1.
Bob Martin (comedian)
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Bob Martin is a writer, actor, and comedian from Toronto, Ontario, Canada born in England in 1962. He has both performed in and written many TV shows, Martin began his career with The Second City in Toronto in 1996. He starred in the Broadway musical The Drowsy Chaperone as the Man in Chair and he also collaborated with Don McKellar on the book. He was reliniquishing his chair to stay in Toronto with his wife, Martin wrote the book for the musical Minskys, which premiered at the Ahmanson Theater in Los Angeles in 2009. He is currently adapting the classic film The Sting for Broadway, as one of the creators, Martin also serves as a writer and a creative producer. He is also a writer of and star in the Canadian television sitcom Michael, Tuesdays and Thursdays, which had its debut on CBC Television in fall 2011. He also provides the voice of Cuddles the comfort doll on the Canadian TV show Puppets Who Kill, aired on The Comedy Network. org, June 2006 New York Magazine interview, May 28,2006
2.
The Comedy Network
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The Comedy Network is a Canadian English language Category A specialty channel that is owned by Bell Media. The channel specializes in programming, including original and acquired series, films. The Comedy Network operates two time-shifted feeds, running on Eastern and Pacific Time Zone schedules, in September 1996,1155636 Ontario Inc. was granted a television broadcasting licence by the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission for The Comedy Network. The channel launched on October 17,1997 with the slogan Time Well Wasted, until then, and since its incarnation in 1997, The Comedy Network maintained a consistent look, The yellow oval logo. On November 1,2011, The Comedy Network was relaunched with a new look, consisting a new simplified logo and their longtime slogan was also retired on this date. S. -originated programming. The following month, a number of Comedy Network programs, including Conan, South Park, the Comedy Network airs a variety of comedy-related programming including sitcoms, sketch comedy series, reality television series, talk shows, stand-up, movies and animation. The Comedy Network, since its beginning, has held a relationship with its American counterpart, Comedy Central, for several years, Canadian attempting to visit Comedy Central websites were redirected to the Comedy Networks website. Conversely, American IP addresses trying to link to the Comedy Network page were redirected to Comedy Centrals page, however, as noted before, many of Comedy Centrals original shows have since moved to MuchMusic. Some original Comedy Network shows like Puppets Who Kill, Odd Job Jack, several original programs including Puppets Who Kill, Comedy Now. On August 2,2010, TV Land Canada was rebranded as Comedy Gold, Comedy Gold focuses primarily on sitcoms from the 1970s, 1980s and 1990s. On July 12,2012, The Comedy Network launched a high definition simulcast feed called The Comedy Network HD and it is available on Bell TV, Bell Fibe TV, Sasktel, Shaw Cable and Telus Optik TV. As part of Bell Medias suite of GO apps for all its main channels, as part of the launch, the video section on the Comedy Network website was renamed after the app
3.
Television program
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It may be a single production, or more commonly, a series of related productions. A limited number of episodes of a show may be called a miniseries or a serial or limited series. Television series are without a fixed length and are divided into seasons or series. While there is no defined length, U. S. industry practice has traditionally favored longer television seasons than those of other countries, a one-time broadcast may be called a special, or particularly in the UK a special episode. A television film is a film that is initially broadcast on television rather than released in theaters or direct-to-video, a program can be either recorded, as on video tape, other various electronic media forms, played with an on-demand player or viewed on live television. Television programs may be fictional, or non-fictional and it may be topical, or historical. They could be primarily instructional or educational, or entertaining as is the case in situation comedy, a drama program usually features a set of actors playing characters in a historical or contemporary setting. The program follows their lives and adventures, except for soap opera-type serials, many shows especially before the 1980s, remained static without story arcs, and the main characters and premise changed little. If some change happened to the characters lives during the episode, because of this, the episodes could be broadcast in any order. Since the 1980s, there are series that feature progressive change to the plot. For instance, Hill Street Blues and St. Elsewhere were two of the first American prime time television series to have this kind of dramatic structure. While the later series, Babylon 5 is an example of such production that had a predetermined story running over its intended five-season run. In 2012, it was reported that television was growing into a component of major media companies revenues than film. Some also noted the increase in quality of television programs. When a person or company decides to create a new series, they develop the elements, consisting of the concept, the characters, the crew. Then they offer it to the networks in an attempt to find one interested enough to order a prototype first episode of the series. They want very much to get the word out on what types of shows they’re looking for, to create the pilot, the structure and team of the whole series must be put together. If the network likes the pilot, they pick up the show to air it the next season, sometimes they save it for mid-season, or request rewrites and further review
4.
The Comedy Channel
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The Comedy Channel is an Australian subscription television channel available on Foxtel, Austar, and Optus Television. A joint venture between Artist Services, Australis Media, and Foxtel, the channel broadcasting on the Galaxy platform on 30 June 1996. After the collapse of Australis in 1998, Foxtels share of the channel increased to 80%, the channel became fully owned by Foxtel after it purchased Artist Services 20% stake in August 2002. In 2006-2007, the channel moved headquarters from Sydney to Melbourne, until the launch of Comedy Central in 2016, The Comedy Channel was the only channel in Australia specifically dedicated to comedy around the clock. It primarily features stand-up comedy, sitcoms, animated series, sketch comedy, comedy films. The Comedy Channel transferred from 4,3 to Widescreen 16,9 broadcasting on Thursday 1 April 2010 at 5, in July 2010, the channel dropped its late night talk shows, leading to disappointed viewers. However, Late Night with Jimmy Fallon has since returned to a night timeslot. Just For Laughs Sydney Melbourne Comedy Festivals Big Three-Oh Pacific Heat Whose Line Is It Anyway and you Have Been Watching Absolutely Fabulous Alan Carr, Chatty Man Allo Allo. Americas Funniest Home Videos Aqua Teen Hunger Force Are You Being Served, bean Mr. D My Name Is Earl Parks and Recreation Peep Show Porridge The Pranker Puppets Who Kill Real Husbands of Hollywood Reno 911. Two and a Half Men Totally Full Frontal Upload with Shaquille ONeal Whacked Out Sports The Wedge Yes Minister You Have Been Watching
5.
Hulu
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Hulu is an American subscription video on demand service owned by Hulu LLC, a joint venture with The Walt Disney Company, 21st Century Fox, Comcast, and as of August 10,2016, Time Warner. It is primarily oriented towards television series, carrying current and past episodes of series from its owners respective television networks, the subscription service is, in turn, divided into advertising-supported and mostly ad-free tiers. In 2016, Hulu spun out its content into a joint venture with Yahoo. called Yahoo. View and announced plans for a television streaming service some time in 2017. The name Hulu comes from two Mandarin Chinese words, húlú, calabash, bottle gourd, and hùlù, interactive recording, the company blog explains, In Mandarin, Hulu has two interesting meanings, each highly relevant to our mission. The primary meaning interested us because it is used in an ancient Chinese proverb that describes the Hulu as the holder of precious things and it literally translates to gourd, and in ancient times, the Hulu was hollowed out and used to hold precious things. The secondary meaning is interactive recording and we saw both definitions as appropriate bookends and highly relevant to the mission of Hulu. Key executives instrumental in the founding of Hulu include Bruce Campbell, Peter Chernin, JB Perrette, Michael Lang, Beth Comstock, the venture was announced in March 2006 with AOL, Comcast, Facebook, MSN, Myspace, and Yahoo. planned as initial distribution partners. Kilar was named the CEO in June 2006, the name Hulu was chosen in late August 2007, when the website went live, with an announcement only and no content. It invited users to leave their addresses for the upcoming beta test. In October, Hulu began the private beta testing by invitation, Hulu launched for public access in the United States on March 12,2008. The first product to launch was the HULU Syndication network, which was designed and developed by the NBC Universal team from New York, on October 29,2007, followed by the Hulu. com destinations site. Hulu began a campaign during NBCs broadcast of Super Bowl XLIII with an initial ad starring Alec Baldwin titled Alec in Huluwood. The ad intended to reveal the shocking secret behind Hulu. Advertisements have since aired featuring Eliza Dushku, Seth MacFarlane, Denis Leary, with its investment came a seat on the board of directors, where Providence was said to act as an independent voice on the board. In October 2012, Providence sold its 10 percent stake to Hulus media owners, ComScore says monthly video streams reached 903 million in January 2010, over three times the figure for a year earlier, and second only to YouTube. On August 16,2010, a report revealed that Hulu was planning an Initial Public Offering which could value the company at more than $2 billion. On June 21,2011, The Wall Street Journal reported that an unsolicited offer caused Hulu to begin weighing whether to sell itself
6.
