1.
Sohibul Iman
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Muhammad Sohibul Iman is an Indonesian politician and a member of the Prosperous Justice Party. He succeeded Anis Matta as Deputy Speaker of the Indonesian Peoples Representative Council when Anis was appointed President of the Prosperous Justice Party by its Syura Assembly, Iman was born in Tasikmalaya on 5 October 1965. In 1998, Sohibul joined the Justice Party and became the head of its Department of Technology, in 2005, he became head of the partys Economy, Finance, Industry, and Technology Department, a position he held until 2010. In the Peoples Consultative Assembly, he is one of 35 members of the Four Pillars of National Socialization team, Sohibul is active in organizations, such as ISTECS, YPNF, HSF, MITI, YIT, ISSS, JSSPRM, and IEEE
2.
Jakarta
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Jakarta /dʒəˈkɑːrtə/, officially the Special Capital Region of Jakarta, is the capital and most populous city of the Republic of Indonesia. Located on the northwest coast of the worlds most populous island of Java, Jakarta is the economic, cultural and political centre. The official metropolitan area, known as Jabodetabek, is the second largest in the world, established in the fourth century, the city became an important trading port for the Kingdom of Sunda. It was the de facto capital of the Dutch East Indies, today, the city has continued as the capital of Indonesia since the countrys independence was declared in 1945. Jakarta is listed as a city in the 2012 Globalization and World Cities Study Group. Based on the global metro monitor by the Brookings Institution, in 2014, Jakarta has grown more rapidly than Kuala Lumpur, Beijing, and Bangkok. Jakarta has been home to multiple settlements along with their names, Sunda Kelapa, Jayakarta, Batavia, Djakarta. Its current name derives from the word Jayakarta, the origins of this word can be traced to the Old Javanese and ultimately to the Sanskrit language. Jayakarta translates as victorious deed, complete act, or complete victory, Jakarta is nicknamed the Big Durian, the thorny strongly-odored fruit native to the region, as the city is seen as the Indonesian equivalent of the US city of New York. In the colonial era, the city was known as Koningin van het Oosten, initially in the 17th century for the urban beauty of downtown Batavias canals, mansions. After expanding to the south in the 19th century, this came to be more associated with the suburbs, with their wide lanes, many green spaces. The area in and around modern Jakarta was part of the fourth century Sundanese kingdom of Tarumanagara, following the decline of Tarumanagara, its territories, including the Jakarta area, became part of the Hindu Kingdom of Sunda. From 7th to early 13th century port of Sunda was within the sphere of influence of the Srivijaya maritime empire. According to the Chinese source, Chu-fan-chi, written circa 1225, Chou Ju-kua reported in the early 13th century Srivijaya still ruled Sumatra, the source reports the port of Sunda as strategic and thriving, pepper from Sunda being among the best in quality. The people worked in agriculture and their houses were built on wooden piles, the harbour area became known as Sunda Kelapa and by the fourteenth century, it was a major trading port for Sunda kingdom. The first European fleet, four Portuguese ships from Malacca, arrived in 1513 when the Portuguese were looking for a route for spices, in 1527, Fatahillah, a Javanese general from Demak attacked and conquered Sunda Kelapa, driving out the Portuguese. Sunda Kelapa was renamed Jayakarta, and became a fiefdom of the Sultanate of Banten which became a major Southeast Asia trading centre, through the relationship with Prince Jayawikarta from the Sultanate of Banten, Dutch ships arrived in Jayakarta in 1596. In 1602, the English East India Companys first voyage, commanded by Sir James Lancaster, arrived in Aceh and this site became the centre of English trade in Indonesia until 1682
3.
Islamic democracy
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Islamic democracy is a political ideology that seeks to apply Islamic principles to public policy within a democratic framework. Countries which fulfil the three basic features include Afghanistan, Iran, and Malaysia, the concepts of liberalism and democratic participation were already present in the medieval Islamic world. It can be viewed similar to how the minister is chosen in many nations. The legislative power of the Caliph was always restricted by the class, the ulama. Since the law came from the scholars, this prevented the Caliph from dictating legal results. Laws were decided based on the ijma of the Ummah, which was most often represented by the legal scholars, in order to qualify as a legal scholar, it was required that they obtain a doctorate known as the ijazat attadris wa l-ifttd from a madrasa. In many ways, classical Islamic law functioned like a constitutional law, legal scholar L. Ali Khan argues that Islam is fully compatible with democracy. In his book, A Theory of Universal Democracy, Khan provides a critique of liberal democracy and he presents the concept of fusion state in which religion and state are fused. There are no contradictions in Gods universe, says Khan, contradictions represent the limited knowledge that human beings have. According to the Quran and the Sunnah, Muslims are fully capable of preserving spirituality, Muslim democrats, including Ahmad Moussalli, argue that concepts in the Quran point towards some form of democracy, or at least away from despotism. These concepts include shura, ijma, al-hurriyya, al-huqquq al-shariyya, for example, shura may include electing leaders to represent and govern on the community’s behalf. This viewpoint, however, is disputed by more traditional Muslims, much debate occurs on the subject of which Islamic traditions are fixed principles, and which are subject to democratic change, or other forms of modification in view of changing circumstances. Some Muslims allude to an Islamic style of democracy which would recognize such distinctions, another sensitive issue involves the status of monarchs and other leaders, the degree of loyalty which Muslims owe such people, and what to do in case of a conflicting loyalties. According to the Shia understanding, Muhammad named as his successor, his son-in-law, the largest Shia grouping — the Twelvers branch — recognizes a series of Twelve Imams, the last of which is still alive and the Shia are waiting for his reappearance. Since the revolution in Iran, the largest Shia country, Twelver Shia political thought has been dominated by that of Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, the founder and leader of the revolution. Khomeini argued that in the absence of the Hidden Imam and other divinely-appointed figures, Muslims have not only the right, to that end they must turn to scholars of Islamic law who are qualified to interpret the Quran and the writings of the imams. Khomeini distinguishes between Conventional Fiqh and Dynamic Fiqh, which he believes to also be necessary, Khomeini divided the Islamic commandments or Ahkam into three branches, the primary commandments the secondary commandments and the state commandments. This list includes all commandments which relate to public affairs, such as constitutions, social security, insurance, bank, labour law, taxation, elections, congress, etc
4.
Islamism
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Islamism is a concept whose meaning has been debated in both public and academic contexts. It is commonly used interchangeably with the terms political Islam or Islamic fundamentalism and these movements have arguably altered the Middle East more than any trend since the modern states gained independence, redefining politics and even borders according to Robin Wright. Some authors hold the term Islamic activism to be synonymous and preferable to Islamism, Central and prominent figures of modern Islamism include Hasan al-Banna, Sayyid Qutb, Abul Ala Maududi, and Ruhollah Khomeini. Some Islamist thinkers emphasize peaceful political processes, whereas Sayyid Qutb in particular called for violence, however, Qutb, unlike modern extremists, denounced the killing of innocents. Following the Arab Spring, some Islamist currents became heavily involved in politics, while others spawned the most aggressive and ambitious Islamist militia to date. A theocratic ideology that seeks to impose any version of Islam over society by law, subsequently, clarified to be, the desire to impose any given interpretation of Islam on society. A movement so broad and flexible it reaches out to everything to everyone in Islam, making it unsustainable. and at the extremes, a violent vehicle for rejectionists and radicals. All who seek to Islamize their environment, whether in relation to their lives in society, their circumstances, or the workplace. Moderate and reformist Islamists who accept and work within the process include parties like the Tunisian Ennahda Movement. Jamaat-e-Islami of Pakistan is basically a socio-political and democratic Vanguard party but has gained political influence through military coup détats in the past. The Islamist groups like Hezbollah in Lebanon and Hamas in Palestine participate in the democratic, following the Arab Spring, Roy has described Islamism as increasingly interdependent with democracy in much of the Arab Muslim world, such that neither can now survive without the other. While Islamist political culture itself may not be democratic, Islamists need democratic elections to maintain their legitimacy, at the same time, their popularity is such that no government can call itself democratic that excludes mainstream Islamist groups. The term, which denoted the religion of Islam, first appeared in English as Islamismus in 1696. The term appears in the U. S. Supreme Court decision in In Re Ross, the term Islamism acquired its contemporary connotations in French academia in the late 1970s and early 1980s. From French, it began to migrate to the English language in the mid-1980s, a 2003 article in Middle East Quarterly states, In summation, the term Islamism enjoyed its first run, lasting from Voltaire to the First World War, as a synonym for Islam. Enlightened scholars and writers generally preferred it to Mohammedanism, eventually both terms yielded to Islam, the Arabic name of the faith, and a word free of either pejorative or comparative associations. To all intents and purposes, Islamic fundamentalism and Islamism have become synonyms in contemporary American usage, the AP Stylebook entry for Islamist now reads as follows, An advocate or supporter of a political movement that favors reordering government and society in accordance with laws prescribed by Islam. Do not use as a synonym for Islamic fighters, militants, extremists or radicals, where possible, be specific and use the name of militant affiliations, al-Qaida-linked, Hezbollah, Taliban, etc
5.
Indonesian legislative election, 2014
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For eligible voters residing outside Indonesia, elections were held on 5 or 6 April 2014 based on the decision of electoral commission of each different countries. A total of 46 parties registered to take part in the election nationwide, candidates for the DPR and DPRDI/II stand on a party platform. The ballot papers had a section for each of the parties with the party number, under the symbols, that parties candidates were listed. Voters could vote for just the party, or one of the candidates by punching a hole in the paper with the tool provided. Candidates for the DPD stood on a basis, so voters simply needed to punch a hole in the candidates picture. For the Peoples Representative Council election each province was divided into one and eleven electoral districts depending on population. Each of these districts elected between three and ten members by proportional representation with a 3. 5% national threshold. Once the votes were counted, the General Elections Commission eliminated any party that had failed to obtain an 3. 5% share of the national vote and it then allocated seats in the Peoples Representative Council via a two-stage process. First the number of votes to secure one DPR seat in each district was calculated by dividing the number of valid votes by the number of seats to be elected in each district. Each partys vote in each district was divided by this amount to determine the number of seats won outright, any party with less than this amount won no seats in this first stage. The remaining votes were used to determine which party won any seats so far unallocated by awarding these seats to the parties with the largest remainders until all seats were allocated. For the Regional Representative Council each province, regardlesa of size and population, the candidates for DPD stood independently. Voters were given one and only one vote, the system used is Single Non-Transferable Vote. Only parties with at least 25 percent of the vote or that control 20 percent of seats in the DPR were able to nominate candidates for the presidential election. Parties that did not achieve this percentage had to form a coalition with parties to make up the required percentage share to nominate a candidate. Numerous opinion polls have been done by many different pollsters to gauge the voting intention of the electorate, however, many of them are regarded to be unreliable. The quality of polling in Indonesia varies considerably, further, some of the polling institutions provide little information about their polling methods. The data set out below should therefore be treated with care, indonesian Democratic Party – Struggle won the election by 18. 95% votes, followed by Golkar with 14. 75% votes and Great Indonesia Movement Party with 11. 81% vote
6.
