1.
Contemporary folk music
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Contemporary folk music refers to a wide variety of genres that emerged in the mid 20th century which were associated with traditional folk music. Starting in the century a new form of popular folk music evolved from traditional folk music. This process and period is called the revival and reached a zenith in the 1960s. The most common name for new form of music is also folk music. This type of music also includes fusion genres such as folk rock, electric folk. One of the earliest figures in this revival was Woody Guthrie, in the United Kingdom, the folk revival fostered a generation of singer-songwriters such as Donovan, who achieved initial prominence in the 1960s. The folk revival spawned Canadas first true wave of successful artists such as Gordon Lightfoot, Leonard Cohen, Joni Mitchell. Major performers who emerged from the 1940s to the early 1960s included Woody Guthrie, Pete Seeger, Joan Baez, the mid-1960s through the early 1970s was associated with large musical, political, lifestyle, and counterculture changes. Folk music underwent a rapid evolution, expansion and diversification at that same time. During this period, the term protest music was used to characterize folk music with topical political themes. The Canadian performers Gordon Lightfoot, Leonard Cohen, Bruce Cockburn and Joni Mitchell represented such fusions, the late 1960s saw the advent of electric folk groups, a form of folk rock. Starting in the 1970s folk music was fueled by new singer-songwriters such as Joni Mitchell and John Denver. Other subgenres of folk include anti folk, folk punk, indie folk, folktronica, freak folk and Americana and fusion genres such as metal, progressive folk, psychedelic folk. Definitions of contemporary music are generally vague and variable. Here, it is taken to all music that is called folk that is not traditional music. According to Hugh Blumenfeld, for the American folk scene, This is the use of the term contemporary folk music. Nueva canción, an evolution of a new form of socially committed music, occurred in several Spanish-speaking countries. Contemporary country music descends ultimately from a rural American folk tradition, bluegrass music is a professional development of American old time music, intermixed with blues and jazz
2.
Psychedelic music
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Psychedelic music may also aim to enhance the experience of using these drugs. Numerous spiritual successors followed in the decades, including progressive rock, krautrock. Since the 1970s, revivals have included psychedelic funk, neo-psychedelia, psychedelic as an adjective is often misused, with many so-called acts playing in a variety of styles. Dechronicization permits the user to move outside of conventional perceptions of time. Depersonalization allows the user to lose the self and gain an awareness of undifferentiated unity, dynamization, as Leary wrote, makes everything from floors to lamps seem to bends, as familiar forms dissolve into moving, dancing structures. Music that is truly psychedelic mimics these three effects, a number of features are quintessential to psychedelic music. Exotic instrumentation, with a fondness for the sitar and tabla are common. Songs often have disjunctive song structures, key and time signature changes, surreal, whimsical, esoterically or literary-inspired, lyrics are often used. There is often an emphasis on extended instrumental segments or jams. There is a strong presence, in the 1960s this especially using electronic organs, harpsichords, or the Mellotron. In the 1960s there was a use of electronic instruments such as early synthesizers. Later forms of electronic psychedelia also employed repetitive computer-generated beats, R. Veysey, they profoundly influenced the thinking of the new generation of youth. The psychedelic lifestyle had already developed in California, particularly in San Francisco, by the mid-1960s, with the first major underground LSD factory established by Owsley Stanley. There was already a culture of use among jazz and blues musicians. One of the first musical uses of the term psychedelic in the scene was by the New York-based folk group The Holy Modal Rounders on their version of Lead Bellys Hesitation Blues in 1964. His nineteen-minute The Great San Bernardino Birthday Party anticipated elements of psychedelia with its nervy improvisations, similarly, folk guitarist Sandy Bulls early work incorporated elements of folk, jazz, and Indian and Arabic-influenced dronish modes. His 1963 album Fantasias for Guitar and Banjo explores various styles, soon musicians began to refer to the drug and attempted to recreate or reflect the experience of taking LSD in their music, just as it was reflected in psychedelic art, literature and film. This trend ran in parallel in both America and Britain and as part of the folk, folk rock and rock scenes
3.
