1.
Switzerland
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Switzerland, officially the Swiss Confederation, is a federal republic in Europe. It consists of 26 cantons, and the city of Bern is the seat of the federal authorities. The country is situated in western-Central Europe, and is bordered by Italy to the south, France to the west, Germany to the north, and Austria and Liechtenstein to the east. Switzerland is a country geographically divided between the Alps, the Swiss Plateau and the Jura, spanning an area of 41,285 km2. The establishment of the Old Swiss Confederacy dates to the medieval period, resulting from a series of military successes against Austria. Swiss independence from the Holy Roman Empire was formally recognized in the Peace of Westphalia in 1648. The country has a history of armed neutrality going back to the Reformation, it has not been in a state of war internationally since 1815, nevertheless, it pursues an active foreign policy and is frequently involved in peace-building processes around the world. In addition to being the birthplace of the Red Cross, Switzerland is home to international organisations. On the European level, it is a member of the European Free Trade Association. However, it participates in the Schengen Area and the European Single Market through bilateral treaties, spanning the intersection of Germanic and Romance Europe, Switzerland comprises four main linguistic and cultural regions, German, French, Italian and Romansh. Due to its diversity, Switzerland is known by a variety of native names, Schweiz, Suisse, Svizzera. On coins and stamps, Latin is used instead of the four living languages, Switzerland is one of the most developed countries in the world, with the highest nominal wealth per adult and the eighth-highest per capita gross domestic product according to the IMF. Zürich and Geneva have each been ranked among the top cities in the world in terms of quality of life, with the former ranked second globally, according to Mercer. The English name Switzerland is a compound containing Switzer, a term for the Swiss. The English adjective Swiss is a loan from French Suisse, also in use since the 16th century. The name Switzer is from the Alemannic Schwiizer, in origin an inhabitant of Schwyz and its associated territory, the Swiss began to adopt the name for themselves after the Swabian War of 1499, used alongside the term for Confederates, Eidgenossen, used since the 14th century. The data code for Switzerland, CH, is derived from Latin Confoederatio Helvetica. The toponym Schwyz itself was first attested in 972, as Old High German Suittes, ultimately related to swedan ‘to burn’
2.
Airline
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An airline is a company that provides air transport services for traveling passengers and freight. Airlines utilize aircraft to supply services and may form partnerships or alliances with other airlines for codeshare agreements. Generally, airline companies are recognized with an air operating certificate or license issued by a governmental aviation body, Airlines vary in size, from small domestic airlines to full-service international airlines. Airline services can be categorized as being intercontinental, domestic, regional, or international, the largest airline currently is American Airlines Group. DELAG, Deutsche Luftschiffahrts-Aktiengesellschaft was the worlds first airline and it was founded on November 16,1909 with government assistance, and operated airships manufactured by The Zeppelin Corporation. The first fixed wing scheduled air service was started on January 1,1914 from St. Petersburg, Florida to Tampa, the four oldest non-dirigible airlines that still exist are Netherlands KLM, Colombias Avianca, Australias Qantas, and the Czech Republics Czech Airlines. The earliest fixed wing airline in Europe was the Aircraft Transport and Travel, using a fleet of former military Airco DH. 4A biplanes that had been modified to carry two passengers in the fuselage, it operated relief flights between Folkestone and Ghent. On 15 July 1919, the company flew a proving flight across the English Channel, flown by Lt. H Shaw in an Airco DH.9 between RAF Hendon and Paris - Le Bourget Airport, the flight took 2 hours and 30 minutes at £21 per passenger. On 25 August 1919, the company used DH. 16s to pioneer a regular service from Hounslow Heath Aerodrome to Le Bourget, the airline soon gained a reputation for reliability, despite problems with bad weather and began to attract European competition. In November 1919, it won the first British civil airmail contract, six Royal Air Force Airco DH. 9A aircraft were lent to the company, to operate the airmail service between Hawkinge and Cologne. In 1920, they were returned to the Royal Air Force, the first French airline was Société des lignes Latécoère, later known as Aéropostale, which started its first service in late 1918 to Spain. The first German airline to use heavier than air aircraft was Deutsche Luft-Reederei established in 1917 which started operating in February 1919, in its first year, the D. L. R. Operated regularly scheduled flights on routes with a length of nearly 1000 miles. Network was more than 3000 km long, and included destinations in the Netherlands, Scandinavia, another important German airline was Junkers Luftverkehr, which began operations in 1921. It was a division of the aircraft manufacturer Junkers, which became a company in 1924. It operated joint-venture airlines in Austria, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Hungary, Latvia, Norway, Poland, Sweden, the Dutch airline KLM made its first flight in 1920, and is the oldest continuously operating airline in the world. Established by aviator Albert Plesman, it was awarded a Royal predicate from Queen Wilhelmina. Its first flight was from Croydon Airport, London to Amsterdam, using a leased Aircraft Transport and Travel DH-16, in 1921, KLM started scheduled services
3.
