1.
Contemporary folk music
–
Contemporary folk music refers to a wide variety of genres that emerged in the mid 20th century which were associated with traditional folk music. Starting in the century a new form of popular folk music evolved from traditional folk music. This process and period is called the revival and reached a zenith in the 1960s. The most common name for new form of music is also folk music. This type of music also includes fusion genres such as folk rock, electric folk. One of the earliest figures in this revival was Woody Guthrie, in the United Kingdom, the folk revival fostered a generation of singer-songwriters such as Donovan, who achieved initial prominence in the 1960s. The folk revival spawned Canadas first true wave of successful artists such as Gordon Lightfoot, Leonard Cohen, Joni Mitchell. Major performers who emerged from the 1940s to the early 1960s included Woody Guthrie, Pete Seeger, Joan Baez, the mid-1960s through the early 1970s was associated with large musical, political, lifestyle, and counterculture changes. Folk music underwent a rapid evolution, expansion and diversification at that same time. During this period, the term protest music was used to characterize folk music with topical political themes. The Canadian performers Gordon Lightfoot, Leonard Cohen, Bruce Cockburn and Joni Mitchell represented such fusions, the late 1960s saw the advent of electric folk groups, a form of folk rock. Starting in the 1970s folk music was fueled by new singer-songwriters such as Joni Mitchell and John Denver. Other subgenres of folk include anti folk, folk punk, indie folk, folktronica, freak folk and Americana and fusion genres such as metal, progressive folk, psychedelic folk. Definitions of contemporary music are generally vague and variable. Here, it is taken to all music that is called folk that is not traditional music. According to Hugh Blumenfeld, for the American folk scene, This is the use of the term contemporary folk music. Nueva canción, an evolution of a new form of socially committed music, occurred in several Spanish-speaking countries. Contemporary country music descends ultimately from a rural American folk tradition, bluegrass music is a professional development of American old time music, intermixed with blues and jazz
Contemporary folk music
–
Woody Guthrie
Contemporary folk music
–
Pete Seeger
Contemporary folk music
–
Burl Ives
Contemporary folk music
–
Odetta performing in 2006
2.
Psychedelic music
–
Psychedelic music may also aim to enhance the experience of using these drugs. Numerous spiritual successors followed in the decades, including progressive rock, krautrock. Since the 1970s, revivals have included psychedelic funk, neo-psychedelia, psychedelic as an adjective is often misused, with many so-called acts playing in a variety of styles. Dechronicization permits the user to move outside of conventional perceptions of time. Depersonalization allows the user to lose the self and gain an awareness of undifferentiated unity, dynamization, as Leary wrote, makes everything from floors to lamps seem to bends, as familiar forms dissolve into moving, dancing structures. Music that is truly psychedelic mimics these three effects, a number of features are quintessential to psychedelic music. Exotic instrumentation, with a fondness for the sitar and tabla are common. Songs often have disjunctive song structures, key and time signature changes, surreal, whimsical, esoterically or literary-inspired, lyrics are often used. There is often an emphasis on extended instrumental segments or jams. There is a strong presence, in the 1960s this especially using electronic organs, harpsichords, or the Mellotron. In the 1960s there was a use of electronic instruments such as early synthesizers. Later forms of electronic psychedelia also employed repetitive computer-generated beats, R. Veysey, they profoundly influenced the thinking of the new generation of youth. The psychedelic lifestyle had already developed in California, particularly in San Francisco, by the mid-1960s, with the first major underground LSD factory established by Owsley Stanley. There was already a culture of use among jazz and blues musicians. One of the first musical uses of the term psychedelic in the scene was by the New York-based folk group The Holy Modal Rounders on their version of Lead Bellys Hesitation Blues in 1964. His nineteen-minute The Great San Bernardino Birthday Party anticipated elements of psychedelia with its nervy improvisations, similarly, folk guitarist Sandy Bulls early work incorporated elements of folk, jazz, and Indian and Arabic-influenced dronish modes. His 1963 album Fantasias for Guitar and Banjo explores various styles, soon musicians began to refer to the drug and attempted to recreate or reflect the experience of taking LSD in their music, just as it was reflected in psychedelic art, literature and film. This trend ran in parallel in both America and Britain and as part of the folk, folk rock and rock scenes
Psychedelic music
–
Timothy Leary, a major advocate of the use of
LSD in the 1960s, photographed in 1989.
Psychedelic music
–
Donovan in 1965
Psychedelic music
–
Steve Winwood of
Traffic.
3.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
United States
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Native Americans meeting with Europeans, 1764
United States
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Flag
United States
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The signing of the
Mayflower Compact, 1620.
United States
–
The
Declaration of Independence: the
Committee of Five presenting their draft to the
Second Continental Congress in 1776
4.
Acoustic guitar
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An acoustic guitar is a guitar that produces sound acoustically—by transmitting the vibration of the strings to the air—as opposed to relying on electronic amplification. The sound waves from the strings of an acoustic guitar resonate through the guitars body and this typically involves the use of a sound board and a sound box to strengthen the vibrations of the strings. The main source of sound in a guitar is the string. The string vibrates at a frequency and also creates many harmonics at various different frequencies. The frequencies produced can depend on string length, mass, gitterns, a small plucked guitar were the first small guitar-like instruments created during the Middle Ages with a round back like that of a lute. Modern guitar shaped instruments were not seen until the Renaissance era where the body, the earliest string instruments that related to the guitar and its structure where broadly known as the vihuelas within Spanish musical culture. Vihuelas where string instruments that were seen in the 16th century during the Renaissance. Later, Spanish writers distinguished these instruments into 2 categories of vihuelas, the vihuela de arco was an instrument that mimicked the violin, and the vihuela de penola was played with a plectrum or by hand. When it was played by hand it was known as the vihuela de mano, vihuela de mano shared extreme similarities with the Renaissance guitar as it used hand movement at the sound hole or sound chamber of the instrument to create music. The real production of guitars kicked off in France where the popularity, the production became so large that early famous creators such as Gaspard Duyffooprucgars instruments were being sold as copies by other guitar makers in Lyon. Benoist Lejeune, a maker, offered and sold guitar copies of Duyffoprucgars instruments and was later imprisoned for using his mark and work. During this time, the production was increasing tremendously but it was not until Robert and Claude Denis appeared overproducing the early Renaissance guitar in Paris, as father and son, Robert and Claude produced hundreds of guitars that increased the popularity of the instrument greatly. Because of them and the great many guitar inventors of this time, by 1790 only six-course vihuela guitars were being created and had become the main type and model of guitar used in Spain. Most of the older 5-course guitars where still in use but were also being modified to a six-coursed acoustical guitar, by the 19th century, coursed strings where evolved into 6 single-stringed instruments much like that of the guitar today. It had evolved into the modern look except for size, retaining a smaller frame, the acoustic guitars soundboard, or top, also has a strong effect on the loudness of the guitar. No amplification actually occurs in this process, because no energy is added to increase the loudness of the sound. All the energy is provided by the plucking of the string, but without a soundboard, the string would just cut through the air without actually moving it much. The soundboard increases the surface of the area in a process called mechanical impedance matching
Acoustic guitar
–
A
Gibson SJ200 Steel-string acoustic guitar.
Acoustic guitar
–
A
C.F. Martin 000-28EC.
Acoustic guitar
–
An
Ovation Adamas, whose parabolic shape reduces feedback and increases volume.
Acoustic guitar
–
Many acoustic guitars incorporate
rosettes around the
sound hole.
5.
Percussion
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A percussion instrument is a musical instrument that is sounded by being struck or scraped by a beater, struck, scraped or rubbed by hand, or struck against another similar instrument. The percussion family is believed to include the oldest musical instruments, the percussion section of an orchestra most commonly contains instruments such as timpani, snare drum, bass drum, cymbals, triangle and tambourine. However, the section can also contain non-percussive instruments, such as whistles and sirens, percussive techniques can also be applied to the human body, as in body percussion. On the other hand, keyboard instruments, such as the celesta, are not normally part of the percussion section, Percussion instruments may play not only rhythm, but also melody and harmony. Percussion is commonly referred to as the backbone or the heartbeat of an ensemble, often working in close collaboration with bass instruments. In jazz and other popular ensembles, the pianist, bassist, drummer. Most classical pieces written for full orchestra since the time of Haydn and Mozart are orchestrated to place emphasis on the strings, woodwinds, however, often at least one pair of timpani is included, though they rarely play continuously. Rather, they serve to provide additional accents when needed, in the 18th and 19th centuries, other percussion instruments have been used, again generally sparingly. The use of percussion instruments became more frequent in the 20th century classical music, in almost every style of music, percussion plays a pivotal role. In classic jazz, one almost immediately thinks of the rhythm of the hi-hats or the ride cymbal when the word swing is spoken. Because of the diversity of instruments, it is not uncommon to find large musical ensembles composed entirely of percussion. Rhythm, melody, and harmony are all represented in these ensembles, music for pitched percussion instruments can be notated on a staff with the same treble and bass clefs used by many non-percussive instruments. Music for percussive instruments without a pitch can be notated with a specialist rhythm or percussion-clef. The word percussion has evolved from Latin terms, percussio, as a noun in contemporary English it is described in Wiktionary as the collision of two bodies to produce a sound. Hornbostel–Sachs has no high-level section for percussion, Most percussion instruments are classified as idiophones and membranophones.1 Concussion idiophones or clappers, played in pairs and beaten against each other, such as zills and clapsticks. 111.2 Percussion idiophones, includes many percussion instruments played with the hand or by a mallet, such as the hang, gongs and the xylophone. 21 Struck drums, includes most types of drum, such as the timpani, snare drum, (Included in most drum sets or 412. Stringed instruments played with such as the hammered dulcimer
Percussion
–
Yoruba drummers: One holds
omele ako and
batá, the other two hold
dunduns.
