eyes. She later developed the story as her first novel, The Bluest Eye and she wrote it while raising two children and teaching at Howard. In 1975 her novel Sula was nominated for the National Book Award and her third novel, Song of Solomon, brought her national attention
17.
George F. Kennan
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George Frost Kennan was an American diplomat and historian. He was known best as an advocate of a policy of containment of Soviet expansion during the Cold War on which he reversed himself. He lectured widely and wrote histories of the relations between USSR and the United States. He was also one of the group of foreign policy known as The Wise Men. During the late 1940s, his writings inspired the Truman Doctrine and these texts provided justification for the Truman administrations new anti-Soviet policy. Kennan played a role in the development of definitive Cold War programs and institutions. Soon after his concepts had become U. S. policy, subsequently, prior to the end of 1948, Kennan became confident that positive dialogue could commence with the Soviet government. His proposals were discounted by the Truman administration and Kennans influence was marginalized, Cold War strategy assumed a more assertive and militaristic quality, causing Kennan to lament about what he believed was an abrogation of his previous assessments. In 1950, Kennan left the Department of State—except for two brief stints in Moscow and Yugoslavia—and became a realist critic of U. S. foreign policy. He continued to analyze international affairs as a faculty member of the Institute for Advanced Study from 1956 until his death at age 101. Mrs. Kennan died two months due to peritonitis from a ruptured appendix, though Kennan long believed that she died after giving birth to him. The boy always lamented not having a mother, he was never close to his father or stepmother, however, at the age of eight he went to Germany to stay with his stepmother in order to learn German. He attended St. Johns Military Academy in Delafield, Wisconsin, unaccustomed to the elite atmosphere of the Ivy League, the shy and introverted Kennan found his undergraduate years difficult and lonely. After receiving his bachelors degree in 1925, Kennan considered applying to law school and he passed the qualifying examination and after seven months of study at the Foreign Service School in Washington he gained his first job as a vice consul in Geneva, Switzerland. Within a year he was transferred to a post in Hamburg, in 1929 Kennan began his program on history, politics, culture, and the Russian language at the University of Berlins Oriental Institute. During the course of his career, Kennan would master a number of other languages, including German, French, Polish, Czech, Portuguese. In 1931 Kennan was stationed at the legation in Riga, Latvia, from his job, Kennan grew to mature interest in Russian affairs. When the U. S. began formal diplomacy with the Soviet government during 1933 after the election of President Franklin D. Roosevelt, Kennan accompanied ambassador William C
18.
X Article
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The X Article, formally titled The Sources of Soviet Conduct, was an article written by George F. Kennan under the pseudonym Mr. X and published in Foreign Affairs magazine in July 1947. Kennan, who was the Deputy Chief of Mission of the United States to the USSR from 1944 to 1946, advocated in the article a policy of containment of the Soviet Union and strong anti-communism. G. F. Kennan rejoined the U. S. Embassy in Moscow as Chargé dAffaires in July,1945, Kennan proposed a policy known as Containment. In February 1946, the United States Treasury asked the U. S. Embassy in Moscow why the Soviets were not supporting the newly created World Bank and the International Monetary Fund. In reply, Kennan wrote the Long Telegram outlining his opinions and views of the Soviets, According to Kennan and it arrived in Washington on February 22,1946. Among its most-remembered parts was that while Soviet power was impervious to the logic of reason, the preface to the Long Telegram includes the following comments, Answer to Depts 284, Feb. I hope, therefore, Dept will bear with me if I submit in answer to this question five parts, Kennan described dealing with Soviet Communism as undoubtedly greatest task our diplomacy has ever faced and probably greatest it will ever have to face. According to Kennan, the Soviet Union did not see the possibility for long-term peaceful coexistence with the capitalist world, the Soviets ever-present aim was to advance the socialist cause. For the Soviets, capitalism was a menace to the ideals of socialism, the President, allegedly frustrated by Soviet actions, claimed he wanted to be ready to reveal to the whole world the full truth about the Russian failure to honor agreements. With the assistance of George Elsey, Clifford set out to write a report that would take the analysis of the Long Telegram and translate it into concrete policy recommendations. The final report, entitled American Relations with the Soviet Union, was presented solely to the President on September 24,1946, the report would remain top secret and un-circulated until it appeared in Arthur Krock’s Memoirs in 1968. It also stressed the importance of a well-informed public because only a public will support the stern policies which Soviet activities make imperative. The first mention of the concept of restraining and confining the Soviet influence appeared in the Clifford-Elsey Report, the Sources of Soviet Conduct began as a private report prepared for Secretary of Defense James Forrestal in January 1947. It was never intended as a public document, on the urging, however, of Hamilton Fish Armstrong, editor of Foreign Affairs, Kennan obtained permission from Forrestal to publish the article under the pseudonym X. When published, the article was not intended to be a statement of the official views of the Soviet situation. When it was revealed that the author was George Kennan, the connection to official policy was made, marshall, questioned the approval for the publication. Kennan was heavily involved in the evolution of U. S. policy toward the Soviet Union following World War II, both his writing of the Long Telegram and his input into the Clifford-Elsey Report factored into the content of the article. The Long Telegram was a review of how the Soviet Union saw the world, the Clifford-Elsey Report took those facts and interpreted how they affected the world and what the United States should do about it
19.
Seeley G. Mudd Manuscript Library
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The Seeley G. Mudd Manuscript Library is the institutional archives of Princeton University and is part of the Princeton University Librarys department of rare books and special collections. The Mudd Library houses two major areas, the history of Princeton and the history of twentieth century public policy. The Mudd Library was designed by Hugh Stubbins and cost $2.5 million at the time of its construction and it was the first building to be designed under the Universitys energy conservation program and was dedicated on October 16,1976. Its creation was supported by the Seeley G. Mudd Foundation, the Library currently holds 45,000 linear feet of archived material. The university archives collections the records of students and faculty at Princeton University, evidence of the business, records of student life. The university archives is also the repository for Princeton senior theses, the five major collecting areas for public policy at Mudd Library are foreign policy, jurisprudence, journalism, public policy formation, and international development. The library has collected from individuals and organizations that influenced these areas in the twentieth and twenty first centuries
20.