People's Representative Council
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Together with the Regional Representative Council, a second chamber with limited powers, it makes up a legislative body, the Peoples Consultative Assembly. Currently there are 560 members, following the 2009 elections, all elected, the house has been the subject of frequent public criticism due to perceived high level of fraud and corruption. It met for the first time in 1918, ten of its nineteen members elected by local councils were Indonesians, as were five of the nineteen appointed members. However, it had only advisory powers, although the governor-general had to consult it on financial matters, the body grew in size to 60 members, half of who were elected by a total of 2,228 people. In 1925, the Volksraad gained some legislative powers and it had to agree to the budget and internal legislation, and could sponsor laws of its own. However, it had no power to remove the governor general and it was replaced by a council made up of heads of departments. The Japanese invaded Indonesia in 1942 and this body drew up a constitution for an independent Indonesia over several weeks of meetings. At a session of the Committee on 1 June 1945, Sukarno laid down the principles of Pancasila by which an Indonesia would be governed, on 7 August, the day after the atomic bombing of Hiroshima, the Preparatory Committee for Indonesian Independence or PPKI was established. Sukarno was chairman, and Hatta vice-chairman, the two proclaimed the Independence of Indonesia on 17 August. The PPKI also named Sukarno as president and Hatta vice-president, the Central Indonesian National Committee or KNIP was a body appointed to assist the president of the newly independent Indonesia, Sukarno, on 29 August 1945. The day-to-day tasks of the KNIP would be carried out by a Working Committee, during the War of Independence, the entire KNIP was unable to meet regularly. Two months later, the made up of heads of departments that the Dutch had set up to replace the pre-war Volksraad officially became the Provisional Federal Government. This body invited heads of the making up the United States of Indonesia to send delegates to the Federal Conference in Bandung in May 1948. That month, leaders of states and other areas joined together to establish the Federal Consultative Assembly to represent the federal regions, initially Peoples Representative Council had 50 representatives from the Republic of Indonesia and 100 from the 15 component parts of the RIS. The plan was for elections within a year, the KNIP met for the last time on 15 December 1949 to agree to the Republic of Indonesia joining the RIS. On 17 August 1950, the RIS was formally dissolved and the unitary Republic of Indonesia came into being, the provisional Peoples Representative Council met for the first time on 16 August 1950. Of the 236 members, only 204 took their oaths of office on 20 August, and only 170 voted in the election of the speaker, Masyumi was the largest parliamentary party with 49 seats. The PNI had 36 seats and no party had more than 17
7.
Politics of Indonesia
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Executive power is exercised by the government. Legislative power is vested in both the government and the two Peoples Representative Councils, the judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature. The 1945 constitution provided for a separation of executive, legislative. The governmental system has been described as presidential with parliamentary characteristics, a constitutional reform process lasted from 1999 to 2002, with four constitutional amendments producing important changes. Among these are term limits of up to 2 five-year terms for the President and Vice-President, tNI/POLRI representation in the DPR and MPR ended in 2004. Societal group representation in the MPR was eliminated in 2004 through further constitutional change, having served as rubberstamp bodies in the past, the DPR and MPR have gained considerable power and are increasingly assertive in oversight of the executive branch. Through his appointed cabinet, the president retains the authority to conduct the administration of the government, a general election in June 1999 produced the first freely elected national, provincial and regional parliaments in over forty years. Megawatis PDI-P party had won the largest share of the vote in the election, while Golkar. Several other, mostly Islamic parties won shares large enough to be seated in the DPR, further democratic elections took place in 2004 and 2009. The president and vice-president are selected by vote of the citizens for five-year terms, prior to 2004, they were chosen by Peoples Consultative Assembly. The last election was held 9 July 2014, the president heads the Kabinet Kerja which means the cabinet of work. The president appoints a cabinet, who do not have to be elected members of the legislature, the Peoples Consultative Assembly is the legislative branch in Indonesias political system. Following elections in 2004, the MPR became a bicameral parliament, the Regional Representatives Council is the upper house of The Peoples Consultative Assembly. The General Elections Commission is the responsible for running both parliamentary and presidential elections in Indonesia. Article 22E of the Constitution rules that the Commission is national, permanent, prior to the General Election of 2004, KPU was made up of members who were also members of political parties. However, members of KPU must now be non-partisan, the Indonesian Supreme Court is the highest level of the judicial branch. Its judges are appointed by the president, the Constitutional Court rules on constitutional and political matters, while a Judicial Commission oversees the judges. It received international denunciation for its annexation of East Timor in 1978, Indonesia is a founding member of the Association of South East Asian Nations, and thereby a member of both ASEAN+3 and the East Asia Summit
8.
Elections in Indonesia
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Elections in Indonesia have taken place since 1955 to elect a legislature. At a national level, Indonesian people did not elect a head of state – the president – until 2004, since then, the president is elected for a five-year term, as are the 560-member Peoples Representative Council and the 128-seat Regional Representative Council. Members of the Peoples Representative Council are elected by proportional representation from multi-candidate constituencies, currently, there are 77 constituencies in Indonesia and each returns 3-10 Members of Parliament based on population. Under Indonesias multi-party system, no one party has yet been able to secure an outright victory, Members of the Regional Representative Council are elected by Single Non-Transferable Vote. There, Indonesias 34 provinces treated as constituencies and, regardless of the size and population, starting from the 2015 unified local elections, Indonesia start to elect governors and mayors simultaneously on the same date. The voting age in Indonesia is 17 but anyone who has an ID card can vote, Indonesias first general election elected members of the DPR and the Constitutional Assembly of Indonesia. The election was organised by the government of Prime Minister Ali Sastroamidjojo, Sastroamidjojo himself declined to stand for election, and Burhanuddin Harahap became Prime Minister. The election occurred in two stages, The election of the members of the Peoples Representative Council, which place on 29 September 1955. Twenty-nine political parties and individuals took part, The election for the members of the Constitutional Assembly, the five largest parties in the election were the National Party of Indonesia, Masyumi, Nahdlatul Ulama, the Communist Party of Indonesia, and the Indonesian Islamic Union Party. The first election after the establishment of the New Order took place on 5 July 1971, the five largest political parties were Golkar, Nahdlatul Ulama, the Muslim Party of Indonesia, the Indonesian National Party and the Indonesian Islamic Union Party. Elections following the mergers were held under the government of President Suharto, in accordance with the legislation, these were contested by three groups, Golkar, the PPP and the PDI. All elections in this period were won by Golkar, to ensure that Golkar always won more than 60 percent of the popular vote, the New Order regime used a number of tactics. These included, Reducing the number of opponents, In 1973, the political parties were forced to merge into the United Development Party. These were the only allowed to contest general elections. Weakening the remaining opponents, The two political parties were forbidden to criticise government policy, and the government had to approve all slogans they used, furthermore, they were not allowed to organise at the village level. To stop the rise of figures, their candidates had to be vetted by the government. When a potentially charismatic figure became leader of the PDI, the government engineered a political convention in Medan in 1996 to remove her, ironically, the ensuing disturbances at the PDIs Jakarta headquarters began a chain of events that indirectly led to the downfall of the New Order. Coercion to vote Golkar, Civil servants were ordered to support Golkar, private sector workers were reminded of the need for stability
9.
Indonesian language
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Indonesian is the official language of Indonesia. It is a register of Malay, an Austronesian language that has been used as a lingua franca in the multilingual Indonesian archipelago for centuries. Indonesia is the fourth most populous nation in the world, of its large population, the majority speak Indonesian, making it one of the most widely spoken languages in the world. However, most formal education, and nearly all national mass media, governance, administration, judiciary, the Indonesian name for the language is Bahasa Indonesia or sometimes simplified as Bahasa. This term is occasionally found in English and other languages. Indonesian is a register of Riau Malay, which despite its common name is not the Malay dialect native to Riau. Originally spoken in Northeast Sumatra, Malay has been used as a lingua franca in the Indonesian archipelago for half a millennium and it might be attributed to its ancestor, the Old Malay language. The Kedukan Bukit Inscription is the oldest surviving specimen of Old Malay, trade contacts carried on by various ethnic peoples at the time were the main vehicle for spreading the Old Malay language, which was the main communications medium among the traders. Ultimately, the Old Malay language became a lingua franca and was spoken widely by most people in the archipelago, Indonesian is essentially the same language as the official Malaysian, Singaporean and Brunei standards of Malay. However, it does differ from Malaysian in several respects, with differences in pronunciation and these differences are due mainly to the Dutch and Javanese influences on Indonesian. Indonesian was also influenced by the Melayu pasar, which was the lingua franca of the archipelago in colonial times, and thus indirectly by other spoken languages of the islands. Malaysian Malay claims to be closer to the classical Malay of earlier centuries, even though modern Malaysian has been influenced, in lexicon as well as in syntax. The question of whether High Malay or Low Malay was the parent of the Indonesian language is still in debate. Some linguists have argued that it was the more common Low Malay that formed the base of the Indonesian language, however, the language had never been dominant among the population of the Indonesian archipelago as it was limited to mercantile activity. The VOC adopted the Malay language as the language of their trading outpost in the east. Following the bankruptcy of the VOC the Dutch crown took control of the colony in 1799 and it was then that education in. Even then, Dutch administrators were reluctant to promote the use of Dutch compared to other colonial regimes. Dutch thus remained the language of a elite, in 1940
10.
Political party
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A political party is a group of people who come together to contest elections and hold power in the government. The party agrees on some proposed policies and programmes, with a view to promoting the good or furthering their supporters interests. While there is some international commonality in the way political parties are recognized, and in how they operate, there are many differences. Many political parties have a core, but some do not. In many democracies, political parties are elected by the electorate to run a government, many countries, such as Germany and India, have several significant political parties, and some nations have one-party systems, such as China and Cuba. The United States is in practice a two-party system, but with smaller parties also participating. Its two most important parties are the Democratic Party and the Republican Party, the first political factions, cohering around a basic, if fluid, set of principles, emerged from the Exclusion Crisis and Glorious Revolution in late 17th century England. The leader of the Whigs was Robert Walpole, who maintained control of the government in the period 1721–1742, as the century wore on, the factions slowly began to adopt more coherent political tendencies as the interests of their power bases began to diverge. The Whig partys initial base of support from the aristocratic families widened to include the emerging industrial interests. A major influence on the Whigs were the political ideas of John Locke. They acted as a united, though unavailing, opposition to Whig corruption and they finally regained power with the accession of George III in 1760 under Lord Bute. Out of this chaos, the first distinctive parties emerged, the first such party was the Rockingham Whigs under the leadership of Charles Watson-Wentworth and the intellectual guidance of the political philosopher Edmund Burke. A coalition including the Rockingham Whigs, led by the Earl of Shelburne, took power in 1782, the new government, led by the radical politician Charles James Fox in coalition with Lord North, was soon brought down and replaced by William Pitt the Younger in 1783. It was now that a genuine two-party system began to emerge, by the time of this split the Whig party was increasingly influenced by the ideas of Adam Smith, founder of classical liberalism. As Wilson and Reill note, Adam Smiths theory melded nicely with the political stance of the Whig Party. The modern Conservative Party was created out of the Pittite Tories of the early 19th century, in the late 1820s disputes over political reform broke up this grouping. A government led by the Duke of Wellington collapsed amidst dire election results, following this disaster Robert Peel set about assembling a new coalition of forces. However, a consensus reached on these issues ended party politics in 1816 for a decade, Party politics revived in 1829 with the split of the Democratic-Republican Party into the Jacksonian Democrats led by Andrew Jackson, and the Whig Party, led by Henry Clay
11.
