1.
Album
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Album, is a collection of audio recordings issued as a single item on CD, record, audio tape, or another medium. Albums of recorded music were developed in the early 20th century, first as books of individual 78rpm records, vinyl LPs are still issued, though in the 21st century album sales have mostly focused on compact disc and MP3 formats. The audio cassette was a format used from the late 1970s through to the 1990s alongside vinyl, an album may be recorded in a recording studio, in a concert venue, at home, in the field, or a mix of places. Recording may take a few hours to years to complete, usually in several takes with different parts recorded separately. Recordings that are done in one take without overdubbing are termed live, the majority of studio recordings contain an abundance of editing, sound effects, voice adjustments, etc. With modern recording technology, musicians can be recorded in separate rooms or at times while listening to the other parts using headphones. Album covers and liner notes are used, and sometimes additional information is provided, such as analysis of the recording, historically, the term album was applied to a collection of various items housed in a book format. In musical usage the word was used for collections of pieces of printed music from the early nineteenth century. Later, collections of related 78rpm records were bundled in book-like albums, the LP record, or 33 1⁄3 rpm microgroove vinyl record, is a gramophone record format introduced by Columbia Records in 1948. It was adopted by the industry as a standard format for the album. Apart from relatively minor refinements and the important later addition of stereophonic sound capability, the term album had been carried forward from the early nineteenth century when it had been used for collections of short pieces of music. Later, collections of related 78rpm records were bundled in book-like albums, as part of a trend of shifting sales in the music industry, some commenters have declared that the early 21st century experienced the death of the album. Sometimes shorter albums are referred to as mini-albums or EPs, Albums such as Tubular Bells, Amarok, Hergest Ridge by Mike Oldfield, and Yess Close to the Edge, include fewer than four tracks. There are no rules against artists such as Pinhead Gunpowder referring to their own releases under thirty minutes as albums. These are known as box sets, material is stored on an album in sections termed tracks, normally 11 or 12 tracks. A music track is a song or instrumental recording. The term is associated with popular music where separate tracks are known as album tracks. When vinyl records were the medium for audio recordings a track could be identified visually from the grooves
2.
Soundtrack
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In movie industry terminology usage, a sound track is an audio recording created or used in film production or post-production. Initially the dialogue, sound effects, and music in a film each has its own track, and these are mixed together to make what is called the composite track. A dubbing track is later created when films are dubbed into another language. This is also known as a M & E track containing all sound elements minus dialogue which is supplied by the foreign distributor in the native language of its territory. The contraction soundtrack came into public consciousness with the advent of so-called soundtrack albums in the late 1940s and these phrases were soon shortened to just original motion picture soundtrack. More accurately, such recordings are made from a music track, because they usually consist of the isolated music from a film, not the composite track with dialogue. The soundtrack to the 1937 Walt Disney film Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs was the first commercially issued film soundtrack. It was released by RCA Victor Records on multiple 78 RPM discs in January 1938 as Songs from Walt Disneys Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs and has since seen numerous expansions and reissues. The first live-action musical film to have a commercially issued soundtrack album was MGM’s 1946 film biography of Show Boat composer Jerome Kern, the album was originally issued as a set of four 10-inch 78-rpm records. Only eight selections from the film were included in this first edition of the album, in order to fit the songs onto the record sides the musical material needed editing and manipulation. Needless to say, it was several generations removed from the original, the playback recordings were purposely recorded very dry, otherwise it would come across as too hollow sounding in large movie theatres. This made these albums sound flat and boxy, the phrase is also sometimes incorrectly used for Broadway cast recordings. While it is correct in some instances to call a soundtrack a cast recording it is never correct to call a cast recording a soundtrack, contributing to the vagueness of the term are projects such as The Sound of Music Live. Which was filmed live on the set for an NBC holiday season special first broadcast in 2013, film score albums did not really become popular until the LP era, although a few were issued in 78-rpm albums. Like the 1967 re-release of the film, this version of the score was artificially enhanced for stereo, in recent years, Rhino Records has released a 2-CD set of the complete Gone With the Wind score, restored to its original mono sound. One of the film scores of all time was John Williams music from the movie Star Wars. Many film score albums go out-of-print after the films finish their theatrical runs, in a few rare instances an entire film dialogue track was issued on records. The 1968 Franco Zeffirelli film of Romeo and Juliet was issued as a 4-LP set, as a single LP with musical and dialogue excerpts, and as an album containing only the films musical score
3.