One-person show
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A one-person show is a solo performance, featuring a comedian or actor who stands on stage and entertains an audience. While a one-person show may be the musings of a comedian on a theme, in the preface of the book Extreme Exposure, editor Jo Bonney uses the term solo performance to encompass those performers who do not necessarily have a comedic history. She suggests that at the most basic level, despite their limitless backgrounds and performance styles and this assumption is based on her assertion that a number of solo shows have a storyline or a plot. When creating a show, a performer is not limited to creating and performing the show themselves. They can use directors, writers, designers, and composers, an example of how Eric Bogosian builds a character can be found in the published version of his show Wake Up And Smell the Coffee, by Theatre Communications Group, New York City. The backgrounds of solo performers over the range from vaudeville, stand-up comedy, poetry, music, the visual arts, magic, cabaret. We may assume that individuals have told stories in front of members of their tribe or society for thousands of years. They would have passed down many of todays myths and legends in this manner. Edgar Allan Poe both lectured and recited poetry as a performer between 1843 and 1849, his performances stand as a paradigm of the one-person show hybrid simply called the lecture-recital. The reading tours of Charles Dickens in Britain and America between 1858 and 1870 created a sensation and his American tour of 1867-68 was unparalleled until the arrival of the Beatles in the early 1960s. One person shows enjoyed an artistic and commercial vogue in the United States during the second half of the nineteenth century. Literary historians often associate the Victorian period with the highest development of the monologue as a poetic form. By the time the United States entered the 20th century, the number, by the 1960s, the term performance art became popular and involved any number of performance acts or happenings, as they were known. Many performers, like Laurie Anderson, developed through these happenings and are still performing today, since solo shows have long been the domain of comic performers, it should be no surprise that many American comedians, past and present, have come to prominence through this genre. Several performers have presented shows in tribute to famous personalities. The blueprint for this type of show may have been drafted by Hal Holbrook, jack Aranson starred in a one-man, 13-character production of Moby Dick. One-person shows may be personal, autobiographical creations, sometimes, solo shows are simply traditional plays written by playwrights for a cast of one. Examples, Shirley Valentine by Willy Russell, I Am My Own Wife by Doug Wright, The Blonde, the Brunette, a performer of shows of this type is Chris Harris, whose performances in the genre include Kemps Jig, Thats The Way To Do It
7.
Comedian
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A comedian or comic is a person who seeks to entertain an audience, primarily by making them laugh. This might be through jokes or amusing situations, or acting a fool, as in slapstick, a comedian who addresses an audience directly is called a stand-up comic. Since the 1980s, a new wave of comedy, called alternative comedy, has grown in popularity with its more offbeat and this normally involves more experiential, or observational reporting, e. g. Alexei Sayle, Daniel Tosh, Louis C. K. and Malcolm Hardee. Many comics achieve a cult following while touring famous comedy hubs such as the Just for Laughs festival in Montreal, the Edinburgh Fringe, often a comics career advances significantly when they win a notable comedy award, such as the Edinburgh Comedy Award. Comics sometimes foray into other areas of entertainment, such as film and television, however, a comics stand-up success does not guarantee a films critical or box office success. Comedians can be dated back to 425 BC, when Aristophanes and he wrote 40 comedies,11 of which survive and are still being performed. Aristophanes comedy style took the form of satyr plays, the English poet and playwright William Shakespeare wrote many comedies. A Shakespearean comedy is one that has an ending, usually involving marriages between the unmarried characters, and a tone and style that is more light-hearted than Shakespeares other plays. Charles Chaplin was the most popular comedian of the first half of the 20th century. He wrote comedic silent films such as Modern Times and The Kid and his films still have a major impact on comedy in films today. One of the most popular forms of comedy is stand-up comedy. Stand-up comedy is a monologue performed by one or more people standing on a stage. Bob Hope was the most popular comedian of the 20th century. Other noted stand-up comedians include George Carlin, Jerry Seinfeld, Lenny Bruce, Mort Sahl, Louis CK, another popular form of modern-day comedy is talk shows where comedians make fun of current news or popular topics. Such comedians include Jay Leno, Conan OBrien, Daniel Tosh, Chris Hardwick, Jimmy Fallon, David Letterman, a third form of modern-day comedy is television programs in which many comedians band together to make skits, such as Saturday Night Live. These shows often receive high ratings, likely because many comedians band together to create jokes, one of the most successful comedians is Ellen Degeneres, who has parlayed her comic career into film, television shows, and hosting major media events. In 1986, Ellen DeGeneres appeared for the first time on The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson since she began gaining popularity as a comic in the 1980s. Johnny Carson, who launched many contemporary comics careers, would invite them to join him on the couch for one-on-one conversation after their set
8.
Puppeteer
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The puppeteer may be visible to or hidden from the audience. Some puppet styles require two or more puppeteers to work together to create a puppet character. The puppeteer might speak in the role of the puppets character, however, there is much puppetry which does not use the moving mouth. Often, in theatre, a mouth is used only for gestural expression. In traditional glove puppetry often one puppeteer will operate two puppets at an out of a cast of several. Very often, though, the puppeteer assumes the joint roles of puppet-maker, director, moose and Mr. Bunny Rabbit Cary Antebi - Sherlock the Squirrel in The Magic Garden Pam Arciero - Grundgetta from Sesame Street. Bob Baker -400 movies, first puppeteer on TV – Los Angeles KHJ in 1939, greg Ballora - Emmett from The Adventures of Timmy the Tooth, Baloney from The Mr. Potato Head Show. Billy Barkhurst - Jennifer Barnhart - Cleo Lion from Between the Lions, Mama Bear from Sesame Street, phil Baron - Bill Barretta - Pepe the King Prawn, Bobo the Bear, and Johnny Fiama from Muppets Tonight. Rowlf the Dog and The Swedish Chef, marjorie Batchelder McPharlin - American puppeteer and authority on the puppet theater. Trace Beaulieu - Mystery Science Theater 3000s Crow T, fran Brill - Zoe, Prairie Dawn, Little Bird, Roxie Marie from Sesame Street. The Chiodo Brothers - Stephen Chiodo, Edward Chiodo, and Charles Chiodo have used their company Chiodo Bros, productions Inc. to create puppets for specific films which they also performed in. They are also known for performing the puppet for Dr. Colosso from The Thundermans, forman Brown - Puppeteer and gay novelist. He was a member of the Yale Puppeteers and the force behind Turnabout Theatre. Warrick Brownlow-Pike - Dodge T. Dog, Oucho T. Cactus Lisa Buckley - Ms. Fluffé from Dog City and she built Noodle McNoodle from Noodle and Doodle. Simon Buckley - British TV and film puppeteer Julianne Buescher - Potato Bug from The Mr. Potato Head Show, Potato Head from The Mr. Potato Head Show. Kevin Carlson helped Dina Fraboni James Murray to create The Adventures of Timmy the Tooth where he performed the title character, leslie Carrara-Rudolph - Abby Cadabby from Sesame Street. Dave Chapman - Dougie Colon from That Puppet Game Show, Otis the Aardvark, Scratch from Nuzzle, Kevin Clash - Elmo from Sesame Street, Clifford from The Jim Henson Hour and Muppets Tonight, Baby Sinclair from Dinosaurs. Lola Cueto - María Dolores Velázquez Rivas, better known as Lola Cueto Mexican painter, printmaker, mireya Cueto - Mexican puppeteer, writer and dramaturg
9.
Toronto Fringe Festival
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The Toronto Fringe Festival is an annual theatre festival, featuring un-juried plays by unknown or well-known artists, taking place in the theatres of Toronto. Several productions originally mounted at the Fringe have later been remounted for larger audiences, the Toronto Fringe Festival started in 1989. Today the festival presents over 150 individual productions from Canada and around the world and it is well known for not having a jury to judge which plays will be presented. Instead it uses a system which gives each play an equal chance. It depends mostly on volunteers, donors/sponsors, and government grants, in 2008 The Fringe of Toronto launched a second festival called The Next Stage Festival which takes place annually in January. Unlike the summer festival, NSTF is juried and presents new and remounted projects by Fringe Artists. Also, unlike the summer Fringe Festival NSTF only showcases 8 productions, NSTF was the first major step in the organization branching out to a year-round support organization that brings many opportunities to artists and arts-lovers. 2011 saw the opening of yet another expansion, this time a year-round fixture called The Fringe Creation Lab. The Creation Lab is the new home of the Toronto Fringe. The Lab consists of two spaces and the Toronto Fringe admin office, both housed on the 4th floor of the Centre for Social Innovation in the Annex. Both studios are available for anyone to rent at any time to do whatever they want, the spaces can be rented at various levels of subsidy, on a first-come, first-served basis. Some notable productions include Da Kink in My Hair, which was developed into a TV show by GlobalTV, and The Drowsy Chaperone. In 2009, My Mothers Lesbian Jewish-Wiccan Wedding was picked up by Mirvish Productions from the festival, kims Convenience, winner of the 2011 Best New Play award, was remounted in 2012 by Soulpepper Theatre
10.