Meyrin
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Meyrin is a municipality of the Canton of Geneva, Switzerland. The main site of the CERN particle physics laboratory is in Meyrin, Meyrin was originally a small agricultural village until the 1950s, when construction of CERN began just to the north. It is now a town dominated with apartment high-rises. Geneva International Airport is partially located in Meyrin, Meyrin is first mentioned in 1153 as Mairin. Meyrin has an area, as of 2009, of 9.94 square kilometers, of this area,3.54 km2 or 35. 6% is used for agricultural purposes, while 0.43 km2 or 4. 3% is forested. Of the rest of the land,5.87 km2 or 59. 1% is settled,0.01 km2 or 0. 1% is either rivers or lakes and 0.08 km2 or 0. 8% is unproductive land. Of the built up area, industrial buildings made up 11. 1% of the area while housing and buildings made up 17. 7%. While parks, green belts and sports made up 3. 5%. Out of the land, all of the forested land area is covered with heavy forests. Of the agricultural land,28. 5% is used for growing crops and 4. 8% is pastures, all the water in the municipality is in lakes. Meyrin has a population of 22,152, as of 2008,41. 5% of the population are resident foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years the population has changed at a rate of 13. 7% and it has changed at a rate of 7. 5% due to migration and at a rate of 6. 3% due to births and deaths. Most of the population speaks French, with German being second most common, There are 12 people who speak Romansh. As of 2008, the distribution of the population was 49. 9% male and 50. 1% female. The population was made up of 5,617 Swiss men and 5,233 non-Swiss men, There were 6,457 Swiss women and 4,424 non-Swiss women. Of the population in the municipality 3,745 or about 19. 2% were born in Meyrin and lived there in 2000. There were 3,273 or 16. 7% who were born in the canton, while 2,876 or 14. 7% were born somewhere else in Switzerland. In 2008 there were 144 live births to Swiss citizens and 109 births to non-Swiss citizens, ignoring immigration and emigration, the population of Swiss citizens increased by 66 while the foreign population increased by 88
4.
