1.
House of Commons of the United Kingdom
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The House of Commons of the United Kingdom is the lower house of the countrys parliament. Like the upper house, the House of Lords, it meets in the Palace of Westminster, officially, the full name of the house is, The Honourable the Commons of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland in Parliament assembled. The House is a body consisting of 650 members known as Members of Parliament. Members are elected to represent constituencies by first-past-the-post and hold their seats until Parliament is dissolved, under the Parliament Act 1911, the Lords power to reject legislation was reduced to a delaying power. The Government is primarily responsible to the House of Commons and the prime minister stays in office only as long as he or she retains the support of a majority of its members. Although it does not formally elect the prime minister, the position of the parties in the House of Commons is of overriding importance, by convention, the prime minister is answerable to, and must maintain the support of, the House of Commons. Since 1963, by convention, the minister is always a member of the House of Commons. The Commons may indicate its lack of support for the Government by rejecting a motion of confidence or by passing a motion of no confidence, confidence and no confidence motions are sometimes phrased explicitly, for instance, That this House has no confidence in Her Majestys Government. Many other motions were considered confidence issues, even though not explicitly phrased as such, in particular, important bills that form a part of the Governments agenda were formerly considered matters of confidence, as is the annual Budget. Parliament normally sits for a term of five years. Subject to that limit, the minister could formerly choose the timing of the dissolution of parliament. By this second mechanism, the government of the United Kingdom can change without a general election. In such circumstances there may not even have been a party leadership election, as the new leader may be chosen by acclaim. A prime minister may resign if he or she is not defeated at the polls. In such a case, the premiership goes to whoever can command a majority in the House of Commons, in practice this is usually the new leader of the outgoing prime ministers party. Until 1965, the Conservative Party had no mechanism for electing a new leader, when Anthony Eden resigned as PM in 1957 without recommending a successor and it fell to the Queen to appoint Harold Macmillan as the new prime minister, after taking the advice of ministers. By convention, all ministers must be members of the House of Commons or of the House of Lords, a handful have been appointed who were outside Parliament, but in most cases they then entered Parliament either in a by-election or by receiving a peerage. Since 1902, all ministers have been members of the Commons
2.
Secretary of State for International Development
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The post was created in 1997 when the Department for International Development was made independent of the Foreign and Commonwealth Office. A separate Ministry of Overseas Development was established by Harold Wilson when he came to office in 1964, the first three holders of the office served in the Cabinet, but from 29 August 1967 the office was demoted. Under Edward Heath, the Ministry was re-incorporated into the Foreign, the Minister of State had day-to-day responsibility. Under the Labour government of the 1970s, Reg Prentice sat in the Cabinet during his term, the post is currently held by Priti Patel
3.
Theresa May
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Theresa Mary May is the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom and Leader of the Conservative Party, having served as both since July 2016. She has been the Member of Parliament for Maidenhead since 1997, may identifies as a one-nation conservative and has been characterised as a liberal conservative. She is the second female Prime Minister and Conservative Party leader after Margaret Thatcher, the daughter of a vicar, May grew up in Oxfordshire. From 1977 until 1983, she worked for the Bank of England, after unsuccessful attempts to be elected to the House of Commons in 1992 and 1994, she was elected as the MP for Maidenhead in the 1997 general election. She was also Chairman of the Conservative Party from 2002 to 2003, after the formation of a coalition government following the 2010 general election, May was appointed Home Secretary and Minister for Women and Equalities, giving up the latter role in 2012. Reappointed after the Conservative victory in the 2015 general election, she went on to become the longest-serving Home Secretary since James Chuter Ede over 60 years previously. She won the first and second ballot of Conservative MPs by a significant margin and was due to face a vote of Conservative Party members in a contest with Andrea Leadsom, leadsoms withdrawal from the election on 11 July led to Mays appointment as party leader the same day. She was appointed Prime Minister on 13 July, as Prime Minister, Mays focus has primarily been on withdrawing the UK from the European Union. Born on 1 October 1956 in Eastbourne, Sussex, May is the child of Zaidee Mary. Her father was a Church of England clergyman who was chaplain of an Eastbourne hospital and he later became vicar of Enstone with Heythrop and finally of St Marys at Wheatley, to the east of Oxford. Mays mother was a supporter of the Conservative Party. May was educated primarily in the sector but with a short spell at an independent Catholic school. She initially attended Heythrop Primary School, a school in Heythrop, followed by St. Julianas Convent School for Girls, a Roman Catholic independent school in Begbroke. At the age of 13, May won a place at the former Holton Park Girls Grammar School, during her time as a pupil, the Oxfordshire education system was reorganised and the school became the new Wheatley Park Comprehensive School. May then attended the University of Oxford where she read geography at St Hughs College, between 1977 and 1983 May worked at the Bank of England, and from 1985 to 1997 as a financial consultant and senior advisor in International Affairs at the Association for Payment Clearing Services. Both Mays parents died during this period, her father in a car accident in 1981, may served as a councillor for Durnsford ward on the London Borough of Merton from 1986 to 1994, where she was Chairman of Education and Deputy Group Leader and Housing Spokesman. May then stood at the 1994 Barking by-election, which was prompted by the death of Labour MP Jo Richardson. The seat had been held by Labour since it was created in 1945 and Labour candidate Margaret Hodge was expected to win easily
4.
Justine Greening
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Justine Greening PC MP is a British Conservative Party politician who has served as Secretary of State for Education since 2016 and has been the Member of Parliament for Putney since 2005. In 2013, she was listed as one of the 100 most powerful women in the United Kingdom by Womans Hour on BBC Radio 4, Greening was first elected as a member of parliament at the 2005 general election. She was appointed Economic Secretary to the Treasury in May 2010, in September 2012, she was replaced by Patrick McLoughlin at the Department for Transport, and became Secretary of State for International Development. On 14 July 2016, she replaced Nicky Morgan as Secretary of State for Education in Theresa Mays first government, Greening was born in Rotherham, where she attended Oakwood Comprehensive School. She is a graduate of the University of Southampton, where she studied Economics, before entering parliament, she trained and qualified as an accountant, before working as an accountant/finance manager for, amongst others, Price Waterhouse Coopers, GlaxoSmithKline and Centrica. Greening contested the constituency of Ealing, Acton & Shepherds Bush in 2001 and she won the seat of Putney in the 2005 general election on 5 May 2005. Greening won 15,497 votes giving her a majority of 1,766 and she unseated Tony Colman, who had held the seat for Labour since defeating David Mellor in 1997. She was the youngest female Conservative MP in the House of Commons until Chloe Smith was elected to Parliament on 12 October 2009. Greening was appointed a vice-chair of the Conservative Party on 15 December 2005, having earlier that year appointed an member of the Work. In July 2007 following a shadow ministerial reshuffle, she was promoted to be a Junior Shadow Minister for The Treasury, within this brief, she focussed on transport and local community benefits. In March 2010 she was put in charge of co-ordinating the Conservative campaign for the 2010 general election in London and she became Economic Secretary to the Treasury. In October 2011 she was appointed Secretary of State for Transport and was sworn of the Privy Council, Greening represents the London constituency of Putney and had always campaigned against a third runway at Heathrow Airport. In the run up to the 2012 Cabinet reshuffle Greening said it would be difficult to serve in a Cabinet which was in favour of a third runway. On 4 September 2012 she was replaced by Patrick McLoughlin at the Department for Transport, the move was attacked by Boris Johnson. As Secretary of State for International Development, Greening became a member of the National Security Council, Greening failed to vote in a critical parliamentary division about military action in Syria. Although in the Houses of Parliament at the time, she was chatting to another Minister in a room behind the House of Commons. Greening was appointed Secretary of State for Education by Theresa May on 14 July 2016, in June 2016, Greening revealed on Twitter that she was in a happy same-sex relationship. Referring to the EU membership referendum, she added, I campaigned for Stronger In but sometimes youre better off out. dft. gov. uk Debretts People of Today
5.
Penny Mordaunt
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Penelope Mary Mordaunt is a British Conservative Party politician who has been the Member of Parliament for Portsmouth North since winning the seat at the 2010 United Kingdom general election. Mordaunt was born in Torquay, Devon and studied philosophy at the University of Reading, before entering Parliament, she worked in business and communications, working in the private, public and charitable sectors, including as communications director for Kensington and Chelsea Council. She is currently the female who is a Royal Naval Reservist in the House of Commons. Mordaunt was appointed as a Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State at the Department for Communities, in May 2015 Prime Minister David Cameron appointed her Minister of State for the Armed Forces at the MoD, the first woman to take this post. In July 2016, the new Prime Minister Theresa May appointed her to a newly created Minister of State position at the Department for Work, the daughter of a former paratrooper, one of twins born in Torquay, Devon, Mordaunt was named after the Leander-class frigate HMS Penelope. Her father, who had born in Hilsea barracks, had left the Parachute Regiment. He taught in Torquay before the family moved to Portsmouth in 1975 and he taught at Oak Park school and later became a youth worker for Hampshire Council. Her mother was a special teacher at several Purbrook schools. Mordaunt has two brothers, James, and a brother, Edward. She is a descendant of Philip Snowden, the first Labour Chancellor of the Exchequer, Mordaunt was educated at Oaklands Roman Catholic Comprehensive School, Waterlooville, Hampshire, and studied drama at the Victoryland Theatre School. When Mordaunt was 15, her mother died of breast cancer, mordaunts twin brother left school, whilst she became carer to Edward. The following year her father was diagnosed cancer, and survived. To pay her way through college, Mordaunt became a magicians assistant to Portsmouth magician Will Ayling. She has attributed her interest in politics to her experiences working in hospitals and orphanages of post-revolutionary Romania in her gap year and she read philosophy at the University of Reading, becoming the first member of her family to attend university. After leaving university, Mordaunt began a career in business and communications, working in the private, public. In 2006 Mordaunt became Director of Diabetes UK – the largest patient organisation in Europe, Mordaunt has also worked with several high-profile politicians. Under Prime Minister John Major she was Head of Youth for the Conservative Party, in 2000, she was Head of Foreign Press for George W. Bushs presidential campaign, and she worked for the Bush campaign again in 2004. After the 2005 election she worked as chief of staff for David Willetss aborted leadership campaign, in November 2003, Mordaunt was selected as Conservative candidate to contest Portsmouth North in the 2005 general election
6.
