Public administration
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Public administration, also known as public policy and administration or public management, is the implementation of public policies, which are sets of proposed or decided actions to solve problems an
Public administration is both an academic discipline and a field of practice; the latter is depicted in this picture of U.S. federal public servants at a meeting.
Administrators tend to work with both paper documents and computer files: "There has been a significant shift from paper to electronic records during the past two decades." Pictured here is Stephen C. Dunn, Deputy Comptroller for the US Navy.
Woodrow Wilson
The Eisenhower Executive Office Building at night
Bureaucracy
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Bureaucracy is a system of organization where laws or regulatory authority are implemented by civil servants. Historically, a bureaucracy was a government administration managed by departments staffed
Public administration
…as applicable to private businesses and nonprofit organizations. The mid-twentieth century saw the rise of German sociologist Max Weber's theory of bureaucracy, bringing about a substantive interest in the theoretical aspects of public administration. In 1947, Paul H. Appleby defined public administration as…
IRS, March 1965
Students competed in imperial examinations to receive a position in the bureaucracy of Imperial China.
The 18th century Department of Excise developed a sophisticated bureaucracy. Pictured, the Custom House in the City of London.