Puppet
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A puppet is an object, often resembling a human, animal or mythical figure, that is animated or manipulated by a person called a puppeteer. The puppeteer uses movements of her hands, arms, or control devices such as rods or strings to move the body, head, limbs, and in some cases the mouth and eyes of the puppet. The puppeteer often speaks in the voice of the character of the puppet, the actions, gestures and spoken parts acted out by the puppeteer with the puppet are typically used in storytelling. Puppetry is an ancient form of theatre which dates back to the 5th century BC in Ancient Greece. There are many different varieties of puppets, and they are made from a range of materials, depending on their form. They range from very simple in construction and operation to very complex, the sock puppet is a type of hand puppet, which is controlled using one hand that occupies the interior of the puppet and moves the puppet around. A live-hand puppet is similar to a puppet but is larger. A rod puppet is constructed around a central rod secured to the head, a shadow puppet is a cut-out figure held between a source of light and a translucent screen. Bunraku puppets are a type of Japanese wood-carved puppet, carnival puppets are large puppets, typically bigger than a human, designed to be part of a large spectacle or parade. Puppetry was practiced in Ancient Greece and the oldest written records of puppetry can be found in the works of Herodotus and Xenophon, aristotle discusses puppets in his work On the Motion of Animals. In India, puppetry was practiced from ancient times and is known by different names in different parts of the country, excavation of clay dolls from Indus valley sites serve as an indication. The art of puppetry called Bommalattam is mentioned in Tamil literature Silappadikaram, puppetry by its nature is a flexible and inventive medium and many puppet companies work with combinations of puppet forms and incorporate real objects into their performances. They might, for example, incorporate performing objects such as paper for snow. The puppeteers perform dressed in black against a background, with the background. The puppeteers manipulate the puppets under the light, while they position themselves unseen against the black unlit background, Puppets of many sizes and types may be used. The original concept of form of puppetry can be traced to Bunraku puppetry. Bunraku puppets are a type of wood-carved puppet originally made to stand out through torch illumination, Bunraku traditionally uses three puppeteers to operate a puppet that varies from 1/3 to 1/2 life size. Carnival puppets are designed to be part of a large spectacle
11.
Anthropomorphic
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Anthropomorphism is the attribution of human traits, emotions, and intentions to non-human entities and is considered to be an innate tendency of human psychology. Personification is the attribution of human form and characteristics to abstract concepts such as nations, emotions and natural forces like seasons. Both have ancient roots as storytelling and artistic devices, and most cultures have traditional fables with anthropomorphized animals as characters, people have also routinely attributed human emotions and behavioural traits to wild as well as domestic animals. Anthropomorphism derives from its verb form anthropomorphize, itself derived from the Greek ánthrōpos and it is first attested in 1753, originally in reference to the heresy of applying a human form to the Christian God. One of the oldest known is a sculpture, the Löwenmensch figurine, Germany. It is not possible to say what these prehistoric artworks represent, in either case there is an element of anthropomorphism. This anthropomorphic art has been linked by archaeologist Steven Mithen with the emergence of more systematic hunting practices in the Upper Palaeolithic. In religion and mythology, anthropomorphism refers to the perception of a divine being or beings in human form, ancient mythologies frequently represented the divine as deities with human forms and qualities. They resemble human beings not only in appearance and personality, they exhibited many human behaviors that were used to explain phenomena, creation. The deities fell in love, married, had children, fought battles, wielded weapons and they feasted on special foods, and sometimes required sacrifices of food, beverage, and sacred objects to be made by human beings. Some anthropomorphic deities represented specific concepts, such as love, war, fertility, beauty. Anthropomorphic deities exhibited human qualities such as beauty, wisdom, and power, and sometimes human weaknesses such as greed, hatred, jealousy, Greek deities such as Zeus and Apollo often were depicted in human form exhibiting both commendable and despicable human traits. Anthropomorphism in this case is referred to as anthropotheism, from the perspective of adherents to religions in which humans were created in the form of the divine, the phenomenon may be considered theomorphism, or the giving of divine qualities to humans. Anthropomorphism has cropped up as a Christian heresy, particularly prominently with the Audians in third century Syria, but also in fourth century Egypt and tenth century Italy. This often was based on an interpretation of Genesis 1,27, So God created man in His own image, in the image of God created He him. Some religions, scholars, and philosophers objected to anthropomorphic deities. Ethiopians say that their gods are snub–nosed and blackThracians that they are pale and he said that the greatest god resembles man neither in form nor in mind. Both Judaism and Islam reject an anthropomorphic deity, believing that God is beyond human comprehension, judaisms rejection of an anthropomorphic deity grew during the Hasmonean period, when Jewish belief incorporated some Greek philosophy. Judaisms rejection grew further after the Islamic Golden Age in the tenth century, hindus do not reject the concept of a deity in the abstract unmanifested, but note practical problems
12.
Juvenile delinquency
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Juvenile delinquency, also known as juvenile offending, is participation in illegal behavior by minors. Most legal systems prescribe specific procedures for dealing with juveniles, such as detention centers. A juvenile delinquent in the United States is a person who is typically below 18 years of age, depending on the type and severity of the offense committed, it is possible for people under 18 to be charged and treated as adults. Juvenile crimes can range from status offenses, to property crimes, however, juvenile offending can be considered normative adolescent behavior. This is because most teens tend to offend by committing non-violent crimes, only once or a few times, repeated and/or violent offending is likely to lead to later and more violent offenses. When this happens, the offender often displayed antisocial behavior even before reaching adolescence, according to the developmental research of Moffitt, there are two different types of offenders that emerge in adolescence. Juvenile delinquency occurrences by males are largely disproportionate to the rate of occurrences by females and this great gap between the crimes reinforce the connotations of traditional masculinity to be the center of violence, aggression, and competition. This is largely based on the notion that as males, it is their duty to take what they feel they deserve through these means to define themselves and play the role of provider and independent figure. Because aggression is not a characteristic, it has caused more commotion when females perform crimes that are often attributed to males. The acts of delinquency begin with the expectations of their perceived roles through the direction of adults of both genders. Sandra Lee Bartky expresses these claims thoroughly in her work Foucault, Femininity, and the Modernization of Patriarchal Power by examining close observation of diction, action, and decorum. Boys learn to take as much space as possible when sitting, dress appropriately to stand out, thus, delinquent behavior is expressed as an outlet especially to those of lower socioeconomic backgrounds that cannot gain precedence through conventional means. Gender role for females is to become more unnoticeable, a follower that does not need to stand out, because of their condition to be more docile and dependent, the instinctive need to gain precedence is not as highly valued. Even respect comes in the form of different terms, as it is through how appropriately she conducts herself that seems innocent and this is also influenced by fellow peers such as mothers and other female figures apart from the authoritative male figure. In this instance, there is no need to urge to commit delinquency as the female is expected to rely on the male for his role as provider. It is through the act of needing to become dependent that enforces the feminine characteristics to seem as an alternative to delinquency, in fact, it has been largely stated that while masculinity induces such violent behavior, femininity is seen as the antithesis to delinquency. The answers were predominantly that males were to provide through aggressive terms, while females should be the more docile, the bipolarity assumption suggests that masculinity and femininity are opposites, and the assumption of unidimensionality implies that gender differences form a single scale. Interestingly, the impact of feminism has because the formation of a new trend as female delinquency has gone up
13.
Recidivism
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Recidivism is the act of a person repeating an undesirable behavior after they had either experienced negative consequences of that behavior, or had been trained to extinguish that behavior. It is also used to refer to the percentage of prisoners who are rearrested for a similar offense. The term is used in conjunction with criminal behavior and substance abuse. To be counted as recidivism, the re-offending requires voluntary disclosure of arrest and conviction, as another example, alcoholic recidivism might refer to the proportion of people who, after successful treatment, report having, or are determined to have, returned to the abuse of alcohol. The effect of incarceration on former prisoners has been a common topic of discussion for many years. In most cases, it is believed that prisoners will find themselves right back where they started. According to an April 2011 report by the Pew Center on the States, in recent history, the rate of incarceration in the U. S. has increased dramatically, resulting in prisons being filled to capacity with bad conditions and environments for inmates. In many prisons, crime continues inside the prison walls, gangs exist and flourish on the inside, often with many key tactical decisions being made by leaders who are in jail. This is a significant issue because ninety-five percent of prisoners will be released back into the community at some point. According to a study published in 2003 by The Urban Institute. The study says this happens due to personal and situation characteristics, including the social environment of peers, family, community. One of the reasons why they find themselves back in jail is because it is difficult for the individual to fit back in with ‘normal’ life. They have to reestablish ties with their family, return to places and secure formal identification, they often have a poor work history. Many prisoners report being anxious about their release, they are excited about how their life will be different “this time” which does not always end up being the case, more broadly, however, recidivism affects everyone. Crime is a problem in community and anyone can be a victim. Victimization can take many forms—from being directly injured in a violent crime, to being robbed, furthermore, all taxpayers are greatly impacted by the economic costs of crime. It is estimated that three quarters of those returning from prison have a history of substance abuse, over 70 percent of prisoners with serious mental illnesses also have a substance use disorder. Furthermore, inmates who receive aftercare have a greater chance of not recidivating
14.