Department for Work and Pensions
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The Department for Work and Pensions is the largest government department in the United Kingdom, and is responsible for welfare and pension policy. The Department was initially tasked with creating Jobcentre Plus and the Pensions Service from the remains of the Employment Service, the Department is therefore responsible for welfare and pension policy. It aims to help its customers become financially independent and to reduce child poverty. The departments ministers are, The Permanent Secretary is Robert Devereux, with the creation of the department in June 2001, the Pension Service was created, bringing together many different departments and divisions. The Pension Service is a service for current and future pensioners. The Pension Service consists of local Pension Centres and centrally-based centres, at Tyneview Park the following centres are found, Future Pension Centre provides state pension forecasts for people approaching retirement age. Newcastle Pension Centre originally dealt with the London area and Home counties, now the service is virutal so all pension centres deal with all areas of the country. Pension Tracing Service helps track old pensions and pension schemes, international Pension Centre deals with all enquiries regarding the payment of state pension, bereavement benefits, incapacity benefits and other such benefits for those living abroad. Local Pension Centres deal with localised claims for state pension and retirement related benefits, Pension Centres are found all over the country. Both former agencies kept their corporate branding and provided services under their separate identities, the decision was made due to the two agencies sharing roughly fifty percent of the same customers and as a single agency, the rationalisation of services would provide a better service for customers. Prior to July 2012 the Child Support Agency was the arm of the Child Maintenance. All are now operated wholly from within the department, with the names continuing as brand identifiers, Jobcentre Plus, The Pension Service and the Disability and Carers Service operate through a network of around 1,000 Jobcentres, contact centres and benefit processing centres across the UK. After the departure of John Suffolk as Government Chief Information Officer in November 2010, the total annual budget of the department in 2011-12 is £151.6 billion, representing approximately 28% of total UK Government spending. The department spends a far greater share of wealth than any other department in Britain. The department spends an average of £348.9 million with suppliers a month, a report of February 2012 stated that a sum amounting to billions of pounds of money payable through possible benefit claims had not been claimed. The department is a commissioner of external social science research, with the objective of providing the evidence base needed to inform departmental strategy, policy-making. The department has developed and uses various microsimulation and other models, including the Policy Simulation Model, Pensim2, datasets held include the LLMDB and the Family Resources Survey. Employment, health and safety, and social security policy are reserved matters in Scotland, Employment and health and safety policy are fully devolved
7.
David Cameron
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David William Donald Cameron is a British politician who was the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 2010 to 2016. He served as the Leader of the Conservative Party from 2005 to 2016 and was Member of Parliament for Witney from 2001 to 2016, Cameron identifies as a One-Nation Conservative, and has been associated with both economically liberal and socially liberal policies. Born in London to wealthy upper middle-class parents, Cameron was educated at Heatherdown School, Eton College, from 1988 to 1993 he worked at the Conservative Research Department, assisting the Conservative Prime Minister John Major, before leaving politics to work for Carlton Communications in 1994. Becoming an MP in 2001, he served in the shadow cabinet under Conservative leader Michael Howard. Cameron sought to rebrand the Conservatives, embracing an increasingly liberal position. The 2010 general election led to Cameron becoming Prime Minister as the head of a government with the Liberal Democrats. His administration introduced large-scale changes to welfare, immigration policy, education and it privatised the Royal Mail and some other state assets, and legalised same-sex marriage. When the Conservatives secured a majority in the 2015 general election he remained as Prime Minister. To fulfil a manifesto pledge, he introduced a referendum on the UKs continuing membership of the EU, Cameron supported continued membership, following the success of the Leave vote, he resigned to make way for a new Prime Minister and was succeeded by Theresa May. Cameron has been praised for modernising the Conservative Party and for decreasing the United Kingdoms national deficit, conversely, he has been criticised by figures on both the left and right, and has been accused of political opportunism and elitism. Cameron is the son of Ian Donald Cameron a stockbroker, and his wife Mary Fleur, a retired Justice of the Peace. Camerons parents were married on 20 October 1962, the journalist Toby Young has described Camerons background as being upper-upper-middle class. Cameron was born in Marylebone, London, and raised in Peasemore, Berkshire and he has a brother, Alexander Cameron, QC, a barrister, and two sisters, Tania Rachel and Clare Louise. Blairmore was built by Camerons great-great-grandfather, Alexander Geddes, who had made a fortune in the trade in Chicago, Illinois. Blairmore was sold soon after Ians birth, Cameron has said, On my mothers side of the family, her mother was a Llewellyn, so Welsh. Im a real mixture of Scottish, Welsh, and English and he has also referenced the German Jewish ancestry of one of his great-grandfathers, Arthur Levita, a descendant of the Yiddish author Elia Levita. From the age of seven, Cameron was educated at two independent schools, at Heatherdown School in Winkfield in Berkshire, which counts Prince Andrew, owing to good grades, Cameron entered its top academic class almost two years early. At the age of thirteen, he went on to Eton College in Berkshire and his early interest was in art
8.
Esther McVey
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Esther Louise McVey, PC is a British Conservative Party politician. She was the member of parliament for Wirral West from 2010 until her defeat in 2015 and was Minister of State for Employment from 2013 to 2015. In February 2014 McVey was appointed a councillor and, in July 2014, was accorded the further privilege of attending Cabinet by the Prime Minister. She had previously served HM Government as Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Disabled People, before entering politics, McVey was a television presenter and businesswoman. McVey, of Irish Catholic descent, was born in Liverpool and educated at the Belvedere School, before reading Law at Queen Mary College and Radio Journalism at City University. In July 2009, McVey graduated with the degree of MSc in Corporate Governance from Liverpool John Moores University, and also won the North of England Excellence Award for her work. From 2000 to 2006, McVey was a director of her Liverpool-based family construction business J. G. McVey & Co. which specialised in demolition and site clearance, in 2003 the firm received two immediate prohibition safety notices with which the company complied. 5s Company, The Heaven and Earth Show, Shopping City, BBC2s youth current affairs programme Reportage, McVey has debated at the Oxford Union and took part in Eve Enslers The Vagina Monologues at the Empire Theatre, Liverpool. In the 2010 general election, McVey won the seat of Wirral West, with 42. 5% of the votes cast, in 2010, McVey was Parliamentary Private Secretary to then-Employment Minister Chris Grayling. From September 2012 to October 2013, she was Parliamentary Under-Secretary for Work, in December 2013 she was formally reprimanded for using House of Commons notepaper and postage to electioneer for the Conservative Party, she apologised and repaid the £300 costs. At his 7 October 2013 reshuffle, Cameron appointed her Minister of State for Employment in the Department for Work, McVey was sworn into the Privy Council on 27 February 2014. She stresses the importance of the ethic and discourages laziness and idleness as social evils. Later, in a interview with BBC Radio Merseyside, she expressed regret over the mistiming of her communication. In the 2015 general election the Labour candidate Margaret Greenwood won the Wirral West seat by 417 votes, McVey lives in West Kirby, Merseyside. When in London and still an MP, she shared a flat with fellow Conservative parliamentarian and that arrangement ended when her term as MP during the 2010–15 parliament came to an end. Currently single, she was connected with BBC producer Mal Young. A longstanding friend of Kate McCann, McVey helped her set up the Madeleine McCann Fund
9.
Exchequer Secretary to the Treasury
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It ranks at Parliamentary Secretary level and is not a Cabinet office. Unlike the other posts of Secretary in to the Treasury, it is used occasionally, normally when the post of Paymaster General is allocated to a Minister outside the Treasury. The office was reinstated in June 2007, when Angela Eagle was appointed Exchequer Secretary after Tessa Jowell had been appointed Paymaster General and Olympic Minister within the Cabinet Office. The previous Exchequer Secretary was Phillip Oppenheim, who held the post from 23 July 1996 to 2 May 1997, Angela Eagle was replaced by Kitty Ussher in the June 2009 reshuffle, with Jowell continuing in the Paymaster General role. Ussher resigned on 17 June 2009 and was replaced by Sarah McCarthy-Fry. Following the 2010 general election, the post was taken by Conservative MP David Gauke, in May 2015, Conservative MP Damian Hinds assumed the office. Following Theresa Mays first ministerial appointments in July 2016, the post is not currently in use. Colour key, Conservative Labour Secretary to the Treasury
10.
David Gauke
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David Michael Gauke PC MP is a British Conservative Party politician and solicitor. He is the Member of Parliament for South West Hertfordshire and current Chief Secretary to the Treasury and he was a researcher to the Conservative MP for Milton Keynes South West Barry Legg in 1993. He worked as a solicitor with Richards Butler from 1995. From 1999 to 2005, he was a solicitor in the financial services group at Macfarlanes and he was elected to the House of Commons at the 2005 general election for Hertfordshire South West following the retirement of Richard Page. Gauke won the seat with a majority of 8,473, following his election he served as a member of the Procedure Select Committee between 2005 and 2008. Gauke was a member of the Treasury Select Committee between 2006 and 2007 before joining the Opposition frontbench as a shadow Treasury minister, following his re-election at the 2010 general election, he was appointed Exchequer Secretary to the Treasury. In December 2013 Gauke was reported to HM Revenue and Customs after advertising an unpaid six-month training post at his office in Rickmansworth. On 13 July 2016 Gauke was made a member of the Privy Council, on 14 July 2016 Gauke was made Chief Secretary to the Treasury as part of Theresa Mays ministry. Gauke claimed £10,248.32 in stamp duty and fees involved in the purchase of his home in London. A Channel 4 Dispatches programme revealed that he was claiming expenses on the flat in central London despite having a property located only one hour away on public transport. Gauke sold the flat in August 2012, keeping £27,000, Gauke is married to Rachel, who is a professional support lawyer specialising in corporate tax at legal research provider LexisNexis. They have three sons and live in Chorleywood and he is a lifelong supporter of Ipswich Town F. C. www. davidgauke
11.