Algorithmic art
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Algorithmic art, also known as algorithm art, is art, mostly visual art, of which the design is generated by an algorithm. Algorithmic artists are sometimes called algorists, algorithmic art, also known as computer-generated art, is a subset of generative art and is related to systems art. Fractal art is an example of algorithmic art, the final output is typically displayed on a computer monitor, printed with a raster-type printer, or drawn using a plotter. Variability can be introduced by using pseudo-random numbers, there is no consensus as to whether the product of an algorithm that operates on an existing image can still be considered computer-generated art, as opposed to computer-assisted art. Some of the earliest known examples of computer-generated algorithmic art were created by Georg Nees, Frieder Nake, A. Michael Noll, Manfred Mohr and these artworks were executed by a plotter controlled by a computer, and were therefore computer-generated art but not digital art. The act of creation lay in writing the program, which specified the sequence of actions to be performed by the plotter and her early work with copier and telematic art focused on the differences between the human hand and the algorithm. Aside from the work of Roman Verostko and his fellow algorists. These are important here because they use a different means of execution, whereas the earliest algorithmic art was drawn by a plotter, fractal art simply creates an image in computer memory, it is therefore digital art. The native form of an artwork is an image stored on a computer –this is also true of very nearly all equation art. However, in a stricter sense fractal art is not considered algorithmic art, from one point of view, for a work of art to be considered algorithmic art, its creation must include a process based on an algorithm devised by the artist. This input may be mathematical, computational, or generative in nature, inasmuch as algorithms tend to be deterministic, meaning that their repeated execution would always result in the production of identical artworks, some external factor is usually introduced. This can either be a number generator of some sort. By this definition, fractals made by a program are not art. However, defined differently, algorithmic art can be seen to include fractal art, the artist Kerry Mitchell stated in his 1999 Fractal Art Manifesto, Fractal Art is not. Computer Art, in the sense that the computer does all the work. The work is executed on a computer, but only at the direction of the artist, turn a computer on and leave it alone for an hour. When you come back, no art will have been generated, algorist is a term used for digital artists who create algorithmic art. Algorists formally began correspondence and establishing their identity as artists following a panel titled Art, the co-founders were Roman Verostko and Jean-Pierre Hébert. Fractal art consists of varieties of computer-generated fractals with colouring chosen to give an attractive effect, especially in the western world, it is not drawn or painted by hand
4.
Diffraction
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Diffraction refers to various phenomena that occur when a wave encounters an obstacle or a slit. It is defined as the bending of light around the corners of an obstacle or aperture into the region of shadow of the obstacle. In classical physics, the phenomenon is described as the interference of waves according to the Huygens–Fresnel principle. These characteristic behaviors are exhibited when a wave encounters an obstacle or a slit that is comparable in size to its wavelength. Similar effects occur when a wave travels through a medium with a varying refractive index. Diffraction occurs with all waves, including sound waves, water waves, since physical objects have wave-like properties, diffraction also occurs with matter and can be studied according to the principles of quantum mechanics. Italian scientist Francesco Maria Grimaldi coined the word diffraction and was the first to record observations of the phenomenon in 1660. If the obstructing object provides multiple, closely spaced openings, a pattern of varying intensity can result. This is due to the addition, or interference, of different parts of a wave that travel to the observer by different paths, the formalism of diffraction can also describe the way in which waves of finite extent propagate in free space. For example, the profile of a laser beam, the beam shape of a radar antenna. The effects of diffraction are often seen in everyday life and this principle can be extended to engineer a grating with a structure such that it will produce any diffraction pattern desired, the hologram on a credit card is an example. Diffraction in the atmosphere by small particles can cause a ring to be visible around a bright light source like the sun or the moon. A shadow of an object, using light from a compact source. The speckle pattern which is observed when laser light falls on a rough surface is also a diffraction phenomenon. When deli meat appears to be iridescent, that is diffraction off the meat fibers, all these effects are a consequence of the fact that light propagates as a wave. Diffraction can occur with any kind of wave, ocean waves diffract around jetties and other obstacles. Sound waves can diffract around objects, which is why one can hear someone calling even when hiding behind a tree. Diffraction can also be a concern in some applications, it sets a fundamental limit to the resolution of a camera, telescope
5.
