1.
City of Industry, California
–
City of Industry, or simply referred to as Industry, is an industrial suburb of Los Angeles in the San Gabriel Valley region of Los Angeles County, California. Home to over 2,500 businesses and 80,000 jobs, but only 219 residents according to the 2010 census and it was incorporated on June 18,1957 to prevent surrounding cities from annexing industrial land for tax revenue. Industry is located at 34°1′N 117°57′W, according to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 12.1 square miles. 11.8 square miles of it is land and 0.3 square miles of it is water, Industry is a suburb of Los Angeles 22 miles away from Downtown L. A. In the California State Legislature, Industry is in the 22nd Senate District, represented by Democrat Ed Hernandez, the Los Angeles County Sheriffs Department operates the Industry Station in Industry. The Los Angeles County Department of Health Services operates the Pomona Health Center in Pomona, the citys zoning is primarily devoted to business, 92% is Industrial, 8% is Commercial. In addition, there are residents at the El Encanto Healthcare Center, the City of Industry has no business taxes and is primarily funded through retail sales tax from shopping centers located within the city limits, and property tax on parcels within the City. The city has the highest property tax rate in Los Angeles County, for convenience many Chinese entrepreneurs and staff live in nearby Rowland Heights, Hacienda Heights, West Covina, Diamond Bar and Walnut. Some of the companies headquarters in Industry are, Arconic Alta Dena AMI ClubWear CSC Enterprise Corp. Dacor Hot Topic Newegg. com iStarUSA Group Metro United Bank DUB Emtek Products Serec of California ITC-Diligence, the population density was 18.2 people per square mile. The population of Industry was 58. 9% White,0. 5% Black or African American, hispanics or Latinos of any race made up 52. 5% of the population. The Census reported that 214 people lived in households,5 lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, there were 3 unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 2 same-sex married couples or partnerships. 12 households were made up of individuals and 6 had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 3.1. There were 53 families, the family size was 3.6. The median age was 37.5 years, for every 100 females there were 108.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 102.5 males, there were 73 housing units at an average density of 6.1 per square mile, of which 22 were owner-occupied, and 47 were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 0%, the vacancy rate was 6%. 66 people lived in owner-occupied housing units and 148 people lived in housing units
2.
Anchor store
–
In retail, an anchor store, draw tenant, anchor tenant, or key tenant is one of the larger stores in a shopping mall, usually a department store or a major retail chain. Current examples of common anchor stores in the USA include Younkers, Macys, Kohls, Sears, Bergners, Dillards, Carsons, Boscovs, The Bon-Ton, Bloomingdales, Lord & Taylor, and JCPenney. Defunct examples include Montgomery Ward, Mervyns, Eatons, Lazarus, Galyans, Foleys, Marshall Fields, Hechts, Sports Authority, Parisian, anchors generally have their rents heavily discounted, and may even receive cash inducements from the mall to remain open. The regional center typically has two or more anchors, while the superregional typically has three or more, in each case, the anchors account for 50-70% of the malls leasable space. Malls with anchor stores have consistently outperformed those without one, as the anchor helps draw shoppers initially attracted to the anchor to shop at stores in the mall. Early on, grocery stores were a type of anchor store. However, research on consumer behavior revealed that most trips to the store did not result in visits to surrounding shops. Large supermarkets remain common anchor stores within power centers however, the challenges faced by the traditional large department stores have led to a resurgence in the use of supermarkets as anchors
3.
Shopping center
–
A shopping arcade is a specific form serving the same purpose. Many early shopping arcades such as the Burlington Arcade in London, the Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II in Milan, however, many smaller arcades have been demolished, replaced with large centers or malls, often accessible by vehicle. Technical innovations such as lighting and escalators were introduced from the late 19th century. From the late 20th century, entertainment venues such as movie theaters, as a single built structure, early shopping centers were often architecturally significant constructions, enabling wealthier patrons to buy goods in spaces protected from the weather. In places around the world, the shopping centre is used, especially in Europe, Australia. Mall is a term used predominantly in North America, outside of North America, shopping precinct and shopping arcade are also used. In the United Kingdom and Ireland, malls are commonly referred to as shopping centres, the majority of British shopping centres are located in city centres, usually found in old and historic shopping districts and surrounded by subsidiary open air shopping streets. Large examples include West Quay in Southampton, Manchester Arndale, Bullring Birmingham, Liverpool One, Trinity Leeds, Buchanan Galleries in Glasgow and these centres were built in the 1980s and 1990s, but planning regulations prohibit the construction of any more. Out-of-town shopping developments in the UK are now focused on retail parks, planning policy prioritizes the development of existing town centres, although with patchy success. Bullring, Birmingham is the busiest shopping centre in the UK welcoming over 36.5 million shoppers in its opening year, there are a reported 222 malls in Europe. In 2014, these malls had combined sales of $12.47 billion and this represented a 10% bump in revenues from the prior year. One of the earliest examples of public shopping areas comes from ancient Rome, One of the earliest public shopping centers is Trajans Market in Rome located in Trajans Forum. Trajans Market was probably built around 100-110 CE by Apollodorus of Damascus, the Grand Bazaar of Istanbul was built in the 15th century and is still one of the largest covered shopping centers in the world, with more than 58 streets and 4,000 shops. Numerous other covered shopping arcades, such as the 19th-century Al-Hamidiyah Souq in Damascus, Syria, isfahans Grand Bazaar, which is largely covered, dates from the 10th century. The 10-kilometer-long, covered Tehrans Grand Bazaar also has a lengthy history, the oldest continuously occupied shopping mall in the world is likely to be the Chester Rows. Dating back at least to the 13th century, these covered walkways housed shops, with storage, different rows specialized in different goods, such as Bakers Row or Fleshmongers Row. The Marché des Enfants Rouges in Paris opened in 1628 and still runs today, the Oxford Covered Market in Oxford, England opened in 1774 and still runs today. The Passage du Caire was opened in Paris in 1798, the Burlington Arcade in London was opened in 1819
4.
San Gabriel Valley
–
The San Gabriel Valley is one of the principal valleys of Southern California, lying generally to the east of the city of Los Angeles. At one time predominantly agricultural, the San Gabriel Valley is today almost entirely urbanized and is an part of the Greater Los Angeles metropolitan area. It is one of the most ethnically diverse regions in the country, about 200 square miles in size, the valley includes thirty-one cities and five unincorporated communities. In 1886, Pasadena was the first independent incorporated city located in Los Angeles County. The San Gabriel Valley is in Los Angeles County, some of Whittier sits below the Puente Hills. Although these hills are small compared to the San Gabriel Mountains and this is similar to Montebello, which is a member of the Gateway Cities Council of Governments, despite geographically being part of the San Gabriel Valley. The 57 Freeway is generally considered the line between the Pomona and San Gabriel valleys. However, for statistical and economic development purposes, the County of Los Angeles generally includes these six cities as part of the San Gabriel Valley, the community of El Sereno, in the city of Los Angeles, is situated at the westernmost edge of the Valley. Unofficial estimates place the population of the San Gabriel Valley at around 2 million—roughly a fifth of the population of Los Angeles County. Before the arrival of the Spaniards, the land along the Rio Hondo River, the Tongva occupied much of the Los Angeles basin and the islands of Santa Catalina, San Nicolas, San Clemente and Santa Barbara. In 1542, when the Portuguese explorer João Rodrigues Cabrilho arrived off the shores of San Pedro, the Tongva were the people who rowed the remarkable Tiats out to meet Cabrilho. The language of the Tongva was different from the neighboring Indian tribes, the Tongva also provide the origin of many current names, Piwongna – Pomona, Pasakeg-na – Pasadena, Cucomog-na – Cucamonga. The Gabrielinos lived in structures with thatched exteriors. Both sexes wore long hair styles and tattooed their bodies, during warm weather the men wore little clothing, but the women would wear minimal skirts made of animal hides. During the cold weather they would wear animal skin capes, European diseases killed many of the Tongva and by 1870 the area had few remaining native inhabitants. Today, several bands of Tongva people live in the Los Angeles area, on July 30, the expedition crossed the San Gabriel River and continued north toward what is now the city of Los Angeles. To cross the river, the built an rough bridge, which gave the name La Puente to todays San Gabriel Valley city. A few years later, a mission was established near the river crossing, Mission San Gabriel Arcangel was founded by Franciscan Father Junipero Serra, first head of the Spanish missions in California, on September 8,1771
5.
Los Angeles County, California
–
Los Angeles County, officially the County of Los Angeles, is the most populous county in both the United States and the state of California, the countrys most populous state. Its population is larger than that of 42 individual U. S. states and it has 88 incorporated cities and many unincorporated areas and at 4,083 square miles, it is larger than the combined areas of the U. S. states of Delaware and Rhode Island. The county is home to more than one-quarter of California residents and is one of the most ethnically diverse counties in the U. S and its county seat, the City of Los Angeles, is also its most populous city at about four million. Los Angeles County is one of the counties of California. The county originally included parts of what are now Kern, San Bernardino, Riverside, as the population increased, sections were split off to organize San Bernardino County in 1853, Kern County in 1866, and Orange County in 1889. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 4,751 square miles, Los Angeles County borders 70 miles of coast on the Pacific Ocean and encompasses mountain ranges, valleys, forests, islands, lakes, rivers, and desert. The western extent of the Mojave Desert begins in the Antelope Valley, most of the population of Los Angeles County is located in the south and southwest, with major population centers in the Los Angeles Basin, San Fernando Valley and San Gabriel Valley. Other population centers are found in the Santa Clarita Valley, Pomona Valley, Crescenta Valley, the county is divided west-to-east by the San Gabriel Mountains, which are part of the Transverse Ranges of southern California, and are contained mostly within the Angeles National Forest. Los Angeles County includes San Clemente Island and Santa Catalina Island, non-Hispanic whites numbered 2,728,321, or 28% of the population. Hispanic or Latino residents of any race numbered 4,687,889, 36% of Los Angeles Countys population was of Mexican ancestry,3. 7% Salvadoran, and 2. 2% Guatemalan heritage. The largest Asian groups of the 1,346,865 Asians in Los Angeles County are 4. 0% Chinese,3. 3% Filipino,2. 2% Korean,1. 0% Japanese,0. 9% Vietnamese,0. 8% Indian, and 0. 3% Cambodian. The racial makeup of the county is 48. 7% White,11. 0% African American,0. 8% Native American,10. 0% Asian,0. 3% Pacific Islander,23. 5% from other races, and 4. 9% from two or more races. 44. 6% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race, the largest European-American ancestry groups are German, Irish, English and Italian. 45. 9% of the population reported speaking only English at home,37. 9% spoke Spanish,2. 22% Tagalog,2. 0% Chinese,1. 9% Korean,1. 87% Armenian,0. 5% Arabic, and 0. 2% Hindi. At the census of 2000, there were 9,519,338 people,3,133,774 households, the population density was 2,344 people per square mile. There were 3,270,909 housing units at a density of 806 per square mile. 25% of all households were made up of individuals and 7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.98 and the average family size was 3.61. In the county, the population was out with 28% under the age of 18, 10% from 18 to 24, 33% from 25 to 44, 19% from 45 to 64
6.