Forrestal Village
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Forrestal Village is a 720, 000-square-foot, 52-acre mixed-use retail and office complex in Plainsboro Township, Middlesex County, New Jersey, along Route 1. Despite being in Plainsboro it has a Princeton address and it is just north of Princeton Universitys Forrestal campus and is named for James Forrestal. The center is anchored by Can Do Fitness and a Westin hotel, in recent years, it has suffered a sharp decline, turning into a dead mall. Renovations and rebranding as an office complex are underway to bring customers back, the center has spawned some development in the area, including an adjacent office complex and several apartment and condo communities, including Princeton Windrows, which is right across the street. Princeton Forrestal Village broke ground in 1986 on land leased from Princeton University, at Route 1, a cloverleaf interchange was completed at the intersection to ease the congestion of the then-planned center. The centers developer ultimately paid for the intersection after a battle against the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. When it opened, it contained nightclubs, several restaurants, a 300-room Marriott hotel, a food court. To lure everyday shoppers, a barbershop, a tailor and custom shop, a shoe repair establishment, an express mail operation. Since the area was surrounded by competitors, such as downtown Princeton, Palmer Square, as many of the upscale tenants moved out, the owners brought in outlet stores and the Forrestal Village became an outlet mall. The concept was successful for a brief period, by the late 1990s, the center was almost dead. Some changes were made, including the opening of the Tre Piani restaurant, in 2003, the owners, The Praedium Group, sold the center for $39.6 million to the Gale Company. In 2007, the mall rebranded itself as mainly an office and professional complex with retail stores. By that time, the Marriott, which moved across Route 1 to the site of the former Scanticon Hotel, was replaced with a Westin, also, Luxe Home, a furnishings store, relocated to the center from Princetons Palmer Square. Several restaurants, such as the Salt Creek Grille and Ruths Chris Steak House have also opened, most of the other tenants in the retail spaces are offices and services. Forrestal Village Website Deadmalls. com entry The Westin Princeton at Forrestal Village
21.
Frank Gehry
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Frank Owen Gehry, CC is a Canadian-born American architect, residing in Los Angeles. A number of his buildings, including his private residence, have become world-renowned attractions and it was his private residence in Santa Monica, California, that jump-started his career. Gehry is also the designer of the future National Dwight D. Eisenhower Memorial, Gehry was born Frank Owen Goldberg on February 28,1929, in Toronto, Ontario, to parents Sadie Thelma and Irving Goldberg. His father was born in Brooklyn, New York, to Russian Jewish parents, a creative child, he was encouraged by his grandmother, with whom he would build little cities out of scraps of wood. With these scraps from her husbands store, she entertained him for hours, building imaginary houses. His use of corrugated steel, chain link fencing, unpainted plywood and he would spend time drawing with his father, while his mother introduced him to the world of art. So the creative genes were there, Gehry says, but my father thought I was a dreamer, I wasnt gonna amount to anything. It was my mother who thought I was just reticent to do things and he was given the Hebrew name Ephraim by his grandfather, but only used it at his bar mitzvah. In 1947, his family immigrated to the United States settling in California, Gehry got a job driving a delivery truck, and studied at Los Angeles City College, eventually to graduate from the University of Southern Californias School of Architecture. During that time, he became a member of Alpha Epsilon Pi, according to Gehry, I was a truck driver in L. A. going to City College, and I tried radio announcing, which I wasnt very good at. I tried chemical engineering, which I wasnt very good at and didnt like and you know, somehow I just started wracking my brain about, What do I like. And I remembered art, that I loved going to museums and I loved looking at paintings and those things came from my mother, who took me to concerts and museums. I remembered Grandma and the blocks, and just on a hunch, Gehry graduated with a Bachelor of Architecture degree from USC in 1954. After graduating from college, he spent time away from the field of architecture in other jobs. In the fall of 1956, he moved his family to Cambridge and he left before completing the program, disheartened and underwhelmed. Gehry returned to Los Angeles to work for Victor Gruen Associates, in 1957 he was given the chance to design and construct his first private residence at the age of 28, with friend and old classmate Greg Walsh. Built in Idyllwild, California for his wife Anita’s family neighbor Melvin David, The David Cabin, completed in 1958, beams protrude from the exterior sides and exposed, unfinished ceiling beams are prominent features. In 1961, he moved to Paris where he worked for architects Pereira, in 1962, Gehry established a practice in Los Angeles which became Frank Gehry and Associates in 1967 and then Gehry Partners in 2001
22.