Indonesia
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Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a unitary sovereign state and transcontinental country located mainly in Southeast Asia with some territories in Oceania. Situated between the Indian and Pacific oceans, it is the worlds largest island country, with more than seventeen thousand islands. At 1,904,569 square kilometres, Indonesia is the worlds 14th-largest country in terms of area and worlds 7th-largest country in terms of combined sea. It has an population of over 260 million people and is the worlds fourth most populous country. The worlds most populous island, Java, contains more than half of the countrys population, Indonesias republican form of government includes an elected legislature and president. Indonesia has 34 provinces, of which five have Special Administrative status and its capital and countrys most populous city is Jakarta, which is also the most populous city in Southeast Asia and the second in Asia. The country shares land borders with Papua New Guinea, East Timor, other neighbouring countries include Singapore, Vietnam, the Philippines, Australia, Palau, and the Indian territory of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Despite its large population and densely populated regions, Indonesia has vast areas of wilderness that support the second highest level of biodiversity. The country has abundant natural resources like oil and natural gas, tin, copper, agriculture mainly produces rice, palm oil, tea, coffee, cacao, medicinal plants, spices and rubber. Indonesias major trading partners are Japan, United States, China, the Indonesian archipelago has been an important region for trade since at least the 7th century, when Srivijaya and then later Majapahit traded with China and India. Local rulers gradually absorbed foreign cultural, religious and political models from the early centuries CE, Indonesian history has been influenced by foreign powers drawn to its natural resources. Indonesia consists of hundreds of native ethnic and linguistic groups. The largest – and politically dominant – ethnic group are the Javanese, a shared identity has developed, defined by a national language, ethnic diversity, religious pluralism within a Muslim-majority population, and a history of colonialism and rebellion against it. Indonesias national motto, Bhinneka Tunggal Ika, articulates the diversity that shapes the country, Indonesias economy is the worlds 16th largest by nominal GDP and the 8th largest by GDP at PPP, the largest in Southeast Asia, and is considered an emerging market and newly industrialised country. Indonesia has been a member of the United Nations since 1950, Indonesia is a member of the G20 major economies and World Trade Organization. The name Indonesia derives from the Greek name of the Indós, the name dates to the 18th century, far predating the formation of independent Indonesia. In 1850, George Windsor Earl, an English ethnologist, proposed the terms Indunesians—and, his preference, in the same publication, one of his students, James Richardson Logan, used Indonesia as a synonym for Indian Archipelago. However, Dutch academics writing in East Indies publications were reluctant to use Indonesia, they preferred Malay Archipelago, the Netherlands East Indies, popularly Indië, the East, and Insulinde
12.
Islamist
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Islamism is a concept whose meaning has been debated in both public and academic contexts. It is commonly used interchangeably with the terms political Islam or Islamic fundamentalism and these movements have arguably altered the Middle East more than any trend since the modern states gained independence, redefining politics and even borders according to Robin Wright. Some authors hold the term Islamic activism to be synonymous and preferable to Islamism, Central and prominent figures of modern Islamism include Hasan al-Banna, Sayyid Qutb, Abul Ala Maududi, and Ruhollah Khomeini. Some Islamist thinkers emphasize peaceful political processes, whereas Sayyid Qutb in particular called for violence, however, Qutb, unlike modern extremists, denounced the killing of innocents. Following the Arab Spring, some Islamist currents became heavily involved in politics, while others spawned the most aggressive and ambitious Islamist militia to date. A theocratic ideology that seeks to impose any version of Islam over society by law, subsequently, clarified to be, the desire to impose any given interpretation of Islam on society. A movement so broad and flexible it reaches out to everything to everyone in Islam, making it unsustainable. and at the extremes, a violent vehicle for rejectionists and radicals. All who seek to Islamize their environment, whether in relation to their lives in society, their circumstances, or the workplace. Moderate and reformist Islamists who accept and work within the process include parties like the Tunisian Ennahda Movement. Jamaat-e-Islami of Pakistan is basically a socio-political and democratic Vanguard party but has gained political influence through military coup détats in the past. The Islamist groups like Hezbollah in Lebanon and Hamas in Palestine participate in the democratic, following the Arab Spring, Roy has described Islamism as increasingly interdependent with democracy in much of the Arab Muslim world, such that neither can now survive without the other. While Islamist political culture itself may not be democratic, Islamists need democratic elections to maintain their legitimacy, at the same time, their popularity is such that no government can call itself democratic that excludes mainstream Islamist groups. The term, which denoted the religion of Islam, first appeared in English as Islamismus in 1696. The term appears in the U. S. Supreme Court decision in In Re Ross, the term Islamism acquired its contemporary connotations in French academia in the late 1970s and early 1980s. From French, it began to migrate to the English language in the mid-1980s, a 2003 article in Middle East Quarterly states, In summation, the term Islamism enjoyed its first run, lasting from Voltaire to the First World War, as a synonym for Islam. Enlightened scholars and writers generally preferred it to Mohammedanism, eventually both terms yielded to Islam, the Arabic name of the faith, and a word free of either pejorative or comparative associations. To all intents and purposes, Islamic fundamentalism and Islamism have become synonyms in contemporary American usage, the AP Stylebook entry for Islamist now reads as follows, An advocate or supporter of a political movement that favors reordering government and society in accordance with laws prescribed by Islam. Do not use as a synonym for Islamic fighters, militants, extremists or radicals, where possible, be specific and use the name of militant affiliations, al-Qaida-linked, Hezbollah, Taliban, etc
13.
Islam
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Islam is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion which professes that there is only one and incomparable God and that Muhammad is the last messenger of God. It is the worlds second-largest religion and the major religion in the world, with over 1.7 billion followers or 23% of the global population. Islam teaches that God is merciful, all-powerful, and unique, and He has guided mankind through revealed scriptures, natural signs, and a line of prophets sealed by Muhammad. The primary scriptures of Islam are the Quran, viewed by Muslims as the word of God. Muslims believe that Islam is the original, complete and universal version of a faith that was revealed many times before through prophets including Adam, Noah, Abraham, Moses. As for the Quran, Muslims consider it to be the unaltered, certain religious rites and customs are observed by the Muslims in their family and social life, while social responsibilities to parents, relatives, and neighbors have also been defined. Besides, the Quran and the sunnah of Muhammad prescribe a comprehensive body of moral guidelines for Muslims to be followed in their personal, social, political, Islam began in the early 7th century. Originating in Mecca, it spread in the Arabian Peninsula. The expansion of the Muslim world involved various caliphates and empires, traders, most Muslims are of one of two denominations, Sunni or Shia. Islam is the dominant religion in the Middle East, North Africa, sizable Muslim communities are also found in Horn of Africa, Europe, China, Russia, Mainland Southeast Asia, Philippines, Northern Borneo, Caucasus and the Americas. Converts and immigrant communities are found in almost every part of the world, Islam is a verbal noun originating from the triliteral root s-l-m which forms a large class of words mostly relating to concepts of wholeness, submission, safeness and peace. In a religious context it means voluntary submission to God, Islām is the verbal noun of Form IV of the root, and means submission or surrender. Muslim, the word for an adherent of Islam, is the active participle of the verb form. The word sometimes has connotations in its various occurrences in the Quran. In some verses, there is stress on the quality of Islam as a state, Whomsoever God desires to guide. Other verses connect Islām and dīn, Today, I have perfected your religion for you, I have completed My blessing upon you, still others describe Islam as an action of returning to God—more than just a verbal affirmation of faith. In the Hadith of Gabriel, islām is presented as one part of a triad that also includes imān, Islam was historically called Muhammadanism in Anglophone societies. This term has fallen out of use and is said to be offensive because it suggests that a human being rather than God is central to Muslims religion
14.
Indonesian legislative election, 2004
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Indonesia held legislative elections on 5 April 2004 for both houses of the Peoples Consultative Assembly, the countrys national legislature. This included all 550 seats in the Peoples Representative Council and 128 seats of the new Regional Representative Council, final results of the popular vote tally showed that Golkar, the former ruling party of the New Order era, received the largest number of votes. It had lost to the Indonesian Democratic Party – Struggle in the 1999 legislative election, the Democratic Party and the Prosperous Justice Party, two of the newest parties to participate in the elections, received a combined 14.8 percent of the popular vote. The election has been described as the most complicated election in the history of democracy, during its 2002 annual session, the Peoples Consultative Assembly added 14 amendments to the Constitution of Indonesia. Included in these amendments were measures to reorganize the legislature, beginning in 2004, the MPR was composed of the existing Peoples Representative Council and a new Regional Representative Council. Because all the seats in the MPR were directly elected, this called for removal of the military from the legislature and this change and an amendment for direct election of the President and Vice President were major steps for Indonesia on the road towards a full democracy. On 13 July 2003, President Megawati Sukarnoputri signed into effect a law outlining the composition of the reorganized MPR, the new DPD was composed of four representatives from each of the 32 provinces of Indonesia, not totaling more than one-third of the members of the DPR. The revised constitution also set membership in the DPR at 550, during the first phases of registration,150 parties were registered with the Ministry of Justice and Human Rights. However, this number was reduced to 50 and then 24 after scrutiny from the newly created General Election Commission, only six parties met this requirement, and the remaining parties were required to merge or reorganize into a new party. The campaign period for parties and candidates began on 11 March and it was split into two phases by Nyepi, the Balinese day of silence. Parties delivered their national agendas indoors between 11 and 25 March, although this was meant to encourage dialogue between parties and their constituents, these events were poorly attended. The International Foundation for Electoral Systems conducted a survey that showed not all voters knew how to vote for candidates of the new DPD. Up to 475,000 candidates were nominated by the parties in the national, provincial. More than 1,200 candidates stood for 128 seats in the DPD, candidates were elected in an open list system. The election results determined which political parties were eligible to submit candidates for Indonesias first direct presidential election, only parties that received five percent of the popular vote or three percent of seats in the Peoples Representative Council could submit candidates. Parties that did not meet these criteria had to join other parties to meet at least one criterion. Election day,5 April, was free of major incidents. Minor violations included officials helping elderly voters cast and submit ballots, two Indonesian election officials were also reported killed when delivering voting equipment in Papua
15.