Back to the Future
–
Back to the Future is a 1985 American science-fiction adventure comedy film directed by Robert Zemeckis and written by Zemeckis and Bob Gale. It stars Michael J. Fox as teenager Marty McFly, who is sent back in time to 1955, where he meets his future parents in high school and accidentally becomes his mothers romantic interest. Christopher Lloyd portrays the eccentric scientist Dr. Emmett Doc Brown, Marty and Doc must also find a way to return Marty to 1985. Zemeckis and Gale wrote the script after Gale mused upon whether he would have befriended his father if they had attended school together, various film studios rejected the script until the financial success of Zemeckis Romancing the Stone. Zemeckis approached Steven Spielberg, who agreed to produce the project at Amblin Entertainment, the first choice for the role of Marty McFly was Michael J. Fox. However, he was filming his television series Family Ties. Consequently, Eric Stoltz was cast in the role, during filming, Stoltz and the filmmakers decided that the role was miscast, and Fox was again approached for the part. Now with more flexibility in his schedule and the blessing of his shows producers, Fox managed to out a timetable in which he could give enough time. Back to the Future was released on July 3,1985, grossing over $381 million worldwide, ronald Reagan even quoted the film in his 1986 State of the Union Address. Teenager Marty McFly is an aspiring musician dating girlfriend Jennifer Parker in Hill Valley and his father George is bullied by his supervisor, Biff Tannen, while his mother Lorraine is an overweight, depressed alcoholic. While dissatisfied with Martys relationship with Jennifer, Lorraine recalls how she met George when her father hit him with a car, on October 26,1985, Marty meets his scientist friend, Dr. Emmett Brown, at a shopping mall parking lot. Doc unveils a time machine built from a modified DeLorean and powered by plutonium stolen from Libyan terrorists, Doc demonstrates the navigation system with the example date of November 5,1955, the day he conceived the machine. A moment later, the Libyans arrive and shoot him, apparently killing him, Marty escapes in the DeLorean, but inadvertently activates the time machine, and arrives in 1955 without the required plutonium needed to return. There, Marty encounters the teenage George, who is bullied by classmate Biff, after Marty saves George from an oncoming car and is knocked unconscious, he awakens to find himself tended by an infatuated Lorraine. Marty leaves and tracks down Docs younger self to help him return to 1985, with no plutonium, Doc explains that the only power source capable of generating the necessary 1.21 gigawatts of electrical power for the time machine is a bolt of lightning. Marty shows Doc a flyer from the future that recounts a lightning strike at the courthouse the coming Saturday night. Marty realizes that he has prevented his parents from meeting and Doc warns Marty that he will be erased from existence if he not find a way to introduce George to Lorraine. Doc formulates a plan to harness the power of the lightning while Marty sets about introducing his parents, when Lorraine asks Marty to the upcoming school dance, Marty plans to have George rescue Lorraine from Martys inappropriate advances
7.
Michael J. Fox
–
Michael Andrew Fox, OC, known as Michael J. Fox, is a Canadian-American actor, author, producer, and activist. Other notable roles have included Marty McFly from the Back to the Future trilogy, Fox was diagnosed with Parkinsons disease in 1991, at age 29, and disclosed his condition to the public in 1998. Fox semi-retired from acting in 2000 as the symptoms of his disease worsened, since 2001, Fox has mainly worked as a voice-over actor in films such as Stuart Little and Disneys Atlantis, The Lost Empire. On the CBS TV show The Good Wife, he earned Emmy nominations for three years for his recurring role as crafty attorney Louis Canning. Fox has also taken recurring guest roles and cameo appearances in Boston Legal, Scrubs, Curb Your Enthusiasm and he was appointed an Officer of the Order of Canada in 2010. He also was inducted into Canadas Walk of Fame in 2000, Michael Andrew Fox was born on June 9,1961, in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, to Phyllis, an actress/payroll clerk, and William Fox, a police officer and Canadian Forces member. Foxs family lived in cities and towns across Canada because of his fathers career. The family finally moved to the Vancouver suburb of Burnaby, British Columbia and his father died on January 6,1990, from a heart attack. Fox attended Burnaby Central Secondary School, and now has a named for him in Burnaby South Secondary. Fox, at age 15, starred in the Canadian television series Leo and Me produced by the CBC, shortly after his marriage, he decided to move back to Vancouver. Fox was discovered by producer Ronald Shedlo and made his American television debut in the television film Letters from Frank, as he explained in his autobiography, Lucky Man, A Memoir and in interviews, he needed to come up with a different name. He did not like the sound of Michael A, Fox during a time when fox was coming to mean attractive and because his middle initial sounded too much like the Canadian eh. He also didnt like the sound of Andrew or Andy, so he decided to adopt a new middle initial and settled on J, Foxs first feature film roles were Midnight Madness and Class of 1984, credited in both as Michael Fox. Shortly afterward, he began playing Young Republican Alex P. Keaton in the show Family Ties which aired on NBC for seven seasons, in an interview with Jimmy Fallon in April 2014, Fox stated he negotiated the role at a payphone at Pioneer Chicken. He received the role only after Matthew Broderick was unavailable, Family Ties had been sold to the television network using the pitch Hip parents, square kids, with the parents originally intended to be the main characters. However, the reaction to Foxs performance led to his character becoming the focus of the show following the fourth episode. At its peak, the audience for Family Ties drew one-third of Americas households every week, Fox won three Emmy awards for Family Ties, in 1986,1987, and 1988. He also won a Golden Globe Award in 1989, Brandon Tartikoff, one of the shows producers, felt that Fox was too short in relation to the actors playing his parents, and tried to have him replaced
8.
Christopher Lloyd
–
Lloyd has an equally prominent television profile, having won two Primetime Emmy Awards for playing Jim Ignatowski on the comedy series Taxi. He earned a third Emmy for his 1992 guest appearance on Road to Avonlea and he has also done extensive voiceover work for animated programs, most notably voicing The Hacker on the PBS Kids series Cyberchase. The role earned him two Daytime Emmy Award nominations. Lloyd was born on October 22,1938, in Stamford, Connecticut, the son of Samuel R. Lloyd, Jr, a lawyer, and his wife Ruth, a singer and sister of San Francisco mayor Roger Lapham. He is the youngest of four girls and three boys, one of whom, Samuel Lloyd, was an actor in the 1950s and 1960s. Lloyds maternal grandfather, Lewis Henry Lapham, was one of the founders of the Texaco oil company, Lloyd was raised in New Canaan, Connecticut. Lloyd began his career apprenticing at summer theaters in Mount Kisco, New York, power Failure, and, in mid-1972, appeared in a Jean Cocteau double bill, Orphee and The Human Voice, at the Jean Cocteau Theater at 43 Bond Street. Lloyd returned to Broadway for the musical Happy End and he performed in Andrzej Wajdas adaptation of Dostoyevskys The Possessed at Yale Repertory Theater, and in Jay Broads premiere of White Pelican at the P. A. F. Playhouse in Huntington Station, New York, on Long Island, in 1977, he said of his training at the Neighborhood Playhouse under Meisner, My work up to then had been very uneven. I would be one night, dull the next. Meisner made me aware of how to be consistent in using the best that I have to offer, but I guess nobody can teach you the knack, or whatever it is, that helps you come to life on stage. His first movie role was as a patient in One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest. In 1985, he was in Street Hawk the pilot episode, in 1986, he played the reviled Professor B. O. Beanes on the television series Amazing Stories, Lloyd portrayed the star character in the adventure game Toonstruck, released in November 1996. In 1999, he was reunited onscreen with Michael J and that same year, Lloyd starred in the movie remake of the 1960s series My Favorite Martian. He starred on the television series Deadly Games in the mid-1990s and was a regular on the sitcom Stacked in the mid-2000s, in 2003, he guest-starred in three of the 13 produced episodes of Tremors, The Series as the character Cletus Poffenburger. In November 2007, Lloyd was reunited onscreen with his former Taxi co-star Judd Hirsch in the season-four episode Graphic of the television series Numb3rs and he played Ebenezer Scrooge in a 2008 production of A Christmas Carol at the Kodak Theatre with John Goodman and Jane Leeves. In 2009, he appeared in a trailer for a faux horror film entitled Gobstopper
9.
California State Route 60
–
State Route 60 is a state highway in the U. S. state of California. It runs from Interstate 10 near the Los Angeles River in Los Angeles east to I-10 in Riverside County, with overlaps at State Route 57 and this route is part of the California Freeway and Expressway System. Route 60 serves the cities and communities on the side of the Los Angeles metropolitan area. The west terminus of the freeway is at the East Los Angeles Interchange complex, the east terminus is at the junction with Interstate 10 in Beaumont. The freeway is known as the Pomona Freeway west of its junction with State Route 91, East of this interchange the freeway is known as the Moreno Valley Freeway until its terminus at its junction with Interstate 10. The freeway shares the alignment of the Orange Freeway, State Route 57 for some 2 miles in Diamond Bar and also shares the alignment of Interstate 215 for about 5 miles in Riverside. The route takes its number from former U. S. Route 60 and it traverses Los Angeles, San Bernardino, and Riverside Counties. As it passes many of Los Angeles east side suburbs in southern San Gabriel and Pomona Valleys. Traffic congestion is exacerbated by the population growth and, therefore, residential, commercial. The Moreno Valley Freeway is a segment of State Route 60 and Interstate 215, connecting Riverside to communities further east in the Inland Empire. Its western terminus is at the intersection of the Pomona and Riverside Freeways, East of Moreno Valley, Route 60 technically loses its freeway status and becomes an expressway. After passing through Moreno Valley and the hill country to the east. As a result of the development of the Inland Empire since the 1980s. The northwestern section that is signed with Interstate 215 recently underwent significant construction to improve traffic flow. Before 1964, U. S.60 ran from Los Angeles to the Arizona state line, the advent of Interstate 10 created a situation where, at one point, four different signed routes would run along the state-maintained highway. In 1964, California implemented a plan to simplify its highway-numbering system, as a result, the U. S.60 designation was removed. Interstate 10 superseded U. S. 60s alignment from Beaumont and towards the Arizona state line and this left the officially designated Route 60 from Beaumont to Los Angeles orphaned from its original U. S. Highway. At least one California highway sign managed to be overlooked for years afterward
10.