Halfway house
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The environment features varying degrees of privacy, social work, medical, psychiatric, and other similar services as well as residence halls for the patients. Two main types are found in the U. S, in the first type, upon admission, a patient is classified as to the type of disability, ability to reintegrate into society, and expected time frame for doing so. Halfway houses are meant for reintegration of persons who have recently released from jail or a mental institution. There is often opposition from neighborhoods where halfway houses attempt to locate, there are several different types of halfway houses. Some are state sponsored, while others are run by for profit entities, in criminology the purpose of a halfway house is generally considered to be that of allowing people to begin the process of reintegration with society, while still providing monitoring and support. This type of living arrangement is believed to reduce the risk of recidivism or relapse when compared to a straight release directly into society. The state-placement of ex-criminal offenders to a house after a prison sentence may either be decided upon as part of the judges sentence or by a prison officials recommendation. A direct sentence to a house can be decided upon by a judge or prosecutor in lieu of prison time. Most programs in the United States make a distinction between a house and a sober/recovery house. Residents stay for one to six months, residents of work release housing are frequently required to pay rent on a sliding scale which is often dependent on whether or not they can find a job while in residence. In addiction-recovery houses, a stay is sometimes financed by health insurance. In addition, a stay in a house might be a partial requirement of a criminal sentence. Residents are normally asked to remain sober and comply with a recovery program, in certain areas, a halfway house is much different from a recovery house or sober house. In these areas, a Drug and Alcohol Halfway House is licensed by the Department of Health and has staff coverage 24 hours a day and this staff includes a clinical treatment team. In the United Kingdom, halfway house usually refers to a place people with mental disorders, victims of child abuse, orphans. The latter are run by charities, including the Church of England, other churches. Residential places for offenders on bail are known as bail hostels, however, the expression halfway house more usually refers to something combining features of two other things, for example a solution to a problem based on two ideas. In Canada, halfway houses are often called Community-Based Residential Facilities, the Correctional Service of Canada definition of a halfway house is similar to the general American definition of one
15.
Social work
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Social work is an academic and practice-based professional discipline that seeks to facilitate the welfare of communities, individuals, families, and groups. Social work tries to promote change and grassroots empowerment of people and aids in socioeconomic development, social cohesion. A practicing professional with a degree in social work is called a social worker, the practice and profession of social work has a relatively modern and scientific origin, and is generally considered to have developed out of three strands. The first was individual casework, a strategy pioneered by the Charity Organization Society in the mid-19th century, the second was social administration, which included various forms of poverty relief – relief of paupers. Statewide poverty relief could be said to have its roots in the English Poor Laws of the 17th century and this approach was developed originally by the Settlement House Movement. This was accompanied by an easily defined movement, the development of institutions to deal with the entire range of social problems. All had their most rapid growth during the century, and laid the foundational basis for modern social work. Because poverty was the focus of early social work, it was intricately linked with the idea of charity work. With the decline of feudalism in 16th century England, the indigent poor came to be seen as a direct threat to the social order. The first complete code of poor relief was made in the Act for the Relief of the Poor 1597 and it created a system administered at parish level, paid for by levying local rates on rate payers. Relief for those too ill or old to work, the impotent poor, was in the form of a payment or items of food or clothing also known as outdoor relief. The Poor Law Amendment Act of 1834 completely overhauled the system in Britain. This included the forming together of small parishes into Poor Law Unions, the 19th century saw a great leap forward in technological and scientific achievement. There was also a migration to urban areas throughout the Western world. This galvanised the socially active, prosperous middle and upper classes to search for ways to ameliorate the physical and spiritual conditions of the poor underclasses. A new philosophy of scientific charity emerged, which stated charity should be secular, rational and empirical as opposed to sectarian, sentimental, COS had its main focus on individual casework. It supported the concept of self-help and limited government intervention to deal with the effects of poverty, the organisation claimed to use scientific principles to root out scroungers and target relief where it was most needed. Octavia Hill is regarded by many as the founder of social work
16.
Chain smoking
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Chain smoking is the practice of smoking several cigarettes in succession, sometimes using the ember of a finished cigarette to light the next. Often the term chain smoker refers to a person who smokes relatively constantly, the term applies primarily to cigarettes, although it can be used to describe incessant cigar and pipe smoking as well. It is a form of addiction. The use of cocaine or an amphetamine with cigarettes can result in chain smoking, many people chain smoke when drinking alcoholic beverages because alcohol potentiates nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, leading to re-sensitization and hence inducing a craving. The extent to chain smoking is driven by nicotine dependence has been studied. It does not seem that the amount of nicotine delivered is a significant factor as the puff volume correlates poorly with the frequency of cigarette consumption, chain-smoking is given as an example of excessive addictive behaviour in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. It may be used as a form of therapy for smokers who are unused to such heavy smoking, inducing them to give up altogether. However, research confirms that current HVAC systems, while important for air quality
17.
Misanthropy
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Misanthropy is the general hatred, distrust or contempt of the human species or human nature. A misanthrope or misanthropist is someone who holds such views or feelings, the words origin is from the Greek words μῖσος and ἄνθρωπος. The condition is often confused with asociality, misanthropy has been ascribed to a number of writers of satire, such as William S. Gilbert and William Shakespeare. Jonathan Swift is widely believed to be misanthropic, molières play The Misanthrope is one of the more famous French plays on this topic. Less famous, but more contemporary is the 1970 play by Françoise Dorin, Un sale égoïste which takes the point of view of the misanthrope, fernando Pessoas factless autobiography The Book of Disquiet has been described as misanthropic. In Western philosophy, misanthropy has been connected to isolation from human society, and when it happens to someone often. There is a difference between philosophical pessimism and misanthropy, immanuel Kant said that Of the crooked timber of humanity, no straight thing can ever be made, and yet this was not an expression of the uselessness of mankind itself. Kant further stated that hatred of mankind can take two forms, aversion from men and enmity towards them. The condition can arise partly from dislike and partly from ill-will and this might be thought of as more of a criticism of conformity rather than people in general. Certain thinkers such as Ibn al-Rawandi, a skeptic of Islam, and Muhammad ibn Zakariya ar-Razi often expressed misanthropic views
18.
Children's television series
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They can sometimes run during the early evening, allowing younger children to watch them after school. The purpose of the shows is mainly to entertain and sometimes to educate, in the United States, early childrens television was often a marketing branch of a larger corporate product, such as Disney, and it rarely contained any educational elements. This practice continued, albeit in a much toned-down manner, through the 1980s in the United States, in 1992, teen comedies and a Today show weekend edition were first to displace the cartoon blocks on NBC. Starting in September 2002, the networks turned to their affiliated cable cartoon channels or outside programmers for their blocks, the other two Big Three television networks soon did the same. Infomercials replaced the cartoon on Fox in 2008, the Saturday cartoons were less of a draw due to the various cable cartoon channels being available all week starting in the 1990s. With recordable options becoming more prevalent in the 1990s with Videocassette recorder then its 21st century replacements of DVDs, DVRs, FCC rule changes in the 1990s regarding the E/I programming and limitation on kid-focus advertising made the cartoons less profitable. Another possible contributor is the rising divorce rate and the following childrens visitation pushed more quality time with the kids instead of TV watching. On September 27,2014, the last traditional Saturday network morning cartoon block, Vortexx, Childrens television series can target a wide variety of key demographics, the programming used to target these demographics varies by age and gender. Few television networks target infants and toddlers under two years of age, in due to widespread opposition to the practice. Childrens programming can be targeted toward persons 2 to 11 years of age, in practice, this is divided into the preschool demographic. Preschool-oriented programming is more overtly educational. In a number of cases, such shows are produced in consultation with educators, adaptations of illustrated childrens book series are one subgenre of shows targeted at younger children. Shows that target the demographic of persons 6 to 11 years old focus primarily on entertainment, most childrens television series targeting this age range are animated, and many often specifically target boys, girls or sometimes both. PBS has had greater success with its educational programming block. The teen demographic targets viewers 11 to 17 years of age, live-action series that target this demographic are more dramatic and developed, including teen dramas and teen sitcoms. In some cases, they may contain mature content that is usually not permissible on shows targeting younger viewers. Animated programming is not generally targeted at this demographic, cartoons that are aimed at teenagers generally feature more crude humor than those oriented toward younger children. S, regulations that allows teen-oriented programs to be counted as educational but not be subject to restrictions on advertising for childrens programs. One of the issues that is brought up is that of gendered stereotypes within childrens television
19.