Conservative Party (UK)
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The Conservative Party, officially the Conservative and Unionist Party, is a political party in the United Kingdom. It is currently the party, having won a majority of seats in the House of Commons at the 2015 general election. The partys leader, Theresa May, is serving as Prime Minister. It is the largest party in government with 8,702 councillors. The Conservative Party is one of the two major political parties in the United Kingdom, the other being its modern rival. The Conservative Partys platform involves support for market capitalism, free enterprise, fiscal conservatism, a strong national defence, deregulation. In the 1920s, the Liberal vote greatly diminished and the Labour Party became the Conservatives main rivals, Conservative Prime Ministers led governments for 57 years of the twentieth century, including Winston Churchill and Margaret Thatcher. Thatchers tenure led to wide-ranging economic liberalisation, the Conservative Partys domination of British politics throughout the twentieth century has led to them being referred to as one of the most successful political parties in the Western world. The Conservatives are the joint-second largest British party in the European Parliament, with twenty MEPs, the party is a member of the Alliance of Conservatives and Reformists in Europe Europarty and the International Democrat Union. The party is the second-largest in the Scottish Parliament and the second-largest in the Welsh Assembly, the party is also organised in the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar. The Conservative Party traces its origins to a faction, rooted in the 18th century Whig Party and they were known as Independent Whigs, Friends of Mr Pitt, or Pittites. After Pitts death the term Tory came into use and this was an allusion to the Tories, a political grouping that had existed from 1678, but which had no organisational continuity with the Pittite party. From about 1812 on the name Tory was commonly used for the newer party, the term Conservative was suggested as a title for the party by a magazine article by J. Wilson Croker in the Quarterly Review in 1830. The name immediately caught on and was adopted under the aegis of Sir Robert Peel around 1834. Peel is acknowledged as the founder of the Conservative Party, which he created with the announcement of the Tamworth Manifesto, the term Conservative Party rather than Tory was the dominant usage by 1845. In 1912, the Liberal Unionists merged with the Conservative Party, in Ireland, the Irish Unionist Alliance had been formed in 1891 which merged anti-Home Rule Unionists into one political movement. Its MPs took the Conservative whip at Westminster, and in essence formed the Irish wing of the party until 1922. The Conservatives served with the Liberals in an all-party coalition government during World War I, keohane finds that the Conservatives were bitterly divided before 1914, especially on the issue of Irish Unionism and the experience of three consecutive election losses
12.
Alma mater
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Alma mater is an allegorical Latin phrase for a university or college. In modern usage, it is a school or university which an individual has attended, the phrase is variously translated as nourishing mother, nursing mother, or fostering mother, suggesting that a school provides intellectual nourishment to its students. Before its modern usage, Alma mater was a title in Latin for various mother goddesses, especially Ceres or Cybele. The source of its current use is the motto, Alma Mater Studiorum, of the oldest university in continuous operation in the Western world and it is related to the term alumnus, denoting a university graduate, which literally means a nursling or one who is nourished. The phrase can also denote a song or hymn associated with a school, although alma was a common epithet for Ceres, Cybele, Venus, and other mother goddesses, it was not frequently used in conjunction with mater in classical Latin. Alma Redemptoris Mater is a well-known 11th century antiphon devoted to Mary, the earliest documented English use of the term to refer to a university is in 1600, when University of Cambridge printer John Legate began using an emblem for the universitys press. In English etymological reference works, the first university-related usage is often cited in 1710, many historic European universities have adopted Alma Mater as part of the Latin translation of their official name. The University of Bologna Latin name, Alma Mater Studiorum, refers to its status as the oldest continuously operating university in the world. At least one, the Alma Mater Europaea in Salzburg, Austria, the College of William & Mary in Williamsburg, Virginia, has been called the Alma Mater of the Nation because of its ties to the founding of the United States. At Queens University in Kingston, Ontario, and the University of British Columbia in Vancouver, British Columbia, the ancient Roman world had many statues of the Alma Mater, some still extant. Modern sculptures are found in prominent locations on several American university campuses, outside the United States, there is an Alma Mater sculpture on the steps of the monumental entrance to the Universidad de La Habana, in Havana, Cuba. Media related to Alma mater at Wikimedia Commons The dictionary definition of alma mater at Wiktionary Alma Mater Europaea website
13.
Keele University
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Keele University, officially known as the University of Keele, is a public research university located about 3 miles from Newcastle-under-Lyme, Staffordshire, England. Keele was granted university status by Royal Charter in 1962 and was founded in 1949 as the University College of North Staffordshire, Keele is the 24th oldest university in the UK List of UK universities by date of foundation, and highest research-ranked university in Staffordshire. A science park and a conference centre complements the academic buildings, the university occupies a 620-acre rural campus close to the village of Keele and consists of extensive woods, lakes and Keele Hall set in historic Staffordshire Potteries heartland. The estate was given by King Henry II of England to the Knights Templars. The estate was purchased from the Crown by the Sneyd family, Cambridge and Oxford Extension Lectures had been arranged in the Potteries since the 1890s, but outside any organised educational framework or establishment. By the late 1930s, the Staffordshire towns of Longton, Fenton, Burslem, a large area including Staffordshire, Shropshire and parts of Cheshire and Derbyshire did not have its own university. Neither the traditional ancient institutions based on the Oxbridge model or earlier civic Redbricks responded to that particular criteria, Lindsay believed technological excesses sponsored by the state without a review of the social and political consequences had been a major contributor to Germanys downfall. This was to heavily influence Keeles curriculum, on 13 March 1946, Lindsay wrote to Sir Walter Moberly, chair of the University Grants Committee, suggesting the creation of a college on new lines. The committee wanted a university for the 20th century that overcame the division between Arts and Sciences and what Moberly was calling the evil of departmentalism, the college could become a social laboratory for industries and the local communities these catered for. Normal practice was for new colleges to be launched without degree-awarding powers, students would instead matriculate with and this would allow the college to start afresh in the setting of its curriculum free from the inheritance of educational practices. Lindsay also wrote to the Vice-Chancellor of the University of Oxford, in August 1949, the University College was granted the right to award its own degrees. The first graduate was George Eason, who had studied Mathematics at Birmingham University gaining a BSc in 1951 and he received his MSc in 1952 from Keele. In 1954, the first graduate studying fully at Keele was Margaret Boulds who received an honours degree in Philosophy. Growing steadily to 1,200 students, the university college was granted university status in 1962, receiving a new Royal charter in January of that year, and adopting the name University of Keele. Alternatives were considered, including The University of Stoke or Stoke-on-Trent, paradoxically, Staffordshire University was also discussed, this is now the name of the former North Staffordshire Polytechnic. The university is a distance west of the civil parish of Keele. It is the establishment of higher education in the UK to be named after a village. In 1968, the Royal Commission on Medical Education issued the Todd Report and it was considered that North Staffordshire would be a good site, having a large local population and several hospitals
14.
University of Essex
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The University of Essex is a public research university in Colchester, Essex, England. It was established in 1963 and received its Royal Charter in 1965, the universitys largest campus is located within Wivenhoe Park in the English county of Essex, less than a mile from the town of Wivenhoe and two miles from the town of Colchester. Apart from the Wivenhoe Park campus, there is a rapidly developing campus in Southend-on-Sea, the universitys motto, Thought the harder, heart the keener, is adapted from the Anglo-Saxon poem The Battle of Maldon. The university enjoys collaborative partnerships with a number of institutions across the eastern region and these are University Campus Suffolk, Colchester Institute, Kaplan Open Learning, South Essex College and Writtle College. The university exhibits an international character with 132 countries represented in its student body, the Research Excellence Framework in 2014 ranked Essex in the top 20 universities in the UK for the quality of its research and the top 5 for social science. The QS statistics ranked Essex the 5th most international university in the UK for staff, in July 1959, Essex County Council accepted a proposal from Alderman Leatherland that a university be established in the county. In July 1962, Albert Sloman, Gilmour Professor of Spanish and Dean of the Faculty of Arts, University of Liverpool, was appointed as Vice-Chancellor, hon. R. A. Butler, was invited to be Chancellor, with Anthony Rowland-Jones appointed as Registrar. With its first staff appointed, a development plan for the university was published, within six months the Appeal Fund had exceeded its £1million target with The Queen Mother and Sir Winston Churchill among contributors, while work began on clearing the site for building work. Two months later the universitys Armorial Bearings were published, with the motto Thought the harder, in October 1964, the first 122 students arrived with 28 teaching staff in three schools, Comparative Studies, Physical Sciences and Social Studies. Work started on the first residential tower, Rayleigh, in December with The Queen approving the grant of Charter to take effect from 11 January 1965. 1965 brought 399 students enrolling for the start of the new year, the number of academic staff more than doubled to 61. The Physics building opened and the first six floors of Rayleigh tower were ready for occupation, the first female lecturer was appointed, Dorothy E. Smith in the Department of Sociology. In December, University Court met for the first time with around 500 members, six months later, work started on the Lecture Theatre Building, plus the Topping out of Keynes tower. In October 1966, the Hexagon Restaurant and General Store opened, the University of Essex was at the forefront of 1960s student unrest. At a time of worldwide protest against the Vietnam War, the student movement was taking off all over the world, in March 1968, a demonstration against a visit to the University by Enoch Powell received national publicity. Seven students were summoned to disciplinary hearings but student sit-ins prevented these hearings taking place, on Tuesday,7 May 1968, Dr Thomas Inch from Porton Down came to give a lecture at the university. In a carefully planned demonstration, an indictment was read out as Inch attempted to speak, University authorities called in police with dogs, probably for the first time in an English university. Students outnumbered police and managed to prevent arrests, on Friday,10 May, three students, Pete Archard, Raphael Halberstadt and David Triesman were suspended and ordered off the campus
15.