Foot Locker
–
Foot Locker Retail, Inc. is an American sportswear and footwear retailer, with its headquarters in Midtown Manhattan, New York City, and operating in 28 countries worldwide. The company is famous for its employees uniforms at its flagship Foot Locker chain. According to the companys filings with the SEC, as of January 28,2017, Foot Locker, Inc. had 3,363 primarily mall-based stores in the United States, Canada, Europe, and Asia. In 1963, the F. W. Woolworth Company purchased the Kinney Shoe Corporation, in the 1960s, Kinney branched into specialty shoe stores, including Stylco in 1967, Susie Casuals in 1968, and Foot Locker on September 12,1974. Woolworth also diversified its portfolio of specialty stores in the 1980s, including Afterthoughts, Northern Reflections, Rx Place, by 1989, the company was pursuing an aggressive strategy of multiple specialty store formats targeted at enclosed shopping malls. The idea was if a particular concept failed at a given mall. The company aimed for 10 stores in each of the major shopping malls. In 1988, the F. W. Woolworth Company incorporated a company called the Woolworth Corporation in the state of New York. The Woolworth Corporation was responsible for the operations of the Foot Locker stores, one of its first moves was the acquisition of Champs Sports and to rename itself the Woolworth Athletic Group. After 1997, Wal-Mart replaced Woolworth in the Dow Jones average, the Woolworth Corporation remained the parent company of Foot Locker, and in 1998 it changed its name to Venator Group, Inc. By the 1990s, Foot Locker was responsible for more than 70 percent of Kinney Shoe Corp. sales, Venator announced the shuttering of the remaining Kinney Shoe and Footquarters stores on September 16,1998. As the “Foot Locker” brand had become the Woolworth/Venator company’s top performing line, on November 2,2001 Venator changed its name to Foot Locker, on November 19,2004, Foot Locker announced that its quarterly profit rose 19 percent, helped by stronger sales. In 2004, Foot Locker acquired the Footaction USA brand and approximately 350 stores from Footstar for $350 million. On April 14,2004, Foot Locker Inc. announced that it agreed to buy about 350 Footaction stores from bankrupt Footstar Inc. for $160 million to expand in urban areas. On January 10,2005, the announced that Nick Grayston was promoted to President and Chief Executive Officer of its Foot Locker U. S. division. In 2011, Foot Locker joined DoSomething, in 2013, the company acquired the German retailer Runners Point Group. Foot Locker has steadily risen in Fortune 500 rank, from 446 in 2011, to 435 in 2012,413 in 2013, Foot Locker has recorded a record turnover of 7.151 billion dollars at the end of the fiscal year. Foot Locker formerly owned CCS, a retailer of shoes, clothing and equipment for skateboarding and snowboarding
11.
The Broadway
–
The Broadway was a mid-level department store chain headquartered in Los Angeles, California, United States. Founded in 1896 by English born Arthur Letts, Sr. who later went on to develop Holmby Hills, The Broadway became one of the dominant retailers in Southern California, in 1950, the company merged with Sacramento-based Hale Brothers to form Broadway-Hale Stores. The Broadway bought out competitors in Los Angeles, San Diego, in later years The Broadway opened stores in Nevada, New Mexico, and Colorado. In 1979, it was split into two divisions, The Broadway Southern California, based in Los Angeles, and Broadway Southwest, the Broadways parent Carter Hawley Hale Stores ran into financial difficulties which resulted from poor management decisions and hostile takeover attempts. In 1996 the chain was acquired by Federated Department Stores and the majority of locations were converted to the Macys nameplate, several stores in affluent areas where Macys already had locations were closed, refurbished and reopened as Bloomingdales, while Federated sold many of the remaining stores to Sears. Letts started the Broadway Department Store on February 24,1896 by purchasing the name, assets, fixtures, williams and Co. for a sum of $8377. In a short period of time, the business was doing so well, a decade later, it had outgrown its home in the Hallett & Pirtle building and required a new home. List of defunct department stores of the United States
12.
Macy's
–
Macys, originally R. H. Macy & Co. is a department store owned by Macys, Inc. It is one of two owned by the company, with the other being Bloomingdales. Macys has conducted the annual Macys Thanksgiving Day Parade in New York City since 1924 and has sponsored the citys annual Fourth of July fireworks display since 1976, Macys Herald Square is one of the largest department stores in the world. The value of Herald Square has been estimated at around $3 billion, in 2015 Macys was the largest U. S. department store company by retail sales. Macys was the 15th-largest retailer in the United States for 2014 by revenue and they all failed, but he learned from his mistakes. On the companys first day of business on October 28,1858 sales totaled US$11.08, equal to $306.15 today. From the beginning, Macys logo has included a star, which comes from a tattoo that Macy got as a teenager when he worked on a Nantucket whaling ship and it also offered a money back guarantee, although it accepted only cash into the 1950s. The store also produced its own clothing for both men and women, assembled in an on-site factory. In 1875, Macy took on two partners, Robert M. Valentine, a nephew, and Abiel T, la Forge of Wisconsin, who was the husband of a cousin. Macy died in 1877 from inflammatory kidney disease, la Forge died the following year, and Valentine died in 1879. This latter 5-story building was purchased by Robert H. Macys ignored the tactic, and simply built around the building, in 1912, Isidor Straus died in the sinking of the Titanic at the age of 67 with his wife, Ida. The original Broadway store was designed by architects De Lemos & Cordes, was built in 1901–02 by the Fuller Company and has a Palladian facade, but has been updated in many details. There were further additions to the west in 1924 and 1928, and the Seventh Avenue building in 1931, all designed by architect Robert D. Kohn, the newer buildings were increasingly Art Deco in style. In 2012, Macys began the first full renovation of the iconic Herald Square flagship store at a reported cost of US$400,000,000, STUDIO V Architecture, a New York-based firm, was the overall Master Plan architect of the project. STUDIO Vs fresh design of the department store raised controversy over the nature of contemporary design, the building was added to the National Register of Historic Places as a National Historic Landmark in 1978. The store has several wooden escalators still in operation, the problem of pre-existing buildings also presented itself when Macys built a store on Queens Boulevard in Elmhurst, in the New York City borough of Queens. This resulted in a unique round department store on 90 percent of the lot, Macys no longer fully occupies this building, which now contains the Queens Place Mall, with Macys Furniture Gallery as a tenant, instead it moved its full outlet to the nearby Queens Center. This relocation was the result of Macys merger with Federated Department Stores, the parent company of Abraham & Straus, in 1994, more distant acquisitions included Lasalle & Koch, Davison-Paxon-Stokes, L. Bamberger & Co
13.
J. C. Penney
–
J. C. Penney Company, Inc. is a department store with 1,014 locations in 49 U. S. states and Puerto Rico. Most JCPenney stores are located in shopping malls. Before 1966, most of its stores were located in downtown areas, as shopping malls became more popular during the latter half of the 20th century, JCPenney followed the trend by relocating and developing stores to anchor the malls. In more recent years, the chain has continued to follow consumer traffic, echoing the retailing trend of opening some freestanding stores, certain stores are located in power centers. The company has been an Internet retailer since 1998 and it has streamlined its catalog and distribution while undergoing renovation improvements at store level. James Cash Penney was born in Hamilton, Missouri, after graduating from high school, Penney worked for a local retailer. He relocated to Colorado at the advice of a doctor, hoping that a better climate would improve his health, in 1898, Penney went to work for Thomas Callahan and Guy Johnson, who owned dry goods stores called Golden Rule stores in Colorado and Wyoming. In 1899, Callahan sent Penney to Evanston, Wyoming, to work with Johnson in another Golden Rule store, Callahan and Johnson asked Penney to join them in opening a new Golden Rule store. Using money from savings and a loan, Penney joined the partnership and moved with his wife and infant son to Kemmerer, Wyoming, Penney opened the store on April 14,1902. He participated in the creation of two stores, and purchased full interest in all three locations when Callahan and Johnson dissolved their partnership in 1907. In 1909, Penney moved his headquarters to Salt Lake City, Utah to be closer to banks. By 1912, Penney had 34 stores in the Rocky Mountain States, in 1913, all stores were consolidated under the J. C. Penney banner. The so-called mother store, in Kemmerer, opened as the second location in 1904. It still operates, as of 2011, albeit with shorter hours than other locations. In 1913, the company was incorporated under the new name, J. C. Penney Company, in 1914, the headquarters was moved to New York City to simplify buying, financing, and transportation of goods. By 1917, the company operated 175 stores in 22 states in the United States, J. C. Penney acquired The Crescent Corset Company in 1920, the companys first wholly owned subsidiary. In 1922, the companys oldest active private brand, Big Mac work clothes, was launched, the company opened its 500th store in 1924 in Hamilton, Missouri, James Cash Penneys hometown. By the opening of the 1, 000th store in 1928, in 1940, Sam Walton began working at a J. C. Penney in Des Moines, Iowa
14.