People's Consultative Assembly
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The Peoples Consultative Assembly of the Republic of Indonesia is the legislative branch in Indonesias political system. It is composed of the members of the Peoples Representative Council, before 2004, and the amendments to the 1945 Constitution, the MPR was the highest governing body in Indonesia. 16/1960, the assembly was formed after the first general election of 1971 and it was decided at that time that the membership of the Assembly would be twice that of the Representative House. The 920 membership of MPR continued for the periods of 1977–1982, for the periods 1987–1992, 1992–1997, and 1997–1999 the MPRs membership became 1000. One hundred members were appointed representing delegations from groups as addition to the delegates of Karya Pembangunan, Partai Demokrasi Indonesia. For the period of 1999–2004 the membership of MPR was only 700, on 18 August 1945, the Preparatory Committee for Indonesian Independence approved a new constitution for the country. It was, however, difficult to implement because of the postwar conditions. The Preparatory Committee therefore decided to implement a document titled The Four Clauses of Transition Regulations. Clause IV of those regulations stated that until permanent governing bodies could be established all governmental powers would be held by the President with the assistance of a National Committee. On 29 August 1945, the Central Indonesian National Committee was set up, on 16 October 1945, Vice-President Mohammad Hatta issued a decree that outlined the function and authority of the KNIP. In addition to the assisting the President, the committee would perform legislative duties until an MPR and DPR could be formed, in taking on the functions of the MPR, the KNIP was responsible for creating the Broad Outlines of Government Policy. The role which KNIP played would provide an outline of the duties which Preparatory Committee would later perform. On 27 December 1949, Indonesias independence was recognised by the Dutch Government, from that year until 17 August 1950, Indonesia was known as the United States of Indonesia and had a federal system of government. Under the constitution of the RIS, the MPR was not recognised as the highest state institution, on 17 August 1950, however, the RIS ceased to exist, and Indonesia changed its name to the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia. Parliamentary democracy was the form of government quickly adopted by the newly re-formed nation and it operated under a provisional constitution that did not recognise the MPR. As a result of the 1955 legislative elections, however, a new DPR was formed, in December 1955, a government body called the Constitutional Assembly of Indonesia was formed, and its duty was to draft a new constitution for Indonesia. On 5 July 1959, President Sukarno, who then had played the role of ceremonial Head of State intervened. In a decree, he dissolved the Constitutional Assembly and declared that the 1945 Constitution would thenceforth be in force, with the return to the 1945 Constitution, the MPR was once again recognised as the highest governing body in the land
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Political corruption
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Political corruption is the use of powers by government officials for illegitimate private gain. An illegal act by an officeholder constitutes political corruption only if the act is related to their official duties, is done under color of law or involves trading in influence. Forms of corruption vary, but include bribery, extortion, cronyism, nepotism, parochialism, patronage, influence peddling, graft, Corruption may facilitate criminal enterprise such as drug trafficking, money laundering, and human trafficking, though is not restricted to these activities. Misuse of government power for other purposes, such as repression of political opponents, the activities that constitute illegal corruption differ depending on the country or jurisdiction. For instance, some political funding practices that are legal in one place may be illegal in another, in some cases, government officials have broad or ill-defined powers, which make it difficult to distinguish between legal and illegal actions. Worldwide, bribery alone is estimated to involve over 1 trillion US dollars annually, a state of unrestrained political corruption is known as a kleptocracy, literally meaning rule by thieves. Some forms of corruption – now called institutional corruption – are distinguished from bribery, a similar problem of corruption arises in any institution that depends on financial support from people who have interests that may conflict with the primary purpose of the institution. In politics, corruption undermines democracy and good governance by flouting or even subverting formal processes and it violates a basic principle of republicanism regarding the centrality of civic virtue. More generally, corruption erodes the institutional capacity of government if procedures are disregarded, resources are siphoned off, Corruption undermines the legitimacy of government and such democratic values as trust and tolerance. Recent evidence suggests that variation in the levels of corruption amongst high-income democracies can vary depending on the level of accountability of decision-makers. Evidence from fragile states also shows that corruption and bribery can adversely impact trust in institutions, although some claim corruption reduces costs by cutting bureaucracy, the availability of bribes can also induce officials to contrive new rules and delays. Openly removing costly and lengthy regulations are better than allowing them to be bypassed by using bribes. Where corruption inflates the cost of business, it distorts the playing field, shielding firms with connections from competition. Corruption also generates economic distortion in the sector by diverting public investment into capital projects where bribes. Officials may increase the complexity of public sector projects to conceal or pave the way for such dealings. In Nigeria, for example, more than $400 billion was stolen from the treasury by Nigerias leaders between 1960 and 1999, University of Massachusetts Amherst researchers estimated that from 1970 to 1996, capital flight from 30 Sub-Saharan countries totaled $187bn, exceeding those nations external debts. In the case of Africa, one of the factors for this behavior was political instability, and this encouraged officials to stash their wealth abroad, out of reach of any future expropriation. In contrast, Asian administrations such as Suhartos New Order often took a cut on business transactions or provided conditions for development, through investment, law and order
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Sharia
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Sharia, Sharia law, or Islamic law is the religious law forming part of the Islamic tradition. It is derived from the precepts of Islam, particularly the Quran. In Arabic, the term refers to Gods divine law and is contrasted with fiqh. The manner of its application in modern times has been a subject of dispute between Muslim traditionalists and reformists, traditional theory of Islamic jurisprudence recognizes four sources of sharia, the Quran, sunnah, qiyas, and ijma. Traditional jurisprudence distinguishes two branches of law, ʿibādāt and muʿāmalāt, which together comprise a wide range of topics. Its rulings assign actions to one of five categories, mandatory, recommended, permitted, abhorred, thus, some areas of sharia overlap with the Western notion of law while others correspond more broadly to living life in accordance with God’s will. Historically, sharia was interpreted by independent jurists, ottoman rulers achieved additional control over the legal system by promulgating their own legal code and turning muftis into state employees. Non-Muslim communities had legal autonomy, except in cases of interconfessional disputes, in the modern era, sharia-based criminal laws were widely replaced by statutes inspired by European models. Judicial procedures and legal education in the Muslim world were brought in line with European practice. While the constitutions of most Muslim-majority states contain references to sharia, legislative bodies which codified these laws sought to modernize them without abandoning their foundations in traditional jurisprudence. The Islamic revival of the late 20th century brought along calls by Islamist movements for full implementation of sharia, including reinstatement of hudud corporal punishments, in some cases, this resulted in traditionalist legal reform, while other countries witnessed juridical reinterpretation of sharia advocated by progressive reformers. The role of sharia has become a contested topic around the world, attempts to impose it on non-Muslims have caused intercommunal violence in Nigeria and may have contributed to the breakup of Sudan. Some Muslim-minority countries in Asia, Africa and Europe recognize the use of sharia-based family laws for their Muslim populations, there are ongoing debates as to whether sharia is compatible with secular forms of government, human rights, freedom of thought, and womens rights. The word sharīʿah is used by Arabic-speaking peoples of the Middle East to designate a prophetic religion in its totality, for example, sharīʿat Mūsā means law or religion of Moses and sharīʿatu-nā can mean our religion in reference to any monotheistic faith. Within Islamic discourse, šarīʿah refers to regulations governing the lives of Muslims. For many Muslims, the word means simply justice, and they will consider any law that promotes justice, Muslims of different perspectives agree in their respect for the abstract notion of sharia, but they differ in how they understand the practical implications of the term. Classical sharia, the body of rules and principles elaborated by Islamic jurists during the first centuries of Islam, historical sharia, the body of rules and interpretations developed throughout Islamic history, ranging from personal beliefs to state legislation and varying across an ideological spectrum. Classical sharia has often served as a point of reference for these variants, Contemporary sharia, the full spectrum of rules and interpretations that are developed and practiced at present
18.
Muslim Brotherhood
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The Society of the Muslim Brothers, shortened to the Muslim Brotherhood, is a transnational Sunni Islamist organization founded in Egypt by Islamic scholar and schoolteacher Hassan al-Banna in 1928. The Brotherhoods stated goal is to instill the Quran and the Sunnah as the reference point for. Ordering the life of the Muslim family, individual, community, as a Pan-Islamic, religious, and social movement, it preached Islam, taught the illiterate, and set up hospitals and business enterprises. The Arab Spring brought it legalization and substantial power at first. The Brotherhood itself claims it is a peaceful, democratic organization, according to a spokesman, the Muslim Brotherhood believe in reform, democracy, freedom of assembly, press, etc. We believe that the reform is the true and natural gateway for all other kinds of reform. We have announced our acceptance of democracy that acknowledges political pluralism, the rotation of power. Its founder, Hassan Al-Banna, was influenced by Islamic modernist reformers Muhammad Abduh and Rashid Rida, with the group structure and it downplayed doctrinal differences between schools emphasizing the political importance of worldwide unity of the Muslim Nation. Al-Banna believed the Quran and Sunnah constitute a perfect way of life, Islamic governments must be based on this system and eventually unified in a Caliphate. The Brotherhood preaches that Islam will bring justice, the eradication of poverty, corruption and sinful behavior. On the issue of women and gender the Muslim Brotherhood interprets Islam conservatively, there have been breakaway groups from the movement, including the Al-Gamaa al-Islamiyya and Al Takfir Wal Hijra. Prominent figures of the Brotherhood include Sayyid Qutb, an influential and anti-Semitic thinker of Islamic supremacism. Osama bin Laden criticized the Brotherhood, and accused it of betraying jihad, the Brotherhoods most frequently used slogan is Islam is the Solution. Another well known slogan is God is our objective, dying in the way of God is our highest hope. On the Brotherhoods green logo is emblazoned وَأَعِدُّواْ - taken from sūrat l-anfāl, according to academic Khalil Yusuf its motto was traditionally Believers are but Brothers. The Muslim Brotherhood position on political participation varied according to the situation of each branch. For many years its stance was collaborationist in Kuwait and Jordan, for pacific opposition in Egypt, armed opposition in Libya, (A book on the document was published under the name, La conquête de lOccident, Le projet secret des Islamistes by Sylvain Besson. These parties are staffed by Brotherhood members but they are independent from the Muslim Brotherhood to some degree
19.
Hamas
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Hamas is a Palestinian Sunni-Islamic fundamentalist organization. It has a service wing, Dawah, and a military wing, the Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades. Hamass military wing objected to the truce offer, analysts have said that it seems clear that Hamas knows that many of its conditions for the truce could never be met. The attacks on civilians have been condemned as war crimes and crimes against humanity by human rights such as Human Rights Watch. In the January 2006 Palestinian parliamentary elections, Hamas won a plurality in the Palestinian Parliament, Hamas rejected those changes, which led to the Quartet suspending its foreign assistance program and Israel imposing economic sanctions on the Hamas-led administration. In March 2007, a unity government headed by Prime Minister Ismail Haniyeh of Hamas was briefly formed. Israel and Egypt then imposed a blockade of the Gaza Strip. In 2011, Hamas and Fatah announced an agreement that provides for creation of a joint caretaker Palestinian government. Progress stalled, until an April 2014 agreement to form a unity government. It is not regarded as a terrorist organization by Iran, Russia, Norway, Switzerland, Turkey, China, an EU court found the EUs earlier designation flawed, but its decision has been appealed by the European Council. It is a point of debate in political and academic circles over whether or not to classify Hamas as a terrorist group, Hamas is an acronym of the Arabic phrase حركة المقاومة الاسلامية or Harakat al-Muqāwama al-Islāmiyya, meaning Islamic Resistance Movement. The Arabic word hamas means courage or zeal, the Hamas covenant interprets its name to mean strength and bravery. Hamas, as its name implies, aims to liberate Palestine from the Israeli occupation by resisting it, Hamas inherited from its predecessor a tripartite structure that consisted in the provision of social services, of religious training and military operations under a Shura Council. Traditionally it had four distinct functions, a social welfare division, a military division for procuring weapons and undertaking operations, a security service. The exact nature of the organization is unclear, secrecy being maintained for fear of Israeli assassinations, formally, Hamas maintains the wings are separate and independent. Matthew Levitt maintains this is a public myth, davis argues that they are both separate and combined for reasons of internal and external political necessity. Communication between the political and military wings of Hamas is difficult, owing to the thoroughness of Israeli intelligence surveillance, after the assassination of Abdel Aziz al-Rantisi the occasional political direction of the militant wing diminished, with field commanders given discretional autonomy on operations. The governing body is the Majlis al-Shura, the principle behind the Council is based on the Quranic concept of consultation and popular assembly, which Hamas leaders argue provides for democracy within an Islamic framework
20.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
21.