Percussion
–
Orchestral percussion section with
timpani,
unpitched auxiliary percussion and pitched
tubular bells
Percussion
–
Djembé and
balafon played by
Susu people of
Guinea
Percussion
–
Concussion idiophones (
claves), and struck drums (
conga drum)
6.
Neo-psychedelia
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Neo-psychedelia is a diverse style of music that originated in the 1970s as an outgrowth of the British post-punk scene. Its practitioners drew from the sounds of 1960s psychedelic music. After post-punk, neo-psychedelia flourished into a widespread and international movement of artists who applied the spirit of psychedelic rock to new sounds. Neo-psychedelia may also include forays into pop, jangly guitar rock, heavily distorted free-form jams. A wave of British alternative rock in the early 1990s spawned the subgenres dream pop, neo-psychedelic acts borrowed a variety of elements from 1960s psychedelic music. Some emulated the psychedelic pop of bands like the Beatles and early Pink Floyd, others adopted Byrds-influenced guitar rock, or distorted free-form jams and sonic experimentalism of the 1960s. Some neo-psychedelia has been focused on drug use and experiences, and like acid house of the same age, projects transitory, ephemeral. Other bands have used neo-psychedelia to accompany surreal or political lyrics, in the view of author Erik Morse, The distinctions between British and American neo-psychedelia were best described as the differences between primitivism and primalism. Psychedelic rock declined towards the end of the 1960s, as bands broke up or moved into new forms of music, including heavy metal music, like the psychedelic developments of the late 1960s, punk rock and new wave in the 1970s challenged the rock music establishment. At the time, new wave was a term used interchangeably with the nascent punk rock explosion, in 1978, journalist Greg Shaw categorized a subset of new wave music as neo-psychedelia, citing Devo, to an extent. The new darling of the new press and opion-makers, yet nothing about it is remotely punk. Shaw wrote that in England, neo-psychedelia was known as punk, noting self-advertised psychedelic punk band. By 1978–79, new wave was considered independent from punk and post-punk, author Clinton Heylin marks the second half of year 1977 and the first half of year 1978 as the true starting-point for English post-punk. Some of the bands, including the Soft Boys, the Teardrop Explodes. The early 1980s Paisley Underground movement followed neo-psychedelia, originating in Los Angeles, the movement saw a number of young bands who were influenced by the psychedelia of the late 1960s and all took different elements of it. The term Paisley Underground was later expanded to others from outside the city. The late 1980s would see the birth of shoegazing, which, among other influences, reynolds referred to this movement as a rash of blurry, neo-psychedelic bands in a 1992 article in The Observer. With loud walls of sound, where individual instruments and even vocals were often indistinguishable, major shoegaze acts included Ride, Lush, Chapterhouse, and The Boo Radleys, who enjoyed considerable attention in the UK but largely failed to break through in the US
Neo-psychedelia
–
Pioneering neo-psychedelic band
Echo & the Bunnymen onstage in Amsterdam, in 2006
Neo-psychedelia
–
Tame Impala onstage at the V Festival in 2009
7.
Neofolk
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Neofolk is a form of folk music-inspired experimental music that emerged from post-industrial music circles. The genre encompasses an assortment of themes. Neofolk musicians often have ties to other such as neoclassical and martial industrial. Anglo-American folk music with sounds and themes to neofolk existed as far back as the 1960s. Folk musicians such as Vulcans Hammer, Changes, Leonard Cohen, also the later explorations of Velvet Undergrounds band members, specifically those of Lou Reed, have been called a major influence to what later became neofolk. A majority of artists within the neofolk genre focus on archaic, cultural, local traditions and indigenous beliefs tend to be portrayed heavily as well as esoteric and historical topics. Various forms of neopaganism and occultism play a part in the themes touched upon by many modern, runic alphabets, heathen European sites and other means of expressing an interest in the ancient and ancestral occurs often in neofolk music. Aesthetically, references to this subject occur within band names, album artwork, clothing and this has led to some forefathers of the genre and current artists within the genre attributing it to being an aspect of a broader neopagan revival. As a descriptor, apocalyptic folk predates neofolk and was used by David Tibet to describe the music of his band Current 93 during a period in the late 1980s and early 1990s. Initially, Tibet did not intend to imply connection with the music genre, rather. Tibet and Current 93 did dabble in covers of traditional English folk song, other vague terms sometimes used to describe artists of this genre include dark folk and pagan folk. These terms are umbrella terms that describe various other forms of unrelated music. Martial industrial or military pop is a genre that shares a lot in common with neofolk, anton Shekhovtsov, Apoliteic music, Neo-Folk, Martial Industrial and metapolitical fascism, Patterns of Prejudice, Vol.43, No. Peter Webb, Exploring the Networked Worlds of Popular Music, Milieu Cultures, andreas Diesel und Dieter Gerten, Looking for Europe - Neofolk und Hintergründe, ISBN 3-936878-02-1
Neofolk
–
Sol Invictus in live concert
8.
Psychedelic rock
–
Many psychedelic groups differ in style, and the label is often used indiscriminately. Musically, the effects may be represented via novelty studio tricks, electronic or non-Western instrumentation, disjunctive song structures, some of the earlier 1960s psychedelic rock musicians were based in folk, jazz, and the blues, while others showcased an explicit Indian classical influence called raga rock. In the 1960s, there existed two main variants of the genre, the whimsical British pop-psychedelia, and the harder American West Coast acid rock. While acid rock is often deployed interchangeably with the psychedelic rock, it can also refer more specifically to the heavier. The genre bridged the transition from early blues- and folk-based rock to rock and hard rock. Since the late 1970s it has revived in various forms of neo-psychedelia. The term psychedelic was first coined in 1956 by psychiatrist Humphry Osmond as a descriptor for hallucinogenic drugs in the context of psychedelic psychotherapy. As the countercultural scene developed in San Francisco, the acid rock. In the popular music of the early 1960s, it was common for producers, songwriters, and engineers to freely experiment with form, arrangements, unnatural reverb. Some of the best known examples are Phil Spectors Wall of Sound production formula, there was no transition to be made. You go from things like Flying Purple People Eater to I Am the Walrus, music critic Richie Unterberger says that attempts to pin down the first psychedelic record are therefore nearly as elusive as trying to name the first rock & roll record. Some of the far-fetched claims include the instrumental Telstar and the Dave Clark Fives massively reverb-laden Any Way You Want It, the first mention of LSD on a rock record was the Gamblers 1960 surf instrumental LSD25. American folk singer Bob Dylan was an influence on mid 1960s rock music. He led directly to the creation of rock and the psychedelic rock musicians that followed. Molly Longman of mic. com writes that, in terms of bridging the relationship between music and hallucinogens, the Beatles and the Beach Boys were the eras most pivotal acts. The considerable success enjoyed by these two bands allowed them the freedom to experiment with new technology over entire albums. In Unterbergers opinion, the Byrds, emerging from the Californian folk scene, with their ominous minor key melodies, hyperactive instrumental breaks, and use of Gregorian chants. In the songs lyric, the requests, Take me on a trip upon your magic swirling ship
Psychedelic rock
–
A
sitar, much used on early records of the genre.
Psychedelic rock
–
Bob Dylan and
Allen Ginsberg in 1975
Psychedelic rock
–
Big Brother and the Holding Company, c. 1966–67:
Janis Joplin is seated in the foreground.
9.
Psychedelic soul
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It came to prominence in the late 1960s and continued into the 1970s, playing a major role in the development of funk and disco. Pioneering acts included Sly and the Family Stone, Jimi Hendrix, mainstream acts that developed a psychedelic sound included the Supremes and Stevie Wonder. Acts that achieved notability with the sound included the Chambers Brothers, the 5th Dimension, Edwin Starr, and George Clintons Funkadelic and Parliament ensembles. Following the lead of Jimi Hendrix in psychedelic rock, in the late 1960s psychedelia began to have a impact on African American musicians. Influenced by the civil movement, it had a darker. Other Motown acts soon followed into psychedelic territory, including established performers like the Supremes with Reflections, Love Child, psychedelic influences could also be heard in the work of Stevie Wonder and in Marvin Gayes socially conscious work from Whats Going On. George Clintons interdependent Funkadelic and Parliament ensembles and their various spin-offs, took the genre to its most extreme lengths, making funk almost a religion in the 1970s. And Your Ass Will Follow, and Maggot Brain, and Parliament album Osmium, producing over forty singles, including three in the US top ten, and three platinum albums. Acts like Earth, Wind & Fire, Kool & the Gang, and Ohio Players, who began as psychedelic soul artists, incorporated its sounds into funk music and eventually the disco which partly replaced it
Psychedelic soul
–
The Chambers Brothers shown in 1970
Psychedelic soul
–
Earth, Wind, and Fire 's
Maurice White and
Philip Bailey performing in 1982
Psychedelic soul
–
George Clinton and
Parliament-Funkadelic performing in 2006
10.
