1.
Television studio
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A television studio is an installation in which video productions take place, either for the recording of live television to video tape, or for the acquisition of raw footage for post-production. The design of a studio is similar to, and derived from, movie studios, a professional television studio generally has several rooms, which are kept separate for noise and practicality reasons. These rooms are connected via intercom, and personnel will be divided among these workplaces, the studio floor is the actual stage on which the actions that will be recorded and viewed take place. The on-screen talent themselves, and any guests - the subjects of the television show, a floor manager, who has overall charge of the studio area stage management, and who relays timing and other information from the television director. One or more camera operators who operate the video cameras. Master control is the hub of a broadcast operation common among most over-the-air television stations. Master control is distinct from a PCR in television studios where the such as switching from camera to camera are coordinated. A transmission control room is smaller in size and is a scaled-down version of centralcasting. The master control room houses equipment that is too noisy or runs too hot for the control room. It also makes sure that coax cable and other wire lengths and installation requirements keep within manageable lengths and this can include the actual circuitry and connections between The master control room in a US television station is the place where the on-air signal is controlled. The term studio usually refers to a place where a local program is originated. If the program is broadcast live, the signal goes from the PCR to MCR, a television studio usually has other rooms with no technical requirements beyond broadcast reference monitors and studio monitors for audio. Among them are, one or more make-up and changing rooms a reception area for crew, talent, and visitors, commonly called the green room
2.
BBC
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The British Broadcasting Corporation is a British public service broadcaster. It is headquartered at Broadcasting House in London, the BBC is the worlds oldest national broadcasting organisation and the largest broadcaster in the world by number of employees. It employs over 20,950 staff in total,16,672 of whom are in public sector broadcasting, the total number of staff is 35,402 when part-time, flexible, and fixed contract staff are included. The BBC is established under a Royal Charter and operates under its Agreement with the Secretary of State for Culture, Media and Sport. The fee is set by the British Government, agreed by Parliament, and used to fund the BBCs radio, TV, britains first live public broadcast from the Marconi factory in Chelmsford took place in June 1920. It was sponsored by the Daily Mails Lord Northcliffe and featured the famous Australian Soprano Dame Nellie Melba, the Melba broadcast caught the peoples imagination and marked a turning point in the British publics attitude to radio. However, this public enthusiasm was not shared in official circles where such broadcasts were held to interfere with important military and civil communications. By late 1920, pressure from these quarters and uneasiness among the staff of the licensing authority, the General Post Office, was sufficient to lead to a ban on further Chelmsford broadcasts. But by 1922, the GPO had received nearly 100 broadcast licence requests, John Reith, a Scottish Calvinist, was appointed its General Manager in December 1922 a few weeks after the company made its first official broadcast. The company was to be financed by a royalty on the sale of BBC wireless receiving sets from approved manufacturers, to this day, the BBC aims to follow the Reithian directive to inform, educate and entertain. The financial arrangements soon proved inadequate, set sales were disappointing as amateurs made their own receivers and listeners bought rival unlicensed sets. By mid-1923, discussions between the GPO and the BBC had become deadlocked and the Postmaster-General commissioned a review of broadcasting by the Sykes Committee and this was to be followed by a simple 10 shillings licence fee with no royalty once the wireless manufactures protection expired. The BBCs broadcasting monopoly was made explicit for the duration of its current broadcast licence, the BBC was also banned from presenting news bulletins before 19.00, and required to source all news from external wire services. Mid-1925 found the future of broadcasting under further consideration, this time by the Crawford committee, by now the BBC under Reiths leadership had forged a consensus favouring a continuation of the unified broadcasting service, but more money was still required to finance rapid expansion. Wireless manufacturers were anxious to exit the loss making consortium with Reith keen that the BBC be seen as a service rather than a commercial enterprise. The recommendations of the Crawford Committee were published in March the following year and were still under consideration by the GPO when the 1926 general strike broke out in May. The strike temporarily interrupted newspaper production and with restrictions on news bulletins waived the BBC suddenly became the source of news for the duration of the crisis. The crisis placed the BBC in a delicate position, the Government was divided on how to handle the BBC but ended up trusting Reith, whose opposition to the strike mirrored the PMs own
3.
Alexandra Palace
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Alexandra Palace is a historic entertainment venue in Alexandra Park, London. It is located between Muswell Hill and Wood Green, in the north of the city and it was originally opened in 1873 but was rebuilt in 1875 following a destructive fire. It was designed to serve as a centre of recreation, education and entertainment. Intended as The Peoples Palace and later nicknamed Ally Pally, in 1936 it became the home of the worlds first regular public high-definition television service, operated by the BBC. Although other facilities soon superseded it after the war, Alexandra Palace continued to be used by the BBC for many years and its radio, the original studios A and B still survive in the south-east wing with their producers galleries and are used for exhibiting original historical television equipment. The original Victorian theatre with its stage machinery also survives, the theatre and stage structure is on English Heritages Buildings at Risk register. Alexandra Palace became a building in 1996, at the instigation of the Hornsey Historical Society. There is also a pub, ice rink and palm court, the Great Northern Palace Company had been established by 1860 but was initially unable to raise financing for the construction of The Palace of the People, as the project was initially called. The building stock was acquired from the 1862 International Exhibition held in South Kensington. Alexandra Park was opened to the public on 23 July 1863, however, the Palace of the People, or the Peoples Palace, remained as alternative names. In September 1865 construction commenced but to a design by John Johnson, the structure covers some 7.5 acres. In 1871 work started on a line to connect the site to Highgate station. Work on both the railway and the palace was completed in 1873 and, on 24 May of that year, Alexandra Palace, the palace was built by Lucas Brothers, who also built the Royal Albert Hall in South Kensington at around the same time. Sims Reeves sang on the day before an audience of 102,000. Only 16 days later, Alexandra Palace was destroyed by a fire also killed three members of staff. Only the outer walls survived, a exhibition of a collection of English pottery and porcelain. With typical Victorian vigour, it was rebuilt and reopened on 1 May 1875. The new Alexandra Palace contained a hall, art galleries
4.
Master control
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Master control is the technical hub of a broadcast operation common among most over-the-air television stations and television networks. It is distinct from a control room in television studios where the activities such as switching from camera to camera are coordinated. It is also different from the studio where the talent are located. A transmission control room is smaller in size and is a scaled down version of centralcasting. Master control is the point before a signal is transmitted over-the-air for terrestrial television or cablecast, satellite provider for broadcast. Master control is generally staffed with one or two master control operators around-the-clock, every day to ensure continuous operation, regulations include both technical ones, as well as content ones. Many television networks and radio networks or station groups have consolidated facilities, many other public and private broadcasters have taken a similar approach. Network Operations Center Central Apparatus Room Transmission Control Room Analog Master Control
5.
Television station
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A television station is a business, organisation or other enterprise, such as an amateur television operator, that transmits content over terrestrial television. A television transmission can occur via analog television signals or, more recently, broadcast television systems standards are set by the government, and these vary around the world. Television stations broadcasting over a system were typically limited to one television channel. The term television station is normally applied to television stations. Television stations usually require a broadcast license from a government agency which sets the requirements, most commercial television stations are owned independently, but many are either affiliated with a television network or are owned-and-operated by a television network. Another form a television station may take is non-commercial educational and considered public broadcasting, some countries have set up nationwide television networks, in which individual television stations act as mere repeaters of nationwide programs. To get a signal from the control room to the transmitter. The link can be either by radio or T1/E1, a transmitter/studio link may also send telemetry back to the station, but this may be embedded in subcarriers of the main broadcast. Stations which retransmit or simulcast another may simply pick-up that station over-the-air, the license usually specifies which other station is it allowed to carry. In North America, full-power stations on band I are generally limited to 100 kW analog video and 10 kW analog audio, stations on band III can go up by 5dB to 316 kW video,31.6 kW audio, or 160 kW digital. Low-VHF stations are subject to long-distance reception just as with FM. There are no stations on Channel 1, UHF, by comparison, has a much shorter wavelength, and thus requires a shorter antenna, but also higher power. North American stations can go up to 5000 kW ERP for video and 500 kW audio, or 1000 kW digital. Low channels travel further than high ones at the same power, despite this, in the U. S. the Federal Communications Commission is taking another large portion of this band away, in contrast to the rest of the world, which has been taking VHF instead. This means that some stations left on VHF are harder to receive after the analog shutdown, since at least 1974, there are no stations on channel 37 in North America for radio astronomy purposes. Most television stations are commercial broadcasting enterprises which are structured in a variety of ways to generate revenue from television commercials and they may be an independent station or part of a broadcasting network, or some other structure. They can produce some or all of their programs or buy some broadcast syndication programming for or all of it from other stations or independent production companies, many stations have some sort of television studio, which on major-network stations is often used for newscasts or other local programming. There is usually a department, where journalists gather information
6.