Mood swing
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A mood swing is an extreme or rapid change in mood. Such mood swings can play a part in promoting problem solving. However, when mood swings are so strong that they are disruptive, however most peoples mood swings remain in the mild to moderate range of emotional ups and downs. The duration of mood swings also varies, in such cases, mood swings can extend over several days, even weeks, these episodes may consist of rapid alternation between feelings of depression and euphoria. Changes in an energy level, sleep patterns, self-esteem, concentration. Many different things might trigger mood swings, from diet or lifestyle to drug abuse or hormonal imbalance. Other major causes of mood swings include diseases/disorders which interfere with nervous system function, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, epilepsy, and autism are three such examples. The hyperactivity sometimes accompanied by inattentiveness, impulsiveness, and forgetfulness are cardinal symptoms associated with ADHD, as a result, ADHD is known to bring about usually short-lived mood swings. The communication difficulties associated with autism, and the changes in neurochemistry, are also known to cause autistic fits. The seizures associated with epilepsy involve changes in the electrical firing. If the mood swing is not associated with a mood disorder, most commonly, however, mood swings are the result of dealing with stressful and/or unexpected situations in daily life. Degenerative diseases of the central nervous system such as Parkinsons disease, Alzheimers disease, multiple sclerosis. Not eating on time can contribute, or eating too much sugar, can cause fluctuations in blood sugar, if a person has an abnormal level of one or several of certain neurotransmitters in their brain, it may result in having mood swings or a mood disorder. Serotonin is one such neurotransmitter that is involved with sleep, moods, a slight imbalance of this NT could result in depression. Norepinephrine is a neurotransmitter that is involved with learning, memory, like serotonin, an imbalance of norepinephrine may also result in depression. Learning to bring oneself down from grandiose states of mind, or up from exaggerated shame states, is part of taking an approach to managing ones own moods. Ronald R. Fieve, Moodswing Susanne P. Schad-Somers, On mood swings Understanding mood swings
20.
Comfort object
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A comfort object, transitional object, or security blanket is an item used to provide psychological comfort, especially in unusual or unique situations, or at bedtime for small children. Among toddlers, comfort objects may take the form of a blanket, an animal, or a favorite toy. Emergency vehicles and police cars are sometimes equipped with stuffed toys, to be given to victims involved in an accident or traumatic shock. Paramedics are trained to treat physical shock with an array of blankets designed to preserve heat, blood. Often charities will provide comfort objects such as blankets and quilts to survivors of disasters, psychologists are experimenting with the use of heavy thick fleece blankets to replace restraints such as straitjackets. They have noted through experiments with children who have autism that weighted blankets have a soothing effect to help calm agitated patients. In human childhood development, the transitional object is normally used. It is something, usually an object, which takes the place of the mother-child bond. Common examples include dolls, teddy bears or blankets, donald Woods Winnicott introduced the concepts of transitional objects and transitional experience in reference to a particular developmental sequence. With transition Winnicott means an intermediate phase between the psychic and external reality. In this transitional space we can find the transitional object, when the young child begins to separate the me from the not-me and evolves from complete dependence to a stage of relative independence, it uses transitional objects. Infants see themselves and the mother as a whole, alongside the subjective omnipotence of a child lies an objective reality, which constitutes the child’s awareness of separateness between itself and desired objects. Later on the child comes to realize that the mother is a separate entity, the child realizes that they are dependent on others, thus losing the idea that they are independent. This realization creates a difficult period and brings frustration and anxiety with it, the mother cannot always be there to bring the world to the baby, a realization which has a powerful, somewhat painful, but ultimately constructive impact on the child. Through fantasizing about the object of its wishes the child will find comfort, a transitional object can be used in this process. The transitional object is often the first not me possession that really belongs to the child and this could be a real object like a blanket or a teddy bear, but other objects, such as a melody or a word, can fulfill this role as well. This object represents all components of mothering, and it means that the child itself is able to create what it needs as well and it enables the child to have a fantasized bond with the mother when she gradually separates for increasingly longer periods of time. The transitional object is important at the time of going to sleep, in a later stage of the development the child no longer needs the transitional object
21.
Teddy bear
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A teddy bear is a soft toy in the form of a bear. Developed apparently simultaneously by toymakers Morris Michtom in the U. S, since the creation of the first teddy bears which sought to imitate the form of real bear cubs, teddies have greatly varied in form, style and material. They have become collectors items, with older and rarer teddies appearing at public auctions, Teddy bears are among the most popular gifts for children and are often given to adults to signify love, congratulations, or sympathy. The name teddy bear comes from former United States President Theodore Roosevelt, the name originated from an incident on a bear hunting trip in Mississippi in November 1902, to which Roosevelt was invited by Mississippi Governor Andrew H. Longino. There were several other hunters competing, and most of them had killed an animal. A suite of Roosevelts attendants, led by Holt Collier, cornered, clubbed and they called Roosevelt to the site and suggested that he should shoot it. Morris Michtom saw the drawing of Roosevelt and was inspired to create a teddy bear and he created a tiny soft bear cub and put it in the shop window with a sign Teddys bear, after sending a bear to Roosevelt and receiving permission to use his name. The toys were a success and Michtom founded the Ideal Novelty. At the same time in Germany, the Steiff firm, unaware of Michtoms bear, Steiff exhibited the toy at the Leipzig Toy Fair in March 1903, where it was seen by Hermann Berg, a buyer for George Borgfeldt & Company in New York. He ordered 3000 to be sent to the United States, however, the story is disputed - Gunther Pfieffer notes that it was only recorded in 1953 and says it is more likely that the 55 PB was not sufficiently durable to survive until the present day. Although Steiff and Michtom were both making teddy bears at around the time, neither would have known of the others creation due to poor transatlantic communication. Early teddy bears were made to look like bears, with extended snouts. Modern teddy bears tend to have eyes and foreheads and smaller noses. Teddy bears are manufactured to represent different species of bear, such as polar bears and grizzly bears. Commercially made, mass-produced teddy bears are made as toys for children. These bears either have safety joints for attaching arms, legs and they must have securely fastened eyes that do not pose a choking hazard for small children. These plush bears must meet a standard of construction in order to be marketed to children in the United States. There are also companies, like Steiff, that sell handmade collectible bears that can be purchased in stores or over the Internet, the majority of teddy bears are manufactured in countries such as China and Indonesia
22.
Promiscuity
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Promiscuity is the practice of having casual sex frequently with different partners or being indiscriminate in the choice of sexual partners. The term can carry a moral judgement if the ideal for sexual activity is monogamous relationships. A common example of behavior viewed as promiscuous by many cultures is the one-night stand, what sexual behavior is considered promiscuous varies between cultures, as does the prevalence of promiscuity. Different standards are applied to different genders and civil statuses. Feminists have traditionally argued a significant double standard exists between how men and women are judged for promiscuity, a scientific study published in 2005 found that promiscuous men and women are judged equally harshly. However, later studies show evidence for a double standard, Promiscuity is common in many animal species. Some species have mating systems, ranging from polyandry and polygyny to mating systems with no stable relationships where mating between two individuals is a one-time event. Many species form stable pair bonds, but still mate with other individuals outside the pair, in biology, incidents of promiscuity in species that form pair bonds are usually called extra-pair copulations. American experiments in 1978 and 1982 found the majority of men were willing to have sex with women they did not know, of average attractiveness. No woman, by contrast, agreed to such propositions from men of average attractiveness, while men were in general comfortable with the requests, regardless of their willingness, women responded with shock and disgust. The number of partners people have had in their lifetimes varies widely within a population. A2007 nationwide survey in the United States found the number of female sexual partners reported by men was seven. About 29% of men and 9% of women reported to have had more than 15 sexual partners in their lifetimes, an important question in the epidemiology of sexually transmitted infections is whether or not these groups copulate mostly at random or within their social groups. A2006 systematic review found no association between regional sexual behavior tendencies, such as number of partners, and sexual-health status. Much more predictive of sexual-health status are socioeconomic factors like poverty and mobility, other studies have suggested that people with multiple casual sex partners are more likely to be diagnosed with sexually transmitted infections. The study measured one-night stands, attitudes to sex. A2014 nationwide survey in the United Kingdom named Liverpool the countrys most promiscuous city, britains position on the international index may be linked to increasing social acceptance of promiscuity among women as well as men. Britain’s ranking was ascribed to such as the decline of religious scruples about extramarital sex, the growth of equal pay and equal rights for women
23.