Fractal art
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Fractal art is a form of algorithmic art created by calculating fractal objects and representing the calculation results as still images, animations, and media. Fractal art developed from the mid-1980s onwards and it is a genre of computer art and digital art which are part of new media art. The Julia set and Mandelbrot sets can be considered as icons of fractal art, Fractal art is rarely drawn or painted by hand. In some cases, other programs are used to further modify the images produced. Non-fractal imagery may also be integrated into the artwork and it was assumed that fractal art could not have developed without computers because of the calculative capabilities they provide. Fractals are generated by applying iterative methods to solving non-linear equations or polynomial equations, Fractals are any of various extremely irregular curves or shapes for which any suitably chosen part is similar in shape to a given larger or smaller part when magnified or reduced to the same size. There are many different kinds of images and can be subdivided into several groups. Fractals derived from standard geometry by using iterative transformations on a common figure like a straight line. The first fractal figures invented near the end of the 19th, IFS Strange attractors Fractal flame L-system fractals Fractals created by the iteration of complex polynomials, perhaps the most famous fractals. Newton fractals, including Nova fractals Quaternionic and hypernionic fractals Fractal terrains generated by random fractal processes Mandelbulbs are a kind of three dimensional fractal, Fractal Expressionism is a term used to differentiate traditional visual art that incorporates fractal elements such as self-similarity for example. Perhaps the best example of fractal expressionism is found in Jackson Pollocks dripped patterns and they have been analysed and found to contain a fractal dimension which has been attributed to his technique. Fractals of all kinds have used as the basis for digital art. High resolution color graphics became available at scientific research labs in the mid-1980s. Scientific forms of art, including art, have developed separately from mainstream culture. Many fractal images are admired because of their perceived harmony and this is typically achieved by the patterns which emerge from the balance of order and chaos. Similar qualities have been described in Chinese painting and miniature trees and rockeries, Fractal rendering programs used to make fractal art include Ultra Fractal, Apophysis, Bryce and Sterling. Fractint was the first widely used fractal generating program, the first fractal image that was intended to be a work of art was probably the famous one on the cover of Scientific American, August 1985. This image showed a landscape formed from the function on the domain outside the Mandelbrot set
6.
Paisley (design)
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Paisley or Paisley pattern is a term in English for a design using the buta or boteh, a droplet-shaped vegetable motif of Persian origin. Some design scholars believe it is the convergence of a stylized floral spray and a cypress tree and it is a bent cedar, and the cedar is the tree Zarathustra planted in paradise. The heavenly tree was “bent” under the weight of the Arab invasion, the bent cedar is also the sign of strength and resistance but modesty. The floral motif was originated in the Sassanid Dynasty and later in the Safavid Dynasty of Persia, in these periods, the pattern was used to decorate royal regalia, crowns, and court garments, as well as textiles used by the general population. According to Azerbaijani historians, the design comes from ancient times of Zoroastrianism and is an expression of the essence of that religion and it subsequently became a decorative element widely used in Azerbaijani culture and architecture. The pattern is popular in Iran and South and Central Asian countries. It is woven using gold or silver threads on silk or other high quality textiles for gifts, for weddings and special occasions. In Iran and Uzbekistan its use goes beyond clothing – paintings, jewelry, frescoes, curtains, tablecloths, quilts, carpets, garden landscaping, in Uzbekistan the most frequently found item featuring the design is the traditional doppi headdress. In Tamil Nadu the manga maalai with matching earrings is a feature of bharathanatyam dance. It is a prominent design in Kanchipuram saris and it has sometimes been associated with Hinduism. In Chinese it is known as the Ham hock pattern, in Russia this ornament is known as cucumbers. Imports from the East India Company in the first half of the 17th century made paisley and other Indian patterns popular, and it was popular in the Baltic states between 1700 and 1800 and was thought to be used as a protective charm to ward off evil demons. Local manufacturers in Marseilles began to mass-produce the patterns via early textile printing processes at 1640, england, circa 1670, and Holland, in 1678, soon followed. This, in turn, provided Europes weavers with more competition than they could bear, however, enforcement near the end of that period was lax, and France had its own printed textile manufacturing industry in place as early at 1746 in some locales. Paisley was not the design produced by French textile printers. In the 19th century European production of paisley increased, particularly in the Scottish town from which the pattern takes its modern name, soldiers returning from the colonies brought home cashmere wool shawls from India, and the East India Company imported more. The design was copied from the silk and wool Kashmir shawls and adapted first for use on handlooms. From roughly 1800 to 1850, the weavers of the town of Paisley in Renfrewshire, Scotland, unique additions to their hand-looms and Jacquard looms allowed them to work in five colors when most weavers were producing paisley using only two
7.
