Proposition
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Propositions are the meanings of declarative sentences, objects of beliefs, and bearers of truth values. They explain how different sentences, such as the English "Snow is white" and the German "Schne
According to Bertrand Russell, propositions are structured entities, composed of individuals and concepts.
Gottlob Frege argued that propositions are abstract objects, existing independently of mental and linguistic activities.
William of Ockham understood propositions as psychological representations formulated in a mental language.
John Locke saw mental propositions as the primary truth-bearers and the meanings of verbal propositions.
Relation (philosophy)
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Relations are ways in which several entities stand to each other. They usually connect distinct entities but some associate an entity with itself. The adicity of a relation is the number of entities i
G. E. Moore introduced the distinction between internal and external relations.
F. H. Bradley formulated a regress argument to defend the claim that relations do not exist.
The nature of relations was reconceptualized following various academic developments in the 19th century, such as the formulation of the logic of relations by Augustus De Morgan.
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz held that relations do not have fundamental reality and described the world instead as a collection of unconnected monads.