Ventriloquism
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Ventriloquism, or ventriloquy, is an act of stagecraft in which a person changes his or her voice so that it appears that the voice is coming from elsewhere, usually a puppeteered dummy. The act of ventriloquism is ventriloquizing, and the ability to do so is called in English the ability to throw ones voice. Originally, ventriloquism was a religious practice, the name comes from the Latin for to speak from the stomach, i. e. venter and loqui. The noises produced by the stomach were thought to be the voices of the unliving, the ventriloquist would then interpret the sounds, as they were thought to be able to speak to the dead, as well as foretell the future. One of the earliest recorded group of prophets to utilise this technique was the Pythia, the priestess at the temple of Apollo in Delphi, who acted as the conduit for the Delphic Oracle. One of the most successful early gastromancers was Eurykles, a prophet at Athens, in the Middle Ages, it was thought to be similar to witchcraft. As Spiritualism led to stage magic and escapology, so became more of a performance art as, starting around the 19th century. Other parts of the world also have a tradition of ventriloquism for ritual or religious purposes, historically there have been adepts of this practice among the Zulu, Inuit, and Māori peoples. The shift from ventriloquism as manifestation of spiritual forces toward ventriloquism as entertainment happened in the century at the travelling funfairs. The earliest example of a ventriloquist dates back to 1753 in England, in 1757, the Austrian Baron de Mengen is known to have implemented a small doll into his performance. However, other performers were beginning to incorporate dolls or puppets into their performance, carries in his pocket, an ill-shaped doll, with a broad face, which he exhibits. As giving utterance to his own childish jargon, and Thomas Garbutt, the entertainment came of age during the era of the music hall in the United Kingdom and vaudeville in the United States. George Sutton began to incorporate a puppet act into his routine at Nottingham in the 1830s, in 1886, he was offered a professional engagement at the Palace Theatre in London and took up his stage career permanently. Fred Russells successful comedy team format was applied by the generation of ventriloquists. Bergen popularised the idea of the comedic ventriloquist, Bergen, together with his favourite figure, Charlie McCarthy, hosted a radio program that was broadcast from 1937 to 1956. It was the #1 program on the nights it aired, another ventriloquist popular in the United States in the 1950s and 1960s was Señor Wences. The art of ventriloquism was popularised by Y. K. Padhye in North India and M. M. Roy in South India, Y. K. Padhyes son Ramdas Padhye borrowed from him and made the art popular amongst the masses through his performance on television. Ramdas Padhyes son Satyajit Padhye is also a ventriloquist, similarly, Indusree a female ventriloquist from Bangalore has contributed a lot to the art
24.
Psychopathic
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Different conceptions of psychopathy have been used throughout history. These conceptions are only partly overlapping and may sometimes be contradictory, the creation of ASPD and DPD was driven by the fact that many of the classic traits of psychopathy were impossible to measure objectively. Canadian psychologist Robert D. Hare later repopularized the construct of psychopathy in criminology with his Psychopathy Checklist, the study of psychopathy is an active field of research, and the term is also used by the general public, in popular press, and in fictional portrayals. While the term is employed in common usage along with the related but distinct crazy, insane and mentally ill. There are multiple conceptualizations of psychopathy, including Cleckleyan psychopathy and criminal psychopathy, the latter conceptualization is typically used as the modern clinical concept and assessed by the Psychopathy Checklist. The label psychopath may have implications and stigma related to decisions about punishment severity for criminal acts, medical treatment, civil commitments, efforts have therefore been made to clarify the meaning of the term. Yet another conceptualization, the model, suggests that other conceptualizations of psychopathy emphasize three observable characteristics to varying degrees. Analyses have been made with respect to the applicability of measurement tools such as the Psychopathy Checklist, low fear including stress-tolerance, toleration of unfamiliarity and danger, and high self-confidence and social assertiveness. The PCL-R measures this relatively poorly and mainly through Facet 1 of Factor 1, may correspond to differences in the amygdala and other neurological systems associated with fear. Psychopaths tend to have reduced fear, poor impulse control including problems with planning and foresight, lacking affect and urge control, demand for immediate gratification, and poor behavioral restraints. Similar to PCL-R Factor 2 and PPI Impulsive antisociality, may correspond to impairments in frontal lobe systems that are involved in such control. The PCL-R in general is related to this but in some elements in Factor 1. Similar to PPI Coldheartedness but also elements of subscales in Impulsive antisociality. An early and influential analysis from Harris and colleagues indicated a discrete category may underlie PCL-R psychopathy and they again found that the psychopathy measurements do not appear to be identifying a discrete type. There are different views as to which personality dimensions are more central in regard to psychopathy, besides dimensions described elsewhere in this article, studies have linked psychopathy to alternative dimensions such as antagonism, conscientiousness and anxiousness. Psychopathy has also linked to high psychoticism—a theorized dimension referring to tough. Aspects of this that appear associated with psychopathy are lack of socialization and responsibility, impulsivity, sensation-seeking, however, narcissism is generally seen as only one possible aspect of psychopathy as broadly defined. The dark tetrad refers to these traits with the addition of sadism, Psychopathy is a personality disorder which has symptoms expressed over a wide range of settings
25.
Grigori Rasputin
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Grigori Yefimovich Rasputin was a Russian mystic and self-proclaimed holy man who befriended the family of Tsar Nicholas II and gained considerable influence in late imperial Russia. Born to a peasant family in the Siberian village of Pokrovskoye and he has been described as a monk or as a strannik, though he held no official position in the Russian Orthodox Church. After traveling to St. Petersburg, either in 1903 or the winter of 1904-5, Rasputin captivated some church and he became a society figure, and met the Tsar in November 1905. In late 1906, Rasputin began acting as a healer for the Nicholas II and Alexandras son Alexei, at court, he was a divisive figure, seen by some Russians as a mystic, visionary, and prophet, and by others as a religious charlatan. The high point of Rasputins power was in 1915, when Nicholas II left St Petersburg to oversee Russian armies fighting World War I, as Russian defeats in the war mounted, however, both Rasputin and Alexandra became increasingly unpopular. On the night of 29-30 December 1916 Rasputin was assassinated by a group of noblemen who opposed his influence over Alexandra. Some writers have suggested that Rasputin helped to discredit the tsarist government, and thus helped to precipitate the Russian Revolution, very little about Rasputins life and influence is certain, however, as accounts have often been based on hearsay, rumor, and legend. Rasputin was born a peasant in the village of Pokrovskoye. His father, Efim, was a peasant farmer and church elder who had born in Pokrovskoye in 1842. Efim also worked as a government courier, ferrying people and goods between Tobolsk and Tyumen,6,14 The couple had seven children, all of whom died in infancy. There may have been a child, Feodosiya. After a courtship of several months, they married in February 1887, praskovya remained in Pokrovskoye throughout Rasputins later travels and rise to prominence, and remained devoted to him until his death. Building a makeshift chapel in Efims root cellar - Rasputin was still living within his fathers household at the time - the group held secret meetings there. Petersburg Theological Seminary at the Alexander Nevsky Monastery, and arranged for him to travel to St. Petersburg, during this time, however, Rasputin wrote several letters to the Tsar. 69-76 Rasputin was wandering as a pilgrim in Siberia when he heard reports of Tsarevich Alexeis illness. This made it appear that Rasputin was effectively healing him, skeptics have claimed that he did so by hypnosis. His pragmatic tips included suggestions such as Dont let the doctors bother him too much, Rasputin had a considerable personal and political influence on Alexandra, and the Tsar and Tsarina considered him a man of God and a religious prophet. Alexandra came to believe that God spoke to her through Rasputin, of course, this relationship can also be viewed in the context of the very strong, traditional, age-old bond between the Russian Orthodox Church and the Russian state leadership. Another important factor was probably the Tsarinas German-Protestant origin and she was definitely highly fascinated by her new Orthodox outlook — the Orthodox religion puts a great deal of faith in the healing powers of prayer
26.
Eunuch
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The term eunuch generally refers to a man who has been castrated, typically early enough in his life for this change to have major hormonal consequences. In some ancient texts, eunuch may also refer to a man who is not castrated but who is impotent, celibate, or otherwise not inclined to marry, in Latin, the words eunuchus, spado, and castratus were used to denote eunuchs. Castration was typically carried out on the soon-to-be eunuch without his consent in order that he perform a specific social function. The earliest records for intentional castration to produce eunuchs are from the Sumerian city of Lagash in the 21st century BC. Eunuchs would usually be servants or slaves who had been castrated in order to make them reliable servants of a court where physical access to the ruler could wield great influence. Similar instances are reflected in the origins and etymology of many high offices. Because their condition usually lowered their status, they could also be easily replaced or killed without repercussion. In cultures that had both harems and eunuchs, eunuchs were sometimes used as servants or seraglio guards. Eunuch comes from the Greek word eunoukhos, first attested in a fragment of Hipponax, the acerbic poet describes a certain lover of fine food having consumed his estate dining lavishly and at leisure every day on tuna and garlic-honey cheese paté like a Lampsacene eunoukhos. For instance, Lucian suggests two methods to determine whether someone is a eunuch, physical inspection of the body, or scrutiny of his ability to perform sexually with females, the earliest surviving etymology of the word is from late antiquity. The 12th century Etymologicum Magnum essentially repeats the entry from Orion, in the late 12th century, Eustathius of Thessalonica offered an original derivation of the word from eunis + okheuein, deprived of mating. The early 17th century scholar and theologian Gerardus Vossius therefore explains that the originally designated an office. He says the word came to be applied to castrated men in general because such men were the usual holders of that office. Still, Vossius notes the alternate etymologies offered by Eustathius and others, modern etymologists have followed Orions first option. As an alpha-declension noun, eunē features the stem-vowel -a-, all words that are formed by adding onto eunē have an a-sound or long e-sound in the combined syllable, as in eunater or eunēter, eunaios or eunēthen. By analogy, a compound between eunē and ekhein would be expected to come out as eunēkhos, or in English eunech, on the other hand, the etymology offered by Eustathius would work only if eunis contributes an e-sound or o-sound to the compound. Unfortunately, there are no known compounds of eunis to use for comparison, consequently, the rules of Greek vowel contraction at any rate favor the derivation from eunoos and ekhein. And in fact, other words that have the same ending -oukhos feature a stem-vowel o in the first word of the compound, be that as it may, virtually all modern reference works cite the derivation from eunē and ekhein
27.