Princeton Theological Seminary
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Princeton Theological Seminary is an independent school of theology in Princeton, New Jersey and the largest of ten seminaries associated with the Presbyterian Church. Princeton Seminary has long been influential in theological scholarship, with many leading scholars, theologians. It houses one of the largest theological seminaries in the world and hosts a number of special collections, Today, the seminary enrolls approximately 500 students. The institution also has a relationship with the Center of Theological Inquiry. The plan to establish a seminary in Princeton was in the interests of advancing and extending the theological curriculum. The educational intention was to go beyond the arts course by setting up a postgraduate. The Seminary remains an institution of the Presbyterian Church, being the largest of the ten theological seminaries affiliated with the 1. 6-million-member denomination, in 1812, the Seminary boasted three students and the Reverend Dr. Archibald Alexander as its first professor. By 1815 the number of students had increased and work began on a building, Alexander Hall was designed by John McComb, Jr. a New York architect. The original cupola was added in 1827, but it burned in 1913 and was replaced in 1926, the building was simply called Seminary until 1893, when it was officially named Alexander Hall. Some of the institutions active in this movement included Charles Hodge, B. B. Warfield, J. Gresham Machen. The college was later the center of the Fundamentalist-Modernist Controversy of the 1920s and 1930s, the library has over 1,252,503 bound volumes, pamphlets, and microfilms. It currently receives about 2,100 journals, annual reports of bodies and learned societies, bulletins, transactions, and periodically issued indices, abstracts. The Libraries are, Princeton Theological Seminary Library was opened in 2013, ashbel Green, Dr. William Buell Sprague, Prof. Joseph Addison Alexander, Dr. Alexander Balloch Grosart, Prof. William Henry Green, Prof. Samuel Miller, and Prof. B. B. Speer Library, opened in 1957 and named in honor of the missionary statesman Robert E. Speer. It was closed in late 2010 and was replaced by the new library, Henry Luce III Library, dedicated in 1994 and named in honor of a distinguished trustee, Henry Luce III,350,000 volumes and 250 readers. This library was closed for renovation in 2013, in 2015, the U. S. News & World Report placed Princeton Seminary among the top 50 graduate programs for the field of history in the United States. Built in 1834, Princetons chapel was named to honor Samuel Miller and it was designed in the Greek Revival style by Charles Steadman, who also designed the nearby Nassau Presbyterian Church. Originally located beside Alexander Hall, it was moved in 1933 toward the center of the campus, Miller Chapel underwent a complete renovation in 2000, with the addition of the Joe R. Engle Organ
23.
Institute for Advanced Study
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The IAS is perhaps best known as the academic home of Albert Einstein, John von Neumann and Kurt Gödel, after their immigration to the United States. Although it is close to and collaborates with Princeton University, Rutgers University, Flexners guiding principle in founding the Institute was the pursuit of knowledge for its own sake. There are no programs or experimental facilities at the Institute. Research is never contracted or directed, it is left to each individual researcher to pursue their own goals and it is supported entirely by endowments, grants, and gifts, and is one of the eight American mathematics institutes funded by the National Science Foundation. It is the model for the eight members of the consortium Some Institutes for Advanced Study. The institute consists of four schools–Historical Studies, Mathematics, Natural Sciences, in 2016, the Institute has been in the news for a faculty housing project proposal. While the Institute owns the property on which it wants to build these houses, historians and archaeological evidence confirm the site witnessed Gen. George Washingtons arrival and charge on horseback across the battlefield during the January 3,1777 Battle of Princeton. The Institute was founded in 1930 by Abraham Flexner, together with philanthropists Louis Bamberger, Flexner is generally regarded as one of the most important figures in the history of American medicine and played a major role in the reform of medical education. This led to an interest in education generally and as early as 1890 he had founded a school which had no formal curriculum, exams. It was a success at preparing students for prestigious colleges. The Bamberger siblings wanted to use the proceeds from the sale of their department store in Newark, New Jersey, Flexner convinced them to put their money in the service of more abstract research. In 1932 Veblen resigned from Princeton and became the first professor in the new Institute for Advanced Study and he selected most of the original faculty and also helped the Institute acquire land in Princeton for both the original facility and future expansion. Flexner and Veblen set out to recruit the best mathematicians and physicists they could find, the rise of fascism and the associated anti-semitism forced many prominent mathematicians to flee Europe and some, such as Einstein and Hermann Weyl, found a home at the new institute. Weyl as a condition of accepting insisted that the Institute also appoint the thirty year old Austrian-Hungarian polymath John von Neumann, indeed, the IAS became the key lifeline for scholars fleeing Europe. Einstein was Flexners first coup and shortly after that he was followed by Veblens brilliant student James Alexander, Flexner was fortunate in the luminaries he directly recruited but also in the people that they brought along with them. Thus, by 1934 the fledgeling institute was led by six of the most prominent mathematicians in the world, in 1935 quantum physics pioneer Wolfgang Pauli became a faculty member. With the opening of the Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton replaced Göttingen as the center for mathematics in the twentieth century. Princeton Universitys science departments are less than two miles away and informal ties and collaboration between the two institutions occurred from the beginning and this helped start an incorrect impression that it was part of the University, one that has never been completely eradicated
24.
Princeton Public Library
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The Princeton Public Library serves the town of Princeton, New Jersey. Its usage exceeds all but five of New Jerseys twenty-one county systems, the town itself however would not have a library to call its own until the twentieth century. The Princeton Public Library opened in 1909, and has had three different homes, the library was originally located at the historic Bainbridge House on Nassau Street, which is the current home of the Princeton Historical Society. Bainbridge house had been built in 1766 by Job Stockton and had been the birthplace of naval hero William Bainbridge, the house came into the ownership of Princeton University, which rented it to the library for $1 a year. The growing library moved in 1966 to a building at 65 Witherspoon Street, by 2002 the library had a collection of 130,000 books in a building designed for 80,000 and the decision was made to build a new home for the library on the same site. The new building and the new logos and signage were designed by Hillier Architecture. The building is named for George and Estelle Sands, who made a $5 million donation, the J. Seward Johnson Charitable Trust donated $1 million and the university $400,000. The total cost of the new building was $18 million with two-thirds of that raised from donations, $4 million from Princeton Township
25.