Business jet
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A business jet, private jet, or bizjet, or simply B. J. is a jet aircraft designed for transporting small groups of people. Business jets may be adapted for other roles, such as the evacuation of casualties or express parcel deliveries, the Lockheed JetStar, seating ten passengers and two crew, first flew on 4 September 1957. The smaller,17,760 pounds MTOW North American Sabreliner first flew on 16 September 1958, powered by two Pratt & Whitney JT12 turbojet engines then Garrett TFE731, more than 800 were produced from 1959 to 1982. The 25,000 pounds MTOW British Aerospace 125 first flew on 13 August 1962 and its engine were replaced by Garrett TFE731, then Pratt & Whitney Canada PW300 turbofans. Almost 1,700 aircraft were produced between 1962 and 2013 after being marketed as the Hawker 800, the 23,500 pounds MTOW IAI Westwind, developed by Aero Commander, first flew on 27 January 1963, powered by two General Electric CJ610 turbojets, then Garrett TFE731. 442 were built from 1965 to 1987 and it was developed in the IAI Astra, the 29,000 pounds MOTW Dassault Falcon 20 first flew on 4 May 1963, powered by two General Electric CF700, then Garrett ATF3 turbofans and Garrett TFE731. From 1963 to 1988,508 were built and it is the basis of the Dassault Falcon family, the first light jet first flew on 7 October 1963, the Learjet 23. Powered by two 2,850 pounds-force General Electric CJ610, its 12,500 pounds MTOW complies with FAR Part 23 regulations,104 were built between 1962 and 1966 and it is the first member of the Learjet Family. On 2 October 1966 the first large business jet first flew, from 1967 to the late 70s,258 were built and it led to the ongoing Gulfstream Aerospace long range family. The 11,850 pounds MTOW Cessna Citation I first flew on 15 September 1969, produced between 1969 and 1985 at 689 samples, it is the first of the Cessna Citation family. The trijet Dassault Falcon 50 made its first flight the 7 November 1976, the 40,000 pounds MTOW airplane is powered by three 3,700 pounds-force TFE731. With the cross-section of the Falcon 20, it is the basis of the larger Falcon 900, on 8 November 1978, the prototype Canadair Challenger took off. The 43, 000–48,000 pounds MTOW craft, usually powered by two 9,200 pounds-force General Electric CF34, the basis of the long range Global Express family, the 1000th Challenger has entered service in 2015. On May 30,1979 took off the clean-sheet 22,000 pounds MTOW Cessna Citation III powered by two 3,650 pounds-force TFE731, basis of the larger Citation X, the Mitsubishi MU-300 Diamond made its first flight on 29 August 1978. The 16,100 pounds MTOW jet was powered by two 2,900 pounds-force JT15D,950 has been produced, it was renamed Beechjet 400 then Hawker 400. The 1980s only saw the introduction of derivatives and no new design. The clean-sheet Learjet 45 took off on 7 October 1995, the 21,500 pounds is powered by two 3,500 pounds-force TFE731. Powered by two 2,300 pounds-force Williams FJ44, the 12,500 pounds Beechcraft Premier I light jet made its first flight on December 22,1998, nearly 300 has been made before the production stopped in 2013
5.
Germany
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Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a federal parliamentary republic in central-western Europe. It includes 16 constituent states, covers an area of 357,021 square kilometres, with about 82 million inhabitants, Germany is the most populous member state of the European Union. After the United States, it is the second most popular destination in the world. Germanys capital and largest metropolis is Berlin, while its largest conurbation is the Ruhr, other major cities include Hamburg, Munich, Cologne, Frankfurt, Stuttgart, Düsseldorf and Leipzig. Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity, a region named Germania was documented before 100 AD. During the Migration Period the Germanic tribes expanded southward, beginning in the 10th century, German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire. During the 16th century, northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation, in 1871, Germany became a nation state when most of the German states unified into the Prussian-dominated German Empire. After World War I and the German Revolution of 1918–1919, the Empire was replaced by the parliamentary Weimar Republic, the establishment of the national socialist dictatorship in 1933 led to World War II and the Holocaust. After a period of Allied occupation, two German states were founded, the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic, in 1990, the country was reunified. In the 21st century, Germany is a power and has the worlds fourth-largest economy by nominal GDP. As a global leader in industrial and technological sectors, it is both the worlds third-largest exporter and importer of goods. Germany is a country with a very high standard of living sustained by a skilled. It upholds a social security and universal health system, environmental protection. Germany was a member of the European Economic Community in 1957. It is part of the Schengen Area, and became a co-founder of the Eurozone in 1999, Germany is a member of the United Nations, NATO, the G8, the G20, and the OECD. The national military expenditure is the 9th highest in the world, the English word Germany derives from the Latin Germania, which came into use after Julius Caesar adopted it for the peoples east of the Rhine. This in turn descends from Proto-Germanic *þiudiskaz popular, derived from *þeudō, descended from Proto-Indo-European *tewtéh₂- people, the discovery of the Mauer 1 mandible shows that ancient humans were present in Germany at least 600,000 years ago. The oldest complete hunting weapons found anywhere in the world were discovered in a mine in Schöningen where three 380, 000-year-old wooden javelins were unearthed
6.