Prince (musician)
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Prince Rogers Nelson was an American singer-songwriter, actor, multi-instrumentalist, philanthropist, dancer and record producer. He was an innovator who was known for his eclectic work, flamboyant stage presence, extravagant dress and makeup. His music integrates a variety of styles, including funk, rock, R&B, new wave, soul, psychedelia. He has sold over 100 million records worldwide, making him one of the artists of all time. He won seven Grammy Awards, an American Music Award, a Golden Globe Award, and he was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2004, his first year of eligibility. Rolling Stone ranked Prince at number 27 on its list of 100 Greatest Artists, Prince was born in Minneapolis, Minnesota, and developed an interest in music as a young child. He signed a contract with Warner Bros. at the age of 18. In 1984, he began referring to his band as the Revolution and released Purple Rain. It quickly became his most critically and commercially successful release, spending 24 consecutive weeks atop the Billboard 200, after releasing the albums Around the World in a Day and Parade, The Revolution disbanded, and Prince released the double album Sign o the Times as a solo artist. He released three solo albums before debuting the New Power Generation band in 1991. He released five records between 1994 and 1996 before signing with Arista Records in 1998, in 2000, he began referring to himself as Prince again. He released 16 albums after that, including the platinum-selling Musicology and his final album, Hit n Run Phase Two, was first released on the Tidal streaming service on December 12,2015. Prince died from an overdose at his Paisley Park recording studio and home in Chanhassen, Minnesota, on April 21,2016. Prince Rogers Nelson was born in Minneapolis, to Mattie Della and his parents were both African-American and his family ancestry is centered in Louisiana, all four of his grandparents came from that state. Princes father was a pianist and songwriter, and his mother was a jazz singer, Prince was given his fathers stage name, Prince Rogers, which his father used while performing with a jazz group called the Prince Rogers Trio. In 1991, Princes father told A Current Affair that I named my son Prince because I wanted him to do everything I wanted to do, Prince has said he was born epileptic and used to have seizures when he was young. He also said, My mother told me one day I walked in to her and said, Mom, Im not going to be sick anymore, Princes sister Tika Evene was born in 1960. Both siblings developed a keen interest in music, and this was encouraged by their father, Prince wrote his first tune, Funk Machine, on his fathers piano when he was seven
4.
The Revolution (band)
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The Revolution is an American rock band formed in Minneapolis, Minnesota, in 1979 by Prince. Although widely associated with music, the bands sound incorporated rhythm and blues, pop, funk. Before their official break-up, The Revolution had released two albums, two soundtracks, and two videos. The band is known for its members, varied in race. The Revolution rose to fame in the mid-1980s with Purple Rain. The band achieved two number-one Billboard 200 albums, six top ten singles on the Billboard Hot 100 chart, the band officially disbanded in 1986 after the Hit n Run – Parade Tour, which supported Parade, the soundtrack for Under the Cherry Moon. Prince died in 2016, after which the band announced reunion shows, when Prince formed his backing band after the release of his first album, he followed in the footsteps of one of his idols, Sly Stone, by creating a multi-racial, multi-gendered musical ensemble. The band initially consisted of, Prince on lead vocals, guitar, the recordings were a group effort with lead vocals by Cymone, Dickerson or Chapman. The project was shelved for reasons, but two of the tracks were later re-recorded and given away by Prince. You, became U, and was released on Paula Abduls Spellbound album while If I Love U 2nite was released by both Mica Paris and Princes later wife, Mayte Garcia, Paris rerecorded the song from scratch. Garcias version was rerecorded by Prince, on the next two tours following the Prince Tour, the band underwent two line-up changes. Gayle Chapman, who had religious beliefs as a member of The Way. The end came when she told Prince she planned to go on a trip with her Way group, after a long argument, Chapman quit the group to be replaced by Lisa Coleman. The following year, after the Dirty Mind Tour, bass guitarist André Cymone would leave the band, ultimately, Cymone was replaced by Mark Brown, renamed Brownmark by Prince. Coleman was usually identified by her first name, while Fink started wearing surgical scrubs on stage. Fink originally wore a black and white striped prison jumpsuit, however, a member of Rick James band was doing the same thing and not wanting to copy that, Prince asked Fink, Do you have any other ideas. Fink said, What about a doctors outfit, Prince loved the idea, and thus was born Doctor Fink. The band members were curious as to if they were getting a real name, when the 1999 Tour ended, Dez Dickerson finally left the band for religious reasons and was replaced by Lisas childhood friend Wendy Melvoin
5.