Television network
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Until the mid-1980s, television programming in most countries of the world was dominated by a small number of broadcast networks. Many early television networks evolved from earlier radio networks, such networks are commonly referred to by terms such as specialty channels in Canada or cable networks in the U. S. A network may or may not produce all of its own programming, if not, production companies can distribute their content to the various networks, and it is common that a certain production firm may have programs that air on two or more rival networks. Similarly, some networks may import television programs from other countries, some stations have the capability to interrupt the network through the local insertion of television commercials, station identifications and emergency alerts. Others completely break away from the network for their own programming and this is common where small networks are members of larger networks. The majority of television stations are self-owned, even though a variety of these instances are the property of an owned-and-operated television network. The commercial television stations can also be linked with an educational broadcasting agency. It is also important to note that some countries have launched national television networks, on the other hand, television networks also undergo the impending experience of major changes related to cultural varieties. The emergence of television has made available in major media markets. Such a diverse captive audience presents an occasion for the networks and this is explained by author Tim P. Vos notes that policymakers did not expressly intend to create a broadcast order dominated by commercial networks. In fact, legislative attempts were made to limit the networks preferred position, as to individual stations, modern network operations centers usually use broadcast automation to handle most tasks. A major international network is the British Broadcasting Corporation, which is perhaps most well known for its news agency BBC News. Owned by the Crown, the BBC operates primarily in the United Kingdom and it is funded by the television licence paid by British residents that watch terrestrial television and as a result, no commercial advertising appears on its networks. Outside of the UK, advertising is broadcast because the licence fee applies to the BBCs British operations. 23,000 people worldwide are employed by the BBC and its subsidiary, other networks are dedicated to specialized programming, such as religious content or programs presented in languages other than English, particularly Spanish. The largest television network in the United States, however, is the Public Broadcasting Service, some public television outlets, such as PBS, carry separate digital subchannel networks through their member stations. This works as each network sends its signal to many local affiliated stations across the country. These local stations then carry the feed, which can be viewed by millions of households across the country
7.
Transmission control room
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Transmission control room or transmission suite, or Tx room, or presentation is a room at broadcast facilities and television stations around the world. Compared to a Master Control Room, it is smaller in size and is a scaled-down version of centralcasting. The TX Room or Presentation suite are staffed 24x7 by Presentation Coordinators, for operational and content qualitative reasons, not more than two television channels are managed from one TCR. Channels with live content and production switching requirements like sports channels have their own dedicated TCRs, a television station may have several TCRs depending on the number of channels they broadcast. The presentation suite is staffed 24x7 by on-air presentation coordinators who are responsible for the continuity, programming may be live from the television studio or played from video tape or from video server playout. When broadcast programming is “Live” the presentation coordinator will override the broadcast automation system, the Presentation coordinator will directly coordinate live television programming going to air in consultation with Master Control and the Production Assistant or the Directors Assistant
8.
Display device
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A display device is an output device for presentation of information in visual or tactile form. When the input information is supplied has a signal, the display is called an electronic display. Common applications for visual displays are televisions or computer monitors. Some displays can show only digits or alphanumeric characters and they are called segment displays, because they are composed of several segments that switch on and off to give appearance of desired glyph. The segments are usually single LEDs or liquid crystals and they are mostly used in digital watches and pocket calculators. There are several types, Seven-segment display Fourteen-segment display Sixteen-segment display HD44780 LCD controller a widely accepted protocol for LCDs and they use electro-mechanical parts to dynamically update a tactile image so that the image may be felt by the fingers. Optacon, using metal rods instead of light in order to convey images to blind people by tactile sensation, in the history of display technology, a variety of display devices and technologies have been used
9.
Video tape recorder
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A video tape recorder is a tape recorder designed to record video material on magnetic tape. The first practical tape recorder, using transverse tape head scanning, was developed by Ampex Corporation in 1956. The early VTRs were reel to reel devices which recorded on reels of 2 inch wide magnetic tape. They were used in studios, serving as a replacement for motion picture film stock. Beginning in 1963, videotape machines made instant replay during televised sporting events possible, improved formats, in which the tape was contained inside a videocassette, were introduced around 1969, the machines which play them are called videocassette recorders. The first efforts at recording, using recorders similar to audio recorders with fixed heads, were unsuccessful. The problem was that a signal has a much wider bandwidth than an audio signal. One of the first efforts was the Vision Electronic Recording Apparatus and this machine used a thin steel tape on a 21-inch reel traveling at over 200 inches per second. Despite 10 years of research and improvements, it was never used due to the immense length of tape required for each minute of recorded video. Many other fixed-head recording systems were tried but all required impractically high tape speed and it became clear that practical video recording technology depended on finding some way of recording the wide-bandwidth video signal without the high tape speed required by linear-scan machines. The Ampex VRX-1000 became the worlds first commercially successful videotape recorder in 1956 and it used the 2 Quadruplex format, using two-inch tape. Because of its US$50,000 price, the Ampex VRX-1000 could be afforded only by the television networks and the largest individual stations. In 1963, Philips introduced its EL34001 helical scan recorder and Sony marketed the 2 PV-100, its first reel-to-reel VTR intended for business, medical, airline and educational use. The Telcan, produced by the Nottingham Electronic Valve Company and demonstrated on June 24,1963, was the first home video recorder and it could be bought as a unit or in kit form for £60. However, there were drawbacks, it was expensive, not easy to put together. The Sony model CV-2000, first marketed in 1965, was its first VTR intended for use and was based on half-inch tape. Ampex and RCA followed in 1965 with its own reel-to-reel monochrome VTRs priced under US $1,000 for the consumer market. Prerecorded movies for home replay became available in 1967, the EIAJ format was a standard half-inch format used by various manufacturers
10.
Glass cockpit
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A glass cockpit is an aircraft cockpit that features electronic flight instrument displays, typically large LCD screens, rather than the traditional style of analog dials and gauges. This simplifies aircraft operation and navigation and allows pilots to focus only on the most pertinent information and they are also popular with airline companies as they usually eliminate the need for a flight engineer, saving costs. In recent years the technology has become available in small aircraft. As aircraft displays have modernized, the sensors that feed them have modernized as well, traditional gyroscopic flight instruments have been replaced by electronic attitude and heading reference systems and air data computers, improving reliability and reducing cost and maintenance. GPS receivers are usually integrated into glass cockpits, glass cockpits originated in military aircraft in the late 1960s and early 1970s, an early example is the Mark II avionics of the F-111D, which featured a multi-function display. Prior to the 1970s, air operations were not considered sufficiently demanding to require advanced equipment like electronic flight displays. Also, computer technology was not at a level where sufficiently light, the increasing complexity of transport aircraft, the advent of digital systems and the growing air traffic congestion around airports began to change that. The success of the NASA-led glass cockpit work is reflected in the acceptance of electronic flight displays beginning with the introduction of the MD-80 in 1979. Airlines and their passengers alike have benefited, the safety and efficiency of flights have been increased with improved pilot understanding of the aircrafts situation relative to its environment. By the end of the 1990s, liquid-crystal display panels were increasingly favored among aircraft manufacturers because of their efficiency, earlier LCD panels suffered from poor legibility at some viewing angles and poor response times, making them unsuitable for aviation. The glass cockpit has become standard equipment in airliners, business jets and it was fitted into NASAs Space Shuttle orbiters Atlantis, Columbia, Discovery, and Endeavour, and the current Russian Soyuz TMA model spacecraft that was launched in 2002. By the end of the century glass cockpits began appearing in general aviation aircraft as well, in 2003, Cirrus Designs SR20 and SR22 became the first light aircraft equipped with glass cockpits, which they made standard on all Cirrus aircraft. The Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II features a panoramic cockpit display touchscreen that replaces most of the switches and toggles found in an aircraft cockpit and they look and behave very similarly to other computers, with windows and data that can be manipulated with point-and-click devices. They also add terrain, approach charts, weather, vertical displays, the improved concepts enable aircraft makers to customize cockpits to a greater degree than previously. All of the manufacturers involved have chosen to do so in one way or another—such as using a trackball, many of the modifications offered by the aircraft manufacturers improve situational awareness and customize the human-machine interface to increase safety. Modern glass cockpits might include Synthetic Vision or Enhanced Vision systems, Enhanced Vision systems add real-time information from external sensors, such as an infrared camera. All new airliners such as the Airbus A380, Boeing 787 and private jets such as Bombardier Global Express, many modern general aviation aircraft are available with glass cockpits. Systems such as the Garmin G1000 are now available on many new GA aircraft, many small aircraft can also be modified post-production to replace analogue instruments
11.