Projection screen
–
A projection screen is an installation consisting of a surface and a support structure used for displaying a projected image for the view of an audience. Projection screens may be installed, as in a movie theater, painted on the wall. As in a room or other non-dedicated viewing space. Another popular type of portable screens are inflatable screens for movie screening. Flat or curved screens may be used depending on the used to project the image. Screens can be designed for front or back projection, the more common being front projection systems. In commercial movie theaters, the screen is a surface that may be either aluminized or a white surface with small glass beads. The screen also has hundreds of small, evenly spaced holes to allow air to and from the speakers and subwoofer, rigid wall-mounted screens maintain their geometry perfectly just like the big movie screens, which makes them suitable for applications that demand exact reproduction of image geometry. Such screens are used in home theaters, along with the pull-down screens. Pull-down screens are used in spaces where a permanently installed screen would require too much space. These commonly use painted fabric that is rolled in the case when not used. Fixed-frame screens provide the greatest level of tension on the screens surface. They are often used in theater and professional environments where the screen does not need to be recessed into the case. Electric screens can be mounted, ceiling mounted or ceiling recessed. These are often larger screens, though electric screens are available for theater use as well. Electric screens are similar to pull-down screens, but instead of the screen being pulled down manually, switchable projection screens can be switched between opaque and clear. In the opaque state, projected image on the screen can be viewed from both sides and it is very good for advertising on store windows. Mobile screens usually use either a pull-down screen on a free stand and these can be used when it is impossible or impractical to mount the screen to a wall or a ceiling
15.
AMC Theatres
–
Founded in 1920, AMC has the largest share of the American theater market ahead of Regal Entertainment Group and Cinemark Theatres. The chain has 346 locations in North America, and 86 more locations in mainland China, the companys headquarters are located in Leawood, Kansas. AMC Theatres was founded in 1920 by the Dubinsky Brothers, who had been traveling the Midwest performing melodramas and they purchased the Regent Theatre on 12th Street between Walnut and Grand in downtown Kansas City, Missouri. The Dubinskys eventually changed their name to Durwood, and the company formed was called Durwood Theatres. In 1961, Edwards son Stanley took control of Durwood Theatres, then a small 10-theatre chain, Stanley had attended Harvard University and served as a navigator in the U. S. Air Force during World War II. He renamed Durwood Theatres as American Royal Cinema on October 1,1968, as he later explained to Variety magazine, We needed to define what our company was doing in the business. It was structured under the belief that every customer was a guest, under its new name, AMC opened the two-screen Parkway Twin theatre in a shopping center on Kansas Citys Ward Parkway in 1963. This marked the companys first foray into using the multiplex model, the industry quickly embraced the multiplex concept, where additional screens meant very little difference in staff and operating costs, but resulted in a significant increase in profits. The concept also provided more film choices at one location, drawing bigger crowds and it also gave owners the flexibility to show big hits on more screens, and less reliance on any individual film that could turn out as a bust. By the 1980s, the company was experiencing strong growth, AMC had built and was operating a number of ten-screen multiplex cinemas in the United Kingdom, including sites at locations such as Dudley and Tamworth. These were subsequently bought and taken over by UCI, in the later part of the decade, AMC MeyerPark in Houston, Texas opened with 14 screens, and became the largest theatre in the United States under one roof at the time. AMCs megaplexes were a success overseas as well, on December 20,1996, AMC opened the AMC Arrábida 20 in Portugal. At the time, AMC was publicly traded on AMEX under the code AEN, the company filed for a $450 million IPO in its third such filing since 2006 on 14 July 2010. Stanley Durwood died in 1999, and was succeeded by Peter Brown, gerardo I. Lopez succeeded Brown as CEO and president on March 2,2009. Previously, Lopez was the Executive Vice President of President Consumer Products Group, Seattles Best Coffee and Foodservice at Starbucks. Under new leadership, one of the first major announcements came in March of the same year, the company used to have its headquarters in downtown Kansas City. The state of Kansas had offered $47 million in incentives to get the 400 jobs to move, the company continues to officially be headquartered in Kansas City, although it has moved its headquarters to the Ten Main Center, where it now leases space. The disability rights group had accused the company of only providing closed captioning or audio description systems at some of its locations in the state, AMC was acquired by Dalian Wanda Group, a Chinese conglomerate headquartered in Dalian, in May 2012
16.
Multiplex (movie theater)
–
A multiplex is a movie theater complex with multiple screens within a single complex. They are usually housed in a designed building. Sometimes, an existing venue undergoes a renovation where the existing auditoriums are split into smaller ones, the largest of these complexes can sit thousands of people and are sometimes referred to as a megaplex. Megaplex theaters always have stadium seating, and may have other amenities not found at smaller movie theaters. Multiplex theatres often feature regular seating, in about 1915 two adjacent theatres in Moncton, New Brunswick, under the same ownership were converted to share a single entrance on Main Street. There were separate ticket booths once patrons entered the door and different programs were shown, the arrangement was so unusual that it was featured by Robert Ripley in his Believe It or Not. In 1937 James Edwards twinned his Alhambra Theater in the Los Angeles area by converting an adjacent storefront into a second annex screen, while both screens would show the same feature movie, one would also offer a double bill. It did not convert to showing different movies on both screens until some time after Taylor, the main screen remained the Patricia Theatre and the Patricia Annex became known as the Little Patricia. In December 1947 Nat Taylor, the operator of the Elgin Theatre in Ottawa, Canada, opened a smaller second theater next door to his first theater. It was not until 1957, however, that Taylor decided to run different movies in each theater, Taylor opened dual-screen theaters in 1962 in Place Ville Marie in Montreal, Quebec, and at Yorkdale Plaza in Toronto, Ontario, in 1964. The programming was coordinated, so one of them showed documentary. While the other was showing feature films and they were in use at least until the 1990s. AMC followed up on the Parkway Twin with a theater in 1966. Durwoods insight was that one box office and one stand could easily serve two attached auditoriums. In 1965 Martins Westgate Cinemas became one of the first indoor two-screen theaters in Atlanta, located in East Point, Georgia, it was later converted into a three-screen venue after a fire partially destroyed one of the theaters. The Disney family film Those Calloways had its premier at the Westgate. Opening in April 1979, the 18-screen Cineplex, co-founded by Nat Taylor in Torontos Eaton Centre and it was expanded to 21 screens by at least 1981. In November 1988, Kinepolis Brussels opened with 25 screens, and is credited as being the first megaplex
17.
Retail park
–
It is likely to have more money spent on features and architecture than a traditional big box shopping center. Puente Hills Mall and Del Amo Fashion Center in Southern California are good examples of this, other examples are Seven Corners Shopping Center in suburban Washington, D. C. and Deerfoot Meadows in Calgary, Alberta, Canada. Power centers are almost always located in areas, but occasionally redevelopment has brought power centers to densely populated urban areas. Some new power center developments have attempted to re-create the atmosphere of an old-town Main Street, in the United Kingdom, the retail park is a similar concept to the North American power center. They are found on the fringes of most large towns and cities in highly accessible locations and are aimed at households owning a car and they offer an alternative to busy city centres. In recent years, in areas across the UK, planning controls have been tightened to preserve the countryside. There are also environmental disadvantages to large parks on the rural fringe, including the increased traffic. Typically retail parks host a range of stores, including furniture, clothes or footwear superstores, electrical stores, carpet and others -. Strip mall Types of retail outlets SmartCentres – includes photos of its developments
18.
24 Hour Fitness
–
The corporate office is located in San Ramon, California and a processing center is located in Carlsbad, California. The founder is Mark S. Mastrov, and the CEO is Frank Napolitano and it was acquired from the Company from Forstmann Little & Co in May 2014. 24 Hour Fitness operates a nutritional supplement company, Apex Fitness Group and their motto is Improving lives through fitness. The company began in 1983 as an operation called 24 Hour Nautilus. Mark Mastrov and Leonard Schlemm began the firm, with Mastrov, CEO Mark Mastrov hired Mark Golob and Dean Moloney as Vice President of Marketing. Golob created promotional campaigns with Pamela Anderson, Arnold Schwarzenegger and Mike Tyson that increased membership, during Moloneys tenure, he and Mastrov, along with Tom Gergley and Golob, began planning an international chain of health clubs. In 1994,24 Hour Nautilus partnered with McCown De Leeuw and soon acquired the Southern California-based Family Fitness Centers chain. Todd Smith and Adam Shaw were responsible for the expansion of the company during their initial growth period. In 2004,24 Hour Fitness became a sponsor of the 2004-2008 United States Olympic teams,24 Hour Fitness worked with NBC to develop a reality show, The Biggest Loser, which features 12 to 22 overweight contestants competing to lose weight over several million dollars. The show first aired in late 2004, from 2005 to 2008,24 Hour Fitness co-sponsored the Discovery Channel Pro Cycling Team. 24 Hour Fitness formerly had some 15 clubs in Singapore and China, besides the United States, it had centres in Singapore and Hong Kong, Beijing and Shanghai in China) through its wholly owned subsidiary California Fitness. Its European clubs closed in the early 2000s and it was also listed on the stock exchange with major Thai corporate partners. Two more California Wow franchisees had existed in Vietnam, run as private gyms, independently of those in Thailand, likely an unrelated company copying the style and name only. Celebrity Fitness, yet another gym chain with 24 Hour Fitness roots, is headquartered in Jakarta and runs gyms in Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, neither CalWowX nor Celebrity Fitness had competed directly with California Fitness. In August 2012, the owner of 24 Hour Fitness put the 416 location gym chain on the block with a price tag reported to have been close to $2 billion. After being courted by various interests for over six months, ultimately in January 2012, offers reportedly fell short of the asking price. 24 Hour Fitness has over 4 million members and more than 420 clubs in 18 states and its major competitors in the US are Anytime Fitness, Golds Gym, Aspen Fitness, and LA Fitness. The Member Services call center for 24 Hour Fitness is outsourced through the Alorica Corporation location in Spokane, Wa and is based out of Irvine, Ca
19.