Google Books
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Books are provided either by publishers and authors, through the Google Books Partner Program, or by Googles library partners, through the Library Project. Additionally, Google has partnered with a number of publishers to digitize their archives. The Publisher Program was first known as Google Print when it was introduced at the Frankfurt Book Fair in October 2004, the Google Books Library Project, which scans works in the collections of library partners and adds them to the digital inventory, was announced in December 2004. But it has also criticized for potential copyright violations. As of October 2015, the number of scanned book titles was over 25 million, Google estimated in 2010 that there were about 130 million distinct titles in the world, and stated that it intended to scan all of them. Results from Google Books show up in both the universal Google Search as well as in the dedicated Google Books search website, if Google believes the book is still under copyright, a user sees snippets of text around the queried search terms. All instances of the terms in the book text appear with a yellow highlight. The four access levels used on Google Books are, Full view, Books in the domain are available for full view. In-print books acquired through the Partner Program are also available for full view if the publisher has given permission, usually, the publisher can set the percentage of the book available for preview. Users are restricted from copying, downloading or printing book previews, a watermark reading Copyrighted material appears at the bottom of pages. All books acquired through the Partner Program are available for preview and this could be because Google cannot identify the owner or the owner declined permission. If a search term appears many times in a book, Google displays no more than three snippets, thus preventing the user from viewing too much of the book. Also, Google does not display any snippets for certain reference books, such as dictionaries, Google maintains that no permission is required under copyright law to display the snippet view. No preview, Google also displays search results for books that have not been digitized, in effect, this is similar to an online library card catalog. Google also stated that it would not scan any in-copyright books between August and 1 November 2005, to provide the owners with the opportunity to decide which books to exclude from the Project. It can let Google scan the book under the Library Project and it can opt out of the Library Project, in which case Google will not scan the book. If the book has already been scanned, Google will reset its access level as No preview and this information is collated through automated methods, and sometimes data from third-party sources is used. This information provides an insight into the book, particularly useful when only a view is available
26.
J. D. Salinger
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Jerome David J. D. Salinger was an American writer who is known for his widely-read novel, The Catcher in the Rye. Following his early success publishing short stories and Catcher in the Rye and he published his final original work in 1965 and gave his last interview in 1980. Salinger was raised in Manhattan and began writing stories while in secondary school. Several were published in Story magazine in the early 1940s before he serving in World War II. In 1948, his acclaimed story A Perfect Day for Bananafish appeared in The New Yorker magazine. In 1951, his novel The Catcher in the Rye was a popular success. His depiction of adolescent alienation and loss of innocence in the protagonist Holden Caulfield was influential, the novel remains widely read and controversial, selling around 250,000 copies a year. The success of The Catcher in the Rye led to public attention, Salinger became reclusive, publishing new work less frequently. His last published work, a novella entitled Hapworth 16,1924, in 1996, a small publisher announced a deal with Salinger to publish Hapworth 16,1924 in book form, but amid the ensuing publicity the release was indefinitely delayed. Salinger died of natural causes on January 27,2010, at his home in Cornish, in November 2013, three unpublished stories by Salinger were briefly posted online. One of the stories, The Ocean Full of Bowling Balls, is said to be a prequel to The Catcher in the Rye, jerome David Salinger was born in New York City, on New Years Day,1919. His father, Sol Salinger, sold kosher cheese, and was from a Jewish family of Lithuanian descent, his father having been the rabbi for the Adath Jeshurun congregation in Louisville, Kentucky. Salingers mother, Marie, was born in Atlantic, Iowa, of Scottish, German, and Irish descent, Salinger did not learn that his mother was not of Jewish ancestry until just after he celebrated his bar mitzvah. His only sibling was his older sister Doris, in youth, Salinger attended public schools on the West Side of Manhattan. Then in 1932, the moved to Park Avenue, and Salinger was enrolled at the McBurney School. At McBurney, he managed the team, wrote for the school newspaper. He showed a talent for drama, though his father opposed the idea of J. D. s becoming an actor. Salinger had trouble fitting in at his new school and took measures to conform and his parents then enrolled him at Valley Forge Military Academy in Wayne, Pennsylvania
27.
International Standard Serial Number
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An International Standard Serial Number is an eight-digit serial number used to uniquely identify a serial publication. The ISSN is especially helpful in distinguishing between serials with the same title, ISSN are used in ordering, cataloging, interlibrary loans, and other practices in connection with serial literature. The ISSN system was first drafted as an International Organization for Standardization international standard in 1971, ISO subcommittee TC 46/SC9 is responsible for maintaining the standard. When a serial with the content is published in more than one media type. For example, many serials are published both in print and electronic media, the ISSN system refers to these types as print ISSN and electronic ISSN, respectively. The format of the ISSN is an eight digit code, divided by a hyphen into two four-digit numbers, as an integer number, it can be represented by the first seven digits. The last code digit, which may be 0-9 or an X, is a check digit. Formally, the form of the ISSN code can be expressed as follows, NNNN-NNNC where N is in the set, a digit character. The ISSN of the journal Hearing Research, for example, is 0378-5955, where the final 5 is the check digit, for calculations, an upper case X in the check digit position indicates a check digit of 10. To confirm the check digit, calculate the sum of all eight digits of the ISSN multiplied by its position in the number, the modulus 11 of the sum must be 0. There is an online ISSN checker that can validate an ISSN, ISSN codes are assigned by a network of ISSN National Centres, usually located at national libraries and coordinated by the ISSN International Centre based in Paris. The International Centre is an organization created in 1974 through an agreement between UNESCO and the French government. The International Centre maintains a database of all ISSNs assigned worldwide, at the end of 2016, the ISSN Register contained records for 1,943,572 items. ISSN and ISBN codes are similar in concept, where ISBNs are assigned to individual books, an ISBN might be assigned for particular issues of a serial, in addition to the ISSN code for the serial as a whole. An ISSN, unlike the ISBN code, is an identifier associated with a serial title. For this reason a new ISSN is assigned to a serial each time it undergoes a major title change, separate ISSNs are needed for serials in different media. Thus, the print and electronic versions of a serial need separate ISSNs. Also, a CD-ROM version and a web version of a serial require different ISSNs since two different media are involved, however, the same ISSN can be used for different file formats of the same online serial
28.