Vision mixer
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A vision mixer is a device used to select between several different video sources and in some cases compositing video sources together to create special effects. This is similar to what a mixing console does for audio, typically a vision mixer would be found in a video production environment such as a television studio, production truck, OB Van or linear video editing bay of a post-production facility. Besides hard cuts, mixers can also generate a variety of transitions, additionally, most vision mixers can perform keying operations and generate color signals. Most vision mixers are targeted at the market, with newer analog models having component video connections. Older professional mixers worked with video, analog signal inputs. There are still a number of consumer video switchers with composite video, S-Video or even FireWire available and these are often used for VJing, presentations, and small multi-camera productions. The most basic part of a mixer is a bus. On the panel, a bus is represented by a row of buttons, older video mixers had two equivalent buses, and one of these buses could be selected as the main out bus. Most modern mixers, however, have one bus that is always the program bus and these mixers are called flip-flop mixers, since the selected source of the preview and program buses can be exchanged. Some switchers allow the operator to switch between two modes. Both the preview and program bus usually have their own video monitors displaying the video selected in their respective buses, another main feature of a vision mixer is the transition lever, also called a T-bar or Fader Bar. This lever, similar to a fader, is used to transition between two buses. Note that in a mixer, the position of the main transition lever does not indicate which bus is active. Instead of moving the lever by hand, a button can be used, another button, usually labeled cut or take, swaps the preview signal to the program signal instantaneously. The type of transition used can be selected in the transition section, common transitions include dissolves and pattern wipes. A third bus used for compositing is the key bus, a mixer can have more than one key bus, but often they share only one set of buttons. Here, one signal can be selected for keying over the program bus, the digital on-screen graphic image that will be seen in the program is called the fill, while the mask used to cut the keys translucence is called the source. This source, e. g. chrominance, luminance, pattern or split, note that instead of the key bus, other video sources can be selected for the fill signal, but the key bus is usually the most convenient method for selecting a key fill
12.
Multiple-camera setup
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The multiple-camera setup, multiple-camera mode of production, multi-camera or simply multicam is a method of filmmaking and video production. Several cameras—either film or professional video cameras—are employed on the set and it is often contrasted with single-camera setup, which uses one camera. In this way, multiple shots are obtained in a single take without having to start and this is more efficient for programs that are to be shown a short time after being shot as it reduces the time spent film editing or video editing the footage. It is also a necessity for regular, high-output shows like daily soap operas. It also reduces the complexity of tracking continuity issues that crop up when the scene is reshot from the different angles and it is an essential part of live television. These can be hidden from just one camera but can be more complicated to set up. Another drawback is in film usage—a four-camera setup will use up to four times as much film per take, while shooting, the director and assistant director create a line cut by instructing the technical director to switch between the feed from the individual cameras. In the case of sitcoms with studio audiences, this cut is typically displayed to them on studio monitors. The line cut might be refined later in editing, as often the output from all cameras is recorded, both separately and as a combined reference display called the q split. The camera currently being recorded to the cut is indicated by a tally light controlled by a camera control unit on the camera as a reference both for the actors and the camera operators. When sound came into the picture multiple cameras were used to film sets at a single time. Early sound was recorded onto wax discs that could not be edited, the BBC routinely used multiple cameras for their live television shows from 1936 onward. Desilus innovation was to use 35mm film instead of 16mm and to film with a multiple-camera setup before a studio audience. In the late 1970s, Garry Marshall was credited with adding the fourth camera to the multi-camera set-up for his series Mork & Mindy, soon after, many productions followed suit and now having four cameras is the norm for multi-camera situation comedies. The multiple-camera method gives the director less control over each shot but is faster, in television, multiple-camera is commonly used for sports programs, news programs, soap operas, talk shows, game shows, and some sitcoms. Before the pre-filmed continuing series became the dominant dramatic form on American television, multiple cameras can take different shots of a live situation as the action unfolds chronologically and is suitable for shows which require a live audience. For this reason, multiple camera productions can be filmed or taped much faster than single camera, multiple-camera sitcoms were more simplified but have been compared to theatre work due to its similar set-up and use of theatre-experienced actors and crew members. The majority of British sitcoms and dramas from the 1950s to the early 1990s were made using four cameras, unlike the United States, the development of completed filmed programming, using the single camera method, was limited for several decades
13.
Professional audio
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Professional audio, occasionally abbreviated as pro audio, refers to both an activity and a type of high quality audio equipment. In contrast, consumer equipment is usually confined to the reproduction of sound in a private home on a home stereo or home cinema system. g. XLR balanced audio cables and Speakon speaker connectors Designed for touring, some pro audio stores also sell video equipment, such as video projectors, as this equipment is commonly used in live audio settings. Some pro audio stores also sell and/or rent DJ gear and the lighting equipment used in rock concerts, dance clubs, raves. Institute of Professional Sound Sound design
14.
Mixing console
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In the 2010s, a mixer is able to control analog or digital signals, depending on the type of mixer. The modified signals are summed to produce the output signals. A typical, simple application combines signals from two microphones into an amplifier that drives one set of speakers simultaneously, a DJ mixer may have only two channels, for mixing two record players. A coffeehouses tiny stage might only have a six channel mixer, a nightclub stages mixer for rock music shows may have 24 channels for mixing the signals from a rhythm section, lead guitar and several vocalists. A mixing console for a large concert may have 48 channels, a mixing console in a professional recording studio may have as many as 96 channels. In practice, mixers do more than simply mix signals, some mixers have onboard electronic effects, such as reverb. Some mixers intended for small venue live performance applications may include a power amplifier. A mixing console is also known as a mixer, audio console, mixing desk, sound mixer, sound board. A typical analog mixing board has three sections, Channel inputs Master controls Audio level metering The channel input strips are usually a bank of identical monaural or stereo input channels. Each channel has rotary knobs, buttons and/or faders for controlling the gain, the master control section is used to adjust the levels of the overall output of the mixer. The master control section has sub-group faders, master faders, master auxiliary mixing bus level controls, in addition it may have solo monitoring controls, a stage talk-back microphone control, muting controls and an output matrix mixer. On smaller mixers the inputs are on the left of the mixing board, in larger mixers, the master controls are in the center with input faders and channel strips on both sides. The audio level meters may be above the input and master sections or they may be integrated into the input, the audio level meters indicate when the signals are clipping. Each signal that is plugged into the mixer has its own channel, depending on the specific mixer, each channel is stereo or monaural. On most mixers, each channel has an XLR input, the smallest, least expensive mixers may only have one XLR input with the other inputs being line inputs. These can be used by a singer-guitarist or other small acts, below each input, there are usually several rotary controls. The first knob is typically a trim or gain control, the inputs buffer the signal from the external device and this controls the amount of amplification or attenuation needed to bring the signal to a nominal level for processing. This stage is where most noise of interference is picked up, balanced inputs and connectors, such as XLR or phone connectors, reduce interference problems
15.
Character generator
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A character generator, often abbreviated as CG, is a device or software that produces static or animated text for keying into a video stream. Modern character generators are computer-based, and can generate graphics as well as text, the CBS Laboratories Vidiac, and the A. B. Dick 990 System, were among the earliest character generators for broadcast television, a similar generator using analogue electronics, Anchor, was developed by the BBC in 1970 and used in the general election later that year. Similarly, in the United Kingdom, such graphics are often called Astons and these are examples of somewhat genericized trademarks. Even though genericized trademarks are present, it is known throughout the world that other character generator companies exist. The character generator is one of many used to meet the demands of live television. In fact, to this day some directors of live TV continue to order the technical director to add the super when they want the CG output superimposed over the image of another camera, again, some directors today still call this keying the graphic. And the less often you surf away to another station, the more often you see television advertising which then generates revenue for the television network, hardware character generators are used in television studios and video editing suites. In addition, they provide a key signal, which the compositing vision mixer can use an alpha channel to determine which areas of the CG video are translucent. Software CGs run on standard off-the-shelf computer hardware and are integrated into video editing software such as non-linear editing system. Some software CGs can be used in production with special software. In that case, they are equivalent to hardware generators
16.