United Kingdom
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The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom or Britain, is a sovereign country in western Europe. Lying off the north-western coast of the European mainland, the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain, Northern Ireland is the only part of the United Kingdom that shares a land border with another sovereign state—the Republic of Ireland. The Irish Sea lies between Great Britain and Ireland, with an area of 242,500 square kilometres, the United Kingdom is the 78th-largest sovereign state in the world and the 11th-largest in Europe. It is also the 21st-most populous country, with an estimated 65.1 million inhabitants, together, this makes it the fourth-most densely populated country in the European Union. The United Kingdom is a monarchy with a parliamentary system of governance. The monarch is Queen Elizabeth II, who has reigned since 6 February 1952, other major urban areas in the United Kingdom include the regions of Birmingham, Leeds, Glasgow, Liverpool and Manchester. The United Kingdom consists of four countries—England, Scotland, Wales, the last three have devolved administrations, each with varying powers, based in their capitals, Edinburgh, Cardiff and Belfast, respectively. The relationships among the countries of the UK have changed over time, Wales was annexed by the Kingdom of England under the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542. A treaty between England and Scotland resulted in 1707 in a unified Kingdom of Great Britain, which merged in 1801 with the Kingdom of Ireland to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Five-sixths of Ireland seceded from the UK in 1922, leaving the present formulation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain, there are fourteen British Overseas Territories. These are the remnants of the British Empire which, at its height in the 1920s, British influence can be observed in the language, culture and legal systems of many of its former colonies. The United Kingdom is a country and has the worlds fifth-largest economy by nominal GDP. The UK is considered to have an economy and is categorised as very high in the Human Development Index. It was the worlds first industrialised country and the worlds foremost power during the 19th, the UK remains a great power with considerable economic, cultural, military, scientific and political influence internationally. It is a nuclear weapons state and its military expenditure ranks fourth or fifth in the world. The UK has been a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council since its first session in 1946 and it has been a leading member state of the EU and its predecessor, the European Economic Community, since 1973. However, on 23 June 2016, a referendum on the UKs membership of the EU resulted in a decision to leave. The Acts of Union 1800 united the Kingdom of Great Britain, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland have devolved self-government
16.
Electoral district
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An electoral district is a territorial subdivision for electing members to a legislative body. Generally, only voters who reside within the district are permitted to vote in an election held there, from a single district, a single member or multiple members might be chosen. Members might be chosen by a first-past-the-post system or a representative system. Members might be chosen through an election under universal suffrage. The names for electoral districts vary across countries and, occasionally, the term constituency is commonly used to refer to an electoral district, it can also refer to the body of eligible voters within the represented area. Similarly, in Australia and New Zealand, electoral districts are called electorates, the term Chûnāô-Kshetra is used while referring to an electoral district in general irrespective of the legislature. When referring to a particular constituency, it is simply referred to as Kshetra along with the name of the legislature. Electoral districts for municipal or other bodies are called wards. In Canada, districts are colloquially called ridings, in French, circonscription or comté, local electoral districts are sometimes called wards, a term which also designates administrative subdivisions of a municipality. In local government in the Republic of Ireland voting districts are called electoral areas, district magnitude is the number of representatives elected from a given district to the same legislative body. A single-member district has one representative, while a district has more than one. Under proportional representation systems, district magnitude is an important determinant of the makeup of the elected body, the geographic distribution of minorities also affects their representation - an unpopular nationwide minority can still secure a seat if they are concentrated in a particular district. District magnitude can vary within the same system during an election. In the Republic of Ireland, for instance, national elections to Dáil Éireann are held using a combination of 3,4, main articles, Apportionment and Redistricting Apportionment is the process of allocating a number of representatives to different regions, such as states or provinces. Apportionment changes are accompanied by redistricting, the redrawing of electoral district boundaries to accommodate the new number of representatives. This redrawing is necessary under single-member district systems, as each new representative requires their own district, multi-member systems, however, vary depending on other rules. Apportionment is generally done on the basis of population, the United States Senate, by contrast, is apportioned without regard to population, every state gets exactly two senators. Malapportionment occurs when voters are under- or over-represented due to variation in district population, given the complexity of this process, software is increasingly used to simplify the task, while better supporting reproducible and more justifiable results
17.
Essex
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Essex /ˈɛsᵻks/ is a county in England immediately north-east of London. It borders the counties of Suffolk and Cambridgeshire to the north, Hertfordshire to the west, Kent across the estuary of the River Thames to the south, the county town is Chelmsford, which is the only city in the county. Essex occupies the part of the old Kingdom of Essex, before this. As well as areas, the county also includes London Stansted Airport, the new towns of Basildon and Harlow, Lakeside Shopping Centre, the port of Tilbury. Originally recorded in AD527, Essex occupied territory to the north of the River Thames, incorporating all of what later became Middlesex and its territory was later restricted to lands east of the River Lea. In changes before the Norman conquest the East Saxons were subsumed into the Kingdom of England and, following the Norman conquest, Essex became a county. During the medieval period, much of the area was designated a Royal forest, including the county in a period to 1204. Gradually, the subject to forest law diminished, but at various times included the forests of Becontree, Chelmsford, Epping, Hatfield, Ongar. County-wide administration Essex County Council was formed in 1889, however County Boroughs of West Ham, Southend-on-Sea and East Ham formed part of the county but were unitary authorities. 12 boroughs and districts provide more localised services such as rubbish and recycling collections, leisure and planning, parish-level administration – changes A few Essex parishes have been transferred to other counties. Before 1889, small areas were transferred to Hertfordshire near Bishops Stortford, Essex became part of the East of England Government Office Region in 1994 and was statistically counted as part of that region from 1999, having previously been part of the South East England region. Two unitary authorities In 1998 the boroughs of Southend-on-Sea and Thurrock were granted autonomy from the county of Essex after successful requests to become unitary authorities. Essex Police covers the county and the two unitary authorities. The county council chamber and main headquarters is at the County Hall in Chelmsford, before 1938 the council regularly met in London near Moorgate, which with significant parts closer to that point and the dominance of railways had been more convenient than any place in the county. It currently has 75 elected councillors, before 1965, the number of councillors reached over 100. The highest point of the county of Essex is Chrishall Common near the village of Langley, close to the Hertfordshire border, the pattern of settlement in the county is diverse. Epping Forest also acts as a barrier to the further spread of London. Part of the southeast of the county, already containing the population centres of Basildon, Southend and Thurrock, is within the Thames Gateway
18.
Thatcherism
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An exponent or supporter of Thatcherism is regarded as a Thatcherite. There was one exception, the National Health Service, which was widely popular. She promised Britons in 1982, the NHS is safe in our hands, both the exact terms of what makes up Thatcherism as well as its specific legacy in terms of British history over the past decades are controversial. Thatcherism attempts to promote low inflation, the state, and free markets through tight control of the money supply, privatisation. It is often compared with Reaganomics in the United States, Economic Rationalism in Australia and Rogernomics in New Zealand, Thatcherism is thus often compared to neoliberalism. Milton Friedman said that the thing people do not recognise is that Margaret Thatcher is not in terms of belief a Tory. Thatcher herself stated in 1983, I would not mind betting that if Mr Gladstone were alive today he would apply to join the Conservative Party. In the 1996 Keith Joseph memorial lecture Thatcher argued that The kind of Conservatism which he and I. favoured would be best described as liberal, and I mean the liberalism of Mr Gladstone, not of the latter day collectivists. However, Thatcher once told Friedrich Hayek, I know you want me to become a Whig, no, Hayek believed she has felt this very clearly. But the relationship between Thatcherism and liberalism is complicated, Thatchers former Defence Secretary John Nott claimed that it is a complete misreading of her beliefs to depict her as a nineteenth-century Liberal. As Ellen Meiksins Wood has argued, Thatcherite capitalism was compatible with traditional British political institutions, as Prime Minister, Thatcher did not challenge ancient institutions such as the monarchy or the House of Lords, but some of the most recent additions, such as the trade unions. Indeed, many leading Thatcherites, including Thatcher herself, went on to join the House of Lords, thinkers closely associated with Thatcherism include Keith Joseph, Enoch Powell, Friedrich Hayek and Milton Friedman. In an interview with Simon Heffer in 1996 Thatcher stated that the two greatest influences on her as Conservative leader had been Joseph and Powell, who were very great men. A number of commentators have traced the origins of Thatcherism in post-war British politics, the historian Dr. Thatcherism is often described as a libertarian ideology. Thatcher saw herself as creating a movement, rejecting traditional Toryism. Thatcherism is associated with libertarianism within the Conservative Party, albeit one of libertarian ends achieved by using strong, British political commentator Andrew Marr has called libertarianism the dominant, if unofficial, characteristic of Thatcherism. However, whereas some of her heirs, notably Michael Portillo and Alan Duncan, embraced this libertarianism, others in the Thatcherite movement, such as John Redwood, some commentators have argued that Thatcherism should not be considered properly libertarian. Noting the tendency towards strong central government in matters concerning the trade unions and local authorities, Andrew Gamble summarised Thatcherism as the free economy, Simon Jenkins accused the Thatcher government of carrying out a nationalisation of Britain
19.