Psychedelia
–
Psychedelia is a name given to the subculture of people, originating in the 1960s, who often use psychedelic drugs such as LSD, mescaline and psilocybin. The term is used to describe a style of psychedelic artwork. Psychedelic art and music typically try to recreate or reflect the experience of altered consciousness, the term psychedelic is derived from the Ancient Greek words psychē and dēloun, translating to soul-revealing. Psychedelic states may be elicited by various techniques, such as meditation, sensory stimulation or deprivation, when these psychoactive substances are used for religious, shamanic, or spiritual purposes, they are termed entheogens. The term was first coined as a noun in 1956 by psychiatrist Humphry Osmond as a descriptor for hallucinogenic drugs in the context of psychedelic psychotherapy. Seeking a name for the experience induced by LSD, Osmond contacted Aldous Huxley, Huxley coined the term phanerothyme, from the Greek terms for manifest and spirit. This mongrel spelling of the word psychedelic was loathed by American ethnobotanist Richard Evans Schultes, but championed by Timothy Leary, who thought it sounded better. In the same period Lysergic acid diethylamide, better known as LSD, or acid, began to be used in the US and UK as an experimental treatment, initially promoted as a potential cure for mental illness. There had long been a culture of use among jazz and blues musicians, and use of drugs had begun to grow among folk and rock musicians. By the mid-1960s, the psychedelic life-style had already developed in California, and this was particularly true in San Francisco, due in part to the first major underground LSD factory, established there by Owsley Stanley. Leary was a proponent of the use of psychedelics, as was Aldous Huxley. However, both advanced widely different opinions on the use of psychedelics by state and civil society. Leary promulgated the idea of such substances as a panacea, while Huxley suggested that only the cultural and intellectual elite should partake of entheogens systematically, in the mid-1960s the use of psychedelic drugs became widespread in modern Western culture, particularly in the United States and Britain. The movement is credited to Michael Hollingshead who arrived in America from London in 1965 and he was sent to the U. S. by other members of the psychedelic movement to get their ideas exposure. Resurgences of the style are common in the modern era, in science, hallucinogen remains the standard term. Advances in printing and photographic technology in the 1960s saw the traditional lithography printing techniques rapidly superseded by the printing system. Many artists in the late 1960s and early 1970s attempted to illustrate the psychedelic experience in paintings, drawings, illustrations, in the modern era, computer graphics may be used to produce psychedelic effects for artwork. The counterculture music scene frequently used psychedelic designs on posters during the Summer of Love, many of these works are now regarded as classics of the poster genre, and original items by these artists command high prices on the collector market today
Psychedelia
–
A
retro example of psychedelia—
hula hoops with
LEDs did not exist in the 1960s
Psychedelia
–
U.S. postage stamp, featuring artwork by
Peter Max, that commemorated
Expo '74
Psychedelia
–
Psychedelic Festival in
Brazil
11.
Psychedelic art
–
Psychedelic art is any art or visual displays inspired by psychedelic experiences and hallucinations known to follow the ingestion of psychoactive drugs such as LSD and psilocybin. The word psychedelic means mind manifesting, by that definition, all artistic efforts to depict the inner world of the psyche may be considered psychedelic. In common parlance psychedelic art refers above all to the art movement of the late 1960s counterculture, psychedelic visual arts were a counterpart to psychedelic rock music. Fantastic, metaphysical and surrealistic subject matter Kaleidoscopic, fractal or paisley patterns Bright and/or highly contrasting colors Extreme depth of detail or stylization of detail, also so called Horror vacui style. The psychedelic art movement is similar to the surrealist movement in that it prescribes a mechanism for obtaining inspiration, whereas the mechanism for surrealism is the observance of dreams, a psychedelic artist turns to drug induced hallucinations. Both movements have strong ties to important developments in science, whereas the surrealist was fascinated by Freuds theory of the unconscious, the psychedelic artist has been literally turned on by Albert Hofmanns discovery of LSD. The early examples of art are literary rather than visual, although there are some examples in the Surrealist art movement, such as Remedios Varo. It should also be noted that these came from writers involved in the Surrealist movement, antonin Artaud writes of his peyote experience in Voyage to the Land of the Tarahumara. Henri Michaux wrote Misérable Miracle, to describe his experiments with mescaline, aldous Huxleys The Doors of Perception and Heaven and Hell remain definitive statements on the psychedelic experience. Albert Hofmann and his colleagues at Sandoz Laboratories were convinced immediately after its discovery in 1943 of the power, for two decades following its discovery LSD was marketed by Sandoz as an important drug for psychological and neurological research. Hofmann saw the potential for poets and artists as well. Early artistic experimentation with LSD was conducted in a clinical context by Los Angeles–based psychiatrist Oscar Janiger, Janiger asked a group of 50 different artists to each do a painting from life of a subject of the artists choosing. They were subsequently asked to do the painting while under the influence of LSD. The two paintings were compared by Janiger and also the artist, the artists almost unanimously reported LSD to be an enhancement to their creativity. Ultimately it seems that psychedelics would be most warmly embraced by the American counterculture, beatnik poets Allen Ginsberg and William S. Burroughs became fascinated by psychedelic drugs as early as the 1950s as evidenced by The Yage Letters. They knew that altered states of consciousness played a role in Eastern Mysticism and they were hip to psychedelics as psychiatric medicine. LSD was the perfect catalyst to electrify the eclectic mix of ideas assembled by the Beats into a cathartic, mass-distributed panacea for the soul of the succeeding generation. Leading proponents of the 1960s psychedelic art movement were San Francisco poster artists such as, Rick Griffin, Victor Moscoso, Bonnie MacLean, Stanley Mouse & Alton Kelley and their psychedelic rock concert posters were inspired by Art Nouveau, Victoriana, Dada, and Pop Art
Psychedelic art
–
A liquid oil projection
Psychedelic art
–
Zero Tolerance
Psychedelic art
–
The Art Of Peter Max
12.
Algorithmic art
–
Algorithmic art, also known as algorithm art, is art, mostly visual art, of which the design is generated by an algorithm. Algorithmic artists are sometimes called algorists, algorithmic art, also known as computer-generated art, is a subset of generative art and is related to systems art. Fractal art is an example of algorithmic art, the final output is typically displayed on a computer monitor, printed with a raster-type printer, or drawn using a plotter. Variability can be introduced by using pseudo-random numbers, there is no consensus as to whether the product of an algorithm that operates on an existing image can still be considered computer-generated art, as opposed to computer-assisted art. Some of the earliest known examples of computer-generated algorithmic art were created by Georg Nees, Frieder Nake, A. Michael Noll, Manfred Mohr and these artworks were executed by a plotter controlled by a computer, and were therefore computer-generated art but not digital art. The act of creation lay in writing the program, which specified the sequence of actions to be performed by the plotter and her early work with copier and telematic art focused on the differences between the human hand and the algorithm. Aside from the work of Roman Verostko and his fellow algorists. These are important here because they use a different means of execution, whereas the earliest algorithmic art was drawn by a plotter, fractal art simply creates an image in computer memory, it is therefore digital art. The native form of an artwork is an image stored on a computer –this is also true of very nearly all equation art. However, in a stricter sense fractal art is not considered algorithmic art, from one point of view, for a work of art to be considered algorithmic art, its creation must include a process based on an algorithm devised by the artist. This input may be mathematical, computational, or generative in nature, inasmuch as algorithms tend to be deterministic, meaning that their repeated execution would always result in the production of identical artworks, some external factor is usually introduced. This can either be a number generator of some sort. By this definition, fractals made by a program are not art. However, defined differently, algorithmic art can be seen to include fractal art, the artist Kerry Mitchell stated in his 1999 Fractal Art Manifesto, Fractal Art is not. Computer Art, in the sense that the computer does all the work. The work is executed on a computer, but only at the direction of the artist, turn a computer on and leave it alone for an hour. When you come back, no art will have been generated, algorist is a term used for digital artists who create algorithmic art. Algorists formally began correspondence and establishing their identity as artists following a panel titled Art, the co-founders were Roman Verostko and Jean-Pierre Hébert. Fractal art consists of varieties of computer-generated fractals with colouring chosen to give an attractive effect, especially in the western world, it is not drawn or painted by hand
Algorithmic art
–
"Octopod" by Mikael Hvidtfeldt Christensen. An example of algorithmic art produced with the software Structure Synth.
Algorithmic art
–
Forms
13.
Cyberdelic
–
Cyberdelic is a term used to refer to either, Immersion in cyberspace as a psychedelic experience. The fusion of cyberculture and the subculture into a new counterculture of the 1980s and 1990s. Psychedelic art created by calculating fractal objects and representing the results as still images, animations, music. Rave dance parties where DJs and other performers play psychedelic trance music, with the accompaniment of laser light shows, projected images, Leary proclaimed that the PC is the LSD of the 1990s and admonished bohemians to turn on, boot up, jack in. In contrast to some of the hippies of the 1960s who were antiscience and antitechnology, the cyberpunks of the 1980s and 1990s ecstatically embraced technology and the hacker ethic. They believed that technology could help human beings overcome limits, that it could liberate them from authority and even enable them to transcend space, time. They often expressed their ethos and aesthetics through cyberart and reality hacking, in 1992, Billy Idol became influenced by the cyberdelic subculture and the cyberpunk fiction genre. Timothy Leary and other members of the movement were contacted by Idol. The album was a critical and financial failure, and polarized online cyberculture communities of the period, detractors viewed it as an act of co-optation and opportunistic commercialization. It was also seen as part of a process that saw the overuse of the term cyberpunk until the word lost meaning, alternatively, supporters saw Idols efforts as harmless and well-intentioned, and were encouraged by his new interest in cyberculture. After the dot-com bubble of the late 1990s burst in 2000, sirius condemned cyberdelic escapism, Anybody who doesnt believe that were trapped hasnt taken a good look around. Were trapped in a sort of mutating multinational corporate oligarchy thats not about to go away, were trapped by the limitations of our species. At the same identity, politics, and ethics have long turned liquid. Cyberculture has emerged as a gleeful apologist for this kill-the-poor trajectory of the Republican revolution, the result is a clear playing field for a mutating corporate oligarchy, which is what we have. I mean, people think its really liberating because the old ruling class has been liquefied. Maybe the wired elite think thats hip, but then dont go around crying about crime in the streets or pretending to be concerned with ethics. Algorave Cybergoth Demoscene Fractal art Immersive technology Postcyberpunk Virtual world Foster, the Souls of Cyberfolk, Posthumanism as Vernacular Theory. Minneapolis, Minnesota, University of Minnesota Press, mondo 2000, A Users Guide to the New Edge Rudy Rucker, R. U
Cyberdelic
–
The
cave automatic virtual environment is an immersive virtual reality environment that provides a "cyberdelic experience" where the user can contemplate perception, reality and illusion
14.