Burlington (department store)
–
In 2006, it was acquired by Bain Capital in a take-private transaction and in 2008, Tom Kingsbury became President and CEO. The company went public again in 2013, monroe and his father, Abe Milstein, had been running a successful wholesale and retail outerwear business together since 1946. Lazer agreed, on the condition that the store be closed Saturdays in observance of the Sabbath, at the time, businesses faced legal action for being open on Sunday, with an exception made for religions observing a different Sabbath. In 1983, with 31 locations, the company, whose name was Burlington Coat Factory Warehouse Corporation since it was bought by the family in 1972, in 2006, the company was purchased by Bain Capital Partners for $2.06 billion. Mark Nesci, the executive vice president and chief operating officer, was named to serve as the acting CEO. A holding company called Burlington Coat Factory Holdings Inc. was formed to be the parent of the chain. On June 27,2013, Burlington filed its S-1 registration statement with the SEC for a public offering. In October 2013, the stock rose more than 40% on its first day of trading. The company reported $4.35 billion in sales for the 12-month period ending August 3,2013. As of October 2013, the company operated 503 stores in 44 states and Puerto Rico under the names Burlington Coat Factory, Cohoes Fashions, Baby Depot, MJM Designer Shoes and Burlington Shoes. In June 2016, it was announced that Burlington Stores had joined the Fortune 500 for the first time, Burlington has partnered with charitable organizations for several years. Since 2002, they have partnered with the joining the Leukemia and Lymphoma Society’s Light the Night campaign, collecting donations at the store checkout. With an annual fundraiser that runs from July through October, the company raised more than $3 million in 2013, in 2006, Burlington launched the Warm Coats and Warm Hearts Drive to collect coat donations for those in need. Since the programs inception, over 1.2 million coats have been collected and distributed, in 2014, as part of the partnership they launched the “Heart of Style Tour”. For the tour, a bus traveled to various locations, with heart health professionals on board providing blood pressure tests and Body Mass Index tests. Under investigation from animal welfare organization Humane Society of the United States, the company agreed to pull the false advertisements after an undercover investigation revealed faux fur as actually made from the pelts of animals killed in China. Burlington Coat Factorys coats have also found to contain dog pelts. From 1981 until 2009, Burlington Coat Factorys logo was supplemented with the tag Not Affiliated with Burlington Industries, the store had been the companys first location in Manhattan, opened in 1991
20.
Robinsons-May
–
Robinsons-May was a chain of department stores operating in Southern California, Arizona and Las Vegas, Nevada, previously with headquarters in North Hollywood, California. It was a subsidiary of The May Department Stores Company, having been acquired with Federateds takeover of The May Department Stores Company on August 30,2005. The double-barreled Robinsons-May name was created in 1993 when the former middle-to-low-brow May Company California was consolidated with their corporate sibling JW Robinsons. May Department Stores had acquired Robinsons with its 1986 acquisition of Associated Dry Goods Corp, JW Robinsons had been acquired by Associated Dry Goods in 1957, while May Company California had been established in 1923 when May acquired the then-named A. In 1993 Robinsons-May absorbed the Tucson-area locations of sister division Foleys, on August 30,2005, operational control of the Robinsons-May stores was assumed by Macys West. Prime locations at South Coast Plaza, Costa Mesa and Fashion Valley Mall, San Diego where Macys already had stores were shuttered in early 2006 and refurbished as Bloomingdales locations
21.
Ross Stores
–
Ross Stores, Inc. is an American chain of off-price department stores headquartered in Dublin, California, officially operating under the brandname, Ross Dress for Less. It is the second-largest off-price retailer in the USA, behind TJX Companies, Ross Department Store was first opened in San Bruno, California, in 1950 by Morris Morrie Ross. Morris would work 85 hours a week doing all of the buying and bookkeeping for his department store, by the end of 1995 the chain reached an annual sales of $1.4 billion with 292 stores in 18 states. By 2012 Ross reached $9.7 billion for the year with 1,091 stores in 33 states with an additional 108 for Dds Discounts in 8 states. Barbara Rentler took the place of CEO Michael Balmuth on June 1,2014, thereby becoming the 25th woman chief executive officer of a Fortune 500 company, Ross Stores
22.
Linens 'n Things
–
Linens n Things is an online retailer of home textiles, housewares and decorative home accessories. Until 2008, the company also did business across the United States and Canada as a big box retailer under the name Linens n Things, Inc. Headquartered in Clifton, New Jersey, United States, the chain operated 571 stores in 47 U. S. states and six Canadian provinces, the struggling company began closing its remaining stores in October 2008 after previously disposing of a number of underperforming stores. The relaunch of the company as a retailer was announced in February 2009 on its former website. The company was acquired in February 2006 by Apollo Global Management, the increase in net sales was primarily due to the opening of new stores since Sept.30,2006 offset by the impact of a decline in comparable store sales. The decline in store sales was primarily due to a decline in customer transactions partially offset by an increase in average transaction value. The operating loss was $56.6 million against a loss of $17.9 million a year ago, after net interest expense and other income & expense, the loss before income taxes was $79.2 million compared to a loss of $41.7 million. After provision/benefit for income taxes, Linens Holdings reported a net loss of $79.9 million versus a net loss of $27.4 million, ultimately the Canadian Linens n Things stores would meet the same fate as their American counterparts. On May 2,2008, Linens n Things filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy, in August 2008, Linens n Things devised a plan to emerge from bankruptcy early in 2009. Under the plan, the retailer intended to reverse many of the strategies introduced after the company was bought by Leon Black, chief among those tactics was a shift to splashy clearance sales and product promotions. Revised management wished to return Linens n Things to an everyday and it also wished to improve the quality of its merchandise and to keep shelves stocked in timely fashion, the paper said. On October 7,2008, Bloomberg News reported that Linens n Things asked the Bankruptcy Court for permission to auction the remaining 371 stores, on October 14, the company announced its official sale to a group of asset recovery specialists. The company began sales at its remaining stores in both the United States and Canada and on the chains website, LNT. com, on October 17. The sales concluded on December 28,2008 in all stores, following the chains closure, a vacant store in Middletown, Rhode Island was used by film director Wes Anderson in 2011 to construct and film sets for his film Moonrise Kingdom. In 2009, Linens n Things emerged from bankruptcy as planned and announced that the website would open for business following the conclusion of the primary online store closing sale. The e-commerce site was taken over by new ownership to continue the focus as the brick. Linens N Things was sold on December 9,2013 from Gordon Brother & Hilco Global to the Galaxy Brand Holdings
23.
Round One Entertainment
–
Round One Entertainment Inc. is a Japanese amusement store chain. The stores offer bowling, karaoke, video arcades, billiards, darts, ping pong. 7-8 American shop openings per year are planned, round One USA offers many exclusive Japanese arcade games. These include beatmania IIDX24, Sinobuz, Sound Voltex IV, HEAVENLY HAVEN, Groove Coaster, round One stores are one of two places in the USA with official e-AMUSEMENT service, the other being Dave & Busters. Official Website Official Website Official Facebook Page Official Facebook Page Official Twitter
24.
CompUSA
–
CompUSA was a retailer and reseller of consumer electronics, technology products and computer services. Its headquarters were in Miami, Florida, CompUSA, Inc. was a wholly owned subsidiary of U. S. Commercial Corp S. A. B. de C. V. and indirectly controlled by a common shareholder, on December 7,2007, an affiliate of the restructuring and disposition firm Gordon Brothers Group, Specialty Equity, bought the company. Systemax purchased the CompUSA brand,16 retail locations and other assets in January,2008. On November 2,2012, Systemax announced that it would drop both the CompUSA and Circuit City storefront brands, consolidating their businesses under the TigerDirect brand, in 1991 the companys name was changed to CompUSA, and the company became publicly traded on the New York Stock Exchange. While under Mortons leadership, CompUSA grew to over $2 billion in revenues,1993 – Began offering technical services at customer locations. 1996 – Launched retail sales on CompUSA. com,1997 – Partners with Apple Computer in a store within a store concept for selling Macintosh computers. By January 19,1998,57 stores had been built with the remainder to be built by February 1998,1998 – Acquired Tandys Computer City subsidiary with the help of former CEO Nathan P. Morton. 2000 – Became privately held company under Grupo Sanborns, a Mexican retail company,2001 – In July, CompUSA Call Center Services became The Telvista Company. 2005 – Converted three CompUSA stores and 13 Good Guys stores into megastores, closed all 46 Good Guys locations. Began marketing in California and Hawaii as CompUSA with Good Guys Inside in response to Best Buys marketing campaign with Magnolia Inside,2005 – CompUSA started a customer loyalty program called The CompUSA Network. For every dollar spent at any CompUSA store, the customer received 13 points,2006 – Sales of the CompUSA Network membership cards were suspended pending further investigation onto the operations effect on customer retention and program awareness among low-visit customers. 2006 – CompUSA announced the end of the Network Reward program, all customers were issued coupons for the remaining reward value. They were also offered a refund of the purchase price in the original form of payment. 2006 – Announced the closing of 15 stores across the United States including several locations in California and these stores were being used to liquidate discontinued items from other stores across the nation until the end of October. Roman Ross, a former Philip Morris executive, replaced Tony Weiss as president, in November 2006, CompUSA launched their new Home Entertainment rollout in 40 of its stores, including Puerto Rico, that sold a variety of high definition televisions and home theater equipment. Ross claimed that home entertainment was one of his chief focuses as the new CEO, in September, it was reported that CompUSAs Mexican parent, Grupo Carso, was interested in putting CompUSA up for sale. The realignment included a million cash infusion, store closures, major expense reductions
25.
Forever 21
–
Forever 21 is an American fast fashion retailer with its headquarters in Los Angeles, California. More than 60% of its apparel is made in China and the average size is 38,000 square feet. Forever 21 is known for its offerings and its low pricing. The company sells clothing, accessories, and beauty products for women, men, the company has been involved in various controversies, ranging from labor practice issues to copyright infraction accusations to religion. The clothing ages from toddler to grownup, for kids and adults, Forever 21 is the 5th largest specialty retailer in the United States. Originally known as Fashion 21, the first Forever 21 store was founded in Los Angeles, California on April 21,1984 by husband and wife, Do Won Chang and Jin Sook Chang. The store is located at 5637 N. Figueroa Street in the Highland Park district of Los Angeles and is still in operation, designs similar to those seen in South Korea were sold and targeted to the Los Angeles Korean American community. In its first year in operation, sales totaled $700,000, and as of February 2014, Forever 21 generated a revenue of $3.8 billion. Originally, Forever 21 only sold clothes for women, but later expanded to sell menswear, most Forever 21 stores now sell clothes for both men and women. In September 2001, the Asian Pacific American Legal Center and the Garment Worker Center, workers’ advocacy groups, filed a lawsuit against Forever 21, charging them of violating labor practice laws. Forever 21 denounced the accusations, asserting its commitment to fair labor practices, a three-year boycott of Forever 21 was held throughout the United States by the garment workers and this movement was captured in the Emmy Award-winning documentary, Made in L. A. Although the charge was dismissed by U. S. District Court Judge Manuel Real, attorney Robin D. Dal Soglio asserted that both Forever 21s reputation and its sales were impacted by the allegations and protests. On the other hand, Kimi Lee, the director of one of the groups that represented the workers. Both cases ended in a settlement in December 2004, five Forever 21 employees filed a class action lawsuit in January 2012, declaring they were not compensated for the time they worked during their lunch breaks and the time spent on bag checks. After the Labor Department found that some of Forever 21s suppliers had violated federal laws on wages and record keeping. U. S. District Court Judge Margaret Morrow ordered Forever 21’s compliance after the failed to provide the documents. The retailer claimed that it tried to meet with the Labor Department, as of July 2014, the U. S. According to Forbes,50 copyright violation lawsuits have been placed against Forever 21, diane von Fürstenberg sued the retailer insisting it copied four of her dresses
26.