Toronto
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Toronto is the most populous city in Canada and the provincial capital of Ontario. With a population of 2,731,571, it is the fourth most populous city in North America after Mexico City, New York City, and Los Angeles. A global city, Toronto is a centre of business, finance, arts, and culture. Aboriginal peoples have inhabited the area now known as Toronto for thousands of years, the city itself is situated on the southern terminus of an ancient Aboriginal trail leading north to Lake Simcoe, used by the Wyandot, Iroquois, and the Mississauga. Permanent European settlement began in the 1790s, after the broadly disputed Toronto Purchase of 1787, the British established the town of York, and later designated it as the capital of Upper Canada. During the War of 1812, the town was the site of the Battle of York, York was renamed and incorporated as the city of Toronto in 1834, and became the capital of the province of Ontario during the Canadian Confederation in 1867. The city proper has since expanded past its original borders through amalgamation with surrounding municipalities at various times in its history to its current area of 630.2 km2. While the majority of Torontonians speak English as their primary language, Toronto is a prominent centre for music, theatre, motion picture production, and television production, and is home to the headquarters of Canadas major national broadcast networks and media outlets. Toronto is known for its skyscrapers and high-rise buildings, in particular the tallest free-standing structure in the Western Hemisphere. The name Toronto is likely derived from the Iroquois word tkaronto and this refers to the northern end of what is now Lake Simcoe, where the Huron had planted tree saplings to corral fish. A portage route from Lake Ontario to Lake Huron running through this point, in the 1660s, the Iroquois established two villages within what is today Toronto, Ganatsekwyagon on the banks of the Rouge River and Teiaiagonon the banks of the Humber River. By 1701, the Mississauga had displaced the Iroquois, who abandoned the Toronto area at the end of the Beaver Wars, French traders founded Fort Rouillé on the current Exhibition grounds in 1750, but abandoned it in 1759. During the American Revolutionary War, the region saw an influx of British settlers as United Empire Loyalists fled for the British-controlled lands north of Lake Ontario, the new province of Upper Canada was in the process of creation and needed a capital. Dorchester intended the location to be named Toronto, in 1793, Governor John Graves Simcoe established the town of York on the Toronto Purchase lands, instead naming it after Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany. Simcoe decided to move the Upper Canada capital from Newark to York, the York garrison was constructed at the entrance of the towns natural harbour, sheltered by a long sandbar peninsula. The towns settlement formed at the end of the harbour behind the peninsula, near the present-day intersection of Parliament Street. In 1813, as part of the War of 1812, the Battle of York ended in the towns capture, the surrender of the town was negotiated by John Strachan. US soldiers destroyed much of the garrison and set fire to the parliament buildings during their five-day occupation, the sacking of York was a primary motivation for the Burning of Washington by British troops later in the war
28.
News presenter
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They may also be a working journalist, assisting in the collection of news material and may, in addition, provide commentary during the program. News presenters most often work from a studio or radio studio. The role of the news presenter developed over time, classically, the presenter would read the news from news copy which he may or may not have helped write with a producer or news writer. This was often taken almost directly from services and then rewritten. Prior to the era, radio-news broadcasts often mixed news with opinion. These presenters were referred to as commentators, the last major figure to present commentary in a news broadcast format in the United States was Paul Harvey. With the development of the 24-hour news cycle and dedicated cable news channels, many anchors also write or edit news for their programs, although modern news formats often distinguish between anchor and commentator in an attempt to establish the character of a news anchor. The mix of news and commentary varies depending on the type of program. In 1948, anchor man was used in the game show Who Said That. to refer to John Cameron Swayze, the anchor term then became commonly used by 1952 to describe the most prominent member of a panel of reporters or experts. The term anchorman also was used to describe Walter Cronkites role at the Democratic and Republican National Conventions, the widespread claim that news anchors were called cronkiters in Swedish has been debunked by linguist Ben Zimmer. Anchors occupy a role in news broadcasts. Some argue anchors have become sensationalized characters whose identities overshadow the news itself, while others cite anchors as necessary figureheads of wisdom and truth in the news broadcast. Brian Williams, a minor character in NBCs sitcom 30 Rock. A criticism levied against the role of anchor stems from this dynamic, regurgitat or reproduc the report of others. Differentiating them from the occupations of journalists and on-site reporters. The identity of a particular anchor seems to influence viewer perception less than the presence of an anchor in general. More specifically, the media may do an important social good when using the techniques of dramaturgy to make governance more interesting to people than would be the case otherwise. At the same time, however, there is an important difference between drama and democracy, with the former requiring spectators and the latter participants
29.
Gordon Pinsent
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Gordon Edward Pinsent, CC, FRSC is a Canadian actor, screenwriter, director and playwright. His mother, Florence Flossie, was originally from Clifton, Newfoundland and his mother was quiet spoken and a religious Anglican, the family was descended from immigrants from Kent and Devon in England. He was an awkward child who suffered from rickets. Pinsent began acting on stage in the 1940s at the age of 17 and he soon took on roles in radio drama on the CBC, and later moved into television and film as well. In the early 1950s, he took a break from acting and joined the Canadian Army, pinsents professional acting career began in 1957 at Winnipegs Theatre 77 under the direction of John Hirsch. In the years followed, he performed in many theatrical productions in Winnipeg, Toronto. In the early 60s he appeared in Scarlett Hill and The Forest Rangers and he has since become a staple of Canadian television with roles including the series Quentin Durgens, M. P. A Gift to Last, The Red Green Show, Due South, Wind at My Back, the pilot episode of A Gift to Last was adapted for the stage by Walter Learning and Alden Nowlan and has become a perennial Canadian Christmas favourite in regional theatres across the country. Pinsents movie roles have included Lydia, The Rowdyman, Who Has Seen the Wind, John and he wrote the screenplays for The Rowdyman and John and the Missus. Perhaps his best known film role was that of the President of the United States in the 1970 science fiction cult classic Colossus. He starred in a role called Horse Latitudes based upon Donald Crowhurst, in 1979 he was made an officer of the Order of Canada and was promoted to Companion in 1998. In 2006, he was made a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada, on March 6,2007, it was announced that Pinsent would receive a star on Canadas Walk of Fame. The film also won awards at the Toronto Student Film Festival, most recently he had a guest starring role as Maurice Becker on the February 3,2010 episode of Canadian television series Republic of Doyle. He was also a featured guest reader on Bookaboo and he attained recent notoriety when a comedic segment of him reading dramatically from Justin Biebers autobiography on This Hour Has 22 Minutes went viral on October 20,2010. His first memoir, By the Way, was published in 1992 by Stoddart Publishing and his second, Next, was published in 2012 by McClelland and Stewart. He has written seven screenplays, including, The Rowdyman and John and his plays include Easy Down Easy and Brass Rubbings. Pinsent married actress Charmion King in 1962, and they were married until her death on January 6,2007 from emphysema, their daughter, Pinsent also has two children from an earlier marriage. Pinsent is a Companion of The Order of Canada and a Fellow of The Royal Society of Canada, in 1997, he won the Earle Grey Award for lifetime achievement in television
30.