Wayback Machine
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The Internet Archive launched the Wayback Machine in October 2001. It was set up by Brewster Kahle and Bruce Gilliat, and is maintained with content from Alexa Internet, the service enables users to see archived versions of web pages across time, which the archive calls a three dimensional index. Since 1996, the Wayback Machine has been archiving cached pages of websites onto its large cluster of Linux nodes and it revisits sites every few weeks or months and archives a new version. Sites can also be captured on the fly by visitors who enter the sites URL into a search box, the intent is to capture and archive content that otherwise would be lost whenever a site is changed or closed down. The overall vision of the machines creators is to archive the entire Internet, the name Wayback Machine was chosen as a reference to the WABAC machine, a time-traveling device used by the characters Mr. Peabody and Sherman in The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show, an animated cartoon. These crawlers also respect the robots exclusion standard for websites whose owners opt for them not to appear in search results or be cached, to overcome inconsistencies in partially cached websites, Archive-It. Information had been kept on digital tape for five years, with Kahle occasionally allowing researchers, when the archive reached its fifth anniversary, it was unveiled and opened to the public in a ceremony at the University of California, Berkeley. Snapshots usually become more than six months after they are archived or, in some cases, even later. The frequency of snapshots is variable, so not all tracked website updates are recorded, Sometimes there are intervals of several weeks or years between snapshots. After August 2008 sites had to be listed on the Open Directory in order to be included. As of 2009, the Wayback Machine contained approximately three petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of 100 terabytes each month, the growth rate reported in 2003 was 12 terabytes/month, the data is stored on PetaBox rack systems manufactured by Capricorn Technologies. In 2009, the Internet Archive migrated its customized storage architecture to Sun Open Storage, in 2011 a new, improved version of the Wayback Machine, with an updated interface and fresher index of archived content, was made available for public testing. The index driving the classic Wayback Machine only has a bit of material past 2008. In January 2013, the company announced a ground-breaking milestone of 240 billion URLs, in October 2013, the company announced the Save a Page feature which allows any Internet user to archive the contents of a URL. This became a threat of abuse by the service for hosting malicious binaries, as of December 2014, the Wayback Machine contained almost nine petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of about 20 terabytes each week. Between October 2013 and March 2015 the websites global Alexa rank changed from 162 to 208, in a 2009 case, Netbula, LLC v. Chordiant Software Inc. defendant Chordiant filed a motion to compel Netbula to disable the robots. Netbula objected to the motion on the ground that defendants were asking to alter Netbulas website, in an October 2004 case, Telewizja Polska USA, Inc. v. Echostar Satellite, No.02 C3293,65 Fed. 673, a litigant attempted to use the Wayback Machine archives as a source of admissible evidence, Telewizja Polska is the provider of TVP Polonia and EchoStar operates the Dish Network
29.
Bendheim Center for Finance
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The Bendheim Center for Finance is an interdisciplinary research center established by Princeton University in 1997 at the initiative of Ben Bernanke. In 1997, Princeton University established the Bendheim Center for Finance to encourage research in finance from a quantitative or mathematical perspective. The Center celebrated its anniversary with a conference and lecture by Bernanke in September 2010. News of faculty research of the Bendheim Center regularly appear in international media, the Bendheim Center offers certificates to undergraduates. The first certificates in finance were offered in the fall of 1999, grade requirements were added in 2008 to reduce class sizes to more manageable numbers. Number of certificate students enrolled per year, The Bendheim Center for Finance offers a Masters in Finance degree that can be completed in one year or two years. Most students complete the degree in two years, and only students with substantial prior finance training or work experience are admitted to the one-year option. The New York Sun claims that it is an alternative to an MBA, particularly for people wishing to go into trading. The Bendheim Center for Finance began offering the Masters in Finance degree in 2001, admittance to the program is extremely competitive with fewer than five percent of applications being accepted in recent years. Three Ph. D students received degrees in 2014, alan Blinder — former Federal Reserve Vice Chairman Ben Bernanke — Federal Reserve Chairman, former Chairman of the U. S
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Princeton Neuroscience Institute
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The Princeton Neuroscience Institute is a center for neuroscience research at Princeton University. PNI was created in 2006 as a partnership of Princeton Universitys departments of Psychology and this partnership was led by psychology professor Jonathan Cohen and molecular biology professor David Tank, who continue to serve as Co-Directors of the Institute. In 2014, PNI moved into a research complex that houses both PNI and the Department of Psychology. The building is 248,00 square feet, and was designed by Rafael Moneo to meet LEED Silver certification, PNI runs a PhD program, and oversees an undergraduate major. Research at PNI spans the disciplines of molecular, cellular, systems, PNI is also especially dedicated to computational research. History of psychology Princeton Neuroscience Institute Princeton Psychology Department Website
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Office of Population Research
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The Office of Population Research at Princeton University is the oldest population research center in the United States. One of the faculty appointments was Irene Barnes Taeuber, whose scholarly work helped found the science of demography. The founding director of OPR, Frank W. Notestein, left in 1959 to lead the Population Council and he was succeeded as OPR director by Ansley J. Coale, who held the post from 1959 to 1975. Official website Intute entry OPR history
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Princeton University Department of Psychology