Diffraction
–
Diffraction refers to various phenomena that occur when a wave encounters an obstacle or a slit. It is defined as the bending of light around the corners of an obstacle or aperture into the region of shadow of the obstacle. In classical physics, the phenomenon is described as the interference of waves according to the Huygens–Fresnel principle. These characteristic behaviors are exhibited when a wave encounters an obstacle or a slit that is comparable in size to its wavelength. Similar effects occur when a wave travels through a medium with a varying refractive index. Diffraction occurs with all waves, including sound waves, water waves, since physical objects have wave-like properties, diffraction also occurs with matter and can be studied according to the principles of quantum mechanics. Italian scientist Francesco Maria Grimaldi coined the word diffraction and was the first to record observations of the phenomenon in 1660. If the obstructing object provides multiple, closely spaced openings, a pattern of varying intensity can result. This is due to the addition, or interference, of different parts of a wave that travel to the observer by different paths, the formalism of diffraction can also describe the way in which waves of finite extent propagate in free space. For example, the profile of a laser beam, the beam shape of a radar antenna. The effects of diffraction are often seen in everyday life and this principle can be extended to engineer a grating with a structure such that it will produce any diffraction pattern desired, the hologram on a credit card is an example. Diffraction in the atmosphere by small particles can cause a ring to be visible around a bright light source like the sun or the moon. A shadow of an object, using light from a compact source. The speckle pattern which is observed when laser light falls on a rough surface is also a diffraction phenomenon. When deli meat appears to be iridescent, that is diffraction off the meat fibers, all these effects are a consequence of the fact that light propagates as a wave. Diffraction can occur with any kind of wave, ocean waves diffract around jetties and other obstacles. Sound waves can diffract around objects, which is why one can hear someone calling even when hiding behind a tree. Diffraction can also be a concern in some applications, it sets a fundamental limit to the resolution of a camera, telescope
Diffraction
–
Diffraction pattern of red
laser beam made on a plate after passing a small circular hole in another plate
Diffraction
–
Solar glory at the
steam from
hot springs. A glory is an optical phenomenon produced by light backscattered (a combination of diffraction,
reflection and
refraction) towards its source by a cloud of uniformly sized water droplets.
Diffraction
–
Photograph of single-slit diffraction in a circular
ripple tank
Diffraction
–
2-slit (top) and 5-slit diffraction of red laser light
15.
Fractal art
–
Fractal art is a form of algorithmic art created by calculating fractal objects and representing the calculation results as still images, animations, and media. Fractal art developed from the mid-1980s onwards and it is a genre of computer art and digital art which are part of new media art. The Julia set and Mandelbrot sets can be considered as icons of fractal art, Fractal art is rarely drawn or painted by hand. In some cases, other programs are used to further modify the images produced. Non-fractal imagery may also be integrated into the artwork and it was assumed that fractal art could not have developed without computers because of the calculative capabilities they provide. Fractals are generated by applying iterative methods to solving non-linear equations or polynomial equations, Fractals are any of various extremely irregular curves or shapes for which any suitably chosen part is similar in shape to a given larger or smaller part when magnified or reduced to the same size. There are many different kinds of images and can be subdivided into several groups. Fractals derived from standard geometry by using iterative transformations on a common figure like a straight line. The first fractal figures invented near the end of the 19th, IFS Strange attractors Fractal flame L-system fractals Fractals created by the iteration of complex polynomials, perhaps the most famous fractals. Newton fractals, including Nova fractals Quaternionic and hypernionic fractals Fractal terrains generated by random fractal processes Mandelbulbs are a kind of three dimensional fractal, Fractal Expressionism is a term used to differentiate traditional visual art that incorporates fractal elements such as self-similarity for example. Perhaps the best example of fractal expressionism is found in Jackson Pollocks dripped patterns and they have been analysed and found to contain a fractal dimension which has been attributed to his technique. Fractals of all kinds have used as the basis for digital art. High resolution color graphics became available at scientific research labs in the mid-1980s. Scientific forms of art, including art, have developed separately from mainstream culture. Many fractal images are admired because of their perceived harmony and this is typically achieved by the patterns which emerge from the balance of order and chaos. Similar qualities have been described in Chinese painting and miniature trees and rockeries, Fractal rendering programs used to make fractal art include Ultra Fractal, Apophysis, Bryce and Sterling. Fractint was the first widely used fractal generating program, the first fractal image that was intended to be a work of art was probably the famous one on the cover of Scientific American, August 1985. This image showed a landscape formed from the function on the domain outside the Mandelbrot set
Fractal art
–
The interior side view of the main dome of
Selimiye Mosque in
Edirne, Turkey, which contains some
self-similar patterns
Fractal art
–
A piece generated in
Apophysis
Fractal art
–
A detail from a non-integer
Multibrot set
Fractal art
–
A
Fibonacci word fractal
16.
Liquid light show
–
Liquid light shows are a form of light art that surfaced in the early 1960s as accompaniment to electronic music and avant-garde theatre performances. They were later adapted for performances of rock or psychedelic music, Liquid light shows surfaced on both sides of the Atlantic around 1966 and were an integral part of the Progressive music scene well into the seventies. While the shows on both sides of the Atlantic had much in common they differed in two important ways, first, the American shows tended to be larger, with seven operators and over thirty projectors not being exceptional. In contrast, the shows in England seldom had more than three operators and ten or so projectors, second, American shows were generally built around the overhead projector with the liquids in large clock cover glasses. The surface tension of the liquids largely retained the mixtures, but the process was very messy indeed. A popular choice of colored liquids for light shows was Flo-Master ink, while this ink was very vivid it also had the problem of staining the operators hands very deeply. Light Sound Dimension was possibly the first psychedelic lightshow and was operated by the legendary Bill Ham, Bill pioneered kinetic lighting and actually used this technique at the Red Dog Saloon back in 1965. It was also at the Red Dog Saloon where Chet Helms first met Bill, the Joshua Light Show located in New York was founded by a filmmaker called Joshua White. The show was the ‘house lightshow’ at Bill Graham s Fillmore East for almost its entire existence, formed from a lighting company called Sensefex which had been started by Joshua White, Thomas Shoesmith and Bill Shwarzbach, they moved to the Fillmore and became the Joshua Lightshow. Cecily Jaffe had now joined the team, later they changed their name to Joes Lights having parted company with Joshua White. A video of Joshua White at work showing how some of the effects were achieved can be found here, brotherhood Of Light was formed in 1968 as a collective group of lighting and multimedia specialists. Brian Eppes, Brother Ed Langdon, Marcus Maximist and Bob Pullum gathered for the purpose of enhancing and augmenting the psychedelic music of the day. They also performed at the Grateful Dead New Years Eve shows at Winterland, the Heavy Water Light Show, did shows and album covers for Santana, the Jefferson Airplane and the Grateful Dead before moving into planetariums in the 1970s. The cover of the LP Santana III is an image from their show and their work is characterized by extensive use of photographs and film sequences in addition to psychedelic oil effects. Personnel, Mark Boyle, Joan Hills, Des Bonner, Cameron Hills and these events were groundbreaking in respect of projected lighting and consisted of chemical and physical reactions projected onto a screen whilst being surrounded by various taped sounds. Elements of this lightshow evolved and performances were made at the legendary UFO Club in London’s Tottenham Court Road, later that year he formed the Sensual Laboratory with Joan Hills, who would later become his wife. In 1967 the first of many collaborations started with The Soft Machine, with shows at the Edinburgh Festival and also in the Netherlands, also in 1967 Liquid Light Environments ran at the UFO throughout the year. Concerts with The Soft Machine followed in the Netherlands and again in France as well as work on the Structure of Dreams at the Arts Lab, if you were in Detroit, It was the Grande Ballroom and Eastown Theater
Liquid light show
–
Layers of colored mineral oil and alcohol move under the heat of the lamp and produce changing color patterns.
17.