Indians in Uganda
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There is a sizable community of people of Indian origin living in Uganda, but it is less than in previous times. In 2003, there were an estimated 15,000 people of Asian descent, some died, others returned to India after the end of their contracts, and others chose to stay. Over time, Indians became prosperous and dominated the entire economy and these resentments came to a crisis when Idi Amin ousted Milton Obote by military coup détat in 1971. The following year, Amin ordered the expulsion of Asians living in Uganda, as a result, many Indians migrated to the United Kingdom, Canada, the United States, and elsewhere and began rebuilding their lives. After Amins death, however, more Indians who were born in Uganda started migrating back
20.
Weber Shandwick
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Weber Shandwick is a public relations firm formed in 2001 by merging the Weber Group, Shandwick International, and BSMG. Weber Shandwick was formed in 2001 by merging the Weber Group, Shandwick International, Shandwick International acquired consumer PR firm Mona, Meyer, McGrath & Gavin in 1988. Shandwick was in-turn sold to Interpublic Group in 1998 and was renamed Weber Shandwick, BSMG merged with Shandwick that October. In 2010, Webers internal developers and social media teams created a social media crisis simulator called Firebell, in 2011 Weber hired employees to fill roles as community managers, writers, social media marketing strategists producers and analytics experts, making their digital marketing staff number 300. After a Weber executive moved to Hill & Knowlton, Weber Shandwick secured an order after alleging the firm was taking their employees. In May 2014, the firm acquired a Sweden-based agency, Prime, the firm serves as global agency of record for Tokyo 2020. In 2008, Weber Shandwick was hired by Microsoft to provide support for non-consumer PR in the EMEA region for products like Windows Client, in 2017, the Egyptian Intelligence services hired Weber Shandwick and lobbying company Cassidy and Associates to improve Egypts image in the USA. They are also responsible by many for the death of Italian student
21.
Nottingham North (UK Parliament constituency)
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Nottingham North is a constituency represented in the House of Commons of the UK Parliament since 1987 by Graham Allen of the Labour Party. 1955-1974, The County Borough of Nottingham wards of Byron, Mapperley, Portland, and St Albans, 1974-1983, The County Borough of Nottingham wards of Byron, Forest, Mapperley, Portland, Radford, and St Albans. 1983-2010, The City of Nottingham wards of Aspley, Beechdale, Bestwood Park, Bilborough, Bulwell East, Bulwell West, Byron, Portland, 2010-present, The City of Nottingham wards of Aspley, Basford, Bestwood, Bilborough, Bulwell, and Bulwell Forest. The constituency consists mostly of residential areas, a majority of neighbourhoods of which were council housing, of these a slight majority, rather than being social housing, is now private under the Right to Buy, such as Bulwell. Overall its census Super Output Areas have the lowest income of the three Nottingham constituencies, and has become the safest seat for the Labour Party, class War Party originally announced Ben Turff as candidate, but he failed to stand. List of Parliamentary constituencies in Nottinghamshire Notes References
22.
United Kingdom general election, 2005
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The United Kingdom general election of 2005 was held on Thursday,5 May 2005 to elect 646 members to the British House of Commons. The Labour Party led by Tony Blair won its third consecutive victory, as of 2017, it remains the last Labour general election victory in the UK. The Labour campaign emphasised a strong economy, however, Blair had suffered a decline in popularity even before the decision to send British troops to invade Iraq in 2003. The Liberal Democrats, led by Charles Kennedy, were opposed to the Iraq War given that there had no second UN resolution. Tony Blair was returned as Prime Minister, with Labour having 355 MPs but with a vote of 35. 2%. In terms of votes they were only ahead of the Conservatives. The Liberal Democrats saw their vote increase by 3. 7% and won the most seats for any third party since 1923. The more hardline Democratic Unionist Party became the largest Northern Irish party, the election results were broadcast live on the BBC, and presented by Peter Snow, David Dimbleby, Jeremy Paxman and Andrew Marr. The governing Labour Party, led by Tony Blair, was looking to secure a consecutive term in office. The Conservative Party was seeking to regain seats lost to both Labour and the Liberal Democrats since the 1992 general election, and move from being the Official Opposition into government. The Liberal Democrats hoped to make gains from both parties, but especially the Conservative Party, with a decapitation strategy targeting members of the Shadow Cabinet. The pro-independence Scottish National Party and Plaid Cymru stood candidates in every constituency in Scotland, many seats were contested by other parties, including several parties without incumbents in the House of Commons. The Health Concern party also stood again, a full list of parties which declared their intention to run can be found on the list of parties contesting the 2005 general election. All parties campaigned using such tools as party manifestos, party political broadcasts, local elections in parts of England and in Northern Ireland were held on the same day. The polls were open for fifteen hours, from 07,00 to 22,00 BST, the election came just over three weeks after the dissolution of Parliament on 11 April by Queen Elizabeth II, at the request of the Prime Minister, Tony Blair. Following the death of Pope John Paul II on 2 April, thanks to eight years of sustained economic growth Labour could point to a strong economy, with greater investment in public services such as education and health. This was overshadowed, however, by the issue of the controversial 2003 invasion of Iraq, which met widespread public criticism at the time, and would dog Blair throughout the campaign. The Chancellor, Gordon Brown, played a prominent role in the campaign, frequently appearing with Tony Blair
23.
Party leader
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In politics, a party leader is the most powerful official within a political party. The leader speaks to their political party, while acting as the party representatives. The party leader is responsible for managing the partys relationship with the general public. As such, he or she will take a role in developing and communicating party policy, especially election platforms. He or she is typically the public face of the party. In many representative democracies, party leaders compete directly for high political office and it is thus typical in such states for the party leader to seek election to the legislature, and, if elected, to simultaneously serve as the partys parliamentary leader. In Canada, all major parties elect their leaders at a leadership convention, the leaders of Comminist Party often hold the title of General secretary and the officeholder is usually considered the paramount leader of China. On 15 November 2012, Xi Jinping was appointed General Secretary of the Communist Party of China at the 18th Communist Party national congress, the leaders outwardly act as the figurehead and the main representative of the party. Within the party, they must ensure political consensus, at election time the leader is always the Lijsttrekker of the party list. Outside election time the leader can serves as the Opposition leader, geert Wilders, the Leader of Party for Freedom, is the Leader of the Opposition. In the Peoples Party for Freedom and Democracy and the Labour Party the leader is often the Parliamentary leader in the House of Representatives, some leaders became a Minister in a Cabinet. The method of selection of the party leader varies from party to party, if only one candidate emerges, he or she is said to have been elected by acclamation or ratified by the general membership. The Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, Theresa May, gained the position on 13 July 2016, jeremy Corbyn is the party leader the Labour Party, serve as the Leader of the Opposition. The United Kingdom has more influence in electing the party leader than other countries in the Westminster system, sometimes a party leader will simultaneously hold the post of chairman. However, this occurs rarely in the Westminster system. In the Gilded Age, the government was known as Bossism and this government entailed powerful political machines, run by so-called bosses who awarded political positions to their associates This kind of political system is also referred to as a particracy. Party leaders in the United States mostly refer to the President, Vice President and leaders of the Congress in both parties
24.
A-List (Conservative)
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In April 2006, a Conservative Party committee on candidates set out to deliver a promise by David Cameron to transform the Conservative party at Westminster. The committee reduced 500 aspiring politicians on the partys list of approved parliamentary candidates to an A-list of between 100 and 150 priority candidates, the result was a list on which more than half of the names were of women. The list included the former Coronation Street actor Adam Rickitt, the environmentalist Zac Goldsmith, the author Louise Bagshawe, the 2010 general election saw failures as well as successes for the A-listers selected for winnable seats. Success was epitomised by, for example, Zac Goldsmith in Richmond Park and those on the A List included the following, * marks people chosen for seats that were Conservative before 2010
25.
United Kingdom general election, 2010
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The United Kingdom general election of 2010 was held on Thursday,6 May 2010, with 45,597,461 registered voters entitled to vote to elect members to the House of Commons. The election took place in 650 constituencies across the United Kingdom under the first-past-the-post system, none of the parties achieved the 326 seats needed for an overall majority. The Conservative Party, led by David Cameron, won the largest number of votes and seats and this resulted in a hung parliament where no party was able to command a majority in the House of Commons. This was only the general election since World War II to return a hung parliament. The coalition government that was formed was the first coalition in British history to eventuate directly from an election outcome. The hung parliament came in spite of the Conservatives managing a higher share of the vote than the previous Labour government had done in 2005 that had a comfortable majority, Coalition talks began immediately between the Conservatives and the Liberal Democrats and lasted for five days. There was an attempt to put together a Labour/Liberal Democrat coalition. To facilitate this Gordon Brown announced on the evening of Monday 10 May that he would resign as Labour Party leader. Realising that a deal with the Conservatives was in reach, the day on Tuesday 11 May, Brown announced his resignation as Prime Minister. This was accepted by Queen Elizabeth II, who then invited David Cameron to form a government in her name and become Prime Minister, none of the three main party leaders had previously led a general election campaign, a situation which had not occurred since the 1979 election. During the campaign, the three party leaders engaged in a series of televised debates, the first such debates in a British general election campaign. The Liberal Democrats achieved a breakthrough in opinion polls after the first debate, nonetheless on polling day their share of the vote increased by only 1% over the previous general election, and they suffered a net loss of five seats. This was still the Liberal Democrats largest popular vote since the partys creation, the share of votes for parties other than Labour or the Conservatives was 35%, the largest since the 1918 general election. In terms of votes it was the most three-cornered election since 1923, the Green Party of England and Wales won its first ever seat in the Commons, and the Alliance Party of Northern Ireland also gained its first elected member. The General Election saw a 5. 1% national swing from Labour to the Conservatives, the result in one constituency, Oldham East and Saddleworth, was subsequently declared void on petition because of illegal practices during the campaign, the first such instance since 1910. The election took place on 6 May in 649 constituencies across the United Kingdom, under the first-past-the-post system, voting in the Thirsk and Malton constituency was postponed for three weeks because of the death of a candidate. The governing Labour Party had campaigned to secure a consecutive term in office. The Conservative Party sought to gain a dominant position in British politics after losses in the 1990s, the Liberal Democrats hoped to make gains from both sides and hoped to hold the balance of power in a hung parliament
26.