Geneva Airport
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Geneva Airport, formerly and still unofficially known as Cointrin Airport, is the international airport of Geneva, the second most populous city in Switzerland. It is located 4 km northwest of the city centre and it reached 15 million passengers for the first time in December 2014 and serves as a hub for Swiss International Air Lines, easyJet Switzerland and Etihad Regional. Its northern limit runs along the Swiss–French border and the airport can be accessed from both countries, the freight operations are also accessible from both countries, making Geneva a European Union freight hub although Switzerland is not a member of the EU. The airport is partially in the commune of Meyrin and partially in the commune of Le Grand-Saconnex, Geneva airport was created in 1919 as a simple field in Cointrin, near the city of Geneva covering an area of 54 hectares. From 1926 to 1931, the sheds were replaced by three concrete ones. At the time, there was an amount of air traffic, with Lufthansa flying from Berlin to Barcelona via Halle, Leipzig, Geneva. Swissair also flew the Geneva–Lyon–Paris route in a codeshare with Air Union, in 1930 there were six airlines that flew to Geneva Airport, flying seven different routes. 1937 saw construction of the first concrete runway, it measured 405 by 21 metres, in 1938 eight airlines were flying to Geneva, Swissair, KLM, Lufthansa, Air France, Malert, AB Aerotransport, Alpar and Imperial Airways. A further 200 metres of runway was added near the end of the war as well as provision for expansion to a length of 2,500 metres. As part of the Federal Governments post-war planning for the nations airports, Cointrin was noted as being well suited for extension and did not require a triangular runway arrangement as the prevailing winds are very regularly along a single axis. In 1947 the first service to New York started with a Swissair Douglas DC-4, on July 17,1959, the first jet aircraft landed in Geneva, an SAS Caravelle, and it was followed,11 years later, by a TWA Boeing 747 which landed in 1970. To provide for jet traffic, in 1960 the runway was extended to its current length of 3,900 m and this is unusually long for an airport of this size, and could only be built after some territory was exchanged between France and Switzerland. The northeastern end of the 1946 runway had also been the frontier between Geneva and the neighbouring French commune of Ferney-Voltaire, in this way, Switzerland remained exactly the same size, and its neutrality remained unsullied. In the process, the old hamlet of La Limite disappeared, in 1968 the construction of a second runway and a mid-field round terminal were proposed, but ultimately the concept was never realised. On May 7,1968, Geneva Main Terminal was inaugurated and this number was reached in 1985. Despite there never being a regular Concorde service in Switzerland, the aircraft twice landed in Geneva. On August 31,1976, more than 5000 people came to see the Concorde land, in 1987, Geneva airport was linked to the Swiss rail system, with a new station built close to the main terminal. Since then, a number of changes have been made, two of the three in-field terminals have been upgraded with jet bridges, and a new terminal has been built in front of the main terminal with 12 jet bridges, plus two ground floor gates
7.
