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Principality of Beloozero

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Coordinates: 60°00′N 37°50′E / 60.000°N 37.833°E / 60.000; 37.833 Principality of Beloozero or Beloozero Duchy (Russian: Белозерское княжество) was a Russian principality or duchy, which flourished between the 13th and 15th centuries in the Russian North. In terms of the current administrative division of Russia, the principality was located in the west of Vologda Oblast, around and south of Lake Beloye (White Lake, Russian: Белое озеро).

The principality was detached from the Principality of Rostov in 1238,^[1] the town of Beloozero (today's Belozersk) became its capital. Prince Gleb was the first prince of Beloozero (ca. 1238-1278).^[2] He increased his standing enormously by marrying Sartaq's daughter, the later rulers of Beloozero could claim a descent from Genghis Khan through this marriage. During Gleb's reign, the duchy's territory embraced the basin of White Lake, the lower streams of the Sheksna River, and Lake Kubenskoye.

The duchy had lost its former significance by the early 14th century; in the first half of the 14th century, Ivan Kalita, the Grand Prince of Moscow, was already appointing namestniks of Beloozero who administered the principality instead of the princes.^[3]

In 1389, it was subjugated by Muscovy. Dmitry Donskoy, the Grand Prince of Moscow, handed the principality out to his son Andrey Dmitriyevich. In the end of the 14th century, two influential monasteries were founded at the lands belonging to the principality: Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery in 1397 and Ferapontov Monastery in 1398, the creation was supported by the Moscow princes who considered the foundation of the monasteries as an avenue of the influence of Moscow in the North.

In 1486, the principality, which at the time was a part of the united Principality of Beloozero and Vereya, was formally incorporated into the Grand Duchy of Moscow. Numerous descendants of the ruling Rurikid princes moved to Moscow and continue in a male line to the present, the Belosselsky-Belozersky family was the most notable among them.

References[edit]

^ Белозерское княжество. Great Soviet Encyclopedia.
^ Все монархии мира: Белозерское княжество . allmonarchs.net (in Russian). 2011. Retrieved 1 January 2012.
^ Ю. С. Васильев (2006). Г. В. Судаков, ed. Вологодская энциклопедия (PDF) (in Russian). Вологда: ВГПУ, Русь. p. 61. ISBN 5-87822-305-8. Retrieved 4 January 2012.

v t e East Slavic principalities of the pre-Mongol period
Main Principalities	Chernigov Galicia–Volhynia Kiev Novgorod Severia Pereyaslavl Polotsk Pskov Rostov/Suzdal/Vladimir Ryazan Smolensk Yaroslavl
Other Principalities	Beloozero Drutsk Halych Minsk Murom Slutsk Terebovlia Tmutarakan Trubetsk Turov-Pinsk Vitebsk Volhynia Zaslawye

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10. Sheksna River – The Sheksna is a river in Belozersky, Kirillovsky, Sheksninsky, and Cherepovetsky Districts of Vologda Oblast in Russia. It is a tributary of the Volga River. It is 139 kilometres long, and the area of its basin 19,000 square kilometres, the principal tributaries of the Sheksna are the Sizma and the Kovzha. The urban-type settlement of Sheksna and Sheksninsky District are named after the river, the source of the Sheksna is in the southeastern end of Lake Beloye. The river flows south and subsequently turns east and it joins the northern part of the Rybinsk Reservoir of the Volga near the city of Cherepovets. Cherepovets, as well as the settlement of Sheksna, are located on the Sheksna. Most of the present course of the river was accommodated as the Sheksna Reservoir, previously, the length of the Sheksna was some 400 kilometers, and the mouth of the river was located in the city of Rybinsk, Yaroslavl Oblast. The part of the river between Cherepovets and Rybinsk disappeared when the Rybinsk Reservoir was constructed between 1935 and 1947, currently, the only natural stretch of the course of the Sheksna is located between the urban-type settlement of Sheksna and the city of Cherepovets. This area includes the towns of Kirillov and Belozersk, as well as the settlement of Chyobsara and the selo of Lipin Bor. The Sheksna is a part of the Volga-Baltic Waterway and is used for cruise and cargo traffic. Both the Northern Dvina Canal, which connects the basins of the Volga and the Northern Dvina via Lake Kubenskoye, media related to Sheksna River at Wikimedia Commons Река Шексна

11. Lake Kubenskoye – Lake Kubenskoye is a large and shallow lake in Vologda Oblast of Russia, situated at the height of 110.1 metres above mean sea level, stretching for 54 km from north-west to south-east. The lake area is 648 square kilometres, without islands —407 square kilometres and its average depth is 1.2 metres. The lake is known for its frequents storms and seasonal fluctuations of water level, the average seasonal variation is 2.4 metres and the maximum is 5.49 metres. The lake is elongated from the northwest to the southeast and it is the source of the Sukhona River, which flows out in the southeastern corner of the lake. Administratively, the lake is divided between Vologodsky District, Sokolsky District, and Ust-Kubinsky District of Vologda Oblast, in terms of the area, Lake Vozhe is the fourth natural lake of Vologda Oblast and the fifth lake. The area of the basin of the lake is 14,700 square kilometres, the basin occupies much of the central and northern parts of Vologda Oblast, as well as parts of Konoshsky District of Arkhangelsk Oblast. The major tributary of the lake is the Kubena River, the lake was settled by Russians in the 12th century, when the Kamenny Monastery was founded on an islet in the lake. One branch of the Princes of Yaroslavl owned lands in the vicinity and was known as Princes Kubensky, since 1828, the lake has been part of the Volga-Northern Dvina canal system. The eastern terminus of the Northern Dvina Canal is at the end of the lake. In 1917, a dam was built at the outflow of the Sukhona, media related to Lake Kubenskoye at Wikimedia Commons

12. Ivan I of Moscow – Ivan I Daniilovich Kalita was Grand Duke of Moscow from 1325 and Vladimir from 1332. Ivan was the son of the Prince of Moscow Daniil Aleksandrovich, after the death of his elder brother Yury, Ivan inherited the Principality of Moscow. Ivan participated in the struggle to get the title of Grand Duke of Vladimir which could be obtained with the approval of a khan of the Golden Horde, all of them were murdered in the Golden Horde. In 1328 Ivan Kalita received the approval of khan Muhammad Ozbeg to become the Grand Duke of Vladimir with the right to taxes from all Russian lands. According to the Russian historian Kluchevsky, the rise of Moscow under Ivan I Kalita was determined by three factors. The first one was that the Moscow principality was situated in the middle of other Russian principalities, thus, it was protected from any invasions from the East, compared to its neighbors, Ryazan principality and Tver principality, Moscow was less often devastated. The third factor was a route from Novgorod to the Volga river. He managed to eliminate all the thieves in his lands, thus insuring the safety of traveling merchants, internal peace and order together with the absence of Mongolian raids to the Moscow principality was mentioned in Russian chronicles as “great peace, silence, and relief of Russian land. Ivan made Moscow very wealthy by maintaining his loyalty to the Horde and he used this wealth to give loans to neighbouring Russian principalities. These cities gradually fell deeper and deeper into debt, a condition that would allow Ivans successors to annex them, the people called Ivan the ‘gatherer of the Russian lands’. He bought lands around Moscow, and very often the owners sold their lands willingly. Some of them kept the right to rule in their lands on behalf of Ivan Kalita, in one way or another a number of cities and villages joined the Moscow principality – Uglich in 1323, the principality of Belozero in 1328–1338, the principality of Galich in 1340. The Head of the Russian Church – Metropolitan Peter, whose authority was extremely high, following a Lithuanian raid on the town of Torzhok in 1335, Ivan retaliated by burning the towns of Osechen and Riasna. Ivan died in Moscow,31 March 1340 or 1341 and he was buried 1 April in the Church of the Archangel Michael. Erection of either wooden or white-stone constructions was started in the Kremlin, between 1339 and 1340, Ivan Kalita erected a new, bigger oaken fortress on the Borovitsky hill. In Ivan’s will “the golden cap” was mentioned for the first time, this cap is identified with the well-known Monomakh’s crown, rulers of Russia family tree V. O. Kluchevsky. Lecture #21 Janet Martin, Medieval Russia 980–1584 The Moscow Kremlin His listing in Medieval lands by Charles Cawley