Paisley (design)
–
Paisley or Paisley pattern is a term in English for a design using the buta or boteh, a droplet-shaped vegetable motif of Persian origin. Some design scholars believe it is the convergence of a stylized floral spray and a cypress tree and it is a bent cedar, and the cedar is the tree Zarathustra planted in paradise. The heavenly tree was “bent” under the weight of the Arab invasion, the bent cedar is also the sign of strength and resistance but modesty. The floral motif was originated in the Sassanid Dynasty and later in the Safavid Dynasty of Persia, in these periods, the pattern was used to decorate royal regalia, crowns, and court garments, as well as textiles used by the general population. According to Azerbaijani historians, the design comes from ancient times of Zoroastrianism and is an expression of the essence of that religion and it subsequently became a decorative element widely used in Azerbaijani culture and architecture. The pattern is popular in Iran and South and Central Asian countries. It is woven using gold or silver threads on silk or other high quality textiles for gifts, for weddings and special occasions. In Iran and Uzbekistan its use goes beyond clothing – paintings, jewelry, frescoes, curtains, tablecloths, quilts, carpets, garden landscaping, in Uzbekistan the most frequently found item featuring the design is the traditional doppi headdress. In Tamil Nadu the manga maalai with matching earrings is a feature of bharathanatyam dance. It is a prominent design in Kanchipuram saris and it has sometimes been associated with Hinduism. In Chinese it is known as the Ham hock pattern, in Russia this ornament is known as cucumbers. Imports from the East India Company in the first half of the 17th century made paisley and other Indian patterns popular, and it was popular in the Baltic states between 1700 and 1800 and was thought to be used as a protective charm to ward off evil demons. Local manufacturers in Marseilles began to mass-produce the patterns via early textile printing processes at 1640, england, circa 1670, and Holland, in 1678, soon followed. This, in turn, provided Europes weavers with more competition than they could bear, however, enforcement near the end of that period was lax, and France had its own printed textile manufacturing industry in place as early at 1746 in some locales. Paisley was not the design produced by French textile printers. In the 19th century European production of paisley increased, particularly in the Scottish town from which the pattern takes its modern name, soldiers returning from the colonies brought home cashmere wool shawls from India, and the East India Company imported more. The design was copied from the silk and wool Kashmir shawls and adapted first for use on handlooms. From roughly 1800 to 1850, the weavers of the town of Paisley in Renfrewshire, Scotland, unique additions to their hand-looms and Jacquard looms allowed them to work in five colors when most weavers were producing paisley using only two
Paisley (design)
–
Paisley
neckties
Paisley (design)
–
Wood handstamp for
Textile printing traditional "paisley" designs,
Isfahan, Iran
Paisley (design)
–
Persian silk brocade with golden thread (golabetoon), woven in 1939
Paisley (design)
–
Persian silk brocade from the
Pahlavi Dynasty.
18.
Acid house
–
Acid house is a subgenre of house music developed around the mid-1980s by DJs from Chicago. The style was defined primarily by the deep basslines and squelching sounds of the Roland TB-303 electronic synthesizer-sequencer, Acid house spread to the United Kingdom and continental Europe, where it was played by DJs in the acid house and later rave scenes. By the late 1980s, acid house had moved into the British mainstream, Acid house brought house music to a worldwide audience. The influence of house can be heard on later styles of dance music including trance, breakbeat hardcore, jungle, big beat, techno. Other elements, such as strings and stabs, were usually minimal. Some acid house fans used a smiley face with a streak on it. The origin of this usage was the bloodied smiley from Watchmen on the label of Beat Dis by Bomb the Bass, there are conflicting accounts about how the term acid came to be used to describe this style of house music. One account ties it to Phutures Acid Tracks, before the song was given a title for commercial release, it was played by DJ Ron Hardy at a nightclub where psychedelic drugs were reportedly used. The clubs patrons called the song Ron Hardys Acid Track, the song was released with the title Acid Trax on Larry Shermans label Trax Records in 1987. Regardless, after the release of Phutures song, the acid house came into common parlance. Some accounts say the reference to acid may be a reference to psychedelic drugs in general, such as LSD. According to Rietveld, it was the house sensibility of Chicago, in a club like Hardys The Music Box, that afforded it its initial meaning. In her view acid connotes the fragmentation of experience and dislocation of meaning due to the effects on thought patterns which the psycho-active drug LSD or Acid can bring about. In the context of the creation of Acid Tracks it indicated a concept rather than the use of drugs in itself. One theory, holding that acid was a reference towards the use of samples in acid house music, was repeated in the press. In this theory, the term came from the slang term acid burning. In 1991, UK Libertarian advocate Paul Staines claimed that he had coined this theory to discourage the government from adopting anti-rave party legislation. Several accounts claim that Genesis P-Orridge coined the term on the 1988 Psychic TV release “Tune In. ”By other accounts, while shopping in Chicago in 1986, P-Orridge came across a bin of records marked acid, indicating a corrosive liquid, and mistook it for a reference to LSD
Acid house
–
The
Roland TB-303 bass synthesizer provided the electronic squelch sounds often heard in acid house tracks.
Acid house
–
Beat Dis by Bomb the Bass (1988) features the "bloodied" version of the popular smiley icon.
19.
Acid jazz
–
Acid jazz, also known as club jazz, is a musical genre that combines elements of jazz, soul, funk, and disco. Acid jazz originated in the London club scene of the mid-1980s in the rare groove movement and spread to the US, Japan, Eastern Europe, and Brazil. Major acts included Brand New Heavies, Incognito, Us3, and Jamiroquai from the UK and Buckshot LeFonque and Digable Planets from the US. The rise of club music in the mid to late 1990s led to a decline in interest, and in the twenty-first century. Many acts that might have been defined as acid jazz are now seen as jazz-funk, neo soul, various origins have been attributed to the name of the genre, including claims to have coined the term by DJs Gilles Peterson and Chris Bangs. The name is a play on the house genre, which was flourishing in the UK club scene in the 1980s. Acid jazz consisted of two related movements, the second were groups influenced by these recordings and who emphasised a groove-based approach to music. Acid jazz uses elements of jazz, funk and hip-hop, the style is characterised by danceable grooves, and long, repetitive compositions. Typical ensembles include horns, a rhythm section, a vocalist that may sing and rap. Acid jazz originated in the London club scene of the mid-1980s, with DJs of the rare groove movement and their main interests were in the fringe of jazz fusion, jazz funk, and with lesser input from soul jazz of the 1950s and 1960s. Particularly significant were records from the Blue Note catalogue and these DJs included Gilles Peterson, who had residencies at several London clubs in the 1980s, began in his own small pirate radio station and then moved to the much larger Kiss-FM. In 1988 with producer Eddie Piller he formed the label Acid Jazz Records, the first release from the company was the compilation Totally Wired, which contained obscure jazz funk tracks from the 1970s with updated new tracks. In 1990 Peterson left to found his own label Talkin Loud at Phonogram, the company signed acts such as Galliano, Young Disciples and Urban Species. Another British record label, Fourth And Broadway Records, was formed in 1990, artists included Pharoah Sanders, Stereo MCs, the French rapper MC Solaar, Japanese production team United Future Organization and saxophonist Courtney Pine. In 1991 the genre broke into the mainstream with the success of Brand New Heavies, after one eponymous album with Acid Jazz Records the group moved on to FFRR Records for their hit singles Never Stop and Dreams Come True. Other bands included Incognito and Us3, whose Cantaloop was the biggest hit in the genre, other live acts included Stereo MCs and the James Taylor Quartet. The initial mainstream success of acid jazz was followed by a number of compilations that left the public confused as to the nature of. In the early 1990s local acid jazz scenes developed in the US, from this Groove Academy developed into a record label and media company
Acid jazz
–
Gilles Peterson, often credited with originating the genre, pictured in 2004
Acid jazz
–
Brand New Heavies shown in 2013
Acid jazz
–
Guru, who recorded several albums with jazz greats as
Jazzmatazz
20.
Acid rock
–
Acid rock is a loosely defined type of rock music that evolved out of the mid-1960s garage punk movement and helped launch the psychedelic subculture. Acid rock is defined by distorted guitars, lyrics with drug references. Distinctions between other genres can be tenuous, it may also encompass certain garage rock, 1960s punk, proto-metal and heavy, the style may distinguish itself from other psychedelic styles by having a harder, louder, or heavier sound. Developing mainly from the American West Coast, acid rock did not focus on novelty recording effects or whimsicalness as much as subsequent British psychedelia, rather, American groups emphasized the heavier qualities associated with both the positive and negative extremes of the psychedelic experience. Some of the bands in the genre include 13th Floor Elevators, the Charlatans, the Grateful Dead, Count Five, the Beatles. Of the last three groups, their 1966 songs Psychotic Reaction, Tomorrow Never Knows, and East-West were especially influential. As the movement progressed into the late 1960s and 1970s, elements of rock split into two directions, with hard rock and heavy metal on one side and progressive rock on the other. In the 1990s, the metal genre combined acid rock with other hard rock styles such as grunge, updating the heavy riffs and long jams found in acid rock. Rock journalist Nik Cohn called it a meaningless phrase that got applied to any group. It was originally used to describe the music for acid trips in underground parties in the 1960s. The term is regularly deployed interchangeably with psychedelic rock and this would mean psychedelic rock that is heavier, louder, or harder. As a hard rock variant of psychedelia, acid rock evolved from the 1960s garage punk movement, percussionist John Beck defines acid rock as synonymous with hard rock and heavy metal. The term eventually encompassed heavy, blues-based hard rock bands, musicologist Steve Waksman wrote that the distinction between acid rock, hard rock, and heavy metal can at some point never be more than tenuous. Many bands associated with acid rock aimed to create a movement based on love and peace. David P. Szatmary states, a legion of rock bands, playing what became known as acid rock, when played live at dance clubs, performances were accompanied by psychedelic-themed light shows in order to replicate the visual effects of the acid experience. Their stage performance involved the use of lights to reproduce LSDs surrealistic fragmenting or vivid isolating of caught moments. The Acid Test experiments subsequently launched the entire psychedelic subculture, other bands credited with creating or laying the foundation for acid rock include garage rock bands such as the 13th Floor Elevators and Count Five. According to Laura Diane Kuhn, the form of psychedelic rock known as acid rock developed from the late 1960s California music scene
Acid rock
–
The Jimi Hendrix Experience
21.