United Kingdom general election, 2015
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The United Kingdom general election of 2015 on 7 May 2015 elected the 56th Parliament of the United Kingdom. Each of the 650 parliamentary constituencies elected one Member of Parliament to the House of Commons and it was the first general election at the end of a fixed-term Parliament. Local elections took place in most of England on the same day, polls and commentators had predicted the outcome would be too close to call and would result in a second hung parliament similar to the 2010 election. Opinion polls were eventually proven to have underestimated the Conservative vote as they won an outright majority. Having governed in coalition with the Liberal Democrats since 2010, the Conservatives won 330 seats and 36. 9% of the vote, the British Polling Council began an inquiry into the substantial variance between opinion polls and the actual result. The Labour Party, led by Ed Miliband, saw an increase in its vote share to 30. 4%. This was its lowest seat tally since the 1987 election, senior Labour shadow cabinet members, notably Ed Balls, Douglas Alexander, and Scottish Labour leader Jim Murphy, were defeated. The UK Independence Party came third in terms of votes with 12. 6%, the Green Party won its highest-ever share of the vote with 3. 8%, and held Brighton Pavilion with an increased majority, though did not win any additional seats. Labours Miliband and Murphy resigned, as did Clegg, Farage claimed that his resignation was rejected by his party, and he remained in post. In Northern Ireland, the Ulster Unionist Party returned to the Commons with two MPs after an absence, while the Alliance Party lost its only seat despite an increase in total vote share. That renegotiation was followed by an in-out referendum a year later in June 2016, as a result, it is likely that this was the last general election to be held in the UK during its membership of the EU. There were local elections on the day in most of England. No other elections were scheduled to take place in Scotland, Wales or Northern Ireland, all British, Irish and Commonwealth citizens over the age of 18 on the date of the election were permitted to vote. In general elections, voting takes place in all constituencies of the United Kingdom to elect members of parliament to seats in the House of Commons. Each parliamentary constituency of the United Kingdom elects one MP to the House of Commons using the first-past-the-post system, if one party obtains a majority of seats, then that party is entitled to form the Government. If the election results in no party having a majority. In this case, the options for forming the Government are either a minority government or a coalition government, the next boundary review is now set to take place in 2018, thus the 2015 general election was contested using the same constituencies and boundaries as in 2010. Of the 650 constituencies,533 are in England,59 in Scotland,40 in Wales and 18 in Northern Ireland, in addition, the 2011 Act mandated a referendum in 2011 on changing from the current first-past-the-post system to an alternative vote system for elections to the Commons
27.
Euroscepticism
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Euroscepticism means criticism of the European Union. Some observers though prefer to understand opposition to and total rejection of the EU as Euroscepticism, traditionally, the main source of Euroscepticism has been the notion that integration weakens the nation state, and a desire to slow, halt or reverse integration within the EU. Other views often held by Eurosceptics include perceptions of a deficit in the European Union or a belief that the EU is too bureaucratic. A Eurobarometer survey of EU citizens in 2009 showed that support for membership of the EU was lowest in Latvia, the United Kingdom, by 2016, the countries viewing the EU most unfavourably were Greece, France, Spain and the UK. Euroscepticism is found in political parties across the spectrum, however. Trust in the EU and its institutions has declined strongly since a peak in 2007. In 2016, a referendum asking whether the United Kingdom either should remain a member of, or leave. While having some overlaps, Euroscepticism and anti-Europeanism are different, anti-Europeanism has always had a strong influence in American culture and American exceptionalism, which sometimes sees Europe on the decline or as a rising rival power, or both. Some aspects of euroscepticism in the United Kingdom have been mirrored by US authors, there can be considered to be several different types of Eurosceptic thought, which differ in the extent to which adherents reject European integration and in their reasons for doing so. Aleks Szczerbiak and Paul Taggart described two of these as hard and soft Euroscepticism, the Europe of Freedom and Direct Democracy group in the European Parliament, typified by such parties as the United Kingdom Independence Party, is hard Eurosceptic. In western European EU member countries, hard Euroscepticism is currently a hallmark of many anti-establishment parties, some hard Eurosceptics such as UKIP prefer to call themselves Eurorealists rather than sceptics, and regard their position as pragmatic rather than in principle. I think theyre building an empire there, they want us to be a part of their empire, François Asselineau of the French Popular Republican Union has criticised the use of the term sceptic to describe hard Eurosceptics and would rather advocate the use of the term Euro opponent. Soft Euroscepticism is support for the existence of, and membership of, a form of European Union, some have claimed that there is no clear line between hard and soft euroscepticism. Some scholars consider the difference in terminology between hard and soft Euroscepticism inadequate to accommodate the large differences in terms of political agenda. Therefore, hard Euroscepticism has also referred to as Europhobia. Other alternative names for hard and soft Euroscepticism include withdrawalist respectively reformist Euroscepticism, about 43% of Europeans thought things were going in the wrong direction” in the EU, compared with 23% who thought things were going in the right direction. About 32% of EU citizens tend to trust the European Union as an institution, distrust of the EU was highest in Greece, Cyprus, Austria, France Germany, the United Kingdom and the Czech Republic. Overall, more respondents distrusted their own government than the EU, distrust of national government was highest in Greece, Slovenia, Portugal, Cyprus and France
28.
European Union
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The European Union is a political and economic union of 28 member states that are located primarily in Europe. It has an area of 4,475,757 km2, the EU has developed an internal single market through a standardised system of laws that apply in all member states. Within the Schengen Area, passport controls have been abolished, a monetary union was established in 1999 and came into full force in 2002, and is composed of 19 EU member states which use the euro currency. The EU operates through a system of supranational and intergovernmental decision-making. The EU traces its origins from the European Coal and Steel Community, the community and its successors have grown in size by the accession of new member states and in power by the addition of policy areas to its remit. While no member state has left the EU or its antecedent organisations, the Maastricht Treaty established the European Union in 1993 and introduced European citizenship. The latest major amendment to the basis of the EU. The EU as a whole is the largest economy in the world, additionally,27 out of 28 EU countries have a very high Human Development Index, according to the United Nations Development Programme. In 2012, the EU was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize, through the Common Foreign and Security Policy, the EU has developed a role in external relations and defence. The union maintains permanent diplomatic missions throughout the world and represents itself at the United Nations, the World Trade Organization, the G7, because of its global influence, the European Union has been described as an emerging superpower. After World War II, European integration was seen as an antidote to the nationalism which had devastated the continent. 1952 saw the creation of the European Coal and Steel Community, the supporters of the Community included Alcide De Gasperi, Jean Monnet, Robert Schuman, and Paul-Henri Spaak. These men and others are credited as the Founding fathers of the European Union. In 1957, Belgium, France, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and West Germany signed the Treaty of Rome and they also signed another pact creating the European Atomic Energy Community for co-operation in developing nuclear energy. Both treaties came into force in 1958, the EEC and Euratom were created separately from the ECSC, although they shared the same courts and the Common Assembly. The EEC was headed by Walter Hallstein and Euratom was headed by Louis Armand, Euratom was to integrate sectors in nuclear energy while the EEC would develop a customs union among members. During the 1960s, tensions began to show, with France seeking to limit supranational power, Jean Rey presided over the first merged Commission. In 1973, the Communities enlarged to include Denmark, Ireland, Norway had negotiated to join at the same time, but Norwegian voters rejected membership in a referendum
29.
Britannia Unchained
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Britannia Unchained, Global Lessons for Growth and Prosperity is a political book written by several British Conservative Party MPs. It was released on 13 September 2012 and its authors present a treatise, arguing that Britain should adopt a different and radical approach to business and economics or risk an inevitable slide into mediocrity. An article written by four of the authors for the ConservativeHome website and we cannot afford to listen to the siren voices of the statists who are happy for Britain to become a second rate power in Europe, and a third rate power in the world. On deficit reduction the example of Canada during the 1990s is given, in the realm of business and economics, Israel is cited as an example of a country that supports innovation, while the United States is given as an example of a nation that supports risk-taking. It is asserted that this undermines the UKs competitiveness, the book caused controversy in August 2012 after a short extract appeared in Londons Evening Standard which accused British workers of laziness, and lagging behind their Asian counterparts. Part of this was reprinted in The Guardian, The British are among the worst idlers in the world. We work among the lowest hours, we retire early and our productivity is poor, whereas Indian children aspire to be doctors or businessmen, the British are more interested in football and pop music. Speaking later to The Guardian one of the authors, Dominic Raab, claimed the passage had offered a skewed, writing for the New Statesman, Jonathan Portes criticised the accuracy of the content, saying the book contained factual errors and evidence of slipshod research by the authors. The authors of Britannia Unchained – five Conservative MPs including Elizabeth Truss, obsessed with the idea of the gentleman amateur. Sadly, so far the reaction to the book has proved their point, they’ve had headlines in the Daily Mail and the Telegraph and the Guardian has marked them out as the young Tories to watch. Yet they’ve done it without doing any research, let alone thinking about what that research might mean. They have joined the political version of celebrity culture – the same culture that they argue, to some extent compellingly, makes Britons believe they can get on without doing any hard work
30.