2004 Indian Ocean tsunami
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The 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake occurred at 00,58,53 UTC on 26 December with the epicentre off the west coast of Sumatra, Indonesia. The shock had a moment magnitude of 9. 1–9.3 and it was one of the deadliest natural disasters in recorded history. Indonesia was the country, followed by Sri Lanka, India. It is the third-largest earthquake ever recorded on a seismograph and had the longest duration of faulting ever observed and it caused the entire planet to vibrate as much as 1 centimetre and triggered other earthquakes as far away as Alaska. Its epicentre was between Simeulue and mainland Indonesia, the plight of the affected people and countries prompted a worldwide humanitarian response. In all, the community donated more than US$14 billion in humanitarian aid. The event is known by the community as the Sumatra–Andaman earthquake. The resulting tsunami was given names, including the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, South Asian tsunami, Indonesian tsunami, the Christmas tsunami. The tsunami was initially documented as moment magnitude 8.8, in February 2005 scientists revised the estimate of the magnitude to 9.0. Although the Pacific Tsunami Warning Center has accepted these new numbers, the most recent studies in 2006 have obtained a magnitude of Mw 9. 1–9.3. Dr. Hiroo Kanamori of the California Institute of Technology believes that Mw 9.2 is a representative value for the size of this great earthquake. The hypocentre of the earthquake was approximately 160 km off the western coast of northern Sumatra. The northern section of the Sunda megathrust ruptured over a length of 1,300 km, the earthquake was felt in Bangladesh, India, Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand, Singapore and the Maldives. Splay faults, or secondary pop up faults, caused long and this quickly elevated the height and increased the speed of waves, causing the complete destruction of the nearby Indonesian town of Lhoknga. Of all the seismic moment released by earthquakes in the 100 years from 1906 through 2005 and this quake, together with the Good Friday earthquake and the Great Chilean earthquake, account for almost half of the total moment. The much smaller but still catastrophic 1906 San Francisco earthquake is included in the diagram for perspective, Mw denotes the magnitude of an earthquake on the moment magnitude scale. Since 1900 the only recorded with a greater magnitude were the 1960 Great Chilean earthquake. The only other recorded earthquakes of magnitude 9.0 or greater were off Kamchatka, Russia, on 4 November 1952 and Tōhoku, each of these megathrust earthquakes also spawned tsunamis in the Pacific Ocean
22.
Aceh
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Aceh, is a special region of Indonesia. The territory is located at the end of Sumatra. It is close to the Andaman and Nicobar Islands of India, there are 10 indigenous ethnic groups in this region, the largest being the Acehnese people, accounting for approximately 80% to 90% of the regions population. Aceh is thought to have been the place where the spread of Islam in Indonesia began, Islam reached Aceh around 1250 AD. In the early seventeenth century the Sultanate of Aceh was the most wealthy, powerful, Aceh has a history of political independence and resistance to control by outsiders, including the former Dutch colonists and the Indonesian government. Aceh has substantial natural resources, including oil and natural gas, relative to most of Indonesia, it is a religiously conservative area. It has the highest proportion of Muslims in Indonesia, who live according to Sharia customs. Aceh was the closest point of land to the epicenter of the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami, approximately 170,000 Indonesians were killed or went missing in the disaster. The disaster helped precipitate the peace agreement between the government of Indonesia and the Free Aceh Movement, Aceh was first known as Aceh Darussalam and then later as the Daerah Istimewa Aceh, Nanggroë Aceh Darussalam and Aceh. Past spellings of Aceh include Acheh, Atjeh, and Achin, according to several archaeological findings, the first evidence of human habitation in Aceh is from a site near the Tamiang River where shell middens are present. Stone tools and faunal remains were found on the site. Archeologists believe the site was first occupied around 10,000 BC, historic names such as Indrapurba, Indrapurwa, Indrapatra, and Indrapuri gave some hint of Indian influence on this region. However, there are no archaeological findings that link this region with Hinduism, evidence concerning the initial coming and subsequent establishment of Islam in Southeast Asia is thin and inconclusive. The historian Anthony Reid has argued that the region of the Cham people on the south-central coast of Vietnam was one of the earliest Islamic centers in Southeast Asia. Furthermore, as the Cham people fled the Vietnamese, one of the earliest locations that they established a relationship with was Aceh, furthermore, it is thought that one of the earliest centers of Islam was in the Aceh region. When Venetian traveller Marco Polo passed by Sumatra on his way home from China in 1292 he found that Peureulak was a Muslim town while nearby Basma, Basma and Samara are often said to be Pasai and Samudra but evidence is inconclusive. The gravestone of Sultan Malik as-Salih, the first Muslim ruler of Samudra, has found and is dated AH696. This is the earliest clear evidence of a Muslim dynasty in the Indonesia-Malay area, ibn Batutah, a Moroccan traveller, passing through on his way to China in 1345 and 1346, found that the ruler of Samudra was a follower of the Shafii school of Islam
23.
Komisi Pemberantasan Korupsi
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For the Pakistani province, see Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. For the Slovenian government commission, see Commission for the Prevention of Corruption of the Republic of Slovenia, indonesias Corruption Eradication Commission, abbreviated as KPK, is a government agency established to fight corruption. As of 2015, its chairman is Agus Raharjo, and its deputy chairman is Basaria Panjaitan, anti-corruption efforts began in Indonesia in the 1950s. Following strong criticism of corruption at the beginning of the New Order regime in the late 1960s a Commission of Four was appointed by president Suharto in 1970. The report of the noted that corruption was rampant but none of the cases it said were in need of urgent action were followed up. Laws were passed in 1999 giving the Police and prosecution service the authority to investigate corruption cases, law No. 30/2002 on the Corruption Eradication Commission was passed in 2002 providing a legal basis for the establishment of the KPK. Since then, the Commission has engaged in significant work revealing and prosecuting cases of corruption in government bodies reaching as high as the Supreme Court. The KPK vision is to free Indonesia from corruption and its duties include investigating and prosecuting corruption cases and monitoring the governance of the state. It has the authority to request meetings and reports in the course of its investigations and it can also authorise wiretaps, impose travel bans, request financial information about suspects, freeze financial transactions and request the assistance of other law enforcement agencies. It also has the authority to detain suspects, including well-known figures, the work of the KPK is a source of continuing controversy in Indonesia. The commission is careful, but sometimes aggressive, in pursuing high-profile cases. Mallarangeng is the first minister to resign on graft allegations since the KPK began operating in 2003, a large number of the solid reports informed the KPK of alleged cases of corruption and misuse of budget funds by government agencies at national and regional levels. The main problem is the political will of the government at regional and national levels, everything is still at a lip-service level, he said. NGO activists often urge the KPK to be aggressive in its work. For example, Bali Corruption Watch head Putu Wirata Dwikora asked the KPK to investigate cases in Bali. He lamented the commissions practice of handing over corruption cases in Bali to the prosecutors office for further investigation. The KPK should be involved in investigations to create a deterrent effect. There have been reported attempts to undermine the Commission in Parliament, in the view of many Indonesian observers, the gecko vs crocodile dispute illustrated the tensions said to exist between the KPK and the National Police Force
24.
Anis Matta
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Muhammad Anis Matta is a Prosperous Justice Party politician. He was the secretary-general of PKS for four terms and was appointed for the first time at the age of 29 before he was appointed as the partys president. Anis Matta undertook undergraduate studies in Islamic Sharia from LIPIA in 1992 and in 2001, aniss national political career began when he was elected member of the Peoples Representative Council for 2004-2009. Before he was elected, he was the Secretary General of PKS for two terms, 2003-2005 and 2005-2010, Anis was the Deputy Speaker of the Peoples Representative Council for 2009-2014, but resigned on February 1,2013 to become the President of PKS. He replaced Luthfi Hasan Ishaaq, who was convicted of corruption, before Anis entered politics, he was a member of the Muhammadiya Hikma Assembly. His decision to take a wife, Szilvi Fabula, a young girl from Hungary in 2006 has led to controversy over polygamy. With his second wife he has had three children
25.
Padang
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Padang is the capital of the province of West Sumatra in Indonesia. It is the largest city on the western coast of Sumatra, before Indonesias independence, Padang was one of the major cities in the Dutch East Indies. It has an area of 695 square kilometres and the population of 1,000,096 in 2014, Padang is one of the cleanest big cities in Indonesia. Up to 2009, Padang has received the Adipura award in the category of large city 17 times, Padang is exactly at the antipodes of Esmeraldas, Ecuador. Since the 16th century Padang has been a trade centre, during the 16th and 17th centuries pepper was cultivated and traded with India, Portugal, the United Kingdom and the Netherlands. In 1663 the city came under the authority of the Dutch, the city came under the British Empire twice, the first time from 1781 to 1784 during the Fourth Anglo-Dutch War, and again from 1795 to 1819 during the Napoleonic Wars. Afterwards the city was transferred back to the Netherlands, up to approximately 1780 the most important trade product was gold, originating from the gold mines in the region. When the mines were exhausted, the emphasis turned to other such as coffee, salts. In 1797 Padang was inundated by a tsunami with an estimated depth of 5–10 meters, following an earthquake, estimated to be 8. 5–8.7 Mw. The shaking caused considerable damage and the deaths of two people, while the tsunami resulted in houses being washed away and several deaths at the village of Air Manis. The boats moored in the Arau river ended up on dry land, in 1833 another tsunami inundated Padang with an estimated flow depth of 3–4 meters as a result of an earthquake, estimated to be 8. 6–8.9 Mw, which occurred off Bengkulu. The shaking caused considerable damage in Padang, and due to the tsunami the boats moored in the Arau river broke their anchors and were scattered, the population of Padang in 1920 was 28,754, the second largest city in Sumatra behind Palembang. At the time of independence in the 1940s the city had around 50,000 inhabitants, coffee was still important, but copra was also a major item produced by farmers in its hinterland. The population growth since then has been partly a result of growth in the area of the city, in 1950 there was development of the Ombilin coal field with Padang as its outlet. This was seen by observers as reflecting the economic as well as political colonisation of Indonesia. On 30 September 2009, a 7.9 magnitude earthquake hit about 50 kilometres off the coast of Padang, there were more than 1,100 fatalities,313 of which occurred within Padang. There are many public transport within city and intercity, there are several transportation modes in Padang such as taxi, bus, minibus, ojek and Trans Padang. Load factor 128% in morning and dusk, the city is served by the newly opened Minangkabau International Airport in Ketaping, Padang Pariaman
26.