Digital on-screen graphic
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A digital on-screen graphic is a watermark-like station logo that most television broadcasters overlay over a portion of the screen area of their programs to identify the channel. They are thus a form of permanent visual station identification, increasing brand recognition, in some cases, the graphic also shows the name of the current program. Some television networks use a graphic to advertise upcoming programs. The graphic identifies the source of programming, even if it has been time-shifted—that is, recorded to videotape, DVD, graphics may be used to identify if the correct subscription is being used for a type of venue. The graphic changes at certain times, making it harder to counterfeit, many news broadcasters also place a clock alongside their bug. In the United States, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand, in Australia, this is known as a Program Return Graphic. It has become common to place text above the stations logo advertising other programs on the network, in many countries, some TV networks put live in the bottom of the DOG to advise viewers that the program is live, as opposed to a repeat. During televised sports events, a DOG may also display a few game-related statistics such as the current score and this has led many people in Canada and the United States to refer to it as a score bug. Arabic TV logos are placed in the top-right and top-left except for Al-Jazeera, beginning in the late 1990s, almost all television stations in Argentina had their logos being shown on the top-right of the screen. When Canal 9 relaunched in 2002 to replace Azul Televisión, its logo was shown on the bottom-left of the screen, after intense criticism, Canal 9 moved its logo to the top-right of the screen of which most Argentine broadcasters had almost always followed. Australia first introduced the digital on-screen graphic in early 1999, the Seven Network was the first network to broadcast digital on-screen graphics on all of their programs, following The Nine Network in late 2001 later Network Ten in mid-to-late 2005. The ABC3 and ABC4Kids channels originally placed their DOGs in the top-left hand corner of the screen, datacasting channels and home shopping channels show their DOGs in the top-right hand corner of the screen. DOGs are generally shown in a semi-transparent format, but are shown opaque during in-programme advertisements that take place at the bottom of the screen. News services have their own DOGs placed where their networks DOG would normally be, News services generally show footage that was captured by another network, but the semi-transparent DOG of the original network is still shown. Australian TV networks hide all of their DOGs during advertisement breaks and they only reappear during the promotion for a programme that will be shown on the station and are not shown during any other advertisement material. Currently now ABC, Seven, Nine and Ten are on the bottom-right hand corner while SBS is on the top-right hand corner, ORF, the Austrian public broadcasting agency, introduced digital on-screen graphics in 1992 on both television channels operated back then. Before, only the abbreviation ORF was shown randomly for several minutes during the programming in the top corner of the screen. Nowadays, all Austrian television channels, both public and private, are required by law to display a digital on-screen graphic continuously in order to enable channel identification
17.
Lower third
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In the television industry, a lower third is a graphic overlay placed in the title-safe lower area of the screen, though not necessarily the entire lower third of it, as the name suggests. In its simplest form, a third can just be text overlying the video. Frequently this text is white with a shadow to make the words easier to read. A lower third can also contain elements such as boxes, images or shading. Some lower thirds have animated backgrounds and text, lower thirds can be created using basic home-video editing software or professional-level equipment. This equipment makes use of alpha channel to determine what parts of the graphic or text should be transparent. Other common terms include superbars, name straps and astons, video with lower thirds is known as a program as broadcast or as dirty, video without lower thirds is known as a clean feed or as textless. Lower thirds are usually arranged in tiers, or lines, One-tier lower thirds, Usually used to identify a story that is being shown, two-tier lower thirds, Used most often to identify a person on screen. Often, the name will appear on the first line. Two-tier lower thirds may also be used as locators to identify where a story is taking place, three-tier lower thirds, These lower thirds add more information. Commonly, the first tier is used to tell when the video was shot, lower thirds increasingly include elements such as news tickers, time and date, weather information, stock quotes, or sports scores
18.
Television set
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A television set, more commonly called a television, TV, TV set, television receiver, or telly, is a device that combines a tuner, display, and loudspeakers for the purpose of viewing television. Introduced in the late 1920s in mechanical form, television became a popular consumer product after World War II in electronic form. The addition of color to broadcast television after 1953 further increased the popularity of television sets in the 1960s, the ubiquitous television set became the display device for the first recorded media in the 1970s, such as Betamax, VHS and later DVD. It was also the display device for the first generation of home computers, in the 2010s flat panel television incorporating liquid-crystal displays, especially LED-backlit LCDs, largely replaced cathode ray tubes and other displays. Modern flat panel TVs are typically capable of display and can also play content from a USB device. Mechanical televisions were sold from 1928 to 1934 in the United Kingdom, United States. The Baird Televisor is considered the first mass-produced television, selling about a thousand units, the first commercially made electronic televisions with cathode ray tubes were manufactured by Telefunken in Germany in 1934, followed by other makers in France, Britain, and America. The cheapest model with a 12-inch screen was $445, an estimated 19,000 electronic televisions were manufactured in Britain, and about 1,600 in Germany, before World War II. About 7, 000–8,000 electronic sets were made in the U. S. before the War Production Board halted manufacture in April 1942, production resuming in August 1945. While only 0. 5% of U. S. households had a television in 1946,55. 7% had one in 1954, and 90% by 1962. In Britain, there were 15,000 television households in 1947,1.4 million in 1952, by the late 1960s and early 1970s, color television had come into wide use. In Britain, BBC1, BBC2 and ITV were regularly broadcasting in colour by 1969, during the first decade of the 21st century, CRT picture tube display technology was almost entirely supplanted worldwide by flat panel displays. By the early 2010s, LCD TVs, which increasingly used LED-backlit LCDs, television sets may employ one of several available display technologies. The production of plasma and CRT displays has been almost completely discontinued, the cathode ray tube is a vacuum tube containing one or more electron guns and a fluorescent screen used to view images. It has a means to accelerate and deflect the beam onto the screen to create the images. The images may represent electrical waveforms, pictures, radar targets or others, the CRT uses an evacuated glass envelope which is large, deep, fairly heavy, and relatively fragile. As a matter of safety, the face is made of thick lead glass so as to be highly shatter-resistant and to block most X-ray emissions. In television sets and computer monitors, the front area of the tube is scanned repetitively and systematically in a fixed pattern called a raster
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Video clip
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Video clips are short clips of video, usually part of a longer recording. The term is more loosely used to mean any short video less than the length of a traditional television program. With the spread of Internet global accessing, video clips have become popular online. With the spread of broadband Internet access, video clips have become popular online. Whereas most of this content is non-exclusive and available on competing sites, some companies produce all their own videos, while some video clips are taken from established media sources, community or individual-produced clips are becoming more common. Some individuals host their created works on vlogs, which are video blogs, the use of Internet video is growing very fast. Between March and July 2006, YouTube grew from 30 to 100 million views of videos per day, more recent developments includes the BBCs iPlayer, which was released for open beta testing in July 2007. The widespread popularity of video clips, with the aid of new channels, has evolved into clip culture. It is compared to lean-back experience of seeing traditional movies, refers to the Internet activity of sharing and viewing a short video, such video clips often show moments of significance, humour, oddity, or prodigy performance. Sources for video clips include news, movies, music video, in addition to clips recorded by high-quality camcorders, it has become more common to produce clips with digital cameras, webcams, and mobile phones. Online video advertising is used by advertisers, with online entertainment sites delivering high-quality television programming content free of charge, online video entertainment is rising in popularity. MAGNA estimated that online video advertisement spending will approach nearly US$700 million in 2008, as businesses seek to tighten budgetary allocations, online video is a highly measurable and results-driven delivery platform. Unlike traditional movies largely dominated by studios, clip movies are overwhelmingly supplied by amateurs, in May 2006, The Economist reported that 90% of clips on YouTube came from amateurs, a few of whom are young comedians. It, in effect, also brought amateur talents and they appeared on television shows and concerts, and were also granted a contract by a media company in Beijing for lip-syncing for cash. An earlier celebrity was David Elsewhere, a talent at popping and liquiding and his performance to Kraftwerks song Expo 2000 at the Kollaboration talent show in 2001 was widely viewed on the Internet, leading later to his being hired for TV commercials and music videos. Not only have video clips submerged into the world of TV commercials and music videos but it is now also a form of entertainment. Many professional video bloggers can be found on the Internet, additionally many notable amateur video bloggers have also emerged, scenes rarely broadcast on television, and many first-witnessed scenes have since become publicly available. Notably, in December 2004, tourist videos of the Indian Ocean earthquake, in December 2003, videos in Hong Kong showing the bully in De La Salle School outraged the public and raised a wide concern on school violence that led to the arrest of 11 students
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Motion graphics
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Motion graphics are pieces of digital footage or animation which create the illusion of motion or rotation, and are usually combined with audio for use in multimedia projects. Motion graphics are displayed via electronic media technology, but may also be displayed via manual powered technology. The term distinguishes still graphics from those with an appearance over time. Motion graphics extend beyond the most commonly used methods of frame-by-frame footage, since there is no universally accepted definition of motion graphics, the official beginning of the art form is disputed. There have been presentations that could be classified as motion graphics as early as the 1800s, the term motion graphics originated with digital video editing in computing, perhaps to keep pace with newer technology. Graphics for television were originally referred to as Broadcast Design, one of the first uses of the term motion graphics was by animator John Whitney, who in 1960 founded a company called Motion Graphics Inc. Saul Bass is a pioneer in the development of feature film title sequences. His work included title sequences for films such as The Man With The Golden Arm, Vertigo, Anatomy of a Murder, North by Northwest, Psycho. His designs were simple, but effectively communicated the mood of the film, before computers were widely available, motion graphics were costly and time-consuming, limiting their use to high-budget filmmaking and television production. Computers began to be used as early as the late 1960s as super computers were capable of rendering crude graphics, John Whitney and Charles Csuri can be considered early pioneers of computer aided animation. In the late 1980s to mid-1990s, expensive proprietary graphics systems such as those from British-based Quantel were quite commonplace in many television stations, Quantel workstations such as the Hal, Henry, Harry, Mirage and Paintbox were the broadcast graphics standard of the time. Many other real time systems were used such as Ampex ADO, Abekas. Early proprietary 3D computer systems were developed specifically for broadcast design such as the Bosch FGS-4000 which was used in the music video for Dire Straits Money for Nothing. The advent of more powerful desktop computers running Photoshop in the mid-90s drastically lowered the costs for producing digital graphics, with the reduced cost of producing motion graphics on a computer, the discipline has seen more widespread use. With the availability of desktop programs such as Adobe After Effects, Discreet Combustion, modern character generators from Aston Broadcast Systems and Chyron Corporations incorporate motion graphics. The term motion graphics was popularized by Trish and Chris Meyers book about the use of Adobe After Effects and this was the beginning of desktop applications which specialized in video production, but were not editing or 3D programs. These new programs collected together special effects, compositing, and color correction toolsets and this in-between notion of motion graphics and the resulting style of animation is why sometimes it is referred to as 2. 5D. Motion graphics continue to evolve as an art form with the incorporation of sweeping camera paths, maxons CINEMA 4D, plugins such as MoGraph and Adobe After Effects
21.