Harrow, London
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Harrow /ˈhæroʊ/ is a large suburban town in the London Borough of Harrow, northwest London, England. It is centred 10.5 miles northwest of Charing Cross, harrow-on-the-Hill includes the conservation area with a high proportion of listed buildings with a residential and institutional array of Georgian architecture and a few 17th century examples. Harrow gives its initial letters to a postcode area. Harrow was a borough of Middlesex before its inclusion in Greater London in 1965. Harrow is home to a large Westminster polytechnic campus and its oldest secondary schools are Harrow School, harrows name comes from Old English hearg = temple, which was probably on the hill of Harrow, where St. Marys Church stands today. The name has been studied in detail by Keith Briggs, the first and only contemporary artist-led gallery in Harrow was set up in 2010 by the Usurp Art Collective. The space is called the Usurp Art Gallery & Studios and is based in West Harrow, Usurp Art provides professional support to artists and runs the only public artists studios in the borough. It is a project for Arts Council England. Much of Kenton and before 1716 all of Pinner were parts of Harrow, geographical facts which root the importance of Harrow as a meeting place, Harrow Weald, is the district north of Wealdstone, both of which were historically also part of Harrow. Harrow may also include the wards of Roxeth, Marlborough, Headstone North and Harrow on the Hill as well as the Greenhill, West Harrow, the combined population of these wards is 80,213. In the 2011 census, the Greenhill ward was 42% white, 26% Indian, the West Harrow ward was 44% white, 23% Indian, and 12% Other Asian. In addition, Headstone South ward was 43% white, 24% Indian, Harrow on the Hill ward was 47% white, 19% Indian and 12% Other Asian. Major employers include Kodak Alaris, the Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital and Ladbrokes, on 7 August 1838 Thomas Port died from injuries received in a train accident near Harrow. With great fortitude, he bore a second amputation by the surgeons and died from loss of blood, August 7th 1838, on 26 November 1870 two trains collided at Harrow & Wealdstone station, killing 9 and injuring 44. On 8 October 1952 three trains collided at Harrow and Wealdstone station, killing 112 people, of the dead,64 were railway employees on their way to work. Harrow is the hometown of renown fashion designer, Vivenne Westood whom went on to one of the notable pioneers of Punk culture. Harrow is twinned with, Douai, France Notes References Harrow Times newspaper Harrow Council Homepage Harrow Local Community News and Information
31.
Gujarat
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Gujarat is a state in Western India, sometimes referred to as the Jewel of Western India. It has an area of 196,024 km2 with a coastline of 1,600 km, most of which lies on the Kathiawar peninsula, and a population in excess of 60 million. The state is bordered by Rajasthan to the north, Maharashtra to the south, Madhya Pradesh to the east, and the Arabian Sea and its capital city is Gandhinagar, while its largest city is Ahmedabad. Gujarat is home to the Gujarati-speaking people of India, the state encompasses some sites of the ancient Indus Valley Civilization, such as Lothal and Dholavira. Lothal is believed to be one of the worlds first seaports, Gujarat was known to the ancient Greeks, and was familiar in other Western centres of civilisation through the end of the European Middle Ages. Modern-day Gujarat is derived from Sanskrit term Gurjaradesa, the Gurjar nation, parts of modern Rajasthan and Gujarat have been known as Gurjaratra or Gurjarabhumi for centuries before the Mughal period. Gujarat was one of the centres of the Indus Valley Civilization. It contains ancient metropolitan cities from the Indus Valley such as Lothal, Dholavira, the ancient city of Lothal was where Indias first port was established. The ancient city of Dholavira is one of the largest and most prominent archaeological sites in India, the most recent discovery was Gola Dhoro. Altogether, about 50 Indus Valley settlement ruins have been discovered in Gujarat, the ancient history of Gujarat was enriched by the commercial activities of its inhabitants. There is clear evidence of trade and commerce ties with Egypt, Bahrain. The early history of Gujarat reflects the grandeur of Chandragupta Maurya who conquered a number of earlier states in what is now Gujarat. Pushyagupta, a Vaishya, was appointed governor of Saurashtra by the Mauryan regime and he ruled Giringer and built a dam on the Sudarshan lake. Between the decline of Mauryan power and Saurashtra coming under the sway of the Samprati Mauryas of Ujjain, in the first half of the 1st century AD there is the story of a merchant of King Gondaphares landing in Gujarat with Apostle Thomas. The incident of the cup-bearer killed by a lion might indicate that the city described is in Gujarat. For nearly 300 years from the start of the 1st century AD, the weather-beaten rock at Junagadh gives a glimpse of the ruler Rudradaman I of the Saka satraps known as Western Satraps, or Kshatraps. Mahakshatrap Rudradaman I founded the Kardamaka dynasty which ruled from Anupa on the banks of the Narmada up to the Aparanta region which bordered Punjab, in Gujarat several battles were fought between the south Indian Satavahana dynasty and the Western Satraps. The greatest ruler of the Satavahana Dynasty was Gautamiputra Satakarni who defeated the Western Satraps, the Kshatrapa dynasty was replaced by the Gupta Empire with the conquest of Gujarat by Chandragupta Vikramaditya
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India
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India, officially the Republic of India, is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country, and it is bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the southwest, and the Bay of Bengal on the southeast. It shares land borders with Pakistan to the west, China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the northeast, in the Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives. Indias Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a border with Thailand. The Indian subcontinent was home to the urban Indus Valley Civilisation of the 3rd millennium BCE, in the following millennium, the oldest scriptures associated with Hinduism began to be composed. Social stratification, based on caste, emerged in the first millennium BCE, early political consolidations took place under the Maurya and Gupta empires, the later peninsular Middle Kingdoms influenced cultures as far as southeast Asia. In the medieval era, Judaism, Zoroastrianism, Christianity, and Islam arrived, much of the north fell to the Delhi sultanate, the south was united under the Vijayanagara Empire. The economy expanded in the 17th century in the Mughal empire, in the mid-18th century, the subcontinent came under British East India Company rule, and in the mid-19th under British crown rule. A nationalist movement emerged in the late 19th century, which later, under Mahatma Gandhi, was noted for nonviolent resistance, in 2015, the Indian economy was the worlds seventh largest by nominal GDP and third largest by purchasing power parity. Following market-based economic reforms in 1991, India became one of the major economies and is considered a newly industrialised country. However, it continues to face the challenges of poverty, corruption, malnutrition, a nuclear weapons state and regional power, it has the third largest standing army in the world and ranks sixth in military expenditure among nations. India is a constitutional republic governed under a parliamentary system. It is a pluralistic, multilingual and multi-ethnic society and is home to a diversity of wildlife in a variety of protected habitats. The name India is derived from Indus, which originates from the Old Persian word Hindu, the latter term stems from the Sanskrit word Sindhu, which was the historical local appellation for the Indus River. The ancient Greeks referred to the Indians as Indoi, which translates as The people of the Indus, the geographical term Bharat, which is recognised by the Constitution of India as an official name for the country, is used by many Indian languages in its variations. Scholars believe it to be named after the Vedic tribe of Bharatas in the second millennium B. C. E and it is also traditionally associated with the rule of the legendary emperor Bharata. Gaṇarājya is the Sanskrit/Hindi term for republic dating back to the ancient times, hindustan is a Persian name for India dating back to the 3rd century B. C. E. It was introduced into India by the Mughals and widely used since then and its meaning varied, referring to a region that encompassed northern India and Pakistan or India in its entirety
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Uganda
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Uganda, officially the Republic of Uganda, is a landlocked country in East Africa. It is bordered to the east by Kenya, to the north by South Sudan, to the west by the Democratic Republic of the Congo, to the south-west by Rwanda, Uganda is the worlds second most populous landlocked country after Ethiopia. The southern part of the country includes a portion of Lake Victoria, shared with Kenya. Uganda is in the African Great Lakes region, Uganda also lies within the Nile basin, and has a varied but generally a modified equatorial climate. Uganda takes its name from the Buganda kingdom, which encompasses a portion of the south of the country. The people of Uganda were hunter-gatherers until 1,700 to 2,300 years ago, beginning in 1894, the area was ruled as a protectorate by the British, who established administrative law across the territory. Uganda gained independence from Britain on 9 October 1962, luganda, a central language, is widely spoken across the country, and several other languages are also spoken including Runyoro, Runyankole, Rukiga, and Luo. The president of Uganda is Yoweri Museveni, who came to power in January 1986 after a protracted guerrilla war. The ancestors of the Ugandans were hunter-gatherers until 1, 700-2,300 years ago, Bantu-speaking populations, who were probably from central Africa, migrated to the southern parts of the country. According to oral tradition, the Empire of Kitara covered an important part of the lakes area, from the northern lakes Albert and Kyoga to the southern lakes Victoria. Bunyoro-Kitara is claimed as the antecedent of the Buganda, Toro, Ankole, some Luo invaded the area of Bunyoro and assimilated with the Bantu there, establishing the Babiito dynasty of the current Omukama of Bunyoro-Kitara. Arab traders moved inland from the Indian Ocean coast of East Africa in the 1830s and they were followed in the 1860s by British explorers searching for the source of the Nile. British Anglican missionaries arrived in the kingdom of Buganda in 1877 and were followed by French Catholic missionaries in 1879, the British government chartered the Imperial British East Africa Company to negotiate trade agreements in the region beginning in 1888. From 1886, there were a series of wars in Buganda. Because of civil unrest and financial burdens, IBEAC claimed that it was unable to maintain their occupation in the region, in the 1890s,32,000 labourers from British India were recruited to East Africa under indentured labour contracts to construct the Uganda Railway. Most of the surviving Indians returned home, but 6,724 decided to remain in East Africa after the lines completion, subsequently, some became traders and took control of cotton ginning and sartorial retail. British naval ships unknowingly carried rats that contained the bubonic plague and these rats spread the disease throughout Uganda. From 1900 to 1920, a sleeping sickness epidemic in the part of Uganda, along the north shores of Lake Victoria
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Idi Amin