Acid rock
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Acid rock is a loosely defined type of rock music that evolved out of the mid-1960s garage punk movement and helped launch the psychedelic subculture. Acid rock is defined by distorted guitars, lyrics with drug references. Distinctions between other genres can be tenuous, it may also encompass certain garage rock, 1960s punk, proto-metal and heavy, the style may distinguish itself from other psychedelic styles by having a harder, louder, or heavier sound. Developing mainly from the American West Coast, acid rock did not focus on novelty recording effects or whimsicalness as much as subsequent British psychedelia, rather, American groups emphasized the heavier qualities associated with both the positive and negative extremes of the psychedelic experience. Some of the bands in the genre include 13th Floor Elevators, the Charlatans, the Grateful Dead, Count Five, the Beatles. Of the last three groups, their 1966 songs Psychotic Reaction, Tomorrow Never Knows, and East-West were especially influential. As the movement progressed into the late 1960s and 1970s, elements of rock split into two directions, with hard rock and heavy metal on one side and progressive rock on the other. In the 1990s, the metal genre combined acid rock with other hard rock styles such as grunge, updating the heavy riffs and long jams found in acid rock. Rock journalist Nik Cohn called it a meaningless phrase that got applied to any group. It was originally used to describe the music for acid trips in underground parties in the 1960s. The term is regularly deployed interchangeably with psychedelic rock and this would mean psychedelic rock that is heavier, louder, or harder. As a hard rock variant of psychedelia, acid rock evolved from the 1960s garage punk movement, percussionist John Beck defines acid rock as synonymous with hard rock and heavy metal. The term eventually encompassed heavy, blues-based hard rock bands, musicologist Steve Waksman wrote that the distinction between acid rock, hard rock, and heavy metal can at some point never be more than tenuous. Many bands associated with acid rock aimed to create a movement based on love and peace. David P. Szatmary states, a legion of rock bands, playing what became known as acid rock, when played live at dance clubs, performances were accompanied by psychedelic-themed light shows in order to replicate the visual effects of the acid experience. Their stage performance involved the use of lights to reproduce LSDs surrealistic fragmenting or vivid isolating of caught moments. The Acid Test experiments subsequently launched the entire psychedelic subculture, other bands credited with creating or laying the foundation for acid rock include garage rock bands such as the 13th Floor Elevators and Count Five. According to Laura Diane Kuhn, the form of psychedelic rock known as acid rock developed from the late 1960s California music scene
8.