13. Viceroy – A viceroy /ˈvaɪs. rɔɪ/ is a regal official who runs a country, colony, city, province, or sub-national state, in the name of and as the representative of the monarch of the territory. The term derives from the Latin prefix vice-, meaning in the place of, a viceroys territory may be called a viceroyalty, though this term is not always applied. The adjectival form is viceregal, less often viceroyal, the term vicereine is sometimes used to indicate a female viceroy suo jure, although viceroy can serve as a gender-neutral term. Vicereine is more used to indicate a viceroys wife. The title was used by the Crown of Aragon, where beginning in the 14th century, it referred to the Spanish governors of Sardinia. In Europe, until the 18th century, the Habsburg crown appointed viceroys of Aragon, Valencia, Catalonia, Navarre, Portugal, Sardinia, Sicily, with the ascension of the House of Bourbon to the Spanish throne, the historic Aragonese viceroyalties were replaced by new captaincies general. At the end of War of the Spanish Succession, the Spanish monarchy was shorn of its Italian possessions and these Italian territories, however, continued to have viceroys under their new rulers for some time, Sardinia would have a viceroy until 1848. These large administrative territories became known as Viceroyalties, New viceroyalties were created for New Granada in 1717 and the Río de la Plata in 1776. These units gathered the local provinces which could be governed by either a crown official, audiencias primarily functioned as superior judicial tribunals, but unlike their European counterparts, the New World audiencias were granted by law both administrative and legislative powers. The Bourbon Reforms introduced the new office of the intendant, which was appointed directly by the crown and had broad fiscal and administrative powers in political and military issues. The government started six years after the discovery of sea route to India by Vasco da Gama, in 1505, however the post was centered by governor Afonso de Albuquerque, who became plenipotentiary, and remained so. The duration in office was three years, possibly longer, given the power represented, of the thirty-four governors of India in the 16th century. After the end of the Iberian Union in 1640, the governors of Brazil that were members of the Portuguese high nobility started to use the title of Viceroy. Brazil became a permanent Viceroyalty in 1763, when the capital of the State of Brazil was transferred from Salvador to Rio de Janeiro, the designation Viceroy, although it was most frequently used in ordinary parlance, had no statutory authority, and was never employed by Parliament. The Governor-General continued to be the representative of the Crown. The viceroys reported directly to the Secretary of State for India in London and were advised by the Council of India, alongside the Commander-in-Chief, India, the viceroy was the public face of the British presence in India, attending to many ceremonial functions as well as political affairs. During the offices history, the Governors-General of India were based in two cities, Calcutta during the 19th century and New Delhi during the 20th century, additionally, whilst Calcutta was the capital of British India, the viceroys spent the summer months at Simla. The two historic residences of the viceroys still stand, the Viceroys House in New Delhi and Government House in Calcutta and they are used today as the official residences of the President of India and the Governor of West Bengal, respectively

14. Grand Duchy of Moscow – The Grand Duchy of Moscow, or Grand Principality of Moscow, was a late medieval Rus principality centered on Moscow and the predecessor state of the early modern Tsardom of Russia. The state originated with Daniel I, who inherited Moscow in 1283, eclipsing and it later annexed the Novgorod Republic in 1478 and the Grand Duchy of Tver in 1485. After the Mongol invasion of Rus, Muscovy was a vassal to the Mongol ruled Golden Horde until 1480. By his marriage to the niece of the last Byzantine emperor, he established Muscovy as the state of the Roman Empire. Ivans successor Vasili III also enjoyed success, gaining Smolensk from Lithuania in 1512. Vasilis son Ivan IV was an infant at his fathers death in 1533 and he was crowned in 1547, assuming the title of tsar together with the proclamation of Tsardom of Russia. As with many states the country had no particular official name. The Duke of Moscow or the Sovereign of Moscow were common short titles, in rivalry with other duchies Moscow dukes also designated themselves as the Grand Dukes, claiming a higher position in the hierarchy of Russian dukes. During the territorial growth and later acquisitions, the title became rather lengthy. Since the 14th century various Moscow dukes added of all Rus to their titles, after the title of Russian metropolitans, Dmitry Shemyaka was the first Moscow duke who minted coins with the title the Sovereign of all Rus. Under the Polish-Lithuanian influence the country began to be called Muscovy in Western Europe, the first appearances of the term were in an Italian document of 1500. Initially Moscovia was the Latinized name of the city of Moscow itself, not of the state, later it acquired its meaning and has been used alongside of the older name. The term Muscovy persisted in the West until the beginning of the 18th century and is used in historical contexts. When the Mongols invaded the lands of Kievan Rus in the 13th century, the first ruler of the principality of Moscow, Daniel I, was the youngest son of Alexander Nevsky of Vladimir-Suzdal. He started to expand his principality by seizing Kolomna and securing the bequest of Pereslavl-Zalessky to his family, daniels son Yuriy controlled the entire basin of the Moskva River and expanded westward by conquering Mozhaisk. He then forged an alliance with the overlord of the Rus principalities, Uzbeg Khan of the Golden Horde, the Khan allowed Yuriy to claim the title of Grand Duke of Vladimir-Suzdal, a position which allowed him to interfere in the affairs of the Novgorod Republic to the north-west. Yuriys successor, Ivan I, managed to retain the title of Grand Duke by cooperating closely with the Mongols and by collecting tribute and taxes from other Rus principalities on their behalf. This relationship enabled Ivan to gain regional ascendancy, particularly over Moscows chief rival, the city of Tver

15. Dmitry Donskoy – He was the first prince of Moscow to openly challenge Mongol authority in Russia. His nickname, Donskoy, alludes to his victory against the Tatars in the Battle of Kulikovo. He is venerated as a Saint in the Orthodox Church with his feast day on 19 May, Dmitry ascended the throne of the Principality of Moscow at the age of 9. During his minority, Russias Metropolitan Aleksey ran the government, in 1360 Khizr-khan, Khan of the Golden Horde, transferred the title most prized among Russian princes, that of Grand Prince of Vladimir, to Dmitry Konstantinovich of Nizhniy Novgorod. In 1363, after that prince was deposed, Dmitry Ivanovich was crowned at Vladimir, three years later, he made peace with Dmitriy Konstantinovich and married his daughter Eudoxia. In 1376 their joint armies ravaged Volga Bulgaria, the most important event during Dmitrys early reign was start of building the Moscow Kremlin, it was completed in 1367. Thanks to the new fortress, the city withstood two sieges by Algirdas of Lithuania during the Lithuanian–Muscovite War, the war ended with the Treaty of Lyubutsk. In 1375, Dmitry settled, in his own favor, a conflict with Mikhail II of Tver over Vladimir, other princes of Northern Russia acknowledged his authority and contributed troops to the impending struggle against the Horde. By the end of his reign, Dmitry had more than doubled the territory of the Principality of Moscow, Mongol domination of parts of what is now Russia began to crumble during Dmitrys thirty-year reign. The Golden Horde was severely weakened by war and dynastic rivalries. Dmitry took advantage of this lapse in Mongol authority to challenge the Tatars. While he kept the Khans patent to collect taxes for all of Russia, Mamai, a Mongol general and claimant to the throne, tried to punish Dmitry for attempting to increase his power. In 1378 Mamai sent a Mongol army, but it was defeated by Dmitrys forces in the Battle of Vozha River, two years later Mamai personally led a large force against Moscow. Dmitry met and defeated it at the Battle of Kulikovo, the defeated Mamai was presently dethroned by a rival Mongol general, Tokhtamysh. That khan reasserted Mongol rule over parts of now is Russia. Dimitry, however, pledged his loyalty to Tokhtamysh and to the Golden Horde and was reinstated as Mongol principal tax collector, upon his death in 1389, Dimitry was the first Grand Duke to bequeath his titles to his son Vasiliy without consulting the Khan. He was married to Eudoxia of Nizhniy Novgorod and she was a daughter of Dmitry of Suzdal and Vasilisa of Rostov. They had at least twelve children, Daniil Dmitriyevich, married Fyodor Olegovich, Prince of Ryazan

16. Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery – Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery, translated into English as White Lake St. Cyrils Monastery, used to be the largest monastery in Northern Russia. The monastery was consecrated to the Feast of the Dormition of the Theotokos, by the 20th century, the town of Kirillov had grown nearby. The monastery was founded in 1397 on the bank of Lake Siverskoye, to the south from the town of Beloozero, in the present-day Vologda Oblast. Its founder, St. Cyril or Kirill of Beloozero, following the advice of his teacher, St. Sergius of Radonezh, first dug a cave here, then built a wooden Dormition chapel and a loghouse for other monks. Shortly before the creation of the monastery, the area fell under control of the Grand Duchy of Moscow, being a member of the influential Velyaminov clan of boyars, Kirill relinquished the office of father superior of the greatest cloister in medieval Moscow—the Simonov monastery. His ties with the elite were still close, however. It seems that the Muscovite rulers regarded Kirills monastery as an important strategic point, by 1427, when Kirill died, the prince of Belozersk-Mozhaisk was the monasterys patron and the monastery was administratively subordinate to the Archbishop of Rostov. Under Hegumen Trifon, social and administrative reforms were undertaken, including the adoption of an Athonite cenobitic rule, a Byzantine-style secondary school was established at which translations of textbooks on grammar, semantics, geography, and history were used. A lasting legacy of the school were bibliographical studies, exemplified by the elder Yefrosin, Nil also founded a skete on the Sora River near the monastery. In the 16th century, the monastery was the second richest landowner in Russia, after its model, Ivan the Terrible not only had his own cell in the cloister, but also planned to take monastic vows here. The cloister was also important as a political prison, among the Muscovite politicians exiled to Kirillov were Vassian Patrikeyev, Tsar Simeon Bekbulatovich, Patriarch Nikon, and the prime minister Boris Morozov. In December 1612, the monastery was besieged by Polish-Lithuanian vagabonds, the Lisowczycy, the vast walled area of the monastery comprises two separate priories with eleven churches, most of them dating to the 16th century. Of these, nine belong to the Uspensky priory by the lake, the Dormition cathedral, erected by Rostov masters in 1497, was the largest monastery church built in Russia up to that date. Its 17th-century iconostasis features many ancient icons, arranged in five tiers above a silver heaven gate endowed by Tsar Alexis in 1645, a lot of valuable objects kept in the sacristy are personal gifts of the tsars who visited the monastery. The smaller Ivanovsky priory is dedicated to St. John the Precursor, the oldest church of the priory was commissioned by Ivans father, for the benefit of the mendicant brethren, soon after his visit to the monastery in 1528. Subsequently, the monks incurred the tsars displeasure by constructing St. Vladimirs Chapel over the grave of the exiled Prince Vorotynsky, the monastery walls,732 meters long and 7 meters thick, were constructed in 1654-80. They incorporate parts of the citadel, which helped to withstand the Polish siege in 1612. At first construction works were supervised by Jean de Gron, a French military engineer known in Russian sources as Anton Granovsky, after the monastic authorities denigrated his Western-style design as alien to Russian traditions, Granovsky was replaced by a team of native masters

17. Ferapontov Monastery – The Ferapontov convent, in the Vologda region of Russia, is considered one of the purest examples of Russian medieval art, a reason given by UNESCO for its inscription on the World Heritage List. The monastery was founded by Saint Ferapont in 1398 in the inhospitable Russian North, to the east from the Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery, named after his fellow monk, Saint Kirill of Beloozero. The fame of the monastery started to spread under Kirills disciple, Saint Martinian, even after Martinians death, his monastery was protected and favoured by members of Ivan IIIs family. The most ancient structure, the Cathedral of Nativity of the Virgin, was built in brick by the masters of Rostov and this edifice is the best preserved of three sister cathedrals erected in the 1490s in the Russian North. All the interior walls are covered with frescoes by the great medieval painter Dionisius. This is the last surviving Russian medieval church with fully painted walls, during the 1530s, they added a treasury, a refectory, and the unique Annunciation church surmounted by a belfry. At that time the monastery enjoyed special privileges conferred upon it by Ivan the Terrible, the tsar himself frequently visited the monastery as a pilgrim. In the Time of Troubles, the monastery was ravaged by the Poles, during its recovery the last buildings — the tent-like church of Saint Martinian, a two-tented barbican church, and a bell-tower — were added to the complex. The belfry clocks are said to be the oldest in Russia, as the monastery gradually lost its religious importance, it was being turned into a place of exile for distinguished clerics, such as the Patriarch Nikon. It was abolished by Emperor Paul in 1798, reinstituted as a convent in 1904, closed by the Bolsheviks twenty years later, the museum constitutes a part of the Russky Sever National Park since 1991. As of January 2013, images of the monastery and grounds were available via Google Street View, all the murals of the Ferapontov Monastery online Official web page of the monastery Ferapontovo, Medieval Treasure in the Russian North William C. Brumfield, April 6,2010, Russia Now, article with a photos slideshow

18. Rurik dynasty – The Rurik dynasty or Rurikids was a dynasty founded by the Varangian prince Rurik, who established himself in Novgorod around the year AD862. They ruled until 1610 and the Time of Troubles, following which they were succeeded by the Romanovs and they are one of Europes oldest royal houses, with numerous existing cadet branches. The Rurikid dynasty was founded in 862 by Rurik, a Varangian prince, come and reign as princes and have authority over us. Three brothers came with their kin and all the Rus in response to this invitation, Rurik set up rule in Novgorod, giving more provincial towns to his brothers. The Rurikid Dynasty DNA Project of FamilyTreeDNA commercial genetic genealogy company reports that Y-DNA testing of the descendants of Rurikids suggests their non-Slavic origin, Rurik and his brothers founded a state that later historians called Kievan Rus′. By the middle of the century, Kievan Rus′ had dissolved into independent principalities. The dynasty followed agnatic seniority and the izgoi principle, in addition, a line of Polotsk princes assimilated themselves with the princes of Lithuania. In the 10th century the Council of Liubech made some amendments to a succession rule, vsevolods line eventually became better known as the Monomakhovychi and was the predominant one. The line of Svyatoslav later became known as Olegovychi and often claim to the lands of Chernihiv. The Izyaslavychi who ruled Turov and Volhynia were eventually replaced by a Monomakhovychi branch, the Rurikid dynasty… attempted to impose on their highly diverse polity the integrative concept of russkaia zemlia and the unifying notion of a Rus′ people. But Kievan Rus′ was never really a unified polity and it was a loosely bound, ill-defined, and heterogeneous conglomeration of lands and cities inhabited by tribes and populous groups whose loyalties were primarily territorial. This caused the Rurik dynasty to effectively dissolve into several sub-dynasties ruling smaller states in the 10th and 11th centuries and these were the Olgoviches of Severia who ruled in Chernigov, Yuryeviches who controlled Vladimir-Suzdal, and Romanoviches in Galicia-Volhynia. The Olgoviches descended from Oleg I of Chernigov, a son of Sviatoslav II of Kiev and they continued to rule until the early 14th century when they were torn apart by the emerging Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Grand Duchy of Moscow. Vsevolod I of Kiev was the father of Vladimir II Monomakh, two of Vladimir IIs sons were Mstislav I of Kiev and Yuri Dolgorukiy. The Romanoviches were the line of Roman the Great, descended from Mstislav I of Kiev through his son Iziaslav II of Kiev and his grandson Mstislav II of Kiev, father of Roman the Great. The older Monomakhovychi line that ruled Principality of Volhynia, they were crowned kings of Galicia and Volhynia. Romanovychi displaced the line of Izyaslavychi from Turov and Volhynia as well as Rostyslavychi from Galicia. The last were two brothers of Romanovychi, Andrew and Lev II, who ruled jointly and were trying to repel Mongol incursions

19. Belosselsky-Belozersky family – After the ascendance of Ivan Kalita and the Romanov dynasty, the family were rulers of the Belozersk principality, north of Moscow. Gleb Vassilkovich was the first Belozersky prince to rule there, on this visit, Gleb married Feodora, Sartaks daughter. Upon arriving to Finland, they lived on the large Tselebrovsky estate by the name of Sosnovka in Kivennapa, georges Esperovich, returned to France in the mid-1930s and remained in France until his death in 2005. He had three sons, Patrick, Stephane and Michel Georgevich, Patrick and Stephane have sons Vincent Patrickevich and Antoine Stephanovich, respectively. Georges Esperovichs children, grandchildren and their families all live in France, Paul Esperovich stayed in Finland throughout his life, being forced to leave the estate in Karelia in November 1939 as the Soviet Union attacked Finland. After having served as a volunteer in the Finnish Army, throughout the WWII he eventually moved to Helsinki, the capital and their only child, a son, Paul Pavlovich moved to the USA in the early 1970s. He in turn has a son Christian Pavlovich was born in 1977, Paul Pavlovich and his wife Jeanie Pavlovna reside in USA and Finland. Constantin Pavlovich, with his wife Antonina, daughters Alyona and Ekaterina Pavlovna live in Alexandria, Virginia, Alison Pavlovna and her husband Adam Lane, daughter Kayden and son Wyatt reside in Bonita Springs, Florida. As of late 2014, of the current living Rurikid Belosselsky-Belozersky there are seven direct male descendants and thirteen female descendants-, the Esperovich branch and their offspring, are the only surviving male branch of the princely Belosselsky-Belozerskys today. The Peter Belosselsky-Belozersky Kazarda-branch has both sons and daughter, all the latter have the full rights to their Princely names, titles and heraldic insignia, according to the All-Russian Nobility Heraldic traditions. Petersburg during the Napoleonic wars, after the Order was ousted from the island itself, eight Russian families were invited to join as the original members of the Russian priory. Belosselsky-Belozerskys were one of these and Alexander Michailovich Belosselsky-Belozersky became the first hereditary protector in the Order in 1800.1