Waveform monitor
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A waveform monitor is a special type of oscilloscope used in television production applications. It is typically used to measure and display the level, or voltage, the level of a video signal usually corresponds to the brightness, or luminance, of the part of the image being drawn onto a regular video screen at the same point in time. A waveform monitor can be used to display the overall brightness of a television picture and it can also be used to visualize and observe special signals in the vertical blanking interval of a video signal, as well as the colorburst between each line of video. To diagnose and troubleshoot a television studio, or the equipment located therein, to assist with installation of equipment into a television facility, or with the commissioning or certification of a facility. In manufacturing test and research and development applications, for setting camera exposure in the case of video and digital cinema cameras. A waveform monitor is used in conjunction with a vectorscope. Originally, these were separate devices, however modern waveform monitors include vectorscope functionality as a separate mode. Originally, waveform monitors were entirely analog devices, the video signal was filtered and amplified. A sync stripper circuit was used to isolate the sync pulses and colorburst from the video signal, early waveform monitors differed little from oscilloscopes, except for the specialized video trigger circuitry. Waveform monitors also permit the use of reference, in this mode the sync. With the advent of television and digital signal processing, the waveform monitor acquired many new features and capabilities. Modern waveform monitors and other oscilloscopes have largely abandoned old-style CRT technology as well, all new waveform monitors are based on a rasterizer, a piece of graphics hardware that duplicates the behavior of a CRT vector display, generating a raster signal. They may come with a liquid crystal display, or they may be sold without a display. Color suite Non-linear editing system Linear video editing Control room Television studio production-control room Television production Software Waveform Monitor
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Vectorscope
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A vectorscope is a special type of oscilloscope used in both audio and video applications. In video applications, a vectorscope supplements a waveform monitor for the purpose of measuring and testing television signals, the vectorscope locks exclusively to the chrominance subcarrier in the video signal to drive its display. In digital applications, a vectorscope instead plots the Cb and Cr channels against each other, the actual visual pattern that the incoming chrominance signal draws on the vectorscope is called the trace. Chrominance is measured using two methods—color saturation, encoded as the amplitude, or gain, of the subcarrier signal, the vectorscopes graticule roughly represents saturation as distance from the center of the circle, and hue as the angle, in standard position, around it. NTSC vectorscopes have one set of boxes for the color bars, another element in the graticule is a fine grid at the nine-oclock, or -U position, used for measuring differential gain and phase. Often two sets of bar targets are provided, one for color bars at 75% amplitude and one for color bars at 100% amplitude, the 100% bars represent the maximum amplitude that composite encoding allows for. 100% bars are not suitable for broadcast and are not broadcast-safe, 75% bars have reduced amplitude and are broadcast-safe. In some vectorscope models, only one set of bar targets is provided, the vectorscope can be set up for 75% or 100% bars by adjusting the gain so that the color burst vector extends to the 75% or 100% marking on the graticule. The actual color burst signal shows up on the vectorscope as a line pointing to the left from the center of the graticule. In the case of PAL, the color burst phase alternates between 135° and 225°, resulting in two vectors pointing in the half-past-ten and half-past-seven positions on the graticule, respectively. In digital vectorscopes, colorburst doesnt exist, hence the relationship between the colorburst signal and the chroma subcarrier is simply not an issue. A vectorscope for SECAM uses a similar to the one found in a SECAM receiver to retrieve the U and V colour signals since they are transmitted one at a time. On older vectorscopes implemented with cathode ray tubes, the graticule was often implemented as an overlay which was superimposed over the front surface of the CRT. One notable exception was the Tektronix WFM601 series of instruments, which are combined waveform monitors, the waveform-mode graticule of these instruments is implemented with a silkscreen, whereas the vectorscope graticule was drawn on the CRT by the electron beam. Modern instruments have graticules drawn using computer graphics, and both graticule and trace are rendered on an external VGA monitor or an internal VGA-compatible LCD display, most modern waveform monitors include vectorscope functionality built in, and many allow the two modes to be displayed side-by-side. The combined device is referred to as a waveform monitor. In audio applications, a vectorscope is used to measure the difference between channels of audio signals. One stereo channel drives the horizontal deflection of the display, a monoaural signal, consisting of identical left and right signals, results in a straight line with a gradient of +1
23.
Camera control unit
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The camera control unit is typically part of a live television broadcast chain. A CCU is often used in conjunction with a control panel, a waveform monitor. For more complex production, preset scene files can be recalled to quickly change the settings of the camera on the fly, broadcast cameras typically carry several signals over the camera cable in addition to the camera output itself. Typically, RGB signals are transmitted over the camera cable, the CCU will usually convert these to SDI, YUV or composite for interfacing to other video equipment
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Central apparatus room
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Some broadcast facilities have several of these rooms. It should be air-conditioned, however low-noise specifications such as acoustical treatments are optional, equipment is connected either directly with an attached foldout monitor, keyboard and mouse or remotely via KVM switch, ssh, VNC, or remote desktop. These rooms contain broadcast and broadcast IT mission critical gear necessary to broadcast and they contain broadcast and monitoring equipment, through which all the operations are monitored by the Transmission Engineer, without disturbing the Studio Recordings. Broadcast engineering Data center Master control room Network operations center Production control room Server room Server farm Transmission control room
25.
Intercom
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An intercom, talkback or doorphone is a stand-alone voice communications system for use within a building or small collection of buildings, functioning independently of the public telephone network. Intercoms are generally mounted permanently in buildings and vehicles, Intercoms can incorporate connections to public address loudspeaker systems, walkie talkies, telephones, and to other intercom systems. Some intercom systems incorporate control of such as signal lights. There are simple house intercoms and intercoms developed for collective apartments, some are equipped with video, and its wiring, can be connected to the outside with few pairs while controlling an electric strike. The last generations are compatible with computers and some models include TCP/IP. Video signals can be carried as well as voice, digital intercom stations can be connected using Cat 5 cable and can even use existing computer networks as a means of interfacing distant parties. Many schools and office buildings now use audio / video systems to identify visitors trying to access to a locked building. Besides fixed locations, intercom systems are used on many types of vehicles including trains, watercraft, aircraft, portable intercoms are commonly used by special event production crews and professional sports teams. Performing arts venues such as theaters and concert halls often have a combination of permanently mounted, motorsports race tracks often have both portable and permanent intercom stations mounted at critical points around the racecourse for use by race officials and emergency medical technicians. Master Station or Base Station – These are units that can control the system, i. e. initiate a call with any of the stations and make announcements over the whole system. Sub-station - Units that are capable of initiating a call with a Master Station. Door Station - Like sub-stations, these units are capable of initiating a call to a Master Station. Intercom Station - Full-featured remote unit that is capable of initiating and receiving party-line conversation, individual conversation, may be rack-mounted, wall-mounted or portable. Wall Mount Station – fixed-position intercom station with built-in loudspeaker, may have flush-mounted microphone, hand-held push to talk microphone or telephone-style handset. Belt Pack - portable intercom station worn on the such as an interruptible feedback with an earpiece worn by talent. Handset - permanent or portable telephone-style connection to an intercom station, holds both an earpiece and a push to talk microphone. Headset - portable intercom connection from a pack to one or both ears via headphones with integrated microphone on a boom arm. Paging Signal - An audible and/or visual alert at an intercom station, power Supply - Used to feed power to all units
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Television crew