Hollister Co.
–
Hollister Co. often advertised as Hollister or HCo. is an American lifestyle brand owned by Abercrombie & Fitch Co. The concept was designed to attract consumers aged 14–18, at a lower price point than the parent brand through its SoCal-inspired image. Goods are available in-store and through the online store. In 2008 Piper Jaffray ranked it as the second most preferred clothing brand of US teens on a long list of actual West Coast companies, the first Hollister store opened on July 27,2000 at the Easton Town Center in Columbus, Ohio. Hollister Co. does not bill itself as a hardcore surf line, according to A&F spokesperson Hampton Carney, We’re not going after the ‘core surfing market. Its more about the lifestyle and inspiration, rather than the actual activity, although Hollister Co. was founded in 2000, Abercrombie & Fitch has created a fictional history surrounding its founder. Abercrombie & Fitch Co. expanded into Canada in mid-January 2006, A&F opened Abercrombie & Fitch and Hollister Co. stores at the Toronto Eaton Centre and Sherway Gardens shopping malls in Toronto, Ontario. These openings were delayed from the end of 2005 to early 2006 by construction, in 2010, the stores eighth location in Canada opened at Polo Park in Winnipeg, and a store opened on October 29, at Fairview Park Mall in Kitchener, Ontario. In 2011, the first Hollister store in Atlantic Canada opened at the Halifax Shopping Center in Halifax, Stores also opened in Hamilton, Ontario and Brampton, Ontario in 2011. Starting summer 2007, Abercrombie & Fitch Co. spent an amount of $10 million USD to install video walls into Hollister Co. stores nationwide. The walls play live-feed from Surf City Huntington Beach, California to provide customers with a flavor of the SoCal surf atmosphere HCo. promotes, Hollister pays the city of Huntington Beach for the cameras located on the Huntington Beach Pier. By October 2,2007,100 select Hollister California stores began to promote Abercrombie & Fitch Co. s fifth brand Gilly Hicks prior to the debut in January 2008. Advertising was achieved through a variety of body care items including body sprays, deodorant, soaps, lotions, on October 25,2008, Hollister Co. opened its first store outside of the U. S. and Canada in Brent Cross, London. In December 2008 Hollister Co. opened its store in the UK in Westfield London. Further more, after the success of the UK HCo, Hollister Co. has also opened stores in Italy, Germany, and more recently in Spain. In 2011 Hollister opened its first store in Dublin, Ireland in the Dundrum Town Centre, marketing for the HCo. flagship was launched in May 2009. The extensive marketing campaign advertised the store as The Epic Hollister Store, a countdown timer called the Epic Countdown tells the remaining time down to seconds till the opening. The first flagship for the HCo. brand was finally opened July 16,2009, goods are given names from SoCal beaches, something which Gilly Hicks does similarly with Australian beaches
27.
Old Navy
–
Old Navy is an American clothing and accessories retailing company owned by American multinational corporation Gap Inc. It has corporate operations in the Mission Bay neighborhood of San Francisco, the largest of the Old Navy stores are its flagship stores, located in New York City, the Mall of America, Seattle, Chicago, and San Francisco. In March 1994, Gap Warehouse was renamed Old Navy Clothing Co. in order to establish an image from its parent. It was named after a bar in Paris, the new stores were about 15,000 square feet, compared less than 10,000 square feet for Gap Warehouse stores. Later that year,42 other Old Navy stores opened, Old Navy had campy television ads featuring Morgan Fairchild and its mascot, Magic the dog. This mascot was changed in 2001 to Adam the Greaser due to his love for the classic Old Navy graphic t-shirts. The Old Navy division grew quickly, in 1997, it became the first retailer to pass $1 billion in its first four years in business, in 2001, Old Navy began its international expansion with the opening of 12 stores in Ontario, Canada. The brand also experimented, opening a shop inside one location in San Francisco in December 1995. This in turn did not work out for the company, and was terminated the following September and this may have been due to Adam wearing the shirts too often. In 2005, Old Navys then-president Dawn Robertson looked to address the competition she saw in Hollister Co. in addition to a new logo, several locations were built or remodeled to reflect the New Old Navy. One such location in St. Petersburg, Florida cost roughly $5 million to develop, also, advertisements began to be created in-house, and substituted the original kitschy and humorous feel for a high fashion and feminine directive. These stores proved to be an investment and Robertson was asked to leave the company. In 2011, Old Navy began a rebranding to emphasize a family-oriented environment. It targets Old Navys target customer and features better lighting, vibrant colors, layouts that make shopping easier, quick-change stations, by July 12, one third of the companys North American locations had adopted the redesign. In 2012, after years of Old Navy losing sales to rival retailer H&M. Larsson instituted a number of changes, including hiring designers away from Coach, Nike, Reebok, by 2015, Old Navys yearly sales had reached $6 billion per year in the United States, almost equaling those of Gaps Gap and Banana Republic divisions combined. Flagship stores also have collection business clothes for women, and maternity sections, previously, Old Navy attempted to launch a bath and body line, called ONbody. Old Navy is known for their signature denim wall of styles that never change, the styles are super skinny, skinny, original, and boot-cut, and are available in four different washes
28.
Hot Topic
–
Hot Topic is an American retail chain specializing in counterculture-related clothing and accessories, as well as licensed music. The stores are aimed towards an audience interested in music and gaming, approximately 40% of Hot Topics revenue comes from sales of licensed band T-shirts. Hot Topic often negotiates exclusive licensing arrangements with artists, movie studios. The majority of the stores are located in shopping malls. The first Hot Topic store was opened in 1988 by Orv Madden, who retired as CEO in 2000 and was replaced by Betsy McLaughlin, lisa Harper assumed the position of CEO in March 2011 until Steve Vranes was announced as the new CEO in 2016. The company went public and began trading on NASDAQ in 1996, in 2013, Hot Topic announced its sale to private equity firm Sycamore Partners for $600 million. The store has been through a number of phases in its history, reflective of various alternative culture, in the early 2000s, the store was known for heavily marketing nu-metal merchandise related to bands such as Evanescence and Disturbed. The store later focused on skinny jeans and merchandise related to scene, emo and hardcore music, Hot Topic launched Torrid, a concept store that sells clothing for plus-size women in 2001. In 2008, Hot Topic launched ShockHound, an online retailer, in March 2011, Hot Topic made a public statement citing the shutdown of ShockHound. The site is no live, all merchandise was moved to HotTopic. com. In August 2010, Hot Topic opened two new stores in Canada, which marked the chains first two international outlets. The first store opened on August 11 at Square One Shopping Centre in Mississauga, Ontario, the company has since also opened additional Ontario locations as well as locations in Puerto Rico. In 2012, Hot Topic launched Blackheart Lingerie, a store that sells lingerie. On May 26,2015, Hot Topic announced its intent to acquire Geeknet Inc. owner of the online retailer ThinkGeek, however, the company received a $140 million counter-offer from GameStop, which Hot Topic did not choose to exceed. On October 14,2015, Hot Topic launched BoxLunch, a gift, for every $10 spent, a meal is donated to a person in need. The company went on to sponsor Black Veil Brides 2014 Black Mass tour with special guests Falling in Reverse
29.
Zumiez
–
Zumiez Inc. is an American specialty clothing store founded by Tom Campion and Gary Haakenson in 1978, and publicly traded since 2005. Offering gear and clothing for the skater, snowboarder, and surfer, Zumiez markets clothing for action sports, particularly skateboarding, snowboarding, Zumiez is based in Lynnwood, Washington. The current president and CEO is Richard Brooks, the mid and late eighties brought new stores online outside of the Puget Sound area, and the corporate name changed to Zumiez pronounced Zoom-eez after popular skateboard game. The corporate office was moved from Everett to Lynnwood, Washington in 2012, there are currently over 658 Zumiez stores across the United States and Canada. Zumiez is a retailer for lifestyle brands, centering on action sports such as skateboarding, snowboarding, BMX. Zumiez stores are designed with an organized chaos theme that is consistent with many teenagers lifestyles, the stores are stocked with couches and video games to encourage customers to shop for longer periods of time and to interact with each other and the store associates. The stores generally feature a sales floor, a couch with video games and television, changing rooms, however, this plan may be modified based on space restrictions. For 13 years, Zumiez traveled to 12 full stops as part of its annual Couch Tour, entertainment included live bands, professional skateboarding demos, and a competition featuring local amateurs. The stops usually took place at the mall where local Zumiez stores are located, entry to the event was always free. As part of the Couch tour, since Zumiez doesnt sponsor riders themselves, they joined up with players in the skate industry to offer an opportunity where amateur skaters can enter. 2013 sponsors included Bones Bearings, Adidas, Deathwish, DGK, Neff, Oakley, differentiating itself from other contests, Zumiez Best Foot Forward travels to 35+ cities across the country, and is free to enter. Its purpose to scout and build young skateboarding talent, previous Zumiez Best Foot Forward winners have gone on to become some of the top names in skateboarding, including Ishod Wair, Tom Asta, Jack Olson, Chris Wimer, and Alec Majerus. The company purchased the clothing company Fast Forward in 2006, as well as Blue Tomato in 2012, five other people were injured during the incident. Extra ammunition and crude explosives were found in Aguilars backpack
30.