20. International Standard Book Number – The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker

21. Principality of Chernigov – The Principality of Chernigov was one of the largest states within Kievan Rus. For a time the principality was the second most important after Kiev, most of the Principality of Chernigov was located on the left bank of the river Dnieper, within the basins of the Desna and Seim rivers. The principality was supposedly populated by mostly Slavic tribes of Siverians, later the territory of the principality extended to the lands of Radimichs and partially the Vyatichs and Drehovichs. The capital of the principality was the city of Chernihiv, other important cities were Novhorod-Siversky, Starodub, Bryansk, Putyvl, Kursk, Lubech, Hlukhiv, Chechersk, Homel, Bilhorod, Vyr, and others. Ownership and influence of the Chernigov Principality reached far to the North, in the years 1024–1036 the principality of Chernigov was passed under the administration of son of the Vladimir the Great, Mstislav of Chernigov, who came there from Tmutorokan. Together with Yaroslav the Wise, Mstislav ruled the Kievan Rus establishing Chernigov as one of the most important administration centers in Rus, upon the death of Mstislav, Chernigov was incorporated into the realm of Kiev. After Yaroslav the Wise the principality of Chernigov was passed to one of his sons, Grand Prince Sviatoslav, during the civil war of the Yaroslavichi, Chernigov was contested between sons of Svyatoslav and Vsevolod. By the decision of the Liubech Congress in 1097, the sons of Sviatoslav, Oleg, Davyd, after that the principality obtained a certain degree of autonomy and was primarily secured after the Olegs descendants. Murom and later the Ryazan principality drifted away from the influence of Chernigov, nonetheless the influence of Chernigov princes remained large and they retained the title of Kiev Grand Prince for some time. Chernigov was one of the largest economic and cultural centers of Kievan Rus

22. Principality of Kiev – The Principality of Kiev was a Ruthenian state in the regions of central Ukraine around the city of Kiev that existed after the fragmentation of the Kievan Rus in the early 12th century. Later, Kiev would be bordered by the separated Principality of Turov-Pinsk to the north, the region of the Kievan Rus fragmented in the early 12th century and a number of semi-autonomous successor states arose. Kiev remained the core of the country and was the center of the life with the office of the Metropolitan of the Russian Orthodox Church in Kiev. Following the death of Mstislav I of Kiev in 1132, the states were de facto independent. The importance of the Kievan Principality began to decline, in the years 1150-1180 many of its cities such as Vyshhorod, Kaniv, and Belgorod sought independence as individual principalities. The Mongol invasion of Rus left the Principality of Kiev in a ruined state. Following the invasion, it was now under the suzerainty of the Grand Prince of Vladimir-Suzdal, Alexander Nevsky. After the Battle of Irpen in 1321, Kiev was the object of desire among the Lithuanian Grand Duke Gediminas, Yaroslav II of Vladimir Alexander Nevsky Yaroslav III Yaroslavich Principality was ruled by princes of Olshanski and Olgovichi. Vladimir Ivanovich Stanislav Terence Fyodor Principality was ruled by princes of Olshanski, Vladimir Olgerdovich *Start of Lithuanian Rule* Skirgaila Ivan Borisovich. Olelko Vladimirovich Simeon Alexandrovich *Principality became Kiev Voivodeship*

23. Novgorod Republic – Citizens referred to their city-state as His Majesty Lord Novgorod the Great, or more often as Lord Novgorod the Great. The Republic prospered as the easternmost port of the Hanseatic League, in the middle of the 9th century Novgorod was only a name used to describe a staging post on the trade route from the Baltic Sea to the Byzantine Empire. It was populated by various Finnic and Slavic tribes that were constantly at war with one another for supremacy. However, these tribes came together during the beginning of the 9th century to try, Novgorod functioned as the original capital of the Rus people until 882 when Oleg transferred his administration to Kiev. From that time until 1019-1020 Novgorod was a part of Kievan Rus, Novgorod Princes were appointed by the Grand Prince of Kiev. Novgorod was sort of a center as by legend it was the first city of Rus. Novgorod still possesses relics of the beliefs that preceded Christianity and are now part of their pre-Christian Pagan/Norse/Slavic history. Novgorod continuously played a key role in the politics of Rus by assisting Vladimir the Great of Kiev, one of his first actions as Grand Prince was to grant loyal Novgorodians numerous freedoms and privileges. Thus the foundation for the Novgorod Republic was laid, while still a part of Kievan Rus, Novgorod eventually evolved into a powerful regional center that was largely independent. The Novgorod boyars began to dominate the offices of posadnik and tysyatsky, in 1136, the Novgorodians dismissed Prince Vsevolod Mstislavich and over the next century and a half were able to invite in and dismiss a number of princes. However, these invitations or dismissals were often based on who the dominant prince in Rus or Appanage Russia was at the time, cities such as Staraya Russa, Staraya Ladoga, Torzhok, and Oreshek were part of the Novgorodian Land. According to some accounts, a vicar of the archbishop ran the city of Staraya Ladoga in the 13th century, the city of Pskov, initially part of the Novgorodian Land, had de facto independence from at least the 13th century after joining the Hanseatic League. Several princes such as Dovmont and Vsevolod Mstislavich reigned in Pskov without any deference to or consultation with the prince or other officials in Novgorod, pskovs independence was acknowledged by the Treaty of Bolotovo in 1348. Even after this, however, the Archbishop of Novgorod headed the church in Pskov and kept the title Archbishop of Novgorod the Great, in the 12th–15th century, the Novgorodian Republic expanded east and northeast. The Novgorodians explored the areas around Lake Onega, along the Northern Dvina, in the beginning of the 14th century the Novgorodians explored the Arctic Ocean, the Barents Sea, the Kara Sea, and the West-Siberian river Ob. The Ugric tribes that inhabited the Northern Urals had to pay tribute to Novgorod the Great, losing them meant economic and cultural decline for the city and its inhabitants. Indeed, the failure of the Novgorodians to win these wars led to the downfall of the Republic. Soviet-era Marxist scholarship frequently described the system of Novgorod as a feudal republic

24. Principality of Novgorod-Seversk – The Principality of Novgorod-Seversk was a medieval Rus principality centered on the town now called Novhorod-Siverskyi. The principality was aligned to the Principality of Chernigov and it may have been created in 1139, the date of one modern authority. In 1185, a large Rusian campaign against the Polovtsy ended in defeat for Prince Igor, the principality was taken by the principality of Briansk after the Mongol invasions, and then by the Lithuanians when the power of the Golden Horde began to decline. In the fifteenth-century the principality was given to Prince Ivan of Mozhaisk when he fled from Grand Prince Vasily II, Prince of Novgorod-Seversk Severia Martin, Janet, Medieval Russia, 980-1584

25. Principality of Pereyaslavl – The Principality of Pereyaslavl was a regional principality of Kievan Rus from the end of 9th century until 1323, based in the city of Pereyaslavl on the Trubizh River. The Principality of Pereyaslavl was usually administrated by younger sons of the Grand Prince of Kiev, the Russian Primary Chronicle dates the foundation of the city of Pereyaslavl to 992, the archaeological evidence suggests it was founded not long after this date. In its early days Pereyaslavl was one of the important cities in Kievan Rus behind the Principality of Chernigov, the city was located at a ford where Vladimir the Great fought a battle against the nomad Pechenegs. The Primary Chronicle records that in 988 Vladimir assigned the lands to Yaroslav. Pereyaslavl was destroyed by the Mongols in March 1239, the first Rus city to fall in the Mongol invasion of Rus

26. Principality of Polotsk – The Principality of Polotsk, also known as the Kingdom of Polotsk or the Duchy of Polotsk, was a medieval principality of the Early East Slavs. The origin and date of establishment is uncertain. The Russian chronicles mention Polotsk being conquered by Vladimir the Great, the Principality was supposedly established around the ancient town of Polotsk by the tribal union of Krivichs. In the second half of the 10th century Polotsk was governed by its own dynasty, its first ruler mentioned in the chronicles was the semi-legendary Rogvolod, the Principality was heavily involved in several succession crises of the 11th-12th centuries and a war with the Land of Novgorod. By the 13th century it was integrated into the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, there is no exact date on record when the principality was formed, it was likely an evolutionary process. In 862 Polotsk was first mentioned in the Primary Chronicle as a town within the realm of the Novgorod Rus, alongside Murom, initially the Principality of Polotsk was governed by a local dynasty, and not by an appointed governor from Kiev. Local statehood was a result of political evolution in the Early East Slavs tribal union of Krivichi. The second time Polotsk was mentioned was a century later, in 980. The chronicle reports that he arrived to Polotsk from overseas, a phrase to designate Varangians. Rogvolod was a player in the power struggle in Rus, the estimated population of Polotsk in the late 10th century reached 6,000. In 972, after the prince of Kiev, Sviatoslav I, died, both had hoped for political and military support from Polotsk. In order to achieve this, Vladimir proposed to Rogneda, Rogvolods teenage daughter and she declined, thus making Polotsk an ally of Yaropolk. Vladimir then waged war against Polotsk, according to colorful legends recorded in the Primary Chronicle, he took the city, raped Rogneda in front of her parents, then killed her entire family and burnt down the city. Rogneda was taken to Kiev to be Vladimirs wife, thus the local dynasty was exterminated. After Vladimir converted to Christianity in 988 and took Anna Porphyrogeneta as his wife, he had to all his previous wives. She entered the convent and took the name Anastasia, then she and her son Izyaslau and were exiled back to the lands of Polotsk – first to Iziaslav, thus the principality was restored but with the most senior branch of the Rurik dynasty on the local throne. Since this time, the lands of the principality became Christian, in 1001 Izyaslav was succeeded by his son, Bryachislav of Polotsk. Under his rule, Polotsk attempted to distance itself from Kiev, in 1020 Bryachislav sacked Novgorod but then lost it to his uncle, Yaroslav the Wise, and had to give up some of his other possessions