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The Princeton University Department of Psychology, located in Peretsman-Scully Hall, is an academic department of Princeton University in Princeton, New Jersey. For over a century, the department has one of the most notable psychology departments in the country. It has been home to psychologists who have made well-known scientific discoveries in the fields of psychology, the departments undergraduate and graduate programs are highly ranked and the department has developed a well-respected neuroscience program. The department has over forty faculty members, over forty graduate students, the department is chaired by the neuroscientist Elizabeth Gould. In 1915, psychology received recognition in the title when the department was renamed Department of Philosophy and it was not until 1920, however, that the Department of Psychology was established with Howard Warren as its first chairman. In 1924, Eno Hall was constructed to house the department, the building was named in honor of Henry Eno, the principal donor and research associate in psychology. Warren was also a donor, but he chose to keep his donation anonymous at the time and he commented that it was the first laboratory in this country, if not in the world, dedicated solely to the teaching and investigation of scientific psychology. According to university president John Hibben, the laboratory was the realization of a dream that Warren had cherished for a long time, University president James McCosh was primary professor of psychology in the early days of the department. Baldwin, who studied under both McCosh and Wundt, continued this tradition, later, in 1940, Cantril secured a Rockefeller Foundation grant to set up the Office of Public Opinion Research at Princeton. The enormous possibilities of the technique used in market research have been avidly exploited by American business. Newspaper and magazine publishers were quick to sense the news value of reports on what the nation thinks, and now responsible public officials have learned to take opinion polls seriously for their contribution to modern statecraft. In 1963, the department relocated to Green Hall on the corner of Washington St. the building, which had been previously occupied by the School of Engineering, was redesigned by university alumnus Francis W. Roudebush for the use of the psychology and sociology departments. Kamin asserted that the climate in which decision was made raises serious questions about freedom of speech, most of the departments graduates from the classes of 2004 to 2007 had placements in the faculties of research universities and post-doctoral positions. In December,2013, the department relocated to the newly built Peretsman-Scully Hall, the quality of the departments teaching and research has been recognized by several sources. The departments graduate program has ranked fifth best in the United States by U. S. News and World Report. USNWR ranked the departments behavioral neuroscience program and its social psychology program sixth and seventh best in the United States, the graduate study is focused on systems neuroscience, cognitive neuroscience, perception and cognition, personality and social psychology, and physiological psychology. It is a program for a Ph. D. which takes approximately five years to complete. Every year, six degrees and eight masters degrees are awarded on average
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Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory
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Its primary mission is research into and development of fusion as an energy source. It grew out of the top secret Cold War project to control thermonuclear reactions, in 1961, after declassification, Project Matterhorn was renamed the Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory. Lyman Spitzer, Jr. a professor of Astronomy at Princeton University, had for years been involved in the study of very hot rarefied gases in interstellar space. He was inspired by the fascinating, but erroneous claims of controlled nuclear fusion achieved in Argentina by Ronald Richter, Spitzer and he called this concept the stellarator, and took this design before the Atomic Energy Commission in Washington. As a result of meeting and a review of the invention by designated scientists throughout the nation. In 1958, this magnetic fusion research was declassified following the 1955 United Nations International Conference on the Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy and this generated an influx of graduate students eager to learn the new physics, which in turn influenced the lab to concentrate more on basic research. The early figure-8 stellarators included, Model-A, Model-B, Model-B2, model-B64 was a square with round corners, and Model-B65 was a racetrack configuration. The last and most powerful stellarator at this time was the racetrack Model C, the Model C was reconfigured as a tokamak in 1969, becoming the Symmetric Tokamak. In the 1970s research at the PPPL refocused on the Russian tokamak design when it became evident that it was a more satisfactory containment design than the stellarator, in May 1972 the Adiabatic Toroidal Compressor began operation. The Princeton Large Torus, a tokamak, operated from 1975, by 1982, the PPPL under the direction of Harold Furth had the Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor online, which operated until 1997. Beginning in 1993, TFTR was the first in the world to use 50/50 mixtures of deuterium-tritium, in 1994 it yielded an unprecedented 10.7 megawatts of fusion power. In 1999, the National Spherical Torus Experiment Upgrade, based on the tokamak concept. Laboratory scientists are collaborating with researchers on science and technology at other facilities. Staff are applying knowledge gained in fusion research to a number of theoretical and experimental areas including materials science, solar physics, chemistry, experiments will test the ability of the upgraded spherical facility to maintain a high-performance plasma under conditions of extreme heat and power. Results could strongly influence the design of future fusion reactors, in 1961 Dr. Gottlieb became the first director of the renamed Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory. 1951-1961, Lyman Spitzer, director of Project Matterhorn 1961-1980, Melvin B, Gottlieb 1981-1990, Harold Furth 1991-1996, Ronald C. Davidson 1997, John A. Schmidt, interim director 1997-2008, Robert J. Goldston 2008–2016, Stewart C
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Butler College
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Butler College is one of the six residential colleges of Princeton University, founded in 1983. Butler is a college, paired with the two-year Wilson College. This means juniors and seniors are permitted to live in Butler, as of the fall of 2009, Butlers main quad consists of newly constructed dormitories. These new constructed dormitories were designed by Pei Cobb Freed & Partners Architects LLP and these dorms replaced a set of older dormitories, formerly known collectively as the New Quad, built in the 1960s and demolished in 2007. The dormitories now comprising Butler are 1915 Hall,1967 Hall,1976 Hall, Bloomberg Hall, Bogle Hall, Wilf Hall,1915 Hall is an older building, while Bloomberg Hall opened in 2004 and the other dormitories opened in 2009. The dining hall of the college is Gordon Wu Hall, which was renovated during the summer of 2009 along with the adjacent Wilson College dining hall, as a result of this renovation, Wu and Wilcox now share a servery and kitchen, but have separate dining areas. This arrangement is the same as used by the Rockefeller College and Mathey College dining halls
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Forbes College