West Sumatra
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West Sumatra is a province of Indonesia. It lies on the west coast of the island of Sumatra, the latest official estimate for January 2014 shows a population of 5,098,790. West Sumatra is sub-divided into 12 regencies and seven cities and it has relatively more cities than other provinces in Indonesia, except Java province. It borders the provinces of North Sumatra to the north, Riau and Jambi to the east and it includes the Mentawai Islands off the coast. The history of West Sumatra is related to the history of the Minangkabau people, archaeological evidence indicates that the area surrounding the Limapuluh Koto regency forms the first area inhabited by the Minangkabau. Limapuluh Koto regency covers a number of rivers which meet at the eastern part of the Sumatran coastline. The Minangkabau ancestors were believed to have arrived via this route and they sailed from Asia via the South China Sea, crossing the Malacca Strait and later settled along the Kampar, Siak and Indragiri rivers. Some lived and developed their culture and traits around the Limapuluh Koto regency, the first westerner to reach West Sumatra was the French explorer Jean Parmentier in 1529. However, the westerners who came for economic and political reasons were the Dutch, the Dutch commercial fleet was seen along the southern coast of West Sumatra between 1595 and 1598. Apart from the Dutch, other European nationalities also came to the such as the Portuguese. The integration with migrants in the ensuing periods introduced cultural changes and their settlement area gradually became diminished and eventually they spread to other parts of West Sumatra. A portion of them went to the Agam regency while others went to the now Tanah Datar regency, from those areas onward, further spread of the population occurred north of the Agam regency, in particular, the Lubuk Sikaping. Most of them settled in the area such as the coastline and some in the southern parts in Solok, Selayo. The history of the West Sumatra Province became more accessible at the time of the rule by Adityawarman and this ruler left considerable amount of evidence of himself, although he did not proclaim that he was the Minangkabau King. Adityawarman ruled Pagaruyung, a region believed by the Minangkabau to be the center of its culture, Adityawarman was the most important figure in Minangkabau history. Apart from introducing a government system by a monarch, he also contributed significantly to the Minangkabau world. His most important contribution was the spread of Buddhism and this religion had a very strong influence in the Minangkabau life. The evidence of such influence found in West Sumatra today includes names such as Saruaso, Pariangan, Padang Barhalo, Candi, Biaro, Sumpur, since the death of Adityawarman in the middle of the 17th century the history of West Sumatra seems more complex
27.
Corruption Eradication Commission
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For the Pakistani province, see Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. For the Slovenian government commission, see Commission for the Prevention of Corruption of the Republic of Slovenia, indonesias Corruption Eradication Commission, abbreviated as KPK, is a government agency established to fight corruption. As of 2015, its chairman is Agus Raharjo, and its deputy chairman is Basaria Panjaitan, anti-corruption efforts began in Indonesia in the 1950s. Following strong criticism of corruption at the beginning of the New Order regime in the late 1960s a Commission of Four was appointed by president Suharto in 1970. The report of the noted that corruption was rampant but none of the cases it said were in need of urgent action were followed up. Laws were passed in 1999 giving the Police and prosecution service the authority to investigate corruption cases, law No. 30/2002 on the Corruption Eradication Commission was passed in 2002 providing a legal basis for the establishment of the KPK. Since then, the Commission has engaged in significant work revealing and prosecuting cases of corruption in government bodies reaching as high as the Supreme Court. The KPK vision is to free Indonesia from corruption and its duties include investigating and prosecuting corruption cases and monitoring the governance of the state. It has the authority to request meetings and reports in the course of its investigations and it can also authorise wiretaps, impose travel bans, request financial information about suspects, freeze financial transactions and request the assistance of other law enforcement agencies. It also has the authority to detain suspects, including well-known figures, the work of the KPK is a source of continuing controversy in Indonesia. The commission is careful, but sometimes aggressive, in pursuing high-profile cases. Mallarangeng is the first minister to resign on graft allegations since the KPK began operating in 2003, a large number of the solid reports informed the KPK of alleged cases of corruption and misuse of budget funds by government agencies at national and regional levels. The main problem is the political will of the government at regional and national levels, everything is still at a lip-service level, he said. NGO activists often urge the KPK to be aggressive in its work. For example, Bali Corruption Watch head Putu Wirata Dwikora asked the KPK to investigate cases in Bali. He lamented the commissions practice of handing over corruption cases in Bali to the prosecutors office for further investigation. The KPK should be involved in investigations to create a deterrent effect. There have been reported attempts to undermine the Commission in Parliament, in the view of many Indonesian observers, the gecko vs crocodile dispute illustrated the tensions said to exist between the KPK and the National Police Force
28.
Indonesian legislative election, 1999
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The Indonesian legislative election,1999, held on June 7,1999, was the first election since the end of the New Order and the first free election in Indonesia since 1955. With the ending of restrictions on political activity following the fall of Suharto, a further 38 seats were reserved for the armed forces. Under the New Order, only two political parties merged in 1973 plus the functional group Golkar had been allowed to participate in elections. With the start of the Reform Era, more than 100 new political parties emerged, New elections were called for 1999 and 148 parties registered with the Ministry of Justice and Human Rights. Within each province, parties were awarded seats in proportion to their share of the vote, the largest number of seats was in East Java province, with 82, while the lowest was in Bengkulu and East Timor with 4 each. Voters chose parties, not people as the candidate list was closed, the official election campaign began on May 19,1999 and ended on June 4 to allow two rest days before the vote itself. It was divided into three stages, with different parties being allowed to campaign on different days, however, before the campaign there was violence between supporters of rival parties. On the first day of the campaign, there was a parade of party vehicles in Central Jakarta, the Golkar float was attacked and damaged The traffic circle in front of the Hotel Indonesia was a popular spot for rallies. Meanwhile, there was an increase of people heading for Singapore to escape possible violence as polling day neared, as well as rallies, the major parties took out full color advertisements in newspapers. Each party was given air time TV for statements by lone spokespeople. There were also ads in the newspapers urging people to use their vote, at one minute past midnight on June 5, all party flags, banners and posters began to be removed as the campaign officially ended. International observers continued to arrive to oversee the election, among them former US president Jimmy Carter, in the last few days before the vote on June 7, newspapers carried advertisements sponsored by the Indonesian Election Committee explaining how to vote and urging people to do so. On the day itself, polls opened at 8am, people cast their vote by piercing the party symbol on the ballot paper and then dipped a finger in indelible ink to prevent repeat voting. When the votes were counted, each paper was held up for onlookers to see. There was independent monitoring down to the level of polling stations by Indonesians as well as by 100 observers, one way the public could access the latest results was by sending a Short message service text to a specific number. The sender then received information about provincial or party results, on June 9, Carters team reported that although there had been shortcomings and allegations of financial abuses, they did not appear to have had a major impact on the polling day activities. The count was slow, with taking several weeks to count. These comprised the representatives of 17 of the parties and the five government representatives, eventually, later that same day President Jusuf Habibie in a live TV broadcast declared the results were valid
29.
Indonesian legislative election, 2009
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Legislative elections were held in Indonesia on 9 April 2009 for 132 seats of the Regional Representative Council and 560 seats of the Peoples Representative Council. A total of 38 parties met the requirements to be allowed to participate in the national elections, the Democratic Party of President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono won the largest share of the vote, followed by the Golkar Party and the Indonesian Democratic Party – Struggle. On 5 October 2004, three regencies were carved out of the province of South Sulawesi to form West Sulawesi as the 33rd province of Indonesia, because this occurred after the 2004 legislative election, West Sulawesi was not represented in the Regional Representative Council during the 2004–2009 period. There were talks on increasing the number of seats in the Peoples Representative Council as early as September 2007, in a meeting of a committee to draft changes to the Constitution, various factions within the government proposed an increase to between 560 and 600 seats total. On 18 February 2008, the agreed on a 10-seat increase in the Council to 560 total seats in order to accommodate for the new province of West Sulawesi. In accordance with General Election Commission Regulation No, 20/2008, the first phase of the election was finalizing the list of voters. This was completed on 24 October 2008 with 170,022,239 people announced as eligible voters. However, a later, the Commission announced that due to errors in entering data, and after eliminating multiple counting. It changed the final count once again on 12 March 2009 to 171,265,442 national, however, TV advertising was permitted to continue. The legislative election took place on 9 April, and results were announced one month later, the new members of the Regional Representative Council and the Peoples Representative Council will be sworn in on 1 October. Over 60 parties registered for the elections, but only 34 originally met the eligibility requirements, however, on 15 August 2008, following a successful legal challenge, another four parties were permitted to join the contest, making 38 in total. A total of 11,219 candidates vied for seats in the Peoples Representative Council, among the requirements for parties is that 30 percent of candidates are women. The Constitutional Court also lifted the restriction on former members of the Indonesian Communist Party to stand as candidates in the legislative election. The introduction of a parliamentary threshold also meant that only parties receiving more than 2.5 percent of the vote would be seated in the Peoples Representative Council. Although the election began on 12 July 2008, before 16 March it was limited to invitation-only meetings, advertisements in the media. The public campaign ran until 5 April 2009, participants in the campaign were banned from calling into question the ideological or constitutional basis of the state as well as its form as a unitary republic. In contrast to previous elections that were closed list, Indonesia instituted an open list system for this election. Individuals campaigned not only as members of their party but also on their own merits
30.
Tifatul Sembiring
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Tifatul Sembiring is an Indonesian politician. He was chairman of the Islamic Prosperous Justice Party and Minister of Communication and Information in the Second United Indonesia Cabinet, Tifatul is the head of the big family in Guguak Tabek Sarojo, Agam, West Sumatra by the title Datuk Tumangguang. He is married to Sri Rahayu and has seven children, Sabriana, Fathan, Ibrahim, Yusuf, Fatimah, Muhammad, in 2009, he blamed immorality for a Sumatra earthquake and other natural disasters. As he addressed a Friday prayer meeting in Padang, Sumatra, therefore, natural disasters would continue to occur. He was much criticized for quoting Adolf Hitler on his Twitter page and he was questioned by Indonesian Twitter users for shaking the hand of U. S. First Lady Michelle Obama during her husbands November 2010 trip to Indonesia and his hesitation in condemning the kidnapping of 276 girls by the terrorist group Boko Haram in Nigeria drew criticism and raises question at his suitability to serve in the government. In May 2014, the Communication Minister tweeted from his account that video sharing site Vimeo would be banned. Citing Indonesia’s controversial anti-pornography law, passed in 2008, the minister said the site included displays of “nudity or nudity-like features”, on 26 February 2016, he tweeted from his personal account quoting Islamic hadith that promotes killing people who practice homosexuality. This sparked criticism from public, Muslim scholars and human rights advocates due to growing intolerance towards LGBT community in Indonesia. He responded to the critics by calling them anti prophet Mohammed and anti Quran, partai Keadilan Sejahtera Twitter feed for Tifatul Sembiring Facebook page
31.