27. Pskov Republic – Pskov, known at various times as the Principality of Pskov or the Pskov Republic, was a medieval state on the south shore of Lake Pskov. It was originally known as Pleskov, and is now roughly equivalent geographically to the Pskov Oblast of Russia, 862–1230, after which it was joined to the Novgorod Republic. From 1348, Pleskov became again independent from Novgorod and established an aristocratic oligarchy, each exiled prince that went to Pleskov could be proclaimed prince there. In any case, he could at least get an honorary reception and it kept its special autonomous rights, including the right for independent construction of suburbs. Due to Pskovs leading role in the struggle against the Livonian Order, the long reign of Daumantas and especially his victory in the Battle of Rakvere ushered in the period of Pskovs actual independence. The Novgorod boyars formally recognized Pskovs independence in the Treaty of Bolotovo, the Pskov Republic had well-developed farming, fishing, blacksmithing, jewelery-making and construction industries. As opposed to the Novgorod Republic, Pskov never had big feudal landowners, estates were smaller, the estates of Pskovian monasteries and churches were much smaller as well. The social relations that had taken shape in the Pskov Republic were reflected in the Legal Code of Pskov, peculiarities of the economy, centuries-old ties with Novgorod, frontier status, and military threats led to the development of the veche system in the Pskov Republic. The princes played a subordinate role, the veche elected posadniks and sotskiys and regulated the relations between feudals, posad people, izborniks, and smerds. The boyar council had a influence on the decisions of the veche. The latter also held the archives of the veche and important private papers, the elective offices became a privilege of several noble families. During the most dramatic moments in the history of Pskov, however, since 1399 Pskov with its adjacent lands became a viceroyalty of Moscow with their own namestnik knyaz appointed by the Moscows royalty. Since the 15th century, several princes of the Gediminid line were prominent there too and their surnames included Golitsin, Kurakin and Khovansky. In 1501, armies of Pskov and Moscow were defeated in the Battle of the Siritsa River by the Livonian Order, but the city withstood the subsequent siege. In 1510, Grand Prince of Moscow Vasili III arrived in Pskov and pronounced it his votchina, thus putting an end to the Pskov Republic, the citys ruling body, the veche, was dissolved and some 300 families of rich Pskovians were deported from the city. Their estates were distributed among the Muscovite service class people, from that time on, the city of Pskov and the lands around it continued to develop as a part of the centralized Russian state, preserving some of its economic and cultural traditions. The downfall of Pskov is recounted in the Muscovite Story of the Taking of Pskov, the history of the Muscovites leisurely perseverance is told with admirable simplicity and art. An atmosphere of descending gloom pervades the narrative, all is useless, and whatever the Pskovites can do

28. Vladimir-Suzdal – Vladimir-Suzdal, formally known as the Grand Duchy of Vladimir, was one of the major principalities that succeeded Kievan Rus in the late 12th century, centered in Vladimir-on-Klyazma. With time the principality grew into a duchy divided into several smaller principalities. After being conquered by the Mongol Empire, the principality became a self-governed state headed by its own nobility, a governorship of principality, however, was prescribed by a Khan declaration issued from the Golden Horde to a noble family of any of smaller principalities. Vladimir-Suzdal is traditionally perceived as a cradle of the Great Russian language and nationality, the first notable administrators in the Rostov region presumably were the sons of Vladimir the Great, Boris and Gleb, and later Yaroslav the Wise. The principality occupied a vast territory in the northeast of Kievan Rus, approximately bounded by the Volga, Oka, until the decline of Kievan Rus in the 12th-13th centuries the territory was also commonly called Zalesie, literally depicting a region beyond woodland. Scarce historical information exists for the area during that time, the foundation of the city of Rostov has been lost in the span of time. In the 10th century an eparchy was established in Rostov, one of the first known princes was Yaroslav the Wise and later Boris Vladimirovich. At that time Rostov was the center of the Eastern Orthodox Christianity in the region dominated mostly by shamanism. Until the 11th century Rostov was often associated with the Great Novgorod, evidently the spread of Eastern Orthodox Christianity to the lands of the Great Perm was successfully conducted from Rostov. Rostov was the capital, including other important towns included Suzdal, Yaroslavl. Vladimir Monomakh, son of the Grand Prince of Vsevolod I, during the 11th and 12th centuries when southern parts of Rus were systematically raided by Turkic nomads, their inhabitants began to migrate northward. In the formerly wooded areas, known as Zalesye, many new settlements were established, sometime in 1108 Monomakh strengthened and rebuilt the town of Vladimir on the Klyazma River,31 km south of Suzdal. During the rule of George I the principality gained military strength, later in the 1150s Yuri occupied Kiev a couple of times as well. From that time the lands of the northeastern Rus played an important role in the politics of Kievan Rus, georges son Andrew the Pious significantly increased Vladimirs power at the expense of the nearby princely states, which he treated with contempt. After burning down Kiev, then the seat of Rus, in 1169. For Andrew, his capital of Vladimir was a far greater concern, Prince Andrew was murdered by boyars in his suburban residence at Bogolyubovo in 1174. After a brief interregnum, Andrews brother Vsevolod III secured the throne and he continued most of his brothers policies and once again subjugated Kiev in 1203. After several military campaigns, Ryazan was burnt to the ground, vsevolods death in 1212 precipitated a serious dynastic conflict

29. Principality of Ryazan – The Grand Duchy of Ryazan existed from 1078 when it was separated from the Chernigov Principality as the provincial Murom Principality. Sometime between 1097 and 1155, the principality became a state and until 1161, according to the Hypatian Codex. The first ruler of Ryazan was supposedly Yaroslav Sviatoslavich, Prince of Chernigov, the capital of the Grand Duchy became Ryazan, however the present-day city of Ryazan is located 40 miles north from the original site of the capital today known as Ryazan Staraya. By the end of 12th century, the Principality waged wars with the neighboring Grand Duchy of Vladimir-Suzdal, in the course of that stand-off, the city of Ryazan was burned twice in a span of twenty years from 1186 to 1208. In 1217, there was a point in history of Ryazan when during the civil war inside the Duchy six leaders of the state were killed by Gleb Vladimirovich who later defected to Cumans. Sometime around that time the Duchy came under an influence from the Vladimir-Suzdal which was a factor in the fight of Ryazan to resume its sovereignty. In December 1237, the Duchy became the first of all other states of Kievan Rus to suffer from the Mongol invasion. The Duchy was completely overrun, with almost the whole princely family killed, the capital destroyed, in 1238, some of the armed forces of Ryazan withdrew to unite with the Vladimir-Suzdal army and meeting the forces of Batu Khan near Kolomna. In 1301, Prince Daniel of Moscow took Ryazan due the Boyars betrayal, in 1305, Daniels son Prince Yury of Moscow was ordered to kill him. The two next successors of Konstantin were killed by the Golden Horde, in 1380, Prince Oleg Ivanovich, as an ally of Mamai, took part in the Battle of Kulikovo. In 1520, Grand Prince Vasili III of Russia captured and imprisoned in Moscow the last Grand Prince of Ryazan Ivan V because of his relations with the Crimean Khan Mehmed I Giray, in 1521, Prince Ivan Ivanovich fled into the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. After that, in 1521, the Ryazan Principality was merged with Muscovy