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Television crew positions are derived from those of film crew, but with several differences. Work before shooting begins is called the pre-production stage, the crew in this stage include the casting director, costume designer, director, location manager, make-up artist, researcher, screenwriter, set designer, and television producer. The casting director casts actors, and so is one of the first crew members on the project. In fact, during casting for a television pilot, the executive producer. They greatly contribute to the appearance of the production, and set a mood, time, feeling. They alter the appearance of a project with their designs and constructions, including impacting on the style of the project. A television director is responsible for directing the actors and other filmed aspects of a television production. The role differs from that of a film director because the creative control usually belongs to the producer. In general, actors and other artists on a show are familiar enough with their roles that the directors input is confined to technical issues. The director is responsible for all aspects of a movie. The director typically helps hire the cast, the Director helps decide on locations, and creates a shooting plan. During shooting, the director supervises the overall project, manages shots, and keeps the assignment on budget, though directors hold much power, they are second in command after the producer. The producer usually hires the director, Some directors produce their own television programs, and, with formal approval of the funding studio, enjoy a tighter grip on what makes the final cut than Directors usually have. Associate directors are responsible for communications with the audience and any guests, for example ensuring they are seated in good time. In scripted television series, an associate director occasionally serves as an episodes director, until the mid-2000s in the United States, associate directors were usually credited as technical coordinators, for most sitcoms were shot on film. Drama programs dont usually use ADs, the location manager finds and manages film locations. Most pictures are shot in the environment of a studio sound stage but occasionally. A professional make-up artist is usually a cosmetology beautician, and applies makeup to anyone who appears on screen and they concentrate on the area above the chest, the face, the top of the head, the fingers, hands, arms, and elbows
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Signal generator
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A signal generator is an electronic device that generates repeating or non-repeating electronic signals in either the analog or the digital domain. It is generally used in designing, testing, troubleshooting, and repairing electronic or electroacoustic devices, there are many different types of signal generators with different purposes and applications and at varying levels of expense. These types include function generators, RF and microwave signal generators, pitch generators, arbitrary waveform generators, digital pattern generators, in general, no device is suitable for all possible applications. Traditionally, signal generators have been embedded hardware units, but since the age of multimedia PCs, a function generator is a device which produces simple repetitive waveforms. Such devices contain an electronic oscillator, a circuit that is capable of creating a repetitive waveform, the most common waveform is a sine wave, but sawtooth, step, square, and triangular waveform oscillators are commonly available as are arbitrary waveform generators. An arbitrary waveform generator is a signal generator that generates arbitrary waveforms within published limits of frequency range, accuracy. Unlike a function generator that produces a set of specific waveforms. An AWG is generally more expensive than a generator and often has less bandwidth. An AWG is used in design and test applications. New high-speed DACs provide up to 16-bit resolution at sample rates in excess of 1 GS/s and these devices provide the foundation for an AWG with the bandwidth and dynamic range to address modern radio and communication applications. Example applications include commercial wireless standards such as Wi-Fi, WiMAX and LTE, also, broad modulation bandwidth allows multi-carrier signal generation, necessary for testing receiver adjacent channel rejection. RF and microwave signal generators normally have similar features and capabilities, RF signal generators typically range from a few kHz to 6 GHz, while microwave signal generators cover a much wider frequency range, from less than 1 MHz to at least 20 GHz. Some models go as high as 70 GHz with a direct coaxial output, RF and microwave signal generators can be classified further as analog or vector signal generators. Analog signal generators based on a sine-wave oscillator were common before the inception of digital electronics, there was a sharp distinction in purpose and design of radio-frequency and audio-frequency signal generators. RF RF signal generators are capable of producing CW tones, the output frequency can usually be tuned anywhere in their frequency range. Many models offer various types of modulation, either as standard equipment or as an optional capability to the base unit. This could include AM, FM, ΦM and pulse modulation, another common feature is a built-in attenuator which makes it possible to vary the signal’s output power. Depending on the manufacturer and model, output powers can range from -135 to +30 dBm, a wide range of output power is desirable, since different applications require different amounts of signal power
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Colorburst
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Colorburst is an analog video, composite video signal generated by a video-signal generator used to keep the chrominance subcarrier synchronized in a color television signal. The most common use of colorburst is to genlock equipment together as a reference with a vision mixer in a television studio using a multi-camera setup. In NTSC, its frequency is exactly 315/88 =3.57954 MHz with a phase of 180°, whereas PAL uses a frequency of exactly 4.43361875 MHz, with its phase alternating between 135° and 225° from line to line. SECAM is unique in not having a colorburst signal, since the chrominance signals are encoded using FM rather than QAM, thus the phase is immaterial. Since the colorburst signal has an amplitude, it is sometimes used as a reference level when compensating for amplitude variations in the overall signal. The original black and white NTSC television standard specified a rate of 30 Hz and 525 lines per frame. The audio was frequency modulated 4.5 MHz above the video signal, because this was black and white, the video consisted only of luminance information. Plotting the video signal on a spectrogram gave a signature that looked like the teeth of a comb or a gear, rather than smooth and it was not eliminated, but what remained was not readily apparent to human eyes. To provide sufficient bandwidth for the signal, yet interfere only with the highest-frequency portions of the luminance signal. 227.5 = 455/2 times the rate was close to the right number. However, additional interference could come from the audio signal, to minimize interference there, it was similarly desirable to make the distance between the chrominance carrier frequency and the audio carrier frequency a half-integer multiple of the line rate. The sum of these two half-integers implies that the distance between the frequency of the carrier and audio carrier must be an integer multiple of the line rate. However, the original NTSC standard, with a 4.5 MHz carrier spacing and a 15750 Hz line rate, did not meet this requirement, the audio was 285.714 times the line rate. Thus, the new color television standard reduced the rate by a factor of 1.001 to 1/286 of the 4.5 MHz audio subcarrier frequency. This reduced the rate to 30/1.001 ≈29.9700 Hz. An NTSC or PAL televisions color decoder contains a colorburst crystal oscillator and these operate at some multiple of the colorburst frequency, such as 4 × f = 315/22 =14.3181 MHz for NTSC. It is also used regularly by radio amateurs from the CBLA and CBC Groups using crystal-controlled, camera control unit Color framing Color killer Sync pulse Glossary of video terms
29.
Al Jazeera English
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Al Jazeera English is an international state-funded 24-hour English-language news and current affairs TV channel owned and operated by Al Jazeera Media Network, which is headquartered in Doha, Qatar. It is a channel of the Bosnia and Herzegovina-based multi-language Al Jazeera Balkans, the online digital networks AJ+ and Al Jazeera Turk. Al Jazeera English is the worlds first English-language news channel to be headquartered in the Middle East, the channel aims to provide both a regional voice and a global perspective for a potential world audience of over one billion English speakers who do not share the Anglo-American worldview. Instead of being run under one command, news management rotates between broadcasting centers in Doha and London. At its launch, the station actually had four news centres in the world, in Washington, complete news bulletins from Kuala Lumpur stopped on 30 September 2010 and from Washington, D. C. on 28 January 2011, they were replaced by news from Doha. All news inserts from Kuala Lumpur ceased in early 2011 and from Washington DC they ceased on 15 April 2012, by contrast, Al Jazeera English is one of the few global media outlets to maintain an agency in Gaza, and in Harare. The networks stated objective is to voice to untold stories, promote debate. Al Jazeera English has stated objectives of emphasizing news from the world, of reversing the North to South flow of information. Other Al Jazeera English slogans and catchphrases include, All the News | All the Time, Fearless Journalism and If its newsworthy, it gets on air, Al Jazeeras Code of Ethics mirrors some of these statements. Award-winning creative teams shaped the English brand identity, the channel was launched on 15 November 2006 at 12,00 GMT. It had aimed to begin broadcasting in June 2006 but had to postpone its launch because its HDTV technology was not ready. The channel had expected to reach around 40 million households, but it far exceeded that launch target, the channel is noted for its poor penetration in the American market, where it was carried by only one satellite service and a small number of cable networks. Al Jazeera English later began a campaign to enter the North American market and it became available to some cable subscribers in New York in August 2011, having previously been available as an option for some viewers in Washington, D. C. The channel primarily reaches the United States via its online streaming. Foreign press access to Gaza has been limited via either Egypt or Israel, the channel may also be viewed online. It recommends online viewing at its own website or at its channel on YouTube, Al Jazeera English HD launched in the United Kingdom on Freeview on 26 November 2013, and began streaming in HD on YouTube in 2015. On 3 January 2013, Al Jazeera Media Network announced that it had purchased Current TV in the United States, 60% of the channels programming would be produced in America while 40% would be from Al Jazeera English. That was later changed at the request of the cable and satellite providers to almost 100% American programing, regardless Al Jazeera America maintained a close working relationship with Al Jazeera English
30.