JSTOR
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JSTOR is a digital library founded in 1995. Originally containing digitized back issues of journals, it now also includes books and primary sources. It provides full-text searches of almost 2,000 journals, more than 8,000 institutions in more than 160 countries have access to JSTOR, most access is by subscription, but some older public domain content is freely available to anyone. William G. Bowen, president of Princeton University from 1972 to 1988, JSTOR originally was conceived as a solution to one of the problems faced by libraries, especially research and university libraries, due to the increasing number of academic journals in existence. Most libraries found it prohibitively expensive in terms of cost and space to maintain a collection of journals. By digitizing many journal titles, JSTOR allowed libraries to outsource the storage of journals with the confidence that they would remain available long-term, online access and full-text search ability improved access dramatically. Bowen initially considered using CD-ROMs for distribution, JSTOR was initiated in 1995 at seven different library sites, and originally encompassed ten economics and history journals. JSTOR access improved based on feedback from its sites. Special software was put in place to make pictures and graphs clear, with the success of this limited project, Bowen and Kevin Guthrie, then-president of JSTOR, wanted to expand the number of participating journals. They met with representatives of the Royal Society of London and an agreement was made to digitize the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society dating from its beginning in 1665, the work of adding these volumes to JSTOR was completed by December 2000. The Andrew W. Mellon Foundation funded JSTOR initially, until January 2009 JSTOR operated as an independent, self-sustaining nonprofit organization with offices in New York City and in Ann Arbor, Michigan. JSTOR content is provided by more than 900 publishers, the database contains more than 1,900 journal titles, in more than 50 disciplines. Each object is identified by an integer value, starting at 1. In addition to the site, the JSTOR labs group operates an open service that allows access to the contents of the archives for the purposes of corpus analysis at its Data for Research service. This site offers a facility with graphical indication of the article coverage. Users may create focused sets of articles and then request a dataset containing word and n-gram frequencies and they are notified when the dataset is ready and may download it in either XML or CSV formats. The service does not offer full-text, although academics may request that from JSTOR, JSTOR Plant Science is available in addition to the main site. The materials on JSTOR Plant Science are contributed through the Global Plants Initiative and are only to JSTOR
32.
Sadanand Dhume
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Sadanand Dhume is an Indian writer and journalist based in Washington, D. C. who writes on Asian affairs. He is the author of My Friend the Fanatic, Travels with a Radical Islamist, a narrative about the rise of fundamentalism in Indonesia. Between 1999 and 2004 Dhume lived in Asia and he served as India bureau chief of the Far Eastern Economic Review and as Indonesia correspondent of FEER and The Wall Street Journal Asia. His essays, op-eds and reviews have also published in The Washington Post, Forbes, Commentary, YaleGlobal. His television appearances include CNN, PBS, BBC World, Al Jazeera International, CNBC Asia and ABC Television, he has also interviewed by BBC World Service Radio, ABC Radio. In 2007 Dhume was an inaugural Bernard Schwartz Fellow at the Asia Society and he is currently working on a nonfiction book about the impact of globalization on India. He is represented by Aitken Alexander Associates in London, why Pakistan Produces Jihadists The Wall Street Journal, May 3,2010. Indias Antiterror Blunders, Years of appeasing militants has made the problem worse, The Wall Street Journal and my Middle Name is not Hussein, Forbes, November 4,2008. In His Own Footsteps, Forbes, October 31,2008, sir Salman Rushdie, The Wall Street Journal, June 23,2007. Playboy in Indonesia, The Wall Street Journal, March 29,2007
33.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
34.
Democratic Party (Indonesia)
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The Democratic Party is a political party in Indonesia. It was founded on 9 September 2001 and its ideology is based on the Indonesian concept of Pancasila, and identifies as centrist. The 2001 Special Session of the Peoples Consultative Assembly which resulted in Megawati Sukarnoputris election as President of Indonesia caused a vacancy in the position of Vice President, Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono was one candidate who competed for the Vice Presidency, losing out to Hamzah Haz. Yudhoyonos supporters saw Yudhoyonos participation in the Vice Presidential election as a sign of his popularity, one of these supporters, Vence Rumangkang approached Yudhoyono with the idea of forming a political party to help shore up support for the 2004 Presidential Elections. Yudhoyono approved of the idea and after going the basic concepts left Rumangkang in charge of forming the party, Yudhoyono personally led the meeting on 19 August and on 20 August 2001, the basic outline of the party was finalized. On 9 September 2001, the formation of Democratic Party was officially declared and on 10 September 2001, it was registered the Ministry of Justice, the party also elected Subur Budhisantoso as Party Chairman. The party won 7. 5% share of votes and won 57 out of 560 seats of Peoples Representative Council in the 2004 legislative election, the party nominated Yudhoyono as its presidential candidate with Jusuf Kalla as the vice-presidential candidate. In this, they were supported by the Crescent Star Party and Indonesian Justice. Yudhoyono and Kalla won the first round of elections in July 2004 with 33. 6% of the votes and would go on to win 60. 1% in the run-offs and thereby securing Yudhoyonos election as President. In May 2005, the party held its first Party Congress, nevertheless, the highest authority in the Party remained with Yudhoyono who was elected was Chairman of the Advisory Board. The party came first in the 2009 legislative election with 20.9 percent of the votes and it will also be the largest party in the Peoples Representative Council, with 148 seats, just over one quarter of the total. Incumbent Yudhoyono won the election, with former Governor of Bank Indonesia, Boediono, as vice-presidential candidate, Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono ran unopposed and was unanimously elected after no other party members decided to run. For the 2014 legislative election, the party set a target of 15% of the national vote, one reason the party expected its vote to fall was that Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono would not able to run for president, having served the two terms allowed for in the Constitution. However, the party won only 10. 19%, losing half of its seats in the legislature. Constitutional Court chief, Mahfud MD has said M. Nazaruddin had given S$120,000 to Constitutional Court secretary general Janedri M Gaffar for a reason in 2010. The money was returned to M. Nazaruddin. At 24 May 2011 Mahfud MD has reported M. Nazaruddin to the Corruption Eradication Commission for allegedly trying to give a court official gratuities. On 20 April 2012, M. Nazaruddin was found guilty of corruption and sentenced to four years and ten months in prison and fined approximately US$22,000
35.
Golkar
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The Party of the Functional Groups is a political party in Indonesia. Golkar was the party from 1973 to 1999, under Suhartos New Order regime. It had been a part of the coalition of President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyonos ruling coalition since 2004. In 2014 Yudhoyono was succeeded by President Joko Widodo, in 1959, President Sukarno introduced his concept of Guided Democracy, in which so-called functional groups would play a role in government in place of political parties. The Indonesian National Armed Forces supported its creation because it believed these groups would balance the strength of the Communist Party of Indonesia. In 1960, Sukarno awarded sectoral groups such as teachers, the Armed Forces, as some of the members of these functional groups were linked to political parties, this gave political influence to the National Armed Forces. By 1968 there were almost 250 organizations under the Sekber umbrella, on November 22,1969 they were organized into seven main organizations, or Kino, namely Soksi, Kosgoro, MKGR, Gerakan Karya Rakyat, Ormas Hankam, Professi, and Gerakan Pembangunan. The Joint Secretariat was one of those organizations that condemned the 30 September Movement in 1965, in March 1968, General Suharto was officially elected by the Peoples Consultative Assembly as Indonesias second president. Because of his background, Suharto was not affiliated to any political parties. Suharto had never expressed much interest in party politics, however, if he were to be elected for a second term as president, he needed to align himself with a political party. Originally, Suharto had shown interest in aligning with the Indonesian National Party — the party of his predecessor, but in seeking to distance himself from the old regime, Suharto settled on Golkar. Suharto then ordered his closest associate, Ali Murtopo, to transform Golkar, under Murtopo, and with Suhartos supervision, Golkar was turned from a federation of NGOs into a political party. Under Suharto, Golkar continued to portray itself as a non-ideological entity and it promised to focus on economic development and stability rather than a specific ideological goal. Golkar also began identifying itself with the government, encouraging civil servants to vote for it as a sign of loyalty to the government. Murtopo claimed that workers were a group, which by rights ought to be subsumed under Golkar. In order to Golkar-ize the nation, Murtopo sometimes used the military, Golkar declared on February 4,1970, that it would participate in the 1971 legislative elections. Suhartos alignment with Golkar paid dividends when Golkar won 62% of the votes, the members of DPR also doubled as members as MPR and thus Suharto was easily re-elected to a second term as President in March 1973. The 1971 legislative election was a success for Golkar and Suharto, strengthened by his re-election, Suharto quickly began tightening his grip on Golkar
36.
Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle
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The Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle is an Indonesian political party, and the party of the current president of Indonesia, Joko Widodo. The PDI-P was founded and is led by Megawati Sukarnoputri, president of Indonesia from 2001 to 2004, and daughter of Sukarno. Megawati was forced out from the leadership of the Indonesian Democratic Party by the government of Indonesia under Suharto in 1996, Megawati formed the PDI-P in 1999, after Suharto resigned and restrictions on political parties were lifted. The partys centre-left ideology is based on the official Indonesian national philosophy and it is a member of the Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats and Progressive Alliance. This result was not recognised by the government, which continued to push for Budi Harjono, its candidate for the chairpersonship. A Special Congress was held where the Government expected to have Harjono elected and her position was consolidated further when a PDI National Assembly ratified the results of the congress. In June 1996, another National Congress was held in the city of Medan, to which Megawati was not invited, with the governments backing, Suryadi, a former hairperson was re-elected as PDIs Chairperson. Megawati refused to acknowledge the results of this congress and continued to see herself as the leader of the PDI. On the morning of 27 July 1996, Suryadi threatened to take back PDIs Headquarters in Jakarta, Suryadis supporters attacked the PDI Headquarters and faced resistance from Megawati supporters who had been stationed there since the National Congress in Medan. In the ensuing clash, Megawatis supporters managed to hold on to the headquarters, a riot ensued — at that stage considered the worst that Jakarta had seen during the New Order years — which was followed by a government crackdown. The government later blamed the riots on the Peoples Democracy Party, despite being overthrown as chairperson by Suryadi and the government, the event lifted Megawatis profile immensely, providing both sympathy and national popularity. The PDI was now divided into two factions, Megawatis faction and Suryadis faction, Megawatis faction had wanted to participate in the 1997 legislative elections, but the government only recognized Suryadis faction. In the elections, Megawati and her supporters threw their support behind the United Development Party, Megawati was elected Chairperson of PDI-P and was nominated for the Indonesian presidency in 1999. PDI-P was by far the most popular political party coming into the 1999 legislative elections, with 33% of the votes, PDI-P emerged with the largest share. As the 1999 MPR General Session loomed closer, it was expected that PDI-P would once again play the dominant role, however, despite winning the Legislative Elections, PDI-P did not have absolute majority. Despite this however, PDI-P never formed a coalition with any of the political parties in the lead up to the 1999 MPR General Session. The closest thing PDI-P had to a coalition was an alliance with Abdurrahman Wahids National Awakening Party. The Presidency looked set to be contested by Megawati and the then incumbent BJ Habibie of Golkar who was looking for a second term, however, MPR Chairman Amien Rais had other ideas as he formed a coalition called the Central Axis which consisted of Muslim Parties
37.