Kristin Lehman
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Kristin Lehman is a Canadian actress and dancer, best known for her roles in the television series Poltergeist, The Legacy, Judging Amy, and The Killing. Between 2013 and 2016, she starred as Detective Angie Flynn in the CTV series Motive, Lehman was born in New Westminster, grew up in Vancouver, British Columbia, and trained in classical ballet at Canadas Royal Academy of Dance for eight years. She has acted professionally since 1995, in the 1990s, she appeared in Canadian programs such as Forever Knight, Due South and Kung Fu, The Legend Continues, before moving to Los Angeles. Lehman was a regular cast member in the Showtime horror series Poltergeist and she later starred in the short-lived ABC medical drama Strange World. She also was a regular cast member in the short-lived dramas Century City, Tilt, Killer Instinct and Drive. Lehmans film credits include Alaska, Bleeders, Dog Park, The Way of the Gun, Lie with Me, The Sentinel, The Loft, Lehman starred in AMCs drama series The Killing from 2011 to 2012. As of 2013, she plays the role in the Canadian series Motive. Lehman is married, and she and her husband have a son, Kristin Lehman at the Internet Movie Database Kristin Lehman on Twitter
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Anna Silk
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Anna Silk is a Canadian actress most commonly known for her role as Bo from the Showcase television series Lost Girl. Silk was born in Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada, the daughter of Peter, an academic, and Ilkay Silk, a prominent actress, director, producer, playwright, educator, and Director of Drama at St. Thomas University. Her father is British and her mother a Turkish-Cypriot-English expat, some of Annas earliest memories were of going to play rehearsals and watching her mother work. Silk appeared in commercials as a child. She graduated from St. Thomas University with a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1997, early theater work includes at least two productions with Theatre St. Thomas, Seven Menus and The Kitchen. Silk moved to Toronto to further her career in November 1999. She met her husband, Seth Cooperman, at an actors workshop in Los Angeles. They were engaged in 2009, and married in a ceremony in December of the same year. On April 10,2011, they renewed their vows in a Jewish ceremony in Fredericton after she converted to Judaism, Silk gave birth to a son, Samuel Jerome Cooperman, in May 2013. Her second son, Levi Aaron, was born on May 13,2016, silks television work includes the role of Cassidy Holland in Being Erica, for which she received a Gemini Awards nomination in 2009. In 2009, she landed the principal role of Bo Dennis. Silk became pregnant during production of the season finale episode. Her portrayal of Bo together with Lauren as same-sex lovers on Lost Girl was named one of its all-time Favorite TV Couples by CNN, as a result of the shows popularity, Silk has garnered a prominent online following on social media. Anna Silk at the Internet Movie Database Official Facebook page Anna Silk on Twitter Connections, bedford Academy Gathering Toronto - Nov.17,2004. Archived from the original on March 25,2005
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Canada
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Canada is a country in the northern half of North America. Canadas border with the United States is the worlds longest binational land border, the majority of the country has a cold or severely cold winter climate, but southerly areas are warm in summer. Canada is sparsely populated, the majority of its territory being dominated by forest and tundra. It is highly urbanized with 82 per cent of the 35.15 million people concentrated in large and medium-sized cities, One third of the population lives in the three largest cities, Toronto, Montreal and Vancouver. Its capital is Ottawa, and other urban areas include Calgary, Edmonton, Quebec City, Winnipeg. Various aboriginal peoples had inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years prior to European colonization. Pursuant to the British North America Act, on July 1,1867, the colonies of Canada, New Brunswick and this began an accretion of provinces and territories to the mostly self-governing Dominion to the present ten provinces and three territories forming modern Canada. With the Constitution Act 1982, Canada took over authority, removing the last remaining ties of legal dependence on the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Canada is a parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy, with Queen Elizabeth II being the head of state. The country is officially bilingual at the federal level and it is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many other countries. Its advanced economy is the eleventh largest in the world, relying chiefly upon its abundant natural resources, Canadas long and complex relationship with the United States has had a significant impact on its economy and culture. Canada is a country and has the tenth highest nominal per capita income globally as well as the ninth highest ranking in the Human Development Index. It ranks among the highest in international measurements of government transparency, civil liberties, quality of life, economic freedom, Canada is an influential nation in the world, primarily due to its inclusive values, years of prosperity and stability, stable economy, and efficient military. While a variety of theories have been postulated for the origins of Canada. In 1535, indigenous inhabitants of the present-day Quebec City region used the word to direct French explorer Jacques Cartier to the village of Stadacona, from the 16th to the early 18th century Canada referred to the part of New France that lay along the St. Lawrence River. In 1791, the area became two British colonies called Upper Canada and Lower Canada collectively named The Canadas, until their union as the British Province of Canada in 1841. Upon Confederation in 1867, Canada was adopted as the name for the new country at the London Conference. The transition away from the use of Dominion was formally reflected in 1982 with the passage of the Canada Act, later that year, the name of national holiday was changed from Dominion Day to Canada Day
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Adult puppeteering
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Adult puppeteering is the use of puppets in contexts aimed at adult audiences. Serious theatrical pieces can use puppets, either for aesthetic reasons, adult puppeteering appears in many forms. In the US and UK it is easily found on screen. Television satire such as the UKs Spitting Image provides a link to the earlier traditions of Punch. Puppetry sitcoms such as the US series Dinosaurs feature puppet characters who are entertaining in themselves, adult puppet theatre has a strong tradition in Asia and parts of Europe, and has a smaller presence in Australia, the UK and the US. Handspan Theatre from Melbourne, Australia, toured internationally with its innovative and often surreal adult productions. C
34.
Greg the Bunny
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Greg the Bunny is an American television sitcom that originally aired on Fox TV in 2002. It starred Seth Green and a puppet named Greg the Bunny, originally invented by the team of Sean S. Baker, Spencer Chinoy. Milano and Chinoy wrote and co-produced the Fox show, the show was spun off from The Greg the Bunny Show, a series of short segments that aired on the Independent Film Channel, which were based on the Public-access television cable TV show Junktape. A show spin-off, called Warren the Ape, premiered on June 14,2010 on MTV, Junktape was a half-hour, bi-weekly Public-access television show created by Sean S. Baker, Spencer Chinoy and Dan Milano. The show aired on New York Citys Manhattan Neighborhood Network, Monday nights at 11,30 pm, eventually, the show got the attention of the Independent Film Channel and given its own series of regular segments starring one of the main characters from Junktape, Greg the Bunny. The Greg the Bunny Show on IFC involved Greg and other characters introducing independent films being screened by using skits that parodied the films, the Fox show made its debut in March 2002 and its last episode aired in August 2002, with two episodes unaired. Its failure was ascribed to the show runner and networks seeming cluelessness as to the direction they wanted the show to take. The network promoted Greg the Bunny as a show for adults. The creators felt these changes caused the show to lose something, the show runner and network also wanted to focus the show more on the human cast, while the creators maintained that the puppets were the heart of the show. Despite these problems, the series acquired a significant cult following, the cast for these segments primarily features puppets Greg and Warren Demontague with appearances from Count Blah, new character Pal Friendlies, and returning character The Wumpus. Tardy the Turtle and Susan were unable to appear in the IFC series because they were the property of FOX, in the FOX show, Greg was the co-star of a childrens television show called Sweetknuckle Junction. Like The Muppet Show, Greg the Bunny treated puppets as though they were real creatures within the reality of the show, although in this show, they were treated as a racial minority, sometimes struggling against second-class citizenship. Gilbert Gil Bender – The overwhelmed TV producer and director of Sweetknuckle Junction and he expects Jimmy to succeed in his life. Jimmy Bender – The human roommate of Greg the Bunny and the son of Gil Bender and he was a former pool man before he started working with his father where he hooked Greg up for a part on Sweetknuckle Junction. After Greg lands the part on the show, Jimmy becomes the assistant to his father. In SK-2.0, Jimmy temporarily became a consultant in order to help modernize the show. He went back to his assistant job after SK-2.0 caused the test audience children to have seizures. Alison Kaiser – The network executive that Gil Bender works for, Jack Mars – An actor and Vietnam War veteran who plays Junction Jack, the railroad engineer host of Sweetknuckle Junction
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Magic realism
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It is sometimes called fabulism, in reference to the conventions of fables, myths, and allegory. Magical realism, perhaps the most common term, often refers to fiction and literature in particular, the terms are broadly descriptive rather than critically rigorous. Matthew Strecher defines magic realism as what happens when a highly detailed, many writers are categorized as magical realists, which confuses the term and its wide definition. Magical realism is often associated with Latin American literature, particularly authors including Gabriel García Márquez, Jorge Luis Borges, Miguel Angel Asturias, in English literature, its chief exponents include Salman Rushdie and Alice Hoffman. Roh identified magic realisms accurate detail, smooth photographic clarity, and it reflects the uncanniness of people and our modern technological environment. In 1926 he founded the magic realist magazine 900. Novecento, Rohs magic realism also influenced writers in Hispanic America, where it was translated as realismo mágico in 1927. Venezuelan writer Arturo Uslar-Pietri, who had known Bontempelli, wrote influential magic realist short stories in the 1930s and 40s that focused on the mystery, Luis Leal attests that Pietri seemed to have been the first to adopt the term realismo mágico in Hispanic America in 1948. French-Russian Cuban writer Alejo Carpentier, who rejected Rohs magic realism as tiresome pretension, developed his related concept lo real maravilloso, or marvelous realism, in 1949. While Flores named Jorge Luis Borges as the first magical realist, Borges is often seen as a predecessor of magical realists, with only Flores considering him a true magical realist. The extent to which the characteristics below apply to a magic realist text varies. Every text is different and employs a smattering of the qualities listed here, however, they accurately portray what one might expect from a magic realist text. Magical realism portrays fantastical events in a realistic tone. It brings fables, folk tales, and myths into contemporary social relevance, fantasy traits given to characters, such as levitation, telepathy, and telekinesis, help to encompass modern political realities that can be phantasmagorical. The existence of elements in the real world provides the basis for magical realism. Writers do not invent new worlds but reveal the magical in this world, as was done by Gabriel García Márquez who wrote the work of the style. In the binary world of realism, the supernatural realm blends with the natural. Authorial reticence is the withholding of information and explanations about the disconcerting fictitious world. The narrator is indifferent, a characteristic enhanced by this absence of explanation of fantastic events, Magical events are presented as ordinary occurrences, therefore, the reader accepts the marvelous as normal and common