Psychedelic trance
–
Psychedelic trance, psytrance or psy is a subgenre of trance music characterized by arrangements of synthetic rhythms and layered melodies created by high tempo riffs. By 1998 psytrance had become a form of music. Psytrance lies at the hardcore, underground end of the diverse trance spectrum, the genre offers variety in terms of mood, tempo, and style. Some examples include full on, darkpsy, Hi-Tech, progressive, suomi, psy-chill, psycore, psybient, psybreaks, Goa trance preceded psytrance, when digital media became more commonly used psytrance evolved. Goa continues to develop alongside the other genres, during the 1970s the first Goa DJs were generally playing psychedelic rock bands such as the Grateful Dead, Pink Floyd and The Doors. The music played in the 1980s was a blend of styles loosely defined as techno and various genres of computer music e. g. acid house, the music was brought on tape cassettes by fanatic traveler collectors and DJs. This material was shared and copied tape-to-tape by Goa DJs, in a scene that was not driven by music industry labels. The artists producing this special Goa music had no idea that their music was being played on the beaches of Goa by cyber hippies, the first techno played in Goa was by Kraftwerk in the late 1970s on the tape of a visiting DJ. At that time, music played at most parties was performed by live bands, in the early 1980s, sampling synth and midi music appeared globally, and DJs became the preferred format in Goa. Two tape decks would drive a party with music and continuous dancing. Cassette tapes were used by DJs until the 1990s, then DAT tapes were used. Among DJs playing in Goa during the 1980s were Fred Disko, Dr Bobby, Stephano, Paulino, Mackie, Babu, Laurent, Ray, Fred, Antaro, Lui, Rolf, Tilo, Pauli, Rudi, and Gil. Their music was eclectic in style but nuanced around instrument/dub spacey versions of tracks that evoked mystical, cosmic, psychedelic, political, DJs in Goa made special mixes by editing various versions of a track to make it longer, taking the stretch mix concept to new levels. Trip music for journeying to outdoors, trance dancing to mind-expanding music while high on hallucinogens was the Goa mantra, the night clubs were not fueled by alcohol, but by hash and acid. The result was an anarchistic, alternative counterculture of DIY psychedelic exploration driven by future rhythm machine music, by 1990–91 Goa was no longer under the radar and had become a hot destination for partying. As the scene grew bigger, Goa-style parties spread like an all over the world from 1993. Goa Trance as commercial scene began gaining traction in 1994. The golden age of the first wave of Goa Psy Trance as an agreed upon genre was between 1994–97
Psychedelic trance
–
VooV Experience 2005 – one of the longest-existing psytrance openair events
Psychedelic trance
–
An indoor event
Psychedelic trance
–
Performance at a Russian psytrance festival, 2008
Psychedelic trance
–
Arronax performing at The Gathering, a psychedelic trance festival, in 2009
22.
Space rock
–
Space rock is a subgenre of rock music that typically features lengthy, hypnotic sonic explorations and loose song structures. The term originally referred to a group of early 1970s progressive rock bands such as Hawkwind, mans entry into outer space provided ample subject matter for rock and roll and R&B songs from the mid-1950s through the early 1960s. It also inspired new sounds and sound effects to be used in the music itself, a prominent early example of space rock is the 1959 concept album I Hear a New World by British producer and songwriter Joe Meek. The album was inspired by the race and concerned mans first close encounter with alien life forms. Meek then went on to have a UK and US No 1 success in 1961 with Telstar, named after the newly launched communications satellite and its main instrument was a clavioline, an electronic forerunner of synthesizers. Space rock emerged from the late 1960s psychedelic music scene in Britain, in early 1971, Pink Floyd began writing the song that would become known as Echoes, from the 1971 album Meddle. The song was performed from April until September 1971, with a set of lyrics. Before the Meddle album released, the lyrics were changed to an aquatic theme, the Beatles song Flying, originally titled Aerial Tour Instrumental, was a psychedelic instrumental about the sensation of flying, whether in a craft or in your own head space. Jimi Hendrix is also an innovator of the genre, with such tracks as Third Stone from the Sun,1983. David Bowies Space Oddity is, apart from Telstar, probably the best example of a rock song achieving mainstream recognition. This hard-edged concert experience attracted a motley but dedicated collection of drug users, science-fiction fans. The science fiction author Michael Moorcock collaborated with Hawkwind on many occasions, in Europe, Hungarian band Omega was the biggest space rock band with albums Time Robber, Skyrover, Gammapolis and the German band Eloy. Apart from Hawkwind, Marc Bolan and his band T, like Hawkwinds Dave Brock, Bolan used pentatonic guitar progressions to design riffs. By the early 1990s, the space rock came to be used when describing numerous American. In the mid-1990s, a number of built on the space rock styles of Hawkwind. Some of these bands were signed to Cleopatra records, which proceeded to release numerous space rock compilations. Starting in 1997, Daevid Allen of Gong, along with members of Hawkwind and other rock bands, started to perform with Spirits Burning. The Strange Daze festivals from 1997–2001 showcased the American space rock scene in three-day outdoor festivals, a Michigan-based space rock scene included Burnt Hair Records, Darla Records, and bands such as Windy & Carl, Mahogany, Sweet Trip, Füxa and Auburn Lull
Space rock
–
Ozric Tentacles live in Zagreb in 2004
23.
Stoner rock
–
Stoner rock or stoner metal is a rock music fusion genre that combines elements of heavy metal and/or doom metal with psychedelic rock and acid rock. The term desert rock is used interchangeably with the term stoner rock to describe this genre, however. Stoner rock is typically slow-to-mid tempo and features a distorted, groove laden bass-heavy sound, melodic vocals. The genre emerged during the early 1990s and was pioneered foremost by the Californian bands Kyuss, the descriptor stoner rock may originate from the title of the 1997 Roadrunner Records compilation Burn One Up. Desert rock is used interchangeably as a descriptor, and was coined by a MeteorCity Records intern. Due to the similarities between stoner and sludge metal, there is often a crossover between the two genres and this hybrid has traits of both styles, but generally lacks stoner metals laid back atmosphere and its usage of psychedelia. Bands such as Weedeater, High on Fire and Electric Wizard creatively fuse both styles, the involvement of cannabis in the creation of stoner rock/metal can range between bands in the genre. Bands such as Sleep have involved the concept of cannabis to be part of the core of their albums, dopesmoker by Sleep received controversy because the 60-minute song is about cannabis, which resulted in conflict with Sleeps record company. Bands such as King Caravan and Sea of Green have come under terms with this statement. Similarly, Matt Pike from the band High on Fire stated, Its a very strong scene, I might use the word stoner in my lyrics, but I think were metal, dude. Id say I was crossover metal, actually, or progressive metal and its kind of a tough thing to lump into a category, but I guess we get the stoner-rock label because of the whole pot thing. Like most subgenres of music, the origins of rock are hard to trace. Nevertheless, several known progenitors and signature songs are credited with helping to shape the genre. Blue Cheer is considered one of the pioneers of the style, as AllMusic author Greg Prato puts it, When talks about stoner rock come up, one band that tends to get overlooked is Blue Cheer. Rolling Stone claims, What stoner rock delivers, slowed down and magnified, is the riff, led Zeppelin and Black Sabbath were the first to make a monolith of it. Sir Lord Baltimore have been called the godfathers of rock and Leaf Hound have been cited for influencing countless bands in the stoner rock movement, including Kyuss. Primevils album Smokin Bats at Camptons has been called a touchstone of stoner rock, jim DeRogatis has said that stoner rock bands are reaching back for inspiration to the psychedelic, proto-metallic jamming of bands like Cream, Black Sabbath, Deep Purple, and Hawkwind. Black Sabbaths Master of Reality is often cited as the first album of the genre, soundgarden, who released their first album in 1988, are typically associated with grunge, but have also been called the standard-bearers of stoner rock during the 1990s
Stoner rock
–
Soundgarden on stage in 2011
Stoner rock
–
Kyuss: Left to right,
Josh Homme,
Brant Bjork,
John Garcia,
Nick Oliveri
Stoner rock
–
Stoner metal band
Electric Wizard (active since 1993) performing live at
Hole in the Sky 2008
24.