Frankfurt Airport
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Frankfurt Airport is a major international airport located in Frankfurt, the fifth-largest city of Germany and one of the worlds leading financial centres. It is operated by Fraport and serves as the hub for Lufthansa including Lufthansa CityLine and Lufthansa Cargo as well as Condor. The airport is also the 12th busiest worldwide by number of passengers in 2015, with 61.032 million passengers using the airport in 2015. It also had a throughput of 2.076 million metric tonnes in 2015 and is the busiest airport in Europe by cargo traffic. As of summer 2017, Frankfurt Airport serves 293 destinations, making it the airport with the most direct routes in the world, in 2016 passengers at the airport fell 0. 4% to 60,792,308 down from 61.032 million in 2015. Frankfurt Airport lies 12 km southwest of central Frankfurt, near the Autobahn intersection Frankfurter Kreuz, the airport grounds, which form a city district of Frankfurt named Frankfurt-Flughafen, are surrounded by the Frankfurt City Forest. The southern portion of the airport grounds extend partially into the cities of Rüsselsheim am Main and Mörfelden-Walldorf, and a western portion of the grounds lie within the city of Kelsterbach. Thereby, along with a rail and motorway connection, the airport serves as a major transport for the greater region. That section of Rhein-Main later became the base for the Graf Zeppelin, its sister ship LZ-130, the airships were dismantled and their huge hangars demolished on 6 May 1940 during conversion of the base to military use. Luftwaffe engineers subsequently extended the runway and erected hangars and other facilities for German military aircraft. During World War II the Luftwaffe used the field sporadically as a fighter base, on 16 November 1909, the worlds first airline was founded in Frankfurt am Main, The Deutsche Luftschiffahrts-Aktiengesellschaft. DELAG then built the first airport in Frankfurt, called Airship Base at Rebstock and it opened in 1912 and was extended after World War I, but in 1924 an experts report already questioned the possibility of further expansions at this location. With the foundation of Deutsche Luft Hansa in 1926 a rapid boom of civilian air travel started, plans for a new and larger airport located in the Frankfurt City Forest south-west of Schwanheim were approved in 1930, but were not realised due to the Great Depression. After the Machtergreifung in 1933 the government revived the plans and started the construction of the new airport, on the northern part of the airport originated in 1935 a two-storey station building with a six-storey tower, and other operating and outbuildings for maintenance and storage of aircraft. The approximately 100 hectares runway received a grass cover, the official opening of the new Flug- und Luftschiffhafen Rhein-Main took place on July 8,1936. The first plane that landed was a Ju 52/3m, Six days later,1936800 tons of cargo and 58,000 passengers were transported, in 193770,000 passengers and 966 tons of cargo. In the coming years, the new airport was base of the two largest German airships LZ127 Graf Zeppelin and LZ129 Hindenburg. In 1938 Frankfurt was a distribution point for the transport of airmail to North America
8.
Lufthansa
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It operates services to 18 domestic destinations and 197 international destinations in 78 countries across Africa, the Americas, Asia, and Europe, using a fleet of more than 270 aircraft. Lufthansa is one of the five founding members of Star Alliance, the name of the company is derived from Luft, and Hansa. Combined with its subsidiaries, the group has 656 aircraft, as of February 2016, in 2014, the group carried over 106 million passengers. Lufthansas registered office and corporate headquarters are in Cologne, the main operations base, called Lufthansa Aviation Center, is at Lufthansas primary hub at Frankfurt Airport. The majority of Lufthansas pilots, ground staff, and flight attendants are based there, Lufthansas secondary hub is Munich Airport. Lufthansa was a state-owned enterprise until 1994, in 2014, 60% of Lufthansas shares were held by institutional investors. The remaining 40% were held by individual stock owners, since 1970, Lufthansa has involved its employees in profit sharing, giving them the opportunity to choose between cash and preference shares. When Lufthansa was privatised, employees received more than 3% of its shares, Lufthansa traces its history to 1926 when Deutsche Luft Hansa A. G. was formed in Berlin. DLH, as it was known, was Germanys flag carrier until 1945 when all services were suspended following the defeat of Nazi Germany, West Germany had not yet been granted sovereignty over its airspace, so it was not known when the new airline could become operational. Nevertheless, in 1953 Luftag placed orders for four Convair CV-340s and four Lockheed L-1049 Super Constellations and set up a maintenance base at Hamburg Airport. On 6 August 1954, Luftag acquired the name and logo of the liquidated Deutsche Lufthansa for DM30,000, on 1 April 1955 Lufthansa won approval to start scheduled domestic flights, linking Hamburg, Düsseldorf, Frankfurt, Cologne, and Munich. In August 1958 fifteen Lufthansa 1049Gs and 1649s left Germany each week to Canada, the special status of Berlin meant that Lufthansa was not allowed to fly to either part of Berlin until 1989. Originally thought to be only a matter, the Division of Germany turned out to be long. East Germany tried to establish its own airline in 1955 using the Lufthansa name, but this resulted in a dispute with West Germany. East Germany instead established Interflug as its national airline in 1963, in 1958 Lufthansa ordered four Boeing 707s and started jet flights from Frankfurt to New York City in March 1960. Boeing 720Bs were later bought to back up the 707 fleet, in February 1961 Far East routes were extended beyond Bangkok, Thailand, to Hong Kong and Tokyo. Lagos, Nigeria and Johannesburg, South Africa were added in 1962, Lufthansa introduced the Boeing 727 in 1964 and that May began the Polar route from Frankfurt to Tokyo via Anchorage. In February 1965 the company ordered twenty-one Boeing 737s that went into service in 1968, Lufthansa was the first customer for the Boeing 737 and was one of four buyers of the 737-100s
9.