National Mandate Party
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The National Mandate Party is a moderate Islamist political party in Indonesia. It was founded by reformists, including Amien Rais, chairman of the Muhammadiyah organization, the party contested the 2009 elections under the chairmanship of Sutrisno Bachir. At the time, Amien Rais said that MARA would assess the performance of president Suhartos cabinet over the six months. At the time of the downfall of the Suharto regime in 1998, many new parties were being established and some of them wanted Amien Rais, one of these was the Crescent Star Party whose eventual leader Yusril Ihza Mahendra tried to persuade Amien Rais to establish a party. When he refused the offer, the party went its own way, on July 27,1998, Amien Rais announced the establishment of a new party to be called the Peoples Mandate Party. This was changed to the current name after a voting process. The new party had its roots in the principles of morality, humanity and prosperity. In the 1999 elections, PAN won 7.4 percent of the vote and 34 seats in the legislature, however, PANs support for Abdurrahman Wahid did not last long. Not long after that, Abdurrahman Wahid was voted out of office, for the 2004 elections, the party set a target of 15 percent of the vote. In order to promote his candidacy, Amien Rais made a series of visits around the country. He also said that he was convinced that a military officer should be his vice-president. However, in the election, the party won 6. 4% of the popular vote and 52 out of 550 legislative seats. For the presidential election, Amien Rais stood with Siswono Yudo Husodo as his running mate, the party came fifth in the 2009 legislative election with 6.0 percent of the votes. It will have 43 seats in the Peoples Representative Council, PAN is open to all elements of society, regardless of gender, ethnicity or religion. It also wants to realize good and clean governance that protects all the people and brings prosperity, the party wants to play a part in implementing world order based on independence, eternal peace and social justice, and wants Indonesian to be respected in the international community
38.
United Development Party
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The United Development Party is a political party in Indonesia. It is an Islamist party led by Suryadharma Ali until 2014, from 2014 to 2016 the party had been split up in dispute over its chairmanship. In April 2016, Romahurmuziy was declared a new chairman after a reconciliation congress, ten political parties participated in the 1971 Legislative Elections, a number that President Suharto considered to be too much. Suharto wished that political parties be reduced to just two or three and that the parties should be grouped based on their programs. The basis for the merger that would result in the birth of the PPP was a coalition of the four Islamic Parties in the Peoples Representative Council called the United Development Faction. This faction consisted of Nahdatul Ulama, the Muslim Party of Indonesia, the Islamic Association Party of Indonesia, despite this formal merging of the parties however, internal PPP politics under the Suharto government were dominated by the differing priorities of the original groups that formed the party. In the mid-1970s, popular support for Suhartos regime was rapidly waning, when Suharto had seized power with a bloody military coup in 1965 and ousted President Sukarno, the Islamic groups had supported Suharto and aided in persecuting his political opponents. But as the regime had become corrupt and even more authoritarian, as the 1977 Legislative Elections approached, many began to seek for other options to vote for aside from the government-backed Golkar. Worried that the PPP might win the Legislative Elections, Suharto played on the fears of the people by having ABRI arrest a group of people who claimed to be associated with the Jihad Commando. Golkar would go on to win the Legislative Elections with 62% with PPP coming second with 27% of the votes, the PPP however, would not sit back and accept defeat. At the 1978 MPR General Session, PPP member Chalid Mawardi launched a scathing criticism of Suhartos regime, Mawardi accused the Government of being anti-Muslim, complained about the governments violent crackdown of dissent, and alleged that the 1977 Legislative Election was won because of electoral fraud. PPP members also conducted a walkout when Suharto referred to religions as streams of beliefs. The PPP seemed to have cemented itself a status as the strongest opposition party and it would not last long however. In 1984, NU, under its Chairman, Abdurrahman Wahid withdrew from the PPP, the PPP vote share fell down from almost 28% in the 1982 Legislative Elections to 16% in the 1987 Legislative Elections. The PPP was also forced by the government to replace its ideology of Islam with the ideology of Pancasila. As a result, the party replaced its logo showing the Kabah shrine in Mecca with a star, at the 1988 MPR General Session, Jaelani Naro, the PPP Chairman, was nominated as vice-president. Suharto, who had elected to the Presidency for a 5th term at the aforementioned General Session intervened. He cited a decision that the MPR made in 1973 that one of the criteria for a vice-president was that he should be able to work with the President, Suharto also conducted discussions with Naro and convinced him to withdraw the nomination
39.
National Awakening Party
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The National Awakening Party is a moderate Islamic and a conservative political party in Indonesia. The party is led by Muhaimin Iskandar, the PKB was established on May 11,1998. The Kyai, held a meeting at Pesantren Langitan to discuss several problems facing Indonesia deemed as critical and they developed an official statement, which Kyai members Muchid Muzadi of Jember and Gus Yusuf Muhammad, were sent to deliver to Soeharto, the. Before they were able to deliver the statement, however, Soeharto resigned on May 23,1998, on May 30,1998, the Kyai held a grand Istighosah in the office of the East Java Nahdlatul Ulama. The meeting resulted in KH Cholil Bisri being urged to form a party based on the NUs political aspirations, after initially resisting their request, due to his desire to continue his work with boarding schools, Bisri eventually relented and accepted the leadership role. A week later, on June 6, Bisri met the Kyai in order to discuss the formation of the new party. Invitations had been sent via telephone, and more than 200 Kyai attended the meeting and this meeting resulted in the formation of the Standing Committee, consisting of 11 people, with Bisri as chairman and Gus Yus as secretary. In turn, this worked in a marathon session, preparing a platform and party components. The logos were created by KH A. Mustofa Bisri, the Standing Committee and representatives of the NU held a major conference in Bandung, on July 4,1998, which was attended by 27 regional representatives. In a discussion regarding the name of the organization, the names were the National Awakening Party, the Party Kebangkitan Nahdlatul Ummah. The name chosen was Partai Kebangkitan Bangsa meaning National Awakening Party, the 72 founders signed the Party’s Platform and its components. Subsequent to this, however, the PBNU decided that five people could become the party’s declaratory. Those five were Kyai Munasir Ali, Kyai Ilyas Ruchiyat, Kyai Muchid Muzadi, KH A. Mustofa Bisri and KH Abddurahman Wahid, the 72 names of the party’s original declaratory were erased by the PBNU. The partys base of support is strongest in Java Island and draws from the constituency that formerly supported the conservative Muslim organization NU. The PKB differs from Nahdlatul Ulama in that while it supports a role for Islam in government, the National Awakening Party stood in the 1999 elections, winning 13 percent of the votes. In the 2004 elections, the party gained 10. 57% of votes and 52 seats in the Peoples Representative Council, however, the party won only 4.9 percent of the votes in the 2009 legislative election, and 27 seats in the legislature
40.
Great Indonesia Movement Party
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The Great Indonesia Movement Party is a political party in Indonesia. The party has nominated former Indonesian Army Strategic Reserve Command and Indonesian special forces commander Lieutenant General Prabowo Subianto as its presidential candidate, Prabowo only resigned from the Golkar Party in July 2008, and the provincial level election teams were formed as recently as February 2009. The party claims a membership of approximately 15 million, with the base of support across Java, Sumatra, Kalimantan. The idea for the party came from Prabowos younger brother, Hashim Djojohadikusumo. The party won 4.5 percent of the vote in the 2009 legislative election, furthermore, Gerindra almost tripled the number of seats it won from 26 seats in 2009 to 73 seats in 2014. The party has a 6-point action program for 2014-2019, Build an economy that is strong, sovereign, fair, develop food and energy sovereignty and secure water resources. Improve the quality of development in Indonesia through education, health, social, cultural. Build infrastructure and preserve nature and the environment, Build a government that is free of corruption, strong, resolute and effective. The party website provides details of the partys beliefs, The party will work to reform the Indonesian political system so it is in accordance with the 1945 Constitution. Gerindra believes that Indonesia needs strong leadership, economic policy must be in support of a welfare state that is just. Economic policy should return to an economic system. Jobs must be created so unemployment can be reduced, the party proposes a pro-farmer development policy that will address systemic poverty and protect farmers from marginalization brought about by development. Economic development should be focused on the development of agriculture, the fishing and maritime sector also has a large workforce and has huge potential to become a major contributor to national development, so there must also be a focus on fishermen. Global warming is an important issue, the lack of infrastructure and lack of awareness about environmental conservation gave led to Indonesia being the nation with the most rapid destruction of forests. Therefore, there must be proper management of the forests and seas to prevent damaging exploitation, given that globalization has been marked by the entry of foreign culture, Indonesia must strengthen and preserve its own culture. The party supports the increase of spending to 20% of the state budget. There must be reforms of the legal system, there are too many law enforcement agencies with resulting overlaps in authority. There needs to be a simplification so there is justice and equality before the law, the state respects the loyalty of citizens towards the state
41.
People's Conscience Party
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The Peoples Conscience Party is a political party in Indonesia. It was established following a meeting in Jakarta on 13–14 December 2006 and is headed by former Indonesian Military commander Wiranto and he resigned from the Golkar Party in 2006 and established a new political party, the name of which he chose himself. The partys target voters are the people who voted for Wiranto in 2004, the party conducted a door-door grassroots campaign. The basis of its support is in West Java, Gorontalo, South Sulawesi, North Sulawesi, West Nusa Tenggara, the result of the Indonesian legislative election,2009 was announced on 9 May 2009. Hanura won 3.77 percent of the vote, which translated into 18 legislative seats. The party had supported Golkar chairman Jusuf Kalla for the presidency, hanura chairman Wiranto was his vice-presidential candidate, despite Wirantos previous statement that he would not settle for the vice-presidency
42.
Nasdem Party
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The Nasdem Party, is the Corporatist political party in Indonesia. It is partly funded by media mogul Surya Paloh who founded the similarly named organization, despite this, and logo similarity, Nasional Demokrat has insisted that it is not linked with the party. The Nasdem party has its origins in a youth-focused NGO called Nasional Demokrat founded by Surya Paloh, who owns the MetroTV news channel, and Hamengkubuwono X and it received extensive coverage on media owned by Surya Paloh. In 2011, Hamengkubuwono left the organization, unhappy with its transformation into a political party, less than a month later, Surya Paloh formed the Nasdem Party, and appointed former National Mandate Party politician Patrice Rio Capella as its first chairman. The party was declared on 26 July 2011, although it had previously registered with the Justice. At the partys first convention in January 2013, Surya Paloh was appointed party chairman for the 2013 -2018 term, the conference also conferred on him full authority to determine party strategy and policies and to win the 2014 election. Hary subsequently became that partys vice-presidential candidate and it competed along with 12 other national parties. Before founding the party, Surya Paloh had been a member of the Golkar Party for 40 years. He contested the nomination at the 2004 Golkar convention. In 2009, Golkar nominated Jusuf Kalla as its candidate, however, Suraya Paloh has repeatedly denied that he formed the Nasdem Party to allow him to run for the presidency again. During the 2014 election campaign, the Indonesian Broadcasting Commission criticized Surya Palohs MetroTV station for its coverage of the party. Build a mature democracy Build a democracy based on people who are called on to bring about a bright future Restore the ideals of the Indonesian Republic
7 seats
17 seats, Opposition (Red & White Coalition)