Trip hop
–
Trip hop is a musical genre that originated in the early 1990s in the United Kingdom, especially Bristol. Trip hop can be highly experimental and it was pioneered by acts like Massive Attack, Tricky, and Portishead. Trip hop achieved commercial success in the 1990s, and has described as Europes alternative choice in the second half of the 90s. DJs, MCs, b-boys and graffiti artists grouped together into informal soundsystems, Bristols soundsystem DJs, drawing heavily on Jamaican dub music, typically used a laid-back, slow and heavy drum beat. Bristols Wild Bunch crew became one of the soundsystems to put a spin on the international phenomenon, helping to birth Bristols signature sound of trip hop. As the hip hop scene matured in Bristol and musical trends evolved further toward acid jazz and house in the late 1980s, another influence came from Gary Clails Tackhead soundsystem. Clail often worked with former The Pop Group singer Mark Stewart, produced by Adrian Sherwood, the music combined hiphop with experimental rock and dub and sounded like a premature version of what later became trip hop. In 1993, Kirsty MacColl released Angel, one of the first examples of the crossing over to pop. In the 1990s, Janet Jackson brought trip hop into the American charts with the song If, several songs on her Janet. and The Velvet Rope used this genre of music, Songs like Got Til Its Gone and You. Massive Attacks first album Blue Lines was released in 1991 to huge success in the UK, Massive Attack released their second album entitled Protection in 1994. The term trip hop was coined that year, but not in reference to anything on the Massive Attack albums, in 1993, Icelandic musician Björk released Debut, produced by Wild Bunch member Nellee Hooper. The album, although rooted in four-on-the-floor house music, contained elements of trip hop and is credited as one of the first albums to introduce electronic music into mainstream pop. She had been in contact with Londons underground electronic music scene and was involved with trip hop musician Tricky. Björk embraced trip hop even more with her 1995 album Post by collaborating with Tricky, homogenic, her 1997 album, has been described as a pinnacle of trip hop music. 1994 and 1995 saw trip hop near the peak of its popularity, with such as Howie B, Naked Funk. The period also marked the debut of two acts who, along with Massive Attack, would define the Bristol scene for years to come, in 1994 Portishead, a trio comprising singer Beth Gibbons, Geoff Barrow, and Adrian Utley, released their debut album Dummy. Their background differed from Massive Attack in many ways, one of Portisheads primary influences was 1960s and 1970s film soundtrack LPs, nevertheless, Portishead shared the scratchy, jazz-sample-based aesthetic of early Massive Attack, and the sullen, fragile vocals of Gibbons also brought them wide acclaim. In 1995, Dummy was awarded the Mercury Music Prize as the best British album of the year, Tricky also released his debut solo album Maxinquaye in 1995, to great critical acclaim
Trip hop
–
Massive Attack, a British trip hop group that helped bring the genre to mainstream success in the 1990s
Trip hop
–
Tricky, a major trip hop artist
Trip hop
–
Björk, an artist who has often incorporated trip hop in her music
25.
Counterculture
–
A counterculture is a subculture whose values and norms of behavior differ substantially from those of mainstream society, often in opposition to mainstream cultural mores. A countercultural movement expresses the ethos and aspirations of a population during a well-defined era. When oppositional forces reach critical mass, countercultures can trigger dramatic cultural changes, John Milton Yinger originated the term contraculture in his 1960 article in American Sociological Review. Some scholars have attributed the counterculture to Theodore Roszak, author of The Making of a Counter Culture and it became prominent in the news media amid the social revolution that swept the Americas, Western Europe, Japan, Australia, and New Zealand during the 1960s. Scholars differ in the characteristics and specificity they attribute to counterculture, mainstream culture is of course also difficult to define, and in some ways becomes identified and understood through contrast with counterculture. Counterculture might oppose mass culture, or middle-class culture and values, Counterculture is sometimes conceptualized in terms of generational conflict and rejection of older or adult values. Counterculture may or may not be explicitly political and it typically involves criticism or rejection of currently powerful institutions, with accompanying hope for a better life or a new society. It does not look favorably on party politics or authoritarianism, typically, a fringe culture expands and grows into a counterculture by defining its own values in opposition to mainstream norms. Countercultures tend to peak, then go into decline, leaving an impact on mainstream cultural values. Their life cycles include phases of rejection, growth, partial acceptance, during the late 1960s, hippies became the largest and most visible countercultural group in the United States. The cultural shadows left by the Romantics, Bohemians, Beats, the counterculture of the 1960s and early 1970s generated its own unique brand of notable literature, including comics and cartoons, and sometimes referred to as the underground press. In the United States, this includes the work of Robert Crumb and Gilbert Shelton, another such hippie/anarchist bookshop was Mushroom Books, tucked away in the Lace Market area of Nottingham. Some genres tend to challenge societies with their content that is meant to question the norms within cultures. More often than not, sources of these controversies can be found in art such as Marcel Duchamp whose piece Fountain was meant to be an attack on the most basic conventions of art in 1917. Instead of being a topic to fear, they have initiated subtle trends that other artists, in order to achieve such liberation, consciousness raising and direct action were employed. At the outset of the 20th century, homosexual acts were punishable offenses in these countries, the prevailing public attitude was that homosexuality was a moral failing that should be punished, as exemplified by Oscar Wildes 1895 trial and imprisonment for gross indecency. But even then, there were dissenting views, according to Charles Kaisers The Gay Metropolis, there were already semi-public gay-themed gatherings by the mid-1930s in the United States. There were also bars and bathhouses that catered to gay clientele, but homosexuality was typically subsumed into bohemian culture, and was not a significant movement in itself
Counterculture
–
Mother Centre Meeting at
Nambassa, 1979
Counterculture
–
As a hippie
Ken Westerfield helped to popularize Frisbee as an alternative sport in the 1960s and 70s
26.
Counterculture of the 1960s
–
Many key movements related to these issues were born or advanced within the counterculture of the 1960s. This embracing of creativity is particularly notable in the works of British Invasion bands such as the Beatles, in addition to the trendsetting Beatles, many other creative artists, authors, and thinkers, within and across many disciplines, helped define the counterculture movement. Several factors distinguished the counterculture of the 1960s from the movements of previous eras. Post-war affluence allowed many of the generation to move beyond a focus on the provision of the material necessities of life that had preoccupied their Depression-era parents. The counterculture era essentially commenced in earnest with the assassination of John F. Kennedy in November 1963, poor outcomes from some of these activities set the stage for disillusionment with, and distrust of, post-war governments. In the US, President Dwight D, the Partial Test Ban Treaty divided the establishment within the US along political and military lines. In the UK, the Profumo Affair also involved establishment leaders being caught in deception, leading to disillusionment and serving as a catalyst for liberal activism. The Cuban Missile Crisis, which brought the world to the brink of war in October 1962, was largely fomented by duplicitous speech. The assassination of US President John F. Kennedy in November 1963, many social issues fueled the growth of the larger counterculture movement. On college and university campuses, student activists fought for the right to exercise their constitutional rights, especially freedom of speech. The availability of new and more effective forms of control was a key underpinning of the sexual revolution. With this change in attitude, by the 1990s the ratio of children out of wedlock rose from 5% to 25% for Whites. The end of censorship resulted in a reformation of the western film industry. Communes, collectives, and intentional communities regained popularity during this era, Some of these self-sustaining communities have been credited with the birth and propagation of the international Green Movement. The emergence of an interest in expanded spiritual consciousness, yoga, occult practices, in 1957, 69% of US residents polled by Gallup said religion was increasing in influence. By the late 1960s, polls indicated less than 20% still held that belief, the Generation Gap, or the inevitable perceived divide in worldview between the old and young, was perhaps never greater than during the counterculture era. Ultimately, practical and comfortable casual apparel, namely updated forms of T-shirts, many began to live largely clandestine lives because of their choice to use such drugs and substances, fearing retribution from their governments. The confrontations between college students and law enforcement officials became one of the hallmarks of the era, many younger people began to show deep distrust of police, and terms such as fuzz and pig as derogatory epithets for police reappeared, and became key words within the counterculture lexicon
Counterculture of the 1960s
–
Underwater atomic test
"Baker",
Bikini Atoll, Pacific Ocean, 1946.
Counterculture of the 1960s
–
The
peace sign (or peace symbol), designed and first used in the UK during the
Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament, later became synonymous with opposition to the Vietnam War.
Counterculture of the 1960s
–
Free Speech activist Mario Savio on the steps of Sproul Hall,
University of California, Berkeley, 1966.
Counterculture of the 1960s
–
Dr. King's "
I Have a Dream " speech, given in front of the
Lincoln Memorial during the 1963
March on Washington.
27.
Entheogen
–
An entheogen, from Greek, literally meaning generating the divine within, is any psychoactive substance that induces a spiritual experience and is aimed at spiritual development. This terminology is often chosen to contrast with use of the same drugs. The use of entheogens was kept secret by native societies to the Western world until the 1950s, later clinical trials have shown that these substances have helped people with such mental disorders as OCD, PTSD, alcoholism, depression, and cluster headaches. In the 1960s the hippie movement escalated its use to psychedelic art and binaural beats, sensory deprivation tank, music, entheogens have been used by native tribes for hundreds of years. Some countries have legislation that allows for traditional entheogen use, entheogens have been used in a ritualized context for thousands of years. R. Gordon Wasson and Giorgio Samorini have proposed several examples of the use of entheogens that are found in the archaeological record. Evidence for the first use of entheogens may come from Tassili, Algeria, with a painting of a mushroom-man. Hemp seeds discovered by archaeologists at Pazyryk suggest early ceremonial practices by the Scythians occurred during the 5th to 2nd century BC, with the advent of organic chemistry, there now exist many synthetic drugs with similar psychoactive properties, many derived from the aforementioned plants. Semi-synthetic (e. g. LSD and synthetic drugs have also been developed, alexander Shulgin developed hundreds of entheogens in PiHKAL and TiHKAL. Most of the drugs in PiHKAL are synthetic, entheogens used by movements includes biotas like peyote, extracts like Ayahuasca, the semi-synthetic drug LSD, and synthetic drugs like DPT and 2C-B. Both Santo Daime and União do Vegetal now have members and churches throughout the world, MAPS has pursued a number of other research studies examining the effects of psychedelics administered to human subjects. In essence, all drugs that are biosynthesized in nature by cytota. To exclude non-psychoactive drugs that also are used in spiritual context. Toxicity does not affect a drugs inclusion, nor does effectiveness or potency, the substances vary from psychoactive drugs, and less often physical painful or dangerous venoms. High coffee consumption has been linked to an increase in the likelihood of experiencing auditory hallucinations, a study conducted by the La Trobe University School of Psychological Sciences revealed that as few as five cups of coffee a day could trigger the phenomenon. This is similar to how pure THC is very different than an extract that retains the many cannabinoids of the plant such as cannabidiol and cannabinol. L. E. Drugs, including some that cause physical dependence, have used with entheogenic intention, mostly in ancient times. Common recreational drugs that cause chemical dependence have a history of entheogenic use, perhaps because they could not access traditional entheogens as shamans were very secret with their sacraments who regarded non-visioning sacraments as hedonistic
Entheogen
–
Flowering
San Pedro, an entheogenic cactus that has been used for over 3,000 years. Today the vast majority of extracted mescaline is from columnar cacti, not vulnerable
peyote.