Newark Liberty International Airport
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Newark Liberty International Airport, originally Newark Metropolitan Airport and later Newark International Airport, is an international airport located about 15 miles southwest of Midtown Manhattan. It straddles the boundary between Newark and Elizabeth, New Jersey, the airport is owned by the city of Newark and leased to and operated by the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. Newark Airport was the first major airport in the United States, in 2015 Newark Airport handled 37.5 million passengers, JFK handled 56.8 million and LaGuardia Airport handled 28.4 million. In 2016 Newark served a record 40 million passengers, Newark serves 50 carriers and is the third-largest hub for United Airlines, which is the airports largest tenant. Newarks second-largest tenant is FedEx Express, whose third-largest cargo hub uses three buildings on two square feet of airport property. During the 12-month period ending in July 2014, over 68% of all passengers at the airport were carried by United Airlines. Newark opened October 1,1928 on 68 acres of reclaimed land along the Passaic River, the Art Deco Newark Metropolitan Airport Administration Building, adorned with murals by Arshile Gorky, was built in 1934 and dedicated by Amelia Earhart in 1935. It served as the terminal until the opening of the North Terminal in 1953 and it was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1979 and is now a museum and Port Authority Police headquarters. During World War II the field was closed to commercial aviation while it was taken over by the United States Army for logistics operations. The airlines returned to Newark in February 1946 and the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey assumed control of the airport in 1948, later building new hangars, the February 1947 C&GS diagram shows 5940-ft runway 1, 7900-ft runway 6 and 7100-ft runway 10. On December 16,1951 a Miami Airlines C-46 bound for Tampa lost a cylinder on takeoff from runway 28, on January 22,1952 an American Airlines CV-240 crashed in Elizabeth, while on approach to runway 6 killing all 23 aboard and seven on the ground. On February 11,1952 a National DC-6 crashed in Elizabeth after takeoff from runway 24, killing 29 of 63 on board, a proposal to build a new airport at what is now the Great Swamp National Wildlife Refuge was defeated by local opposition. In 1964, American and TWA started flying nonstop to California, tWAs 707 nonstop to Heathrow in 1978 was probably Newarks first trans-Atlantic nonstop. In the 1970s the airport became Newark International Airport, present Terminals A and B opened in 1973, although some charter and international flights requiring customs clearance remained at the North Terminal. The main building of Terminal C was completed at the same time and it lay dormant until the mid-1980s, when for a brief time the west third of the terminal was equipped for international arrivals and used for some People Express transcontinental flights. Terminal C was finally completed and opened in June 1988, underutilized in the 1970s, Newark expanded dramatically in the 1980s. People Express struck a deal with the Port Authority to use the North Terminal as its air terminal and corporate office in 1981 and it grew quickly, increasing Newarks traffic through the 1980s. Virgin Atlantic began service between Newark and London in 1984, challenging JFKs status as New Yorks international gateway, Federal Express opened its second hub at the airport in 1986
10.