30. Principality of Halych – Principality of Halych was a Kievan Rus principality established by members of the oldest line of Yaroslav the Wise descendants. A characteristic feature of Halych principality was an important role of the nobility and citizens in political life, Halych as the capital mentioned in around 1124 as a seat of Ivan Vasylkovych the grandson of Rostislav of Tmutarakan. According to Mykhailo Hrushevsky the realm of Halych was passed to Rostyslav upon the death of his father Vladimir Yaroslavich, the realm was then passed to Yaropolk Izyaslavich who was a son of the ruling Grand Prince of Kiev Izyaslav I of Kiev. First Slavic tribes living in Galicia were Croats and Dulebs, there are some claims of temporarily belonging of this territory to the Great Moravian state and later probably Duchy of Bohemia. In year 907 Galician Croats and Dulebs were involved in campaign against Constantinople led by Rus Prince Oleg of Novgorod. This is the first significant evidence of political affiliation of tribes of Galicia. According to Nestor the Chronicler some strongholds in West Part of Galicia were conquered by Vladimir the Great in 981, around that time the city of Volodymyr was established in honor of him which became the main center of political power in the region. In the 11th century western border citys including Peremyshl, were annexed by the Kingdom of Poland. In the meantime, Yaroslav the Wise established a solid foot in the founding the city of Jarosław. Their lands were organized into three principalities of Peremyshl, Zvenyhorod and Terebovlia. In 1097 the Terebovlia Principality was secured after Vasylko Rostyslavych by the Council of Liubech after several years of a civil war, in 1124 the Halych Principality as minor principality was given to Ihor Vasylkovich by his father Vasylko, the Prince of Terebovlia out of the Terebovlia Principality. Rostislavich Brothers managed not only separate from Volodymyr, but also to defend themselves from external enemies. In 1099, in the battle on Rozhne field halycians defeated army of the Grand Prince Sviatopolk II of Kiev and this two significant victories brought nearly one hundred years of relative peaceful development of Halycian principality. Four sons of Rostystlavych Brothers divided the area into four parts with centers in Peremyshl, Zvenyhorod, Halych, after the death of three of them Volodimyrko took Peremyshl and Halych and Zvenyhorod gave to Ivan - son of his older brother Rostyslav. In 1141 Volodymyrko moved his residence from Peremyshl to more geographically advantageous Halych giving birth to a united Halycian Principality, in 1145 citizens of Halych, taking advantage of the absence of Volodymyrko, called to reign Ivan of Zvenyhorod. After the defeat of Ivan under the walls of Halych, also Zvenygorod principality was incorporated into the Halycian, in 1152, after the death of Volodymyrko, Halycian throne was succeeded by his only son Yaroslav Osmomysl. Yaroslav begins his reign with the Battle on the river Siret in 1153 with Grand Prince Iziaslav, which resulted a heavy losses for the Halycians but retreat of Izyaslav, who died shortly thereafter. Thus the danger from the east had passed and Jaroslav via diplomacy reached peace with his other neighbors - Hungary, subsequently, thanks to negotiations Jaroslav neutralized his only rival - the eldest descendant of Rostislavich Brothers Ivan, former Prince of Zvenyhorod

31. Principality of Murom – The Principality of Murom was a medieval Rus lordship based on the city of Murom, now in Vladimir Oblast, Russia. Murom lay in an area that was strongly Finno-Ugric for much of its medieval history, the Primary Chronicle alleges that Murom came under Rus control in the eighth-century. Gleb Vladimirovich, son of Vladimir the Great, ruled the principality in the early eleventh-century, here Olegs brother Davyd was made co-ruler of Chernigov, and Olegs lands were parcelled out between Oleg, Davyd and their brother Iaroslav, the latter obtained Murom with Ryazan. Murom appears to have destroyed or at least devastated by the Mongol Invasion of Rus in 1237-8. Khan Batu came to the frontier of Ryazan in the winter of 1237 and this was rejected, and devastation of these lands followed. After 1239, the princes of Murom disappear for nearly a century, after Iaroslav and the destruction of Murom by the Mongols, the princs of Murom disappear for nearly a century, resuming with, Vasily Iaroslavich

32. Tmutarakan – Tmutarakan or Tmutorakan was the name of a Mediaeval Kievan Rus principality and trading town that controlled the Cimmerian Bosporus, the passage from the Black Sea to the Sea of Azov. Its site was the ancient Greek colony of Hermonassa, situated on the Taman peninsula, in the present-day Krasnodar Krai of Russia, roughly opposite Kerch. The Khazar fortress of Tamantarkhan was built on the site in the 7th century, the Greek colony of Hermonassa was located a few miles west of Phanagoria and Panticapaeum, major trade centers for what was to become the Bosporan Kingdom. The city was founded in the mid-6th century BCE by Ionians, although there is evidence of others taking part in the enterprise, including Cretans. The city flourished for centuries and many ancient buildings and streets have been excavated from this period. Hermonassa was a centre of the Bosporan cult of Aphrodite and in the early centuries CE was trading with the Alans, there is also archaeological evidence of extensive replanning and construction in the second century CE. After a long period as a Roman client state, the Bosporan kingdom succumbed to the Huns, with the collapse of the Hunnic Empire in the late 5th century, the area passed within the Roman sphere once again but was taken by the Bulgars in the 6th century. Following the fall of the city to the Khazars in the late 7th century, it was rebuilt as a fortress town, arabic sources refer to it as Samkarsh al-Yahud in reference to the fact that the bulk of the trading there was handled by Jews. Other variants of the name are Samkersh and Samkush. Fortified with a brick wall and boasting a fine harbor. It controlled much of the Northern European trade with the Byzantine Empire, there were also trade routes leading south-east to Armenia and the Muslim domains, as well as others connecting with the Silk Road to the east. The inhabitants included Greeks, Armenians, Russians, Jews, Ossetians, Lezgins, Georgians, after the destruction of the Khazar empire by Sviatoslav I of Kiev in the mid-10th century, Khazars continued to inhabit the region. The Mandgelis Document, a Hebrew letter dated AM4746 refers to our lord David, the Khazar prince who lived in Taman, bronze and silver imitations of Byzantine coinage were struck by the new rulers during this period. Vladimirs son Mstislav of Chernigov was the prince of Tmutarakan at the start of the 11th century, during his reign, a first stone church was dedicated to the Mother of God. The excavated site suggests that it was built by Byzantine workmen and has similarities with the church Mstislav went on to commission in Chernigov, after his death, he was followed by a succession of short-lived petty dynasts. Once Svyatoslav left, however, Rostislav expelled Gleb once again, afterwards command of Tmutarakan returned to the prince of Chernigov and then to the Grand Prince of Kiev, Vsevolod Yaroslavich. In 1079, Svyatoslav Yaroslavich appointed a governor, but he was captured two years later by David Igorevich and Volodar Rostislavich, who seized the city, but he also issued rough silver coins in his own name which included a short inscription in Cyrillic letters. Then in 1094, like Mstislav before him, he returned to Rus to claim the throne of Chernigov, Byzantine interest in the city was maintained through this succession of client rulers, and thereafter by more direct rule for a while, for an important reason

33. Principality of Trubetsk – The Principality of Trubetsk was a small, landlocked Rus principality in Eastern Europe. In the later Middle Ages it was bordered by the Grand Duchy of Lithuania to its west, the Principality of Trubetsk was a principality within modern Bryansk Oblast, about 50 miles southwest of Bryansk. A sub-principality under Principality of Novgorod-Seversk, it was elevated to the status of independent principality 1164 –1196,1202 –1211,1212 –1240,1357 –1566, the Trubetsk town was found in the era of vikings. The official date of foundation is 975. It was referred to in the Old East Slavic poem The Tale of Igors Campaign where, among others, Vsevolod Svyatoslavich, in 1185 the Trubetsk army fought against Cumans. In 1239, after the Mongol invasion of Rus, the Principality of Trubetsk passed to the Princes of Bryansk, in 1566 Ivan IV the Terrible took the principality during the Livonian War. In 1609 Vasili IV of Russia relinquished it to the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth during the Polish–Muscovite War, in 1654 Prince Aleksey Trubetskoy on the side of Alexis I of Russia led the southern flank of the Muscovian army from Bryansk to Ukraine. The territory between the Dniepr and Berezyna was overrun quickly, with Aleksey Trubetskoy taking Mstsislaw and Roslavl, in 1654 The Principality of Trubetsk was finally conquered by Aleksey Trubetskoy, Prince of Trubetsk himself, as a result of the Russo-Polish War. Trubetsk Photographies of Trubetsk 1 Photographies of Trubetsk 2 Scylla Trubecka