Entheogen
–
Laboratory synthetic
mescaline. Mescaline was the first
psychedelic compound to be extracted and isolated from nature (from peyote).
Entheogen
–
Dionysos, or Bacchus, was known as the
god of wine and ritual madness in
Greek mythology ("
Bacchus " by
Michelangelo 1497).
Entheogen
–
Mandala of the Buddhist Deity Chakrasamvara
28.
Hippie
–
The word hippie came from hipster and was initially used to describe beatniks who had moved into New York Citys Greenwich Village and San Franciscos Haight-Ashbury district. The term hippie was first popularized in San Francisco by Herb Caen, the origins of the terms hip and hep are uncertain. By the 1940s, both had become part of African American jive slang and meant sophisticated, currently fashionable, fully up-to-date, the Beats adopted the term hip, and early hippies inherited the language and countercultural values of the Beat Generation. In the United Kingdom in 1970, many gathered at the gigantic Isle of Wight Festival with a crowd of around 400,000 people, in later years, mobile peace convoys of New Age travelers made summer pilgrimages to free music festivals at Stonehenge and elsewhere. In Australia, hippies gathered at Nimbin for the 1973 Aquarius Festival, piedra Roja Festival, a major hippie event in Chile, was held in 1970. Hippie fashion and values had an effect on culture, influencing popular music, television, film, literature. Since the 1960s, many aspects of culture have been assimilated by mainstream society. The religious and cultural diversity espoused by the hippies has gained widespread acceptance, lexicographer Jesse Sheidlower, the principal American editor of the Oxford English Dictionary, argues that the terms hipster and hippie derive from the word hip, whose origins are unknown. The term hipster was coined by Harry Gibson in 1944, by the 1940s, the terms hip, hep and hepcat were popular in Harlem jazz slang, although hep eventually came to denote an inferior status to hip. In Greenwich Village in the early 1960s, New York City, young counterculture advocates were named hips because they were considered in the know or cool, as opposed to being square. In the April 27,1961 issue of The Village Voice, An open letter to JFK & Fidel Castro, Norman Mailer utilizes the term hippies, in questioning JFKs behavior. In a 1961 essay, Kenneth Rexroth used both the hipster and hippies to refer to young people participating in black American or Beatnik nightlife. According to Malcolm Xs 1964 autobiography, the hippie in 1940s Harlem had been used to describe a specific type of white man who acted more Negro than Negroes. Andrew Loog Oldham refers to all the Chicago hippies, seemingly in reference to black musicians, in his rear sleeve notes to the 1965 LP The Rolling Stones. The word hippie was also used in reference to Philadelphia in at least two songs in 1963, South Street by The Orlons, and You Cant Sit Down by The Dovells. In both songs, the term is applied to residents of Philadelphias South Street, in that article, Fallon wrote about the Blue Unicorn Cafe, using the term hippie to refer to the new generation of beatniks who had moved from North Beach into the Haight-Ashbury district. New York Times editor and usage writer Theodore M. Bernstein said the paper changed the spelling from hippy to hippie to avoid the ambiguous description of clothing as hippy fashions. Even the counterculture of the Ancient Greeks, espoused by philosophers like Diogenes of Sinope and the Cynics were also early forms of hippie culture
Hippie
–
Young hippie people near the Woodstock festival in August 1969.
Hippie
–
A Hippie-painted VW bug
Hippie
–
American hippies smoking cannabis in Thailand
Hippie
–
Escapin' through the lily fields I came across an empty space It trembled and exploded Left a bus stop in its place The bus came by and I got on That's when it all began There was cowboy Neal At the wheel Of a bus to never-ever land -
Grateful Dead, lyrics from "That's It for the Other One"
29.
Huichol people
–
The Huichol or Wixáritari are Native Mexicans, living in the Sierra Madre Occidental range in the Mexican states of Nayarit, Jalisco, Zacatecas, and Durango. They are best known to the world as the Huichol, however. The adjectival form of Wixáritari and name for their own language is Wixárika, once yearly, some Huichol journey back to San Luís, their ancestral homeland to perform Mitote Peyote ceremonies. This ancient tribe is located deep in the mountains of central Mexico. have lived here for at least 15,000 years according to carbon dating of the ashes from their sacred fireplaces. The three main Huichol communities belong to the municipality of Mezquitic, Jalisco and are called San Sebastián Teponohuastlan, Santa María Cuexcomatitlán, other Wixarika communities include Guadalupe Ocotán, and Santa Catarina and Tuxpán de Bolaños in Jalisco. However, only around 7,000 Wixáritari live in their homeland while some 13,000 have migrated to places within Nayarit. The Wixárika arrived in the Bolaños Canyon region after the arrival of the Tepehuanes, Tepecano oral history also confirms that villages currently inhabited by Wixárika, such as Santa Catarina, were Tepecano villages in the past. In addition, there exist no stories of conquest or domination of the Wixárika by the Tepecanos in either of the histories of the respective ethnic groups. Central to the religion of the Wixárika is the gathering of hikuri in the place that they call Wirikuta. Hikuri does not grow in the region of Wixárika, but it is abundant in San Luis Potosí, the Guachichiles were known to be bellicose and fiercely defensive of their territory. It is unlikely that the Guachichiles would have let the Wixárika pass peacefully through their territory to gather peyote unless they recognized them as part of their own ethnic group. Historical documents indicate that during the 16th century, the Wixárika had already arrived in the region that is today northern Jalisco. The Spaniards who explored the region later became Jerez wrote that they were groups of Guachichiles in the region that had pushed out the Zacatecas that had previously resided there. Through this historical evidence one can postulate that the Wixárika arrived in the Bolaños Canyon region around the time as the Spaniards. These experiences are documented in the oral history of wixaritari. The Wixárika arrived in the Bolaños Canyon region looking for refuge and it is likely that there was mixing among the ethnic groups, as is evidenced by the many traditions, rituals shared among the groups. It is clear that the two groups would unite under a single leader to defend themselves from Spanish incursions and to mount rebellions against the Spanish colonial government. There is historical evidence of a rebellion mounted jointly by the two groups in El Teúl in 1592 and another one in Nostic in 1702
Huichol people
–
Huichol women and children
Huichol people
–
A Nayarit tomb figure in the permanent collection of
The Children’s Museum of Indianapolis.
Huichol people
–
Photo of Huichol woman and child.
Huichol people
–
Representation of the god Kauyumari (Blue Deer)
30.
Native American Church
–
The religion originated in the U. S. State of Oklahoma in the late nineteenth century after peyote was introduced to the southern Great Plains from Mexico. Today it is the most widespread religion among Native Americans in the United States, Canada. Many denominations of mainstream Christianity made attempts to convert Native Americans to Christianity in Indian Country and these efforts were successful for many Native American tribes reflect Christian creed, including the Native American Church. Although conversion to Christianity was a process, the tenets of the Native American Church were readily accepted. Originally formed in the state of Oklahoma, the Native American Church is a monotheism, believing in a supreme being, the tenets of the Native American Church regard “peyote” as a sacred and holy sacrament and use it as a means to communicate with the Great Spirit. Followers of the Native American Church have differing ceremonies, celebrations, for example, among the Teton, the Cross Fire group uses the Bible for sermons, which are rejected by the Half Moon followers, though they each teach a similar Christian morality. Ceremonies commonly last all night, beginning Saturday evening and ending early Sunday morning, scripture reading, prayer, singing, dancing, and drumming are often included. In general, the Native American Church believes in one supreme God, ceremonies are generally held in a tipi and require a priest, pastor, or elder to conduct the service. The conductor is referred to as the Roadman, the Roadman is assisted by a Fireman, whose task is to care for the holy fireplace, being sure that it burns consistently all night. The Roadman may use a staff, a beaded and feathered gourd, a small drum, cedar. “The Roadmans wife or other female relative prepares seven sacramental foods and her part takes place very early, between 4,30 and 5,00 in the morning. The seven sacramental foods are water, shredded beef, corn mush, rice, strawberries, cookies, to counterbalance the bitterness of the peyote consumed during the services, the sweet foods were added later. The second breakfast is like any other breakfast and it generally includes boiled eggs, toast, hash brown potatoes, coffee, and juice. This meal is served well after sunrise and just prior to the closing of the church services, Church services are not regular Sunday occurrences but are held in accordance with special requests by a family for celebrating a birthday, or for a memorial or funeral service. Services begin at sundown on either a Friday or Saturday evening, thus, a participant sits up all night, giving up a full nights rest as part of a small sacrifice to the Great and Holy Spirit and his Son. The church services culminate in a feast for the community the following day. Because peyote is a stimulant, all of the members are wide awake, so they, too. The need for sleep is generally felt in the late afternoon, particularly after the feast
Native American Church
–
Native American Church insignia
Native American Church
–
Peyote road
Native American Church
–
A peyote set such as this is used by the medicine man during the peyote ritual.
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