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Idi Amin Dada was a Ugandan political leader and military officer who served as the President of Uganda from 1971 to 1979. Amin was born in either Koboko or Kampala to a Kakwa father, in 1946 he joined the Kings African Rifles of the British Colonial Army. Initially a cook, he rose to the position of lieutenant, taking part in British actions against Somali rebels in the Shifta War and then the Mau Mau rebels in Kenya. Following Ugandas independence from the United Kingdom in 1962, Amin remained in the forces, rising to the position of major. Aware that Ugandan President Milton Obote was planning on arresting him for misappropriating army funds, Amin launched a 1971 military coup, in 1975, Amin became the chairman of the Organisation of African Unity, a Pan-Africanist group designed to promote solidarity among African states. During the 1977–1979 period, Uganda was a member of the United Nations Commission on Human Rights, in 1977, when Britain broke diplomatic relations with Uganda, Amin declared he had defeated the British and added CBE, for Conqueror of the British Empire, to his title. Radio Uganda then announced his entire title, His Excellency President for Life, Field Marshal Alhaji Dr. Idi Amin Dada, VC, DSO, MC, CBE. Dissent within Uganda and Amins attempt to annex the Kagera Region of Tanzania in 1978 led to the Uganda–Tanzania War, Amin then went into exile, first in Libya and then in Saudi Arabia, where he lived until his death on 16 August 2003. Amins rule was characterized by human rights abuses, political repression, ethnic persecution, extrajudicial killings, nepotism, corruption, and gross economic mismanagement. The number of people killed as a result of his regime is estimated by international observers, Amin did not write an autobiography, and he did not authorize an official written account of his life. So, there are discrepancies regarding when and where he was born, most biographical sources claim that he was born in either Koboko or Kampala around 1925. Other unconfirmed sources state Amins year of birth from as early as 1923 to as late as 1928, Amins son Hussein has stated that his father was born in Kampala in 1928. According to Fred Guweddeko, a researcher at Makerere University, Amin was the son of Andreas Nyabire, Nyabire, a member of the Kakwa ethnic group, converted from Roman Catholicism to Islam in 1910 and changed his name to Amin Dada. He named his son after himself. Abandoned by his father at an age, Idi Amin grew up with his mothers family in a rural farming town in north-western Uganda. Guweddeko states that Amins mother was Assa Aatte, an ethnic Lugbara, Amin joined an Islamic school in Bombo in 1941. After a few years, he left school only a fourth-grade English-language education. Amin joined the Kings African Rifles of the British Colonial Army in 1946 as an assistant cook, in later life, he falsely claimed he was forced to join the army during World War II and that he served in the Burma Campaign
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Expulsion of Asians from Uganda
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In early August 1972, the President of Uganda, Idi Amin, ordered the expulsion of his countrys Asian minority, giving them 90 days to leave the country. At the time of the expulsion, there were approximately 80,000 individuals of South Asian descent in Uganda, although the latter were ultimately exempted from the expulsion, many chose to leave voluntarily. Amin defended the expulsion by arguing that he was giving Uganda back to the ethnic Ugandan, many of the expellees were citizens of the United Kingdom and Colonies and 27,200 subsequently emigrated to the United Kingdom. Of the other refugees who were accounted for,6,000 went to Canada,4,500 refugees ended up in India and 2,500 went to nearby Kenya. In total, some 5,655 firms, ranches, farms, the presence of South Asians in Uganda was the result of deliberate choices by the British administration. They were brought to the Uganda Protectorate by the British to serve as a buffer between Europeans and Africans in the middle rungs of commerce and administration. In addition, in the 1890s,32,000 labourers from British India were brought to Southeast Africa under indentured labour contracts to work on the construction of the Uganda Railway. Most of the surviving Indians returned home, but 6,724 individuals decided to remain in the African Great Lakes after the lines completion. At the time of the expulsion, there were approximately 80,000 individuals of South Asian descent in Uganda, a further 50,000 were British passport holders, though Amin himself used the apparently exaggerated figure of 80,000 British passport holders in his initial expulsion speech. The British had invested in the education of the Asian minority, by the early 1970s, many Indians in Southeast Africa and Uganda were employed in the sartorial and banking businesses and Indophobia was already engrained by the start of Amins rule in February 1971. While not all Ugandan Asians were well off, they were on average better off than the indigenous communities, Indians were stereotyped as merely traders and labelled as dukawallas, who tried to cheat unsuspecting purchasers and looked out only for their own families. Conversely, it was not unusual to find that Indians possessed attitudes of superiority and negative pictures of the ability, gated ethnic communities served elite healthcare and schooling services. Additionally, the system in Uganda had historically been oriented toward the economic interests of South Asian traders. Milton Obotes government had pursued a policy of Africanisation which included policies targeted at Ugandan Asians, nevertheless, Amins policies represented a significant acceleration. In August 1971, Amin announced a review of the citizenship status awarded to Ugandas Asian community, in order to resolve the misunderstandings regarding the role of Ugandas Asian minority in society, he then convened an Indian conference for 7–8 December. In a memorandum presented on the day of the conference. On the vexed question of citizenship, he said his government would recognise citizenship rights already granted and this expulsion of an ethnic minority was not the first in Ugandas history as the countrys Kenyan minority, numbering approximately 30,000, had been expelled in 1969–70. On 4 August 1972, Amin declared that Britain would need to take on responsibility for British subjects of Asian origin, accusing them of sabotaging Ugandas economy, the deadline for British subjects to leave was confirmed as three months, which came to mean 8 November
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Hertfordshire, England
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Hertfordshire is a county in southern England, bordered by Bedfordshire to the north, Cambridgeshire to the north-east, Essex to the east, Buckinghamshire to the west and Greater London to the south. For government statistical purposes, it is placed in the East of England region, in 2013, the county had a population of 1,140,700 living in an area of 634 square miles. Four towns have between 50,000 and 100,000 residents, Hemel Hempstead, Stevenage, Watford and St Albans. Hertford, once the market town for the medieval agricultural county derives its name from a hart. Elevations are high for the region in the north and west and these reach over 240m in the western projection around Tring which is in the Chilterns. The countys borders are approximately the watersheds of the Colne and Lea, hertfordshires undeveloped land is mainly agricultural and much is protected by green belt. The countys landmarks span many centuries, ranging from the Six Hills in the new town of Stevenage built by local inhabitants during the Roman period, Leavesden filmed much of the UK-based $7.7 Bn box office Harry Potter film series and has the countrys studio tour. Saint Alban, a Romano-British soldier, took the place of a Christian priest and was beheaded on Holywell Hill and his martyrs cross of a yellow saltire on a blue background is reflected in the flag and coat of arms of Hertfordshire. Hertfordshire is well-served with motorways and railways, providing access to London. The largest sector of the economy of the county is in services, Hertfordshire was the area assigned to a fortress constructed at Hertford under the rule of Edward the Elder in 913. Hertford is derived from the Anglo-Saxon heort ford, meaning deer crossing, the name Hertfordshire is first recorded in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle in 1011. Deer feature in many county emblems, there is evidence of humans living in Hertfordshire from the Mesolithic period. It was first farmed during the Neolithic period and permanent habitation appeared at the beginning of the Bronze Age and this was followed by tribes settling in the area during the Iron Age. 293 the first recorded British martyrdom is believed to have taken place. Saint Alban, a Romano-British soldier, took the place of a Christian priest and was beheaded on Holywell Hill. His martyrs cross of a saltire on a blue background is reflected in the flag. He is the Patron Saint of Hertfordshire, with the departure of the Roman Legions in the early 5th century, the now unprotected territory was invaded and colonised by the Anglo-Saxons. By the 6th century the majority of the county was part of the East Saxon kingdom
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Newsagent's shop
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A newsagents shop or simply newsagents, newsagency or newsstand is a business that sells newspapers, magazines, cigarettes, snacks and often items of local interest. In Britain, Ireland and Australia, these businesses are termed newsagents, Newsagents typically operate in busy public places like city streets, railway stations and airports. Racks for newspapers and magazines can also be found in stores, bookstores. The physical establishment can be freestanding or part of a larger structure. In Canada and the United States, newsstands are often open stalls in locations such as streets. In suburban areas and villages they are housed in a shop selling stationery, tobacco. A newsagent is the manager, often the owner of a newsagent shop, Newsagents conduct either a retail business and/or a distribution business. When they first started in Australia is unknown, the earliest reference known in Australia is an advertisement in 1855 in Melbourne, today there are more than 5000 individually owned and operated newsagencies. Retail newsagencies primarily offer a range of newspapers and magazines as well as stationery. Distribution newsagencies offer home delivery of a range of newspapers and magazines, These can be quite large. If authorised, they are fully computerized. They often have a territory, which is protected by contracts with most of the Australian Newsagents Federation recognised publishers/distributors. These recognised publishers/distributors include ACP Publishing, News Limited, Fairfax Publications, Rural Press and these monopolies have been a major source of contention between newsagents and the Australian Consumer Affairs. In suburban areas and villages they are housed in a shop selling stationery, tobacco. In Japan, newsagents shops are called kiosks, and are found in or around railway or subway stations. In addition to newspapers and magazines, they sell beverages, snack foods, postage stamps, cigarettes, ekiben boxed lunches can be purchased at larger kiosks in inter-city rail stations. In the United Kingdom, newsagents shops are small shops selling newspapers as well as magazines, sweets and tobacco, some of them also sell provisions, opening times vary according to the owners preferences. These family owned shops may carry purchasing group branding such as SPAR, Todays, alternatively the private owner choosing to do his own purchasing may carry advertising for a local paper, national news group or soft drinks brand externally
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