London
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London /ˈlʌndən/ is the capital and most populous city of England and the United Kingdom. Standing on the River Thames in the south east of the island of Great Britain and it was founded by the Romans, who named it Londinium. Londons ancient core, the City of London, largely retains its 1. 12-square-mile medieval boundaries. London is a global city in the arts, commerce, education, entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcare, media, professional services, research and development, tourism. It is crowned as the worlds largest financial centre and has the fifth- or sixth-largest metropolitan area GDP in the world, London is a world cultural capital. It is the worlds most-visited city as measured by international arrivals and has the worlds largest city airport system measured by passenger traffic, London is the worlds leading investment destination, hosting more international retailers and ultra high-net-worth individuals than any other city. Londons universities form the largest concentration of education institutes in Europe. In 2012, London became the first city to have hosted the modern Summer Olympic Games three times, London has a diverse range of people and cultures, and more than 300 languages are spoken in the region. Its estimated mid-2015 municipal population was 8,673,713, the largest of any city in the European Union, Londons urban area is the second most populous in the EU, after Paris, with 9,787,426 inhabitants at the 2011 census. The citys metropolitan area is the most populous in the EU with 13,879,757 inhabitants, the city-region therefore has a similar land area and population to that of the New York metropolitan area. London was the worlds most populous city from around 1831 to 1925, Other famous landmarks include Buckingham Palace, the London Eye, Piccadilly Circus, St Pauls Cathedral, Tower Bridge, Trafalgar Square, and The Shard. The London Underground is the oldest underground railway network in the world, the etymology of London is uncertain. It is an ancient name, found in sources from the 2nd century and it is recorded c.121 as Londinium, which points to Romano-British origin, and hand-written Roman tablets recovered in the city originating from AD 65/70-80 include the word Londinio. The earliest attempted explanation, now disregarded, is attributed to Geoffrey of Monmouth in Historia Regum Britanniae and this had it that the name originated from a supposed King Lud, who had allegedly taken over the city and named it Kaerlud. From 1898, it was accepted that the name was of Celtic origin and meant place belonging to a man called *Londinos. The ultimate difficulty lies in reconciling the Latin form Londinium with the modern Welsh Llundain, which should demand a form *lōndinion, from earlier *loundiniom. The possibility cannot be ruled out that the Welsh name was borrowed back in from English at a later date, and thus cannot be used as a basis from which to reconstruct the original name. Until 1889, the name London officially applied only to the City of London, two recent discoveries indicate probable very early settlements near the Thames in the London area
31.
United Kingdom
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The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom or Britain, is a sovereign country in western Europe. Lying off the north-western coast of the European mainland, the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain, Northern Ireland is the only part of the United Kingdom that shares a land border with another sovereign state—the Republic of Ireland. The Irish Sea lies between Great Britain and Ireland, with an area of 242,500 square kilometres, the United Kingdom is the 78th-largest sovereign state in the world and the 11th-largest in Europe. It is also the 21st-most populous country, with an estimated 65.1 million inhabitants, together, this makes it the fourth-most densely populated country in the European Union. The United Kingdom is a monarchy with a parliamentary system of governance. The monarch is Queen Elizabeth II, who has reigned since 6 February 1952, other major urban areas in the United Kingdom include the regions of Birmingham, Leeds, Glasgow, Liverpool and Manchester. The United Kingdom consists of four countries—England, Scotland, Wales, the last three have devolved administrations, each with varying powers, based in their capitals, Edinburgh, Cardiff and Belfast, respectively. The relationships among the countries of the UK have changed over time, Wales was annexed by the Kingdom of England under the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542. A treaty between England and Scotland resulted in 1707 in a unified Kingdom of Great Britain, which merged in 1801 with the Kingdom of Ireland to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Five-sixths of Ireland seceded from the UK in 1922, leaving the present formulation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain, there are fourteen British Overseas Territories. These are the remnants of the British Empire which, at its height in the 1920s, British influence can be observed in the language, culture and legal systems of many of its former colonies. The United Kingdom is a country and has the worlds fifth-largest economy by nominal GDP. The UK is considered to have an economy and is categorised as very high in the Human Development Index. It was the worlds first industrialised country and the worlds foremost power during the 19th, the UK remains a great power with considerable economic, cultural, military, scientific and political influence internationally. It is a nuclear weapons state and its military expenditure ranks fourth or fifth in the world. The UK has been a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council since its first session in 1946 and it has been a leading member state of the EU and its predecessor, the European Economic Community, since 1973. However, on 23 June 2016, a referendum on the UKs membership of the EU resulted in a decision to leave. The Acts of Union 1800 united the Kingdom of Great Britain, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland have devolved self-government
32.
Sky Italia
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Sky Italia is an Italian digital satellite television platform owned by Sky plc. It is similar in ways to Sky in the United Kingdom and Sky Ireland in Ireland, which is partly owned by 21st Century Fox. Pay TV services on Sky Italia are encrypted in NDS VideoGuard, the VideoGuard set-top boxes that have been provided since July 2010 are identical to the Sky+ HD boxes used in the UK. Sky Italia was founded in July 2003 by the merger of TELE+, since July 2010 Sky Italia has been giving the Sky Digital Key and the My Sky HD box for free to every new customer. The My Sky boxes launched on 22 November 2005 - based on a new digital receiver with HDD recording capabilities, subsequently, the My Sky HD boxes were added. The My Sky HD service had provided with an extra charge until July 2010. The service is identical to the BSkyB Sky+ HD. On 28 June 2010, Sky Italia changed its brands and logos, Sky Italia offers eight packages of channels, five base-level Channel Packs and three optional Sky Packs enhancements. Sky Primafila has got some similarities to BSkyBs Sky Movies Box Office, the HD service has been offered without any extra charge since 2009. There are 37 HDTV channels so far broadcasting on Sky, due to become 50 by the end of 2011, on 1 October 2010, Sky activated its first 3D channel, Sky Sport 3D, available without any extra cost to the Sport pack subscribers. The very first event Sky Sport 3D aired was the 2010 Ryder Cup, on 25 December 2010, Sky launched another 3D channel, Sky Cinema 3D, airing 3D movies, available for free for Cinema pack subscribers. These channel have been replaced by Sky 3D on 6 September 2011, on many channels, foreign-sourced content is broadcast either with an option to choose between Italian and English language soundtracks, or with Italian subtitles. Sky Italia uses the Hot Bird 6/8/9 satellites at 13. 0°E, Tom Mockridge, the then head of Sky Italia replaced Rebekah Brooks as chief executive of News International after she had resigned on 15 July 2011. Andrea Zappia replaced Tom Mockridge as CEO on 1 August 2011, on 7 October 2011 Sky Italia announced it reached the 5 million subscribers benchmark. The enlarged company would be likely to be called Sky Europe, the sale was announced on 25 July 2014 which was subject to regulatory and shareholder approval. The acquisition was completed on 13 November, March, the European Commission approves the merger between TELE+ and Stream TV. 31 July, Sky Italia is founded, April, Sky Italia abandons SECA encryption system to switch to the NDS, managed by the News Corporation. November, Skys subscribers reach 3 million, may, Sky Italia are awarded the broadcast rights to the 2006 FIFA World Cup
33.
PBS NewsHour
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As the nations first hour-long nightly news broadcast, the program is known for its in-depth coverage of issues and current events. Throughout their tenure, Ifill and Woodruff were the first and only all-female anchor team of a nightly news program on broadcast television. The PBS NewsHour originates from WETAs studios in Arlington County, Virginia with additional facilities in San Francisco and it is a collaboration between WNET, WETA-TV, and fellow PBS member television stations KQED in San Francisco, KETC in St. Louis and WTTW in Chicago. The NewsHour Weekend is produced at the Tisch WNET studios on Lincoln Center, in 1973, Robert MacNeil and Jim Lehrer teamed up to cover the United States Senate Watergate hearings for PBS. The two earned an Emmy Award for their unprecedented gavel-to-gavel coverage, less than 1½ months later on December 1,1975, the program was renamed The MacNeil/Lehrer Report and began to air on PBS stations nationwide. Most editions employed a two-anchor, two-city format, with MacNeil based in New York City, Liberty Media bought a 67% controlling equity stake in MacNeil/Lehrer Productions in 1994, but MacNeil and Lehrer retained editorial control. Robert MacNeil retired from the program on October 20,1995, accordingly, the program was renamed The NewsHour With Jim Lehrer three days later on October 23. The NewsHour won a Peabody Award in 2003 for the feature report Jobless Recovery, on May 17,2006, the program underwent its first major change in presentation in years, adopting a new graphics package and a reorchestrated version of the shows theme music. The program also introduced a new set and upconverted its existing graphics package to HD, on May 11,2009, PBS announced that the program would be revamped on December 7 of that year under a revised title as the PBS NewsHour. The overhaul was described by Jim Lehrer as the first phase in his move toward retirement. Lehrer formally ended his tenure as an anchor of the program in June 2011. He continued to anchor on Fridays afterward, when he usually leads the political analysis segment with Mark Shields. On August 6,2013, Gwen Ifill and Judy Woodruff were named as co-anchors, the two shared anchor duties on the Monday through Thursday editions, with Woodruff solo anchoring on Fridays due to Ifills duties as host of the political discussion program Washington Week. Plans for an edition of PBS NewsHour had been considered as early as March 2013. MacNeil/Lehrer Productions announced in a letter to the shows staffers on October 8,2013, the transfer was approved by the WETA board of trustees on June 17,2014, and took effect on July 1. At that time, production of the program was taken over by NewsHour Productions, LLC, WETA also acquired MacNeil/Lehrer Productions archives, documentaries, and projects, though not the companys name. PBS NewsHour Weekend was not affected by the transfer and continues to be produced by WNET. The program is notable for being shown on public television, as such, there are no interruptions during the program to run advertisements
34.