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The Malcolm S. Forbes Jr.70 College is one of the six residential colleges that house all freshmen and sophomores at Princeton University. The College was a gift to the school by Malcolm S. Forbes Sr.41 in 1984 in honor of his son, steves daughter, Catherine Forbes 99, was a member of Forbes College while attending Princeton. The college consists of two parts, each with a subsection, The Main Inn and its subsidiary New Wing. In addition, a house adjacent to Forbes,99 Alexander Street. The Main Inn and its New Wing were originally part of The Princeton Inn, the hotel was built by the architect Andrew Jackson Thomas in 1923-1924. It was a popular among parents visiting their sons, the New Wing was added in 1946, built of red brick. To the south of the building, is the Annex with additional housing. The hotel was acquired by the university in 1970, and the Addition was built connecting the Annex, Forbes is also said to foster a more close-knit community and social life, because of its unique set up. The Forbes College Addition includes a single-sex floor, one of two in the Princeton University residential colleges. These include private bathrooms for many of the suites, and a hall, library, theater. The dining hall was noted for outstanding Sunday brunch, Forbes is also close to the late-night snack mecca, Wawa. Forbes is a college, paired with nearby Whitman College. Only first- and second-year students live in Forbes, forbesians who wish to live in a residential college past their sophomore year may move into one of the three four-year colleges, Whitman, Mathey, and Butler. Since Forbes is paired with Whitman College, priority for housing in Whitman is given to students who spent their first two years living in Forbes or Whitman. Therefore, although it is possible for a Forbesian to move any of the three four-year colleges after sophomore year, it is most advantageous for him or her to move into Whitman. Forbes College hosts a range of intellectual, social. Friday afternoons at 4,00 p. m. the College Office staff invite students to them for tea and pastries. The Music Society encourages performances by student artists and brings a number of related events to Forbes each year
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Mathey College
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Mathey College is one of six residential colleges at Princeton University. Located in the Northwest corner of the Princeton Campus, its dormitories, since the fall of 2007, Mathey has been a four-year residential college, paired with the two-year Rockefeller College. This means that Princeton undergraduates who wish to remain in a residential college past their sophomore year may live in Mathey during their junior and/or senior years. Because Mathey is paired with Rockefeller, upperclassmen who spent their first two years in Mathey or Rockefeller are given priority for housing in Mathey, most of Mathey College is centered on a large central courtyard featuring a sand volleyball court. Campbell Hall, Joline Hall, Blair Hall, Hamilton Hall, Edwards Hall, Hamilton Hall, Little Hall, and Edwards Hall are not on the main courtyard, though they are near to it. Mathey College is famous for Blair Arch, featured prominently in the movie A Beautiful Mind, as the largest arch at Princeton, Blair Arch hosts many arch sings, a capella concerts held in the arch. Mathey College is named after Dean Mathey of the Class of 1912, the current dean is Dr. Steven Lestition, and the current Head of the College, as of the fall of 2010, is Professor Harriet Flower of the Classics Department
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Rockefeller College
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John D. Rockefeller 3rd College, or Rocky, is one of six residential colleges at Princeton University, United States. It was founded in 1982, making it the third college to be established at Princeton. It is named for John D. Rockefeller 3rd, Princeton Class of 1929, the college is located in the northwestern corner of the Princeton campus and is largely composed of Collegiate Gothic style structures. Madison Hall, home of the dining hall, office, and common spaces, and the dorms Holder Hall, Buyers Hall. Witherspoon Hall, built in 1877, is the oldest building in the college, and is characteristically Richardsonian Romanesque, the college is home to roughly 500 freshmen and sophomores and a small number of upperclassmen. The college staff is led by the master, and also includes a dean, a director of studies, an administrator, a college secretary. The current master of Rockefeller College is Jeff Nunokawa, Professor of English, a council of current students also contributes to college life, organizing trips, study breaks, and other opportunities. Beginning with the 2007–2008 school year, Rockefeller College has, along with Princetons other residential colleges, catered to upperclassmen as well as underclassmen, with new programs, however, the college houses no upperclassmen, with the exception of Residential College Advisors. Rocky is a college, paired with the four-year Mathey College. Rockyites who wish to live in a residential college past their sophomore year may move one of the three four-year colleges, Whitman, Mathey, and Butler. Since Rocky is paired with Mathey College, priority for housing in Mathey is given to students who spent their first two years living in Rocky or Mathey. Therefore, although it is possible for a Rockyite to move any of the three four-year colleges after sophomore year, it is most advantageous for him or her to move into Mathey. Rockefeller Colleges common room, Holder Hall, and Blair Arch were all featured in the film A Beautiful Mind. Each of the six residential college have a Master, a Dean of the College, a Director of Studies, a Director of Student Life, a College Administrator and a College Secretary
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Whitman College, Princeton University
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Whitman College is one of the six residential colleges at Princeton University, New Jersey, United States. The college is named after Meg Whitman, former CEO of eBay, the structure was designed by architect Demetri Porphyrios. Construction of Whitman College was completed in Fall of 2007, 2007–08 marked the inaugural year for the college. Whitman is a residential college, open to students of all four academic classes. Its sister two-year college is Forbes College, although it is possible for any upperclassman to live in Whitman, priority for housing room draw is given to those upperclassmen who lived in either Whitman or Forbes as underclassmen. The current master of Whitman is Sandra Bermann, she is the Cotsen Professor of the Humanities, the master of Whitman was Harvey S. Rosen, the John L. Weinberg Professor of Economics and Business Policy. The Dean is Dr. Rebecca Graves-Bayazitoglu, the former Director of Studies for Rockefeller College, the Director of Studies is Dr. Justin Lorts and the Director of Student Life is Momo Wolapaye. The residential college comprises seven dormitories, South Baker Hall, Hargadon Hall, Fisher Hall, Lauritzen Hall, Class of 1981 Hall, Murley-Pivirotto Family Tower, the colleges dining hall is called Community Hall, so named not for the University community but rather for the eBay community. One of the unusual aspects of the Whitman College system is its tradition of weekly College Night dinners, sponsored by the Whitman College Council. College Nights involve a number of different themes including Carnival, Halloween, College Night dinners are popular among Whitman students but have sparked some controversy among the rest of the Princeton community. Whitman College participates in intramural athletics, including soccer, volleyball. Whitman also organizes a variety of recreational activities, including a craft circle. In 2007, the college was criticized in a Bloomberg Businessweek article for its over-the-top comforts and its only fitting that Whitman College, Princetons new student residence, is named for eBay CEO Meg Whitman, because its a billionaires mansion in the form of a dorm. Each student room has triple-glazed mahogany casement windows made of leaded glass, the dining hall boasts a 35-foot ceiling gabled in oak and a state of the art servery. By the time the 10-building complex in the Collegiate Gothic style opened in August, gold-plating new dorms raises issues of taste and donor ego. More than before, impressionable students and ambitious parents have come to college as a form of conspicuous consumption
