Proxy (climate)
Videos
In the study of past climates, climate proxies are preserved physical, chemical, and even biological characteristics of the past that stand in for direct meteorological, climatological, and environmen
δ18Oair and δDice for Vostok, Antarctica ice core.
Tree rings seen in a cross section of a trunk of a tree.
Climate sensitivity
Videos
Climate sensitivity is a key measure in climate science and describes how much Earth's surface will warm in response to a doubling of the atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration. Its formal definitio
Proxy (climate)
…A 2014 study was able to use the carbon-13 isotope ratios to estimate the CO2 amounts of the past 400 million years, the findings hint at a higher climate sensitivity to CO2 concentrations. Borehole temperatures are used as temperature proxies. Since heat transfer through the ground is slow, temperature measurements…
Artist impression of a Snowball Earth.