Psychedelic trance
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Psychedelic trance, psytrance or psy is a subgenre of trance music characterized by arrangements of synthetic rhythms and layered melodies created by high tempo riffs. By 1998 psytrance had become a form of music. Psytrance lies at the hardcore, underground end of the diverse trance spectrum, the genre offers variety in terms of mood, tempo, and style. Some examples include full on, darkpsy, Hi-Tech, progressive, suomi, psy-chill, psycore, psybient, psybreaks, Goa trance preceded psytrance, when digital media became more commonly used psytrance evolved. Goa continues to develop alongside the other genres, during the 1970s the first Goa DJs were generally playing psychedelic rock bands such as the Grateful Dead, Pink Floyd and The Doors. The music played in the 1980s was a blend of styles loosely defined as techno and various genres of computer music e. g. acid house, the music was brought on tape cassettes by fanatic traveler collectors and DJs. This material was shared and copied tape-to-tape by Goa DJs, in a scene that was not driven by music industry labels. The artists producing this special Goa music had no idea that their music was being played on the beaches of Goa by cyber hippies, the first techno played in Goa was by Kraftwerk in the late 1970s on the tape of a visiting DJ. At that time, music played at most parties was performed by live bands, in the early 1980s, sampling synth and midi music appeared globally, and DJs became the preferred format in Goa. Two tape decks would drive a party with music and continuous dancing. Cassette tapes were used by DJs until the 1990s, then DAT tapes were used. Among DJs playing in Goa during the 1980s were Fred Disko, Dr Bobby, Stephano, Paulino, Mackie, Babu, Laurent, Ray, Fred, Antaro, Lui, Rolf, Tilo, Pauli, Rudi, and Gil. Their music was eclectic in style but nuanced around instrument/dub spacey versions of tracks that evoked mystical, cosmic, psychedelic, political, DJs in Goa made special mixes by editing various versions of a track to make it longer, taking the stretch mix concept to new levels. Trip music for journeying to outdoors, trance dancing to mind-expanding music while high on hallucinogens was the Goa mantra, the night clubs were not fueled by alcohol, but by hash and acid. The result was an anarchistic, alternative counterculture of DIY psychedelic exploration driven by future rhythm machine music, by 1990–91 Goa was no longer under the radar and had become a hot destination for partying. As the scene grew bigger, Goa-style parties spread like an all over the world from 1993. Goa Trance as commercial scene began gaining traction in 1994. The golden age of the first wave of Goa Psy Trance as an agreed upon genre was between 1994–97
9.
Entheogen
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An entheogen, from Greek, literally meaning generating the divine within, is any psychoactive substance that induces a spiritual experience and is aimed at spiritual development. This terminology is often chosen to contrast with use of the same drugs. The use of entheogens was kept secret by native societies to the Western world until the 1950s, later clinical trials have shown that these substances have helped people with such mental disorders as OCD, PTSD, alcoholism, depression, and cluster headaches. In the 1960s the hippie movement escalated its use to psychedelic art and binaural beats, sensory deprivation tank, music, entheogens have been used by native tribes for hundreds of years. Some countries have legislation that allows for traditional entheogen use, entheogens have been used in a ritualized context for thousands of years. R. Gordon Wasson and Giorgio Samorini have proposed several examples of the use of entheogens that are found in the archaeological record. Evidence for the first use of entheogens may come from Tassili, Algeria, with a painting of a mushroom-man. Hemp seeds discovered by archaeologists at Pazyryk suggest early ceremonial practices by the Scythians occurred during the 5th to 2nd century BC, with the advent of organic chemistry, there now exist many synthetic drugs with similar psychoactive properties, many derived from the aforementioned plants. Semi-synthetic (e. g. LSD and synthetic drugs have also been developed, alexander Shulgin developed hundreds of entheogens in PiHKAL and TiHKAL. Most of the drugs in PiHKAL are synthetic, entheogens used by movements includes biotas like peyote, extracts like Ayahuasca, the semi-synthetic drug LSD, and synthetic drugs like DPT and 2C-B. Both Santo Daime and União do Vegetal now have members and churches throughout the world, MAPS has pursued a number of other research studies examining the effects of psychedelics administered to human subjects. In essence, all drugs that are biosynthesized in nature by cytota. To exclude non-psychoactive drugs that also are used in spiritual context. Toxicity does not affect a drugs inclusion, nor does effectiveness or potency, the substances vary from psychoactive drugs, and less often physical painful or dangerous venoms. High coffee consumption has been linked to an increase in the likelihood of experiencing auditory hallucinations, a study conducted by the La Trobe University School of Psychological Sciences revealed that as few as five cups of coffee a day could trigger the phenomenon. This is similar to how pure THC is very different than an extract that retains the many cannabinoids of the plant such as cannabidiol and cannabinol. L. E. Drugs, including some that cause physical dependence, have used with entheogenic intention, mostly in ancient times. Common recreational drugs that cause chemical dependence have a history of entheogenic use, perhaps because they could not access traditional entheogens as shamans were very secret with their sacraments who regarded non-visioning sacraments as hedonistic
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