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Wilson College, Princeton University
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The Woodrow Wilson Lodge members originally met and dined in Madison Hall, which is now part of John D. Rockefeller III College. Following the ideals of Woodrow Wilson, president of Princeton from 1902-1910, in current times the college is known more simply as Wilson College. Wilcox Hall provided a permanent facility for the Woodrow Wilson Society with a room, library, billiards area, lounges for reading and recreation. The completed dormitory quadrangle consisted of Dodge-Osborn Hall,1937 Hall,1938 Hall,1939 Hall and Christian Gauss Hall, today, the College also includes Feinberg Hall, which was completed in 1988, Walker Hall, and 1927-Clapp Hall. In 1966, the Woodrow Wilson Society was formally reorganized as Woodrow Wilson College with Professor Julian Jaynes of the Psychology Department as its first Master, the college is home to roughly 500 freshmen and sophomores and a small number of upperclass Residential College Advisors. The college staff is led by the master, and also includes a dean, a director of studies, a director of student life, an administrator, a college assistant. A council of current students also contributes to college life, organizing trips, study breaks, beginning with the 2007-2008 school year, Wilson College has, along with Princetons other residential colleges, catered to upperclassmen as well as underclassmen, with new programs and advising. However, the no longer houses upperclassmen, with the exception of RCAs. Wilson is a college, paired with nearby Butler College. Wilsonians who wish to live in a residential college past their sophomore year may move one of the three four-year colleges, Whitman, Mathey, and Butler. Since Wilson is paired with Butler College, priority for housing in Butler is given to students who spent their first two years living in Wilson or Butler. Therefore, although it is possible for a Wilsonian to move any of the three four-year colleges after sophomore year, it is most advantageous for him or her to move into Butler
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Princeton University Graduate College
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The group of Collegiate Gothic buildings was designed by Ralph Adams Cram and located on a hill, one-half mile west of the main campus. Its most prominent architectural landmark is the 173-ft-high Cleveland Tower, which one of the largest carillons in the United States. Cleveland Tower adjoins the Old Graduate College, which also includes Procter Hall, the Van Dyke Library, Pyne Tower, in 1962, the New Graduate College was built to expand the Old Graduate College to the south-west, although it features a more modern architectural style. The Graduate College currently houses approximately 430 graduate students, mostly in their first-year of graduate study and it was recently featured in the movie Admission and will feature in Runner, Runner, with Ben Affleck. Princeton University Graduate College, History and Photos Princeton University, The Graduate College
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Eating clubs at Princeton University
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The eating clubs at Princeton University are private institutions resembling both dining halls and social houses, where the majority of Princeton upperclassmen eat their meals. This area is known to students colloquially as The Street, princetons eating clubs are the primary setting in F. Scott Fitzgeralds 1920 debut novel, This Side of Paradise, and the clubs appeared prominently in the 2004 novel The Rule of Four. Princeton undergraduates have their choice of eleven eating clubs, Four clubs—Cloister Inn, Colonial Club, Quadrangle Club, and Terrace Club—are non-selective sign-in clubs, with members chosen through a lottery process. Charter Club used to be sign-in, but changed to a system where new members are chosen through a system of points accumulated through participating in club activities. While many upperclassmen at Princeton take their meals at the eating clubs, the primary function of the eating clubs is to serve as dining halls for the majority of third- and fourth-year students. Unlike fraternities and sororities, to which the clubs are sometimes compared, the eating clubs also provide many services for their members. Each club, in general, has a room, library, computer cluster, billiard room. Members frequently use club facilities for studying and socializing, on most Thursday and Saturday nights, the Street is the primary social venue for Princeton students, and each club will have music and parties. Some parties are open to all university students, these are colloquially called PUID, other parties are only open to members or students with special passes, which must be obtained from members. Friday nights are much more low-key at Princeton, and clubs that are open are usually only to members. The notable exception is Charter Club, which is open to all university students, each club also has semiformal events and formal dinners and dances. Special events are held annually or biannually at every club, other events are common to all clubs. Eating clubs arose from dining societies, in which Princeton students gathered to take meals at a common table and these groups, often whimsically named, rarely lasted longer than a few years, disappearing when their founders graduated. Towards the end of the 19th century the eating clubs began to recruit new members as old ones left, Ivy Club was the first of the permanent eating clubs. It was followed shortly after by University Cottage Club and this process was greatly aided by Moses Taylor Pyne. He provided financial assistance to most of the eating clubs, an early member of Ivy Club, Pyne was heavily involved in the early development of Cap and Gown Club, Campus Club, Elm Club, Cloister Inn, and many others. The new clubs gradually eroded the central role that debate societies Whig, the decline in popularity and energy of the societies led to their merger into the American Whig-Cliosophic Society, which still exists today. Twenty eating clubs have existed since Ivy Club opened in 1879, at various points, many of the eating clubs fell on hard times and closed their doors or merged with others