Peter Pace
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Peter Pace is a former United States Marine Corps general who served as the 16th Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. S. Southern Command from September 8,2000, to September 30,2001, appointed chairman by President George W. Bush, Pace succeeded U. S. Air Force General Richard Myers on September 30,2005. Secretary of Defense Robert Gates announced on June 8,2007, Pace retired from the Marine Corps and stepped down as chairman on October 1,2007. He was replaced by Chief of Naval Operations Admiral Michael Mullen, Pace was born on November 5,1945, in New York Citys Brooklyn to Italian American parents and raised in Teaneck, New Jersey, graduating from Teaneck High School in 1963. He received his commission in June 1967, following graduation from the United States Naval Academy and he also holds a Master of Business Administration degree from George Washington University. Pace currently resides in McLean, Virginia, he was married to Lynne Pace and they have a son, also named Peter, and a daughter. Returning from overseas in March 1969, he reported to Marine Barracks, Washington and he was promoted to captain in April 1971. In September 1971, Pace attended the Infantry Officers Advanced Course at Fort Benning, in October 1973, he was assigned to Headquarters Marine Corps, Washington, D. C. for duty as the assistant majors monitor. He was promoted to major on November 1,1977, in August 1979, he reported to the Marine Corps Command and Staff College as a student. Upon completion of school in June 1980, he was assigned duty as commanding officer, Marine Corps Recruiting Station, Buffalo, while in this assignment, he was promoted to lieutenant colonel in October 1982. Reassigned to the 1st Marine Division, Camp Pendleton, Pace served from June 1983 until June 1985 as commanding officer, 2nd Battalion, in June 1985, he was selected to attend the National War College in Washington, D. C. After graduation the following June, he was assigned to the Combined/Joint Staff in Seoul, Pace returned to Marine Barracks in Washington, D. C. in August 1988 for duty as commanding officer. He was promoted to colonel in October 1988, in August 1991, Pace was assigned duty as chief of staff, 2nd Marine Division, Camp Lejeune. During February 1992, he was assigned duty as assistant division commander, Pace was advanced to major general on June 21,1994, and was assigned as the deputy commander/chief of staff, U. S. Forces, Japan. He was promoted to lieutenant general and assigned as the director for operations, Joint Staff, Washington, Pace served as the commander, U. S. Marine Corps Forces, Atlantic/Europe/South from November 23,1997, to September 8,2000. On August 12,2005, he was succeeded as chairman by Admiral Edmund P. Giambastiani. On April 22,2005, at a White House press conference, the previous chairman, Richard Myers, retired from the position on September 30,2005. On his nomination, Pace said, This is a moment for me
35.
Vinten
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Vinten is a manufacturer of camera supports founded in 1910 and based in Bury St Edmunds, Suffolk. Vinten, then trading as W. Vinten Cinematograph Engineers, was founded by William Vinten in 1910 and was originally based at 89-91 Wardour Street. The company began in 1909 by manufacturing Kinemacolor projectors for Charles Urban, in 1914, the company workshops were taken over by the government and Vinten were invited by Sopwith at Kingston upon Thames to work alongside them in their aeroplane factory. This led in 1915 to an invitation by the Royal Flying Corps for William Vinten to design, in 1928 Vinten expanded and moved to Cricklewood, North London, mainly supplying the film industry by creating specialised equipment for companies such as Kodak. By 1937 around three-quarters of all shown in Britain were processed using equipment developed by Vinten. The company also had a presence in creating both sound and production equipment. The Second World War created a requirement for reconnaissance cameras. In the late 1940s, the broadcast market began to flourish, as a result the British Broadcasting Corporation became increasingly involved with Vinten. The BBC became the benchmark for whom Vinten adapted many of their original film camera supports creating equipment more suitable for television cameras. In 1964 Vinten moved to Bury St Edmunds in Suffolk, in 1972, Vinten was floated on the London Stock Exchange. In the early 1980s Vinten began to develop remote control TV systems early in conjunction with the BBC for use in their main N1, N2, shortly after this a second venture was undertaken with the Saskatchewan Legislature, using the system to televise State governmental proceedings. In 1984 the company changed its name to Vinten Group plc, in 1988 Vinten split into two separate entities. W Vinten Ltd focused solely on reconnaissance equipment and moved into new premises, Vinten Broadcast Ltd remained on the same site, concentrating on broadcast mounting equipment solutions. From 1989 Vinten Group began a series of acquisitions, Manfrotto Group, Bexel, Gitzo, Bogen Imaging, TSM Inc, Sachtler. Vinten Group plc changed its name to Vitec Group plc in 1995, following the acquisition of Radamec in 2003 a new brand Vinten Radamec was created to take over the manufacture of robotic camera support products. Vinten continues to be a manufacturer of lighweight, television studio and outside broadcast camera supports such as tripods, pedestals and pan. Vinten HP419 The Vinten HP419 Hydro-Pneumaticgas-balanced pedestal was launched in the 1950s, the pedestal enabled TV cameramen to track and jib all at the same time without losing sight of the viewfinder. Many thousands of the HP419 design were sold worldwide, very few remain in production use, often replaced by the later Vinten Fulmar
36.
Al Jazeera
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Al Jazeera, also known as JSC, is a Doha-based state-funded broadcaster owned by the Al Jazeera Media Network, which is partly funded by the House of Thani, the ruling family of Qatar. Al Jazeera is among the largest news organizations with 80 bureaus around the world, Al Jazeera is owned by the government of Qatar. While Al Jazeera officials have stated that they are independent from the government of Qatar. Nonetheless, Al Jazeera declared the exposure and denunciation of the lies which brought the State of Israel into existence as its mission, the original Al Jazeera channels willingness to broadcast dissenting views, for example on call-in shows, created controversies in the Arab States of the Persian Gulf. The station gained attention following the outbreak of war in Afghanistan. Al Jazeera has been called a propaganda outlet for the Qatari government and its policy, by analysts and by news reporters. The network is sometimes perceived to have mainly Islamist perspectives, promoting the Muslim Brotherhood, and having a pro-Sunni and it is also accused of having an anti-Western bias. However, Al Jazeera insists it covers all sides of a debate, it says it presents Israels view, Irans view, in Arabic, al-ǧazīrah literally means the island. However, it here to the Arabian Peninsula, which is شبه الجزيرة العربية šibh al-ğazīrah al-ʿarabiyyah. Al Jazeera Satellite Channel now known as was launched on 1 November 1996 following the closure of the BBCs Arabic language television station, a joint venture with Orbit Communications Company. The BBC channel had closed after a year and a half when the Saudi government attempted to suppress information, including a report on executions. Shares were held by investors as well as the Qatar government. Al Jazeeras first day on the air was 1 November 1996 and it offered 6 hours of programming per day, increased to 12 hours by the end of 1997. A more powerful Ku-band transponder became available as a peace-offering after its user, Canal France International, accidentally beamed 30 minutes of pornography into ultraconservative Saudi Arabia. Al Jazeera was not the first such broadcaster in the Middle East, a number had appeared since the Arabsat satellite, the unfolding of Operation Desert Storm on CNN International underscored the power of live television in current events. In presenting The opinion and the opinion, it did not take long for Al Jazeera to shock local viewers by presenting Israelis speaking Hebrew on Arab TV for the first time. Lively and far-ranging talk shows, particularly a popular, confrontational one called The Opposite Direction, were a constant source of controversy regarding issues of morality and this prompted a torrent of criticism from the conservative voices among the regions press. It also led to complaints and censures from neighboring governments
37.
Engineering technician
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Engineering technicians often assist engineers and technologists in projects and research and development. An engineering technician sits between a skilled worker and a Technologist. The Dublin Accord was signed in 2002 as an agreement for the recognition of engineering technician qualifications. The Dublin Accord is analogous to the Washington Accord for engineers and they build or set up equipment, conduct experiments, and collect data and calculate results. They might also help to make a model of new equipment, some technicians work in quality control, where they check products, do tests, and collect data. In manufacturing, they help to design and develop products and they also find ways to produce things efficiently. There are multiple fields in this job such as, software design, repair, etc. They may also be people who produce technical drawings or engineering drawings, in some countries, there were vocational education schools that may have also conferred the title without awarding any degrees. These programs include at least a college algebra and trigonometry course and, if needed, the number of math and science prerequisite courses depends on the branch of engineering that the student chooses. Engineering technicians apply scientific and engineering skills usually gained in postsecondary programs below the bachelors level or through short-cycle bachelors degrees. Engineering technicians are called professional engineers in the UK only, in the United Kingdom, the term Engineering Technician and post-nominals EngTech are protected in civil law, and can only be used by technicians registered with the Engineering Council UK. The term engineer is not protected in the UK, however those holding EngTech accreditation can be employed as Engineers, in the UK the term Engineer is used by thousands of unskilled, semi-skilled and skilled trades
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