G by Guess
–
Guess is an American clothing brand and retailer. In addition to clothing for men and women, Guess markets other fashion accessories such as watches, jewelry, perfumes. Guess began in 1981 as a book of styles by Georges Marciano, Maurice, Georges brother, was first sought by Georges to help with product development. Armand and Paul, also Georges brothers, were in charge of distribution and advertising, Paul created the advertising, all of it in-house. Georges designed the clothes, burnishing Guess signature style, stonewashed denim, lighter in color, softer, Georges wanted to keep Guess in only the more exclusive stores, such as Bloomingdales. The remaining brothers in the disagreement wanted a larger distribution in KMart, different camps formed within the company, with each pledging allegiance to either Georges or the other three. Georges eventually gave in and sold his stake to his brothers in 1993 for $214.2 million, to finance the purchase, they had to borrow $210 million, and $105 million was still outstanding three years later. To raise money, the decided to take Guess public. Paul was the remaining brother to ultimately lead Guess on his own. The founder, Georges Marciano, and his brothers moved to Los Angeles in 1981, armand and Paul joined Georges and his brother in California. Georges came up with the name after driving past a McDonald’s billboard asking drivers to guess which eatery had the biggest cheeseburger. Maurice Marciano said, “Georges came home and said, ‘I think I found our name, Guess. ’ ” Maurice Marciano tossed up ideas until he got exasperated, and finally his brother, Georges, clarified himself. Guess, with its red triangle patch, stonewashed denim and signature zipper sliding up each ankle, was launched in late 1981. In just one year, sales through Bloomingdale’s and Guess’s Beverly Hills store hit $6 million, Guess soon began advertising, and in 1985, introduced their iconic black-and-white ads. The ads have won numerous Clio Awards, in the 1985 Robert Zemeckis movie, Back to the Future, Marty McFly wore distinctive Guess denim clothing, which was reportedly designed specifically for the film. During the 1980s, Guess was one of the most popular brands of denim jeans, the company was one of the first companies to create designer jeans. While the first jeans were for women, a mens line debuted in 1983, in 1984, Guess introduced its new line of watches known as Guess, Guess Steel, and the Guess Collection. The watch line is still in existence today and has been joined by a number of other accessory sidelines, in 1984, they also introduced a line of babys clothes, called Baby Guess
31.
Toys "R" Us
–
Toys R Us, Inc. is an American toy and juvenile-products retailer founded in 1948 and headquartered in Wayne, New Jersey, in the New York City metropolitan area. The companys brands include Toys R Us, and Babies R Us and it also operates e-commerce sites including ToysRUs. com and BabiesRUs. com. Charles P. Lazarus founded Childrens Supermart in Washington, D. C. during the baby boom era in 1948 as a baby-furniture retailer. Its first location was at 2461 18th St. NW, where the nightclub Madams Organ Blues Bar is located, Lazarus began receiving requests from customers for baby toys. After adding baby toys, he got requests for toys for older children, the focus of the store changed in 1957, and Toys R Us was born in Rockville, Maryland. The original Toys R Us store design from 1969 to 1989 consisted of vertical rainbow stripes and a brown roof with a front entrance and side exit. Since the rise of mass merchants like Walmart, Target and Amazon, however, Toys R Us has lost much of its share of the toy market, to improve the company, the board of directors installed John Eyler. Eyler launched an unsuccessful, expensive plan to remodel and re-launch the chain, blaming market pressures, Toys R Us considered splitting its toy and baby businesses. On July 21,2005, a consortium of Bain Capital Partners LLC, Kohlberg Kravis Roberts and Vornado Realty Trust invested $1.3 billion to complete a $6.6 billion leveraged buyout of the company. Public stock closed for the last time at $26. 74—pennies from the 68-week high, Toys R Us is now a privately owned entity. However, the company still files with the Securities and Exchange Commission, formerly known as Dr. G. Raffe, the companys mascot Geoffrey the Giraffe made his debut during 1957 in print advertisements for Childrens Bargain Town. During 1969, when Childrens Bargain Town became Toys R Us, Dr. G. Raffe was renamed Geoffrey, kids R Us was a childrens clothing retailer. Their first locations opened in 1983 in Paramus, New Jersey and Brooklyn, Babies R Us operates as a specialty baby products retailer and has grown to approximately 260 locations in the United States. The stores offers an assortment of products for newborns, infants, the company continues to grow internationally, and made its most recent entry into a new market in October 2011 when it opened its first licensed location in Poland. In 2006, Toys R Us purchased remaining shares of Toys R Us, Japan from McDonalds Holdings Co. increasing its ownership from approximately 62% to slightly over 90%. In May 2006, Toys R Us, Inc. acquired toy retailer FAO Schwarz including the flagship store on Fifth Avenue in New York City, as well as its e-commerce site. Toys R Us closed the FAO Schwarz flagship store in New York on July 15,2015 citing rising rental costs, for the 2009 holiday-shopping season, Toys R Us tried a smaller-store concept to attract customers and 90 Holiday Express stores across the United States and Canada were opened. Most of these 90 stores were opened in shopping-center and mall spaces that had been vacated by store chains closing their doors during the recession and these stores are known as Toys R Us Express
32.
Koi pond
–
Koi ponds are ponds used for holding koi, usually as part of a landscape. Koi ponds can be designed specifically to promote health and growth of the Nishikigoi or Japanese Ornamental Carp, the architecture of the koi pond can have a great effect on the health and well being of the koi. The practice of keeping koi often revolves around finishing a koi at the right time, the concept of finishing means that the fish has reached its highest potential. Koi clubs hold shows where koi keepers bring their fish for judging, the skimmer allows water to be drawn from the surface of the pond. It collects leaves, pollen, twigs, uneaten food and all kinds of floating debris. The skimmer usually has a clean out basket that can be emptied on a regular basis to allow the skimmer to run properly. Most floating skimmers will also have a foam that sits underneath the basket to filter out the finer particles, bottom drains are not required in water gardens but are very beneficial for Koi Ponds. When used in a pond that does not have rocks on the bottom, in addition, many bottom drains are equipped with air diffusers, adding much needed oxygen to a pond. Mechanical filtration can be accomplished in different ways. The job of this filter is to trap solids, preventing them from clogging the Biological filter, the mechanical filter should be backwashed or cleaned out often. Types of mechanical filters include Vortex, brushes, matting, sand and gravel, sieve screen, Biological filters convert the nitrogenous wastes from the fish. This cycle is called the nitrogen cycle, a biofilter can be constructed in many different ways. It is important for the koi keeper to understand how the filter is to be cleaned before they install one, proper and regular cleaning of the mechanical and biological filters is critical for the health and quality of the koi. Bio-filters are sometimes divided into sub groups such as aerated or non-aerated, the UV sterilizer will also kill free-floating bacteria in the pond water. Water pumps move water through the system and back to the pond in a recirculating manner. The important thing to understand about pumps is that they be sized to the pond, when the total back pressure in the system is considered, a pump should be circulating the total volume of water at least once per hour for proper water quality. An air pump can be used to increase dissolved oxygen, in a heavily stocked koi pond, an air pump is a necessity. Biotope Garden pond Water garden Associated Koi Clubs of America
33.
Feng shui
–
Feng Shui is a Chinese philosophical system of harmonizing everyone with the surrounding environment. It is closely linked to Taoism, the term feng shui literally translates as wind-water in English. The feng shui practice discusses architecture in terms of invisible forces that bind the universe, earth. There is no scientific evidence that feng shuis mystical claims are real. Historically, feng shui was widely used to orient buildings—often spiritually significant structures such as tombs, depending on the particular style of feng shui being used, an auspicious site could be determined by reference to local features such as bodies of water, stars, or a compass. Qi rides the wind and scatters, but is retained when encountering water, Feng shui was suppressed in mainland China during the state-imposed Cultural Revolution of the 1960s but has since then regained popularity. The Skeptic Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience briefly summarizes the history and practice of feng shui and it states that the principles of feng shui related to living harmoniously with nature are quite rational, but does not otherwise lend credibility to the nonscientific claims. Its also a matter to dismiss the mystical energies said to be at its core. As of 2013 the Yangshao and Hongshan cultures provide the earliest known evidence for the use of feng shui, until the invention of the magnetic compass, feng shui apparently relied on astronomy to find correlations between humans and the universe. In 4000 BC, the doors of Banpo dwellings aligned with the asterism Yingshi just after the winter solstice—this sited the homes for solar gain. During the Zhou era, Yingshi was known as Ding and used to indicate the time to build a capital city. The late Yangshao site at Dadiwan includes a building at the center. The building faces south and borders a large plaza and it stands on a north-south axis with another building that apparently housed communal activities. Regional communities may have used the complex, a grave at Puyang that contains mosaics— actually a Chinese star map of the Dragon and Tiger asterisms and Beidou — is oriented along a north-south axis. Cosmography that bears a resemblance to modern feng shui devices and formulas appears on a piece of jade unearthed at Hanshan. Archaeologist Li Xueqin links the design to the astrolabe, zhinan zhen. Beginning with palatial structures at Erlitou, all cities of China followed rules of feng shui for their design. During the Zhou era, the Kaogong ji codified these rules, the carpenters manual Lu ban jing codified rules for builders
34.