New York City
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The City of New York, often called New York City or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2015 population of 8,550,405 distributed over an area of about 302.6 square miles. Located at the tip of the state of New York. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has described as the cultural and financial capital of the world. Situated on one of the worlds largest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, the five boroughs – Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, The Bronx, and Staten Island – were consolidated into a single city in 1898. In 2013, the MSA produced a gross metropolitan product of nearly US$1.39 trillion, in 2012, the CSA generated a GMP of over US$1.55 trillion. NYCs MSA and CSA GDP are higher than all but 11 and 12 countries, New York City traces its origin to its 1624 founding in Lower Manhattan as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic and was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790. It has been the countrys largest city since 1790, the Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a symbol of the United States and its democracy. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. Several sources have ranked New York the most photographed city in the world, the names of many of the citys bridges, tapered skyscrapers, and parks are known around the world. Manhattans real estate market is among the most expensive in the world, Manhattans Chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere, with multiple signature Chinatowns developing across the city. Providing continuous 24/7 service, the New York City Subway is one of the most extensive metro systems worldwide, with 472 stations in operation. Over 120 colleges and universities are located in New York City, including Columbia University, New York University, and Rockefeller University, during the Wisconsinan glaciation, the New York City region was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet over 1,000 feet in depth. The ice sheet scraped away large amounts of soil, leaving the bedrock that serves as the foundation for much of New York City today. Later on, movement of the ice sheet would contribute to the separation of what are now Long Island and Staten Island. The first documented visit by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown and he claimed the area for France and named it Nouvelle Angoulême. Heavy ice kept him from further exploration, and he returned to Spain in August and he proceeded to sail up what the Dutch would name the North River, named first by Hudson as the Mauritius after Maurice, Prince of Orange
11.
Business class
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Business class is a travel class available on many commercial airlines and rail lines, known by brand names which vary by airline or rail company. Business class is distinguished from other classes by the quality of seating, food, drinks, ground service. In commercial aviation, full class is usually denoted J or C with schedule flexibility. Airlines began separating full-fare and discounted economy passengers in the late 1970s. United also cited the difficulty of tracking which passengers should be seated in section of the economy cabin on connecting flights. American Airlines also began separating full-fare economy passengers from discounted economy passengers in 1978, Pan Am announced that it would introduce Clipper Class in July 1978, and both Air France and Pan Am introduced business class in November 1978. Qantas claims to have launched the worlds first Business Class in 1979, on November 1,1981, Scandinavian Airlines System introduced EuroClass with a separate cabin, dedicated check-in counters and lounges for full-fare passengers. Simultaneously, first class disappeared from their European fleet, both Qantas and Virgin Australia offer Business Class on their domestic networks as well as on trans-Tasman flights to New Zealand. Flights between Perth and Sydney typically feature lie-flat seats, with deep recline cradle seats on other routes, on the other hand, Air New Zealand does not offer Business Class on its domestic network. Business Class is available on flights between New Zealand, Australia and the Pacific Islands when operated by Boeing 777 and Boeing 787 family aircraft, both of which have lie-flat seats. On short-haul flights, Air Canada, the carrier of Canada offers recliner seats. However, on some high-capacity routes, such as Vancouver-Toronto, Air Canada utilises its long-haul fleet, such as the Boeing 777, Boeing 787, Boeing 767, on flights using Internationally configured aircraft such as these, the business class product is a lie-flat product. However, on discount carriers, such as Air Transat, and WestJet Airlines, business class is euro-style, in the United States, lie-flat business class is usually only offered on transcontinental flights and flights from the East Coast to Hawaii. On other flights, Business class is typically a recliner seat, US carriers generally designate first class as the front cabin on other domestic two-cabin aircraft. European carriers generally offer a class consisting of enhanced economy seating with better service. There may be a curtain to separate business from economy class, based on demand, Business class has started to disappear from some short/medium haul routes, to be replaced with full fare economy and discount economy. On these routes, the seats are the same for all passengers, only the flexibility of the ticket, on shorter routes many airlines have removed business class entirely and offer only one class of service. British Airways used to offer Business UK on their system, offering the same service as Economy with the addition of expedited check-in, baggage reclaim, lounge access
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