34. Principality of Turov – Princes of Turov often served as the Grand Princes of Rus early in 10th-11th centuries. The principalitys capital was Turov and other important cities were Pinsk, Mazyr, Slutsk, Lutsk, Berestia, until the 12th century the principality was very closely associated with the principalities of Kiev and Volhynia. Later for a period time until the Mongol invasion it enjoyed a wide degree of autonomy when it was annexed to the Kingdom of Rus. In the 14th century it became part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Ruthenia and Samogitia, the duchy originated mainly from the Dregovich tribe and partially the Drevlyans. While circumstances of its creation are not clearly known, the duchy as mentioned in the Primary Chronicle existed in 980, according to the legend, the town of Turaŭ was founded around 950 by Varangian Prince Tur, a brother of Rogvolod. During the times of Vladimir the Great, the city of Turov, around 988, Vladimir appointed his eight-year-old son, Svyatopolk, to be knyaz of Turov. Later, Vladimir jailed Svyatopolk for plotting to rebel, shortly before Vladimir died, Svyatopolk was freed and, upon Vladimirs death, seized the mantle of Grand Prince of Rus. In a series of three battles during 1016-1018, Yaroslav the Wise overthrew his brother, Svyatopolk, and became Grand Prince of Kievan Rus. About 1042 or 1043, Yaroslav married his eldest son, Izyaslav, to the sister of King Casimir I of Poland and appointed Izyaslav to be knyaz of Turov, in 1054, Izyaslav became Grand Prince of Rus, with a volatile reign. In 1078 after Izyaslavs death, Isyaslavs brother and new Grand Prince, Vsevolod, appointed Izyaslavs eldest son, in 1084, the Rostislavichi, rulers of neighboring Galicia, attempted to seize part of Yaropolks realm, but Yaropolk and Vsevolods son, Vladimir Monomakh, defeated the invaders. Yaropolk revolted briefly against Grand Prince Vsevolod, was reinstated, and was murdered in 1087, the Turov principality was passed to his younger brother Sviatopolk II who administered the land of Novgorod. When Svyatopolk became the Grand Prince of Rus, he passed the principality of Turov to his nephew, later Svyatopolk gave Volodymyr-Volynskyi and Brest to his sons Yaroslav and Mstislav respectively. As the Grand Prince Svyatopolk also tried to conquer the rebellious Rostislvichi who established themselves well in the land of Halych, however, his attempts were rather unsuccessful. In 1100 the principality of Turov was passed to Yaroslav Svyatopolkovich who ruled both lands of Turov and Volhynia, during another conflict between the prince of Turov and the Grand Prince of Rus Yaroslav was eliminated out of his realm in 1118. The land of Turov then was passed to son of Svyatopolk Bryachislav. The 1097 Council of Liubech modified the system such that the Principality became patrimonial land. After the death of Bryachislav Vladimir, Monomakh gave the Turov principality to his Vyacheslav who kept it until the middle of the 12th century, around the 1150s Turov belonged to the descendants of Yuri Dolgoruki Andrei and Boris. Finally in 1162 the principality was passed by Yuri Dolgoruki back to one of the Izyaslavichi Yury Yaroslavich, grandson of Svyatopolk II of Kiev, however, at the same time the duchy became more and more divided between several sons of the duke Yury

35. Principality of Vitebsk – The area around Vitebsk was controlled by the principality of Polotsk beginning from the 10th century. Following the death of Vseslav of Polotsk in 1101, Polotsk was divided into six smaller principalities each to be inherited by one of his six surviving sons, vseslavs second born son, Sviatoslav Vseslavich inherited the lands surrounding Vitebsk and started the Vitebsk branch of the princes of Polotsk. In 1106, Sviatoslav had partaken in a raid against the Baltic tribes in Semigallia with his brothers, in 1127, the prince of Kiev, Mstislav Vladimirovich, began a war with the princes of Polotsk over trade routes and pillaged several cities including Polotsk. Following the death of Rogvolod Vseslavich in 1128, Davyd Vseslavich inherited Polotsk, during the new campaigning in 1129, Mstislav Vladimirovich captured the three remaining sons of Vseslav and annexed Polotsk and its vassals including Vitebsk. Mstislav gave the title of Polotsk to his son Svyatopolk Mstislavich, Sviatoslav and his brothers along with their immediate families were exiled to Constantinople where Sviatoslav died in 1130. In 1132, the residents of Polotsk unhappy with the rule of Svyatopolk Mstislavich, Vasilko accepted the offer and gave the title of Vitebsk over to his son Vseslav Vasilkovich. In 1165-1167 due to the strife, the principality of Vitebsk was shortly acquired by the princes of Smolensk. However this submission was short lived, and Vitebsk soon regained independence and given to Briachislav Vasilkovich, during this time period, the principality had strong trade connections to Riga. In 1186, the principality of Vitebsk again fell under the influence of Smolensk which angered the princes of Polotsk, as a result of this campaign, Vitebsk again fell under the rule of Polotsk. It is not known who succeeded after the death of the second Briachislav Vasilkovich in 1232, however, in 1254, the nephew of Mindaugas, Tautvilas was given Polotsk, and he placed his son Constantine as ruler of Vitebsk in 1262. The last prince of Vitebsk was Jaroslav Vasilkovich, whose daughter Mary was married to a Lithuanian prince, Jaroslav died in 1320 without heirs and Vitebsk was incorporated into the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. In 1508, the Voivodeship of Vitebsk was created out of the lands of the principality along with the cities of Orsha, Drutsk

36. Principality of Volhynia – The Principality of Volhynia was a western Kievan Rus principality founded by the Rurik dynasty in 987 centered in the region of Volhynia in modern-day Ukraine. From 1069 to 1118 it belong to Izyaslavychi who primarily ruled from Turov, after losing Turov to Monomakhovychi in 1105, the descendents of Izyaslav Yaroslavovych for few years continued to rule in Volhynia. From 1154 to 1199 the principality was named Principality of Volodymyr when the Principality of Lutsk was separated, the principality held the lands of the historic region of Volhynia from where it acquired its name. The capital of the principality as well as the largest and most important city of the region was Volodymyr, other notable cities in the principality include Kremenets, Lutsk, Busk, Dorogobuzh, Brest, Belz and Shumsk. The Principality of Volhynia along with her state, the Principality of Halych were formed by lesser sons of the ruling Rurik dynasty in Kiev. Following the fragmentation of the Kievan Rus, the principality achieved autonomy in 1154

Russia [videos]

Russia ((listen); Russian: Росси́я, tr. Rossíya, IPA: [rɐˈsʲijə]) officially the Russian Federation (Russian: …

Kievan Rus' in the 11th century

The Baptism of Kievans, by Klavdy Lebedev

Sergius of Radonezh blessing Dmitry Donskoy in Trinity Sergius Lavra, before the Battle of Kulikovo, depicted in a painting by Ernst Lissner

Tsar Ivan the Terrible, illustration in Tsarsky Titulyarnik, 17th century

Vologda Oblast [videos]

Vologda Oblast (Russian: Вологодская область, tr. Vologodskaya oblast, IPA: [vəlɐˈɡotskəjə ˈobləsʲtʲ]) is a federal …

View of Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery. A lithograph from 1897

Legislative Assembly of the Vologda Oblast

A tall bank of the Sukhona River

Hills in Vologda Oblast. Northwest of the city of Vologda, close to the selo of Molochnoye.

Rostov [videos]

Rostov (Russian: Ростов, IPA: [rɐˈstof]; Old Norse: Rostofa) is a town in Yaroslavl Oblast, Russia, one of the oldest …

Spasso-Yakovlevsky Monastery

Image: Rostov 19

Image: Rostov Kremlin

Image: Rostov kremlin interior

Belozersk [videos]

Belozersk (Russian: Белозе́рск) is a town and the administrative center of Belozersky District in Vologda Oblast, …

Belozersk with view on Beloye Lake, Vologda Oblast, Russia

The Assumption Church in Belozersk

Belozersk Assumption Cathedral in 1909

The Virgin of White Lake, the icon of the 13th century

Grand Duchy of Moscow [videos]

The Grand Duchy or Grand Principality of Moscow (Russian: Великое Княжество Московское, Velikoye Knyazhestvo …

The seal of Simeon the Proud (1340s), reads: "The seal of the Grand Duke Simeon of all Rus'"

Blaeu's map of Russia (1645), Moscovia is Moscow and the vicinities

During the reign of Daniel, Moscow was little more than a small timber fort in the forest of Central Rus'.

Dmitry Donskoi in the Battle of Kulikovo

Dmitry Donskoy [videos]

Saint Dmitry Ivanovich Donskoy (Russian: Дми́трий Ива́нович Донско́й,also known as Dimitrii or Demetrius), or Dmitry of …

Image: Dmitry Donskoi (Millennium Monument in Novgorod)

Dmitry Donskoy, illustration in Tsarsky Titulyarnik, 17th century

Monument to Dmitry Donskoy in front of Marinkina tower (Kolomna Kremlin)

Dmitriy Donskoy in a World War I patriotic poster by Konstantin Korovin

Rurik dynasty [videos]

The Rurik dynasty, or Rurikids (Russian: Рю́риковичи, Ryúrikovichi; Ukrainian: Рю́риковичі, Ryúrykovychi; Belarusian: …

Millennium of Russia monument in Novgorod with Rurik at the center and Vladimir the Great at the left and Dmitry Donskoy at the right (both Rurikids)

Monument to Vladimir the Great in Kiev

Prince Alexander Nevsky defeats the Teutonic Knights at the Battle of the Ice in 1242 (20th century work)

Image: Ruriks

Novgorod Republic [videos]

The Novgorod Republic (Russian: Новгоро́дская респу́блика, tr. Novgorodskaya respublika, IPA: [nəvgɐˈrotskəjə …

Medieval walls of the Novgorod Kremlin from the late 15th century. The Kokui tower (left) dates from the 17th century; its name is of Swedish origin.

The Veche in Novgorod, by Vasily Khudyakov

The marketplace in Novgorod, by Apollinary Vasnetsov.