Emmett Brown
–
Emmett Lathrop Doc Brown, Ph. D. is a fictional character in the Back to the Future trilogy in which he is the inventor of the first time machine he built out of a DeLorean sports car. The character is portrayed by Christopher Lloyd in all three films, as well as in the action sequences of the animated series. He is voiced by Dan Castellaneta in the animated series, the characters appearance and mannerisms are loosely inspired by Leopold Stokowski and Albert Einstein. In 2008, Dr. Emmett Brown was selected by Empire magazine as one of The 100 Greatest Movie Characters of All Time, Emmett refers to himself as a student of all sciences and is depicted as a passionate inventor. His homes in 1985,1955, and 1885 are shown to contain various labor-saving gadgets and his favorite author is Jules Verne and his family name was originally von Braun before World War I. Emmetts family moved to Hill Valley from Germany in 1908, although initially wealthy because of his inheritance, he spent his entire family fortune on his time travel project. When the Brown mansion was destroyed by fire in 1962 and the property sold to developers, once broke, he established a privately owned business to offer 24-hour scientific services, building ingenious devices for his customers. Emmetts work appears to be regarded, enough for him to win an award for his work. However, he is shown as absent-minded at times, and various statements by other characters inhabiting Hill Valley indicate that he is regarded as strange, eccentric. He often speaks with wide-eyed expressions and broad gestures and tends to be overly verbose in his delivery, referring in one case to a school dance as a rhythmic ceremonial ritual. Doc and Marty met several years prior to the events of the first time travel experiment when Marty, out of curiosity, happy to be revered as cool, Doc hired Marty as his part-time lab assistant. In the original timeline, in contrast with Martys unassertive father, George McFly, Doc is an encouraging and supportive mentor figure for Marty. Docs positive influence in turn allows Marty to mentor George in 1955, which appears to encourage his later success as a novelist, one line in particular, If you put your mind to it, you can accomplish anything, originates from Doc. Marty repeats it to George in 1955, who repeats it back to Marty in the post time travel 1985, Doc has been involved with illegal and criminal enterprises but he is naive and flippant about the consequences of his actions. However, events lead him to conclude that time travel is too hazardous for humankind, nonetheless, Doc pursues a romantic relationship with Clara despite the risks of further disrupting the timeline. However, after having left behind in 1885 when Marty departs in the DeLorean for 1985, Doc starts a family with Clara. He eventually builds another time machine out of a locomotive. Dan Castellaneta played the character in the animated series, Back to the Future
35.
DeLorean time machine
–
The DeLorean time machine is a fictional automobile-based time travel device featured in the Back to the Future franchise. In the feature film series, Dr. Emmett Brown builds a machine based on a DeLorean DMC-12 car, to gain insights into history. Instead, he ends up using it to travel over 130 years of Hill Valley history with Marty McFly to change the past for the better, one of the cars used in filming is on display at Universal Studios Hollywood. The control of the machine is the same in all three films. After entering a target date, the operator accelerates the car to 88 miles per hour, as it accelerates, several coils around the body glow blue/white while a burst of light appears in front of it. Surrounded by electrical current similar to a Tesla coil, the whole car vanishes in a flash of white/blue light seconds later, a digital speedometer is attached to the dashboard so that the operator can accurately gauge the cars speed. In the destination time, immediately before the arrival, three large and loud flashes occur at the point from which the car emerges from its time travel. After the trip, the exterior of the DeLorean is extremely cold, a few technical glitches with the DeLorean hinder time travel for its users. In the first film, the car has starter problems and has a hard time restarting once stopped, in the second movie, the destination time display malfunctions and shows random dates, which partially cause Doc to be sent to 1885. In the third movie, the circuits, fuel line. The time machine is electrical and requires an input of 1.21 jigowatts to operate. Although the Mr. Fusion unit provides the power for the time machine. The test fails, destroying the fuel injection manifold and leaving it unable to travel under its own power. Doc and Marty consider options to reach the required 88 mph, the power required is pronounced in the film as one point twenty-one jigowatts. Although rarely used, the j sound at the beginning of the SI prefix giga- is a pronunciation for gigawatt. In the DVD commentary for Back to the Future, Bob Gale states that he had thought it was pronounced this way because it was how a scientific adviser for the film pronounced it. The flux capacitor, which consists of a compartment with three flashing Geissler-style tubes arranged in a Y configuration, is described by Doc as what makes time travel possible. The device is the component of the time machine
36.
DVD
–
DVD is a digital optical disc storage format invented and developed by Philips, Sony, Toshiba, and Panasonic in 1995. The medium can store any kind of data and is widely used for software. DVDs offer higher capacity than compact discs while having the same dimensions. Pre-recorded DVDs are mass-produced using molding machines that physically stamp data onto the DVD, such discs are a form of DVD-ROM because data can only be read and not written or erased. Blank recordable DVD discs can be recorded using a DVD recorder. Rewritable DVDs can be recorded and erased many times, DVDs containing other types of information may be referred to as DVD data discs. The OED also states that in 1995, The companies said the name of the format will simply be DVD. Toshiba had been using the name ‘digital video disk’, but that was switched to ‘digital versatile disk’ after computer companies complained that it left out their applications, Digital versatile disc is the explanation provided in a DVD Forum Primer from 2000 and in the DVD Forums mission statement. There were several formats developed for recording video on optical discs before the DVD, Optical recording technology was invented by David Paul Gregg and James Russell in 1958 and first patented in 1961. A consumer optical disc data format known as LaserDisc was developed in the United States and it used much larger discs than the later formats. CD Video used analog video encoding on optical discs matching the established standard 120 mm size of audio CDs, Video CD became one of the first formats for distributing digitally encoded films in this format, in 1993. In the same year, two new optical disc formats were being developed. By the time of the launches for both formats in January 1995, the MMCD nomenclature had been dropped, and Philips and Sony were referring to their format as Digital Video Disc. Representatives from the SD camp asked IBM for advice on the system to use for their disc. Alan E. Bell, a researcher from IBMs Almaden Research Center, got that request and this group was referred to as the Technical Working Group, or TWG. On August 14,1995, an ad hoc group formed from five computer companies issued a release stating that they would only accept a single format. The TWG voted to both formats unless the two camps agreed on a single, converged standard. They recruited Lou Gerstner, president of IBM, to pressure the executives of the warring factions, as a result, the DVD specification provided a storage capacity of 4.7 GB for a single-layered, single-sided disc and 8.5 GB for a dual-layered, single-sided disc
37.
Nobel Son
–
Nobel Son is a 2007 American black comedy about a dysfunctional family dealing with the kidnapping of their son for ransom following the fathers winning of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry. The film features Alan Rickman as the professor and Mary Steenburgen as his wife. Principal photography for Nobel Son started on October 6,2005, in Venice Beach, California, the official trailer and website were released on January 12,2007. Eli Michaelson, a chemistry professor, learns he has been awarded the Nobel Prize. After verbally abusing his wife, son, colleagues, and nominal girlfriend, he heads off to Sweden with his wife, Sarah and his son, Barkley, misses the flight. Barkley Michaelson has chosen to study not chemistry but anthropology, and his missing the flight, though, is the apparently innocent result of having been kidnapped by the deranged Thaddeus James, who claims to be Eli Michaelsons son by the wife of a former colleague. Thaddeus successfully obtains a ransom of $2 million, which he splits with Barkley who. Shortly after Barkleys release, Thaddeus rents an apartment from the Michaelsons and begins to charm Eli with his knowledge of chemistry. Barkley undertakes a campaign of psychological terror aimed at Thaddeus and his girlfriend and this ultimately results in the death of Thaddeus and commitment to a mental hospital for City. Meanwhile, Barkley kidnaps Eli and threatens to expose the fraud that led to Eli receiving a Nobel prize that he did not deserve. Elis long suffering wife, Sarah, demands a divorce while praising her son for his devious behavior, in the final scenes, Sarah, Barkley, and Sarahs police detective boyfriend, Max Mariner are seen on a tropical beach. Eli is seen in his classroom unrepentantly flirting with another student and he has lost his wife, son, and the money, but its unclear whether he still has his Nobel Prize. Alan Rickman as Eli Michaelson, a chemistry professor who wins the Nobel Prize in Chemistry. Bryan Greenberg as Barkley Michaelson, the college student son of Eli Michaelson. Shawn Hatosy as Thaddeus James, Barkleys kidnapper with a dark past, Mary Steenburgen as Sarah Michaelson, a forensic psychiatrist, wife of Eli and mother of Barkley. Bill Pullman as Max Mariner, the detective investigating Barkleys kidnapping. Eliza Dushku as City Hall, a local poet/artist on whom Barkley has a crush, danny DeVito as George Gastner, the Michaelsons guest house tenant who is learning to control his obsessive-compulsive disorder. Cameos include Ted Danson and Tracey Walter as university colleagues of Eli Michaelson, the film was screened from April 28 – May 2,2007 at the 2007 Tribeca Film Festival in New York City
38.
Back to the Future Part III
–
Back to the Future Part III is a 1990 American Science fiction Western comedy film and the third and final installment of the Back to the Future trilogy. The film was directed by Robert Zemeckis, and starred Michael J. Fox, Christopher Lloyd, Mary Steenburgen, Thomas F. Wilson, the film continues immediately following Back to the Future Part II. While stranded in 1955 during his time travel adventures, Marty McFly discovers that his friend Dr. Emmett Doc Brown, Marty decides to travel to 1885 to rescue Doc. Back to the Future Part III was filmed in California and Arizona, Part III was released in the United States on May 25,1990, six months after the previous installment. Part III earned $244.5 million worldwide, making it the film of 1990. On November 12,1955, Marty McFly discovers that his friend, Marty and Docs 1955 self use the information in Docs 1885 letter to locate and repair the DeLorean. Marty spots a tombstone with Docs name, dated six days after the letter, learning that Doc was killed by Biff Tannens great-grandfather, Buford Mad Dog Tannen, Marty travels back to 1885 to save Doc. Marty arrives on September 2,1885, in the middle of a United States Cavalry pursuit of Indians, when the fuel line is torn, Marty hides the car in a cave and walks to Hill Valley. He meets his Irish-born great-great-grandparents, Seamus and Maggie McFly, and runs afoul of Buford, Buford tries to hang Marty, but Doc saves him. Doc agrees to leave 1885, but because commercial gasoline is not yet available, Doc devises a plan to use a locomotive to push the DeLorean up to the required speed. While he and Marty explore a rail spur they intend to use, Doc saves the passenger, Clara Clayton, and the two fall in love. Marty thwarts Bufords attempt to kill Doc at a town festival, Docs name disappears from the photograph of his tombstone, but the date remains unchanged, Doc warns Marty that he might be the one killed by Buford. The night before their departure, Marty and Doc place the DeLorean onto the rail spur, at Claras house, Doc tells her he is from the future, but she believes it is an excuse to end their relationship and angrily dismisses him. Distraught, Doc returns to the saloon for a binge. Doc drinks a shot of whiskey and passes out instantly. Buford arrives early and calls out Marty, but Marty refuses to duel, Doc revives after drinking the bartenders special Wake-Up Juice and tries fleeing with Marty, but Bufords gang captures Doc, forcing Marty to duel. During a fistfight, Buford destroys the tombstone, is knocked unconscious into a full of manure. Marty and Doc depart to steal the locomotive, as Clara is leaving on the train, she overhears a salesman discussing how heartbroken Doc was at the saloon