13th-century Novgorod as represented in Sergei Eisenstein's Alexander Nevsky (1938)

Principality of Halych [videos]

Principality of Halych (Ukrainian: Галицьке князівство, Old Russian: Галицкоє кънѧжьство, Romanian: Cnezatul Halici) …

Halych Principality in the 12th century

Formation of Halycian principality in late 11th - early 12th centuries

Miniature of St. Mark from 12th century Halych Gospel

Church of St. Panteleimon in Halych. End of 12th century.

Drainage basin [videos]

A drainage basin or 'catchment area' is any area of land where precipitation collects and drains off into a common …

Endorheic basin in Central Asia

The Mississippi River drains the largest area of any U.S. river, much of it agricultural regions. Agricultural runoff and other water pollution that flows to the outlet is the cause of the hypoxic, or dead zone in the Gulf of Mexico.

Image: EN Bazinul hidrografic al Raului Latorita, Romania

Drainage basin of the Ohio River, part of the Mississippi River drainage basin

Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia [videos]

The Kingdom or Principality of Galicia–Volhynia, (Old Ruthenian: Галицко-Волинскоє князство, Ukrainian: …

A map of Central and Eastern Europe during the 13th–14th centuries, showing the Galician–Volhynian Kingdom (center, in dark green).

Saint Pantaleon Church, Shevchenkove, Halych Raion, 1194

Historical map of Kievan Rus', 1220-1240

Prinz Władysław II Opolczyk Governor of Galicia 1372–1378

Principality of Polotsk [videos]

The Principality of Polotsk, also known as the Kingdom of Polotsk or the Duchy of Polotsk (Belarusian: По́лацкае …

Dots represent cities of Minsk and Polotsk

Grand Duchy of Lithuania

Saint Sophia Cathedral in Polotsk (rebuilt in the mid-18th century)

The Orsha Gospel Book was created in Polotsk during the town's period of decline in the 13th century

Pskov Republic [videos]

Pskov, known at various times as the Principality of Pskov (Russian: Псковское княжество, Pskovskoye knyazhestvo) or …

Trinity Cathedral in the medieval Pskov Kremlin

Veche in Pskov, painting by Viktor Vasnetsov

The Teutonic knights in Pskov, screenshot from Alexander Nevsky

Eastern Europe, 1466

Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery [videos]

Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery (Russian: Кирилло-Белозерский монастырь), translated into English as White Lake …

The monastery in 2008

View from one of the monastery towers.

Image: Monastero di Kirilla Belozersky 04

Principality of Kiev [videos]

The Principality of Kiev (Old Russian: Киевское князство, Ukrainian: Київське князівство) was a Ruthenian state in the …

Rus' principalities in 1237, Kiev in light blue

Reconstructed Orthodox church in Kiev

Image: Rurik dynasty of Kyiv Dukes

Kievan Rus'

Vladimir-Suzdal [videos]

Vladimir-Suzdal (Russian: Владимирско-Су́здальская, Vladimirsko-Suzdal'skaya), formally known as the Grand Duchy of …

Vladimir-Suzdal - The veneration of the Theotokos as a holy protectress of Vladimir was introduced by Prince Andrew, who dedicated to Her many churches and installed in his palace a revered image, known as Theotokos of Vladimir.

The veneration of the Theotokos as a holy protectress of Vladimir was introduced by Prince Andrew, who dedicated to Her many churches and installed in his palace a revered image, known as Theotokos of Vladimir.

Image: Vladimir assumption

Principality of Vladimir-Suzdal (Rostov-Suzdal) within Kievan Rus' in the 11th century

Image: Seal of Alexander Nevsky 1236 Avers

Tmutarakan [videos]

Tmutarakan or Tmutorakan was the name of a Mediaeval Kievan Rus' principality and trading town that controlled the …

Excavation at the site, September 2008

The city of Tmutarakan (Samkarsh) and its international relations during Khazar and Rus times.

A Russian map of the Taman peninsula, c. 1870.

Principality of Chernigov [videos]

The Principality of Chernigov (Old Russian: Чєрниговскоє кънѧжьство, Ukrainian: Чернігівське князівство) was one of the …

Principalities of Kievan Rus' (1054–1132)

Land of Chernihiv in the 15th century

Kievan Rus'

Grand Duchy of Lithuania

Descent from Genghis Khan [videos]

Descent from Genghis Khan (Mongolian: Алтан ураг Altan urag, meaning "Golden lineage"), generally called Genghisids, is …

Genghis Khan portrait

St. Theodore Stratelates, the patron saint of Fyodor the Black, as illustrated in his personal Gospel Book.

Ferapontov Monastery [videos]

The Ferapontov convent (Russian: Ферапонтов монастырь), in the Vologda region of Russia, is considered one of the …

Difficulty of access helped preserve the monastery intact since the 17th century

St Nicholas, the patron saint of Russian merchants. Fresco by Dionisius from the Ferapontov Monastery.

Belosselsky-Belozersky family [videos]

The Belosselsky-Belozersky princely and Rurikid family is an aristocratic Russian family that descends in a direct male …

Princess Zenaǐde Wolkonsky, née Zenaida Alexandrovna Belosselskaya Belozerskaya

Beloselsky-Belozersky Palace on Nevsky Avenue in St. Petersburg

Viceroy [videos]

A viceroy is a regal official who runs a country, colony, city, province, or sub-national state, in the name of and as …

Francisco de Almeida, first viceroy of Portuguese India

Louis Mountbatten, last viceroy of India

Principality of Vitebsk [videos]

The Principality of Vitebsk (Belarusian: Віцебскае княства) was a Ruthenian principality centered on the city of …

Church of Annunciation, erected in Vitebsk in the 12th century

Principality of Polotsk

Lake Beloye (Vologda Oblast) [videos]

Lake Beloye or White Lake (Russian: Бе́лое о́зеро, IPA: [ˈbʲɛləjə ˈozʲɪrə], Veps: Vaugedjärv or Valgjärv, in both …

Image: Белое озеро Вологодская область

Map of the Rybinsk Reservoir basin. Lake Beloye is shown on the map.

Principality of Drutsk [videos]

The Duchy of Drutsk (Belarusian: Княства Друцкае) was a small appanage principality of the Polotsk principality and was …

Image: Herb Druck

Sheksna River [videos]

The Sheksna (Russian: Шексна́) is a river in Belozersky, Kirillovsky, Sheksninsky, and Cherepovetsky Districts of …

Goritsky Monastery by the river

Lake Kubenskoye [videos]

Lake Kubenskoye (Russian: Кубенское озеро) is a large and shallow lake in Vologda Oblast of Russia, situated at the …

Image: Кубенское озеро

Ivan I of Moscow [videos]

Ivan I Daniilovich Kalita (Russian: Ива́н I Дании́лович Калита́; 1288 – 31 March 1340 or 1341) was Grand Duke of Moscow …

Image: Ivan Kalita

Principality of Trubetsk [videos]

The Principality of Trubetsk (Russian: Трубецкое княжество) was a small, landlocked Rus' principality in Eastern …

The Principality of Trubetsk was located on the later territory of Smoleńsk Voivodeship (below, near eastern border).

Image: Novhorod Siversky COA

Image: Romanov Flag

Principality of Volhynia [videos]

The Principality of Volhynia was a western Kievan Rus' principality founded by the Rurik dynasty in 987 centered in the …

Principality of Volhynia (shown in orange)

Image: Alex K Halych Volhynia

Principality of Pereyaslavl [videos]

The Principality of Pereyaslavl (Ukrainian: Переяславське князівство) was a regional principality of Kievan Rus' from …

Image: Coat of Arms Pereyaslav

Principality of Turov [videos]

The Principality of Turov, also called Duchy of Turov and Pinsk (Belarusian: Турава-Пінскае княства, Ukrainian: …

Image: Rus 1015 1113

International Standard Book Number [videos]

The International Standard Book Number (ISBN) is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. — An ISBN is assigned to …

A 13-digit ISBN, 978-3-16-148410-0, as represented by an EAN-13 bar code

The parts of a 10-digit ISBN and the corresponding EAN‑13 and barcode. Note the different check digits in each. The part of the EAN‑13 labeled "EAN" is the Bookland country code.

Principality of Minsk [videos]

The Principality of Minsk was an appanage principality of the Duchy of Polotsk and centered on the city of Minsk (today …

Grand Duchy of Lithuania

Principality of Novgorod-Seversk [videos]

The Principality of Novgorod-Seversk was a medieval Rus' principality centered on the town now called …

Image: Seal of Karibut

Principality of Ryazan [videos]

The Grand Duchy of Ryazan existed from 1078 when it was separated from the Chernigov Principality as the provincial …

Image: Symbol Duchy of Ryazan

Principality of Terebovlia [videos]

Principality of Terebovlia (Ukrainian: Теребовлянське князівство) was a Kievan Rus principality established as an …

Image: Alex K Halych 2