First Avenue (nightclub)
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First Avenue and 7th St Entry are two music venues housed in the same landmark building in downtown Minneapolis, Minnesota. The names are derived from the location, the corner of First Avenue. The building is marked by 531 stars on its exterior along the First Avenue, the building opened in 1937 as a Greyhound bus station. It was noted for its art style and amenities of air conditioning, shower rooms. The interior floor was a checkered terrazzo, while the exterior was shiny blue bricks with white trim, when Mrs. Heffelinger fell ill midway through the development of the project in 1969, Stevens brought in an outside investor, Allan Fingerhut. Skip Gaucher and his business partner/roommate, Tom Fineberg claim to have had the inspiration for The Depot. Gaucher and Fineberg have made unsubstantiated claims that they were looking for a new venue for concerts when they spotted the abandoned bus depot, Danny Stevens has been cited as being the original developer of The Depot in numerous publications. Following two years of business, The Depot was faced with a new reality, the public music scene was changing. Psychedelic rock was out and disco was in, in order to stay on top of this new trend, the club needed to change its image. After a short remodel, The Depot evolved into Uncle Sams in July 1972, Uncle Sams was a part of a national franchise of the American Events Company. With disco fading, the club got another name change on New Years Eve 1981, the name change to First Avenue did not affect the clubs growing popularity. When the club turned twenty in 1990, it started to get national recognition—with mentions in magazines such as Rolling Stone and Time. Around this time, there was an increased interest in DJs and house music, the club was briefly closed by Fingerhut in late fall of 2004 for financial reasons, causing a wave of protest from music fans. The issues were resolved, and the club was reopened by new partners Meyers, McClellan. Rybak of Minneapolis promised to do a dive at the first show after reopening. Rybak had crowd surfed at a Rock for Democracy event at the earlier in the year. McClellan ended his 32-year stint at First Avenue in 2005, and formed a non-profit company, after McClellans departure as General Manager, Jack Meyers was appointed to the position and continued until 2009, when Nathan Kranz took over. The nightclub has been the point for many bands that have come out of the Twin Cities
6.
Record Plant
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The Record Plant was a series of three famous recording studios which were founded by Gary Kellgren and Chris Stone, beginning in New York City in 1968. The next year, Kellgren and Stone opened a studio in Los Angeles. In 1972, the company expanded again with a location in Sausalito. Kellgren died in 1977, and in the 1980s, the New York and Sausalito studios ended up under different ownership, the New York studio closed in 1987 and the Sausalito studio closed in 2008. The Los Angeles studio continues in business as the Record Plant, the Record Plant in New York was the first studio to give the recording artist a comfortable, casual environment rather than the clinical setting that was the norm through the 1960s. Kellgren and Stone brought this same vision to their Los Angeles, Stone later said of Kellgren, He single-handedly was responsible for changing studios from what they were—fluorescent lights, white walls and hardwood floors—to the living rooms that they are today. In late 1967, Chris Stone was introduced to Kellgren because Kellgrens wife Marta was seven months pregnant, scared of the upcoming birth, mutual friends thought that the two couples could talk about being parents and ease Martas worry. Though they were opposed in nature, with Stone all business and Kellgren very creative. Seeing him at work, Stone determined that Kellgren was not making use of his genius for making recordings. Stone noticed that the studio was charging its clients $5,000 per week. Stone suggested Kellgren ask for a raise, and soon he was making $1,000 per week, Stone held an MBA from the UCLA Anderson School of Management and was at that time employed as the national sales representative of Revlon cosmetics. Stone convinced Kellgren that the two of them, with $100,000 borrowed from Johanna C. C, ancky Revson Johnson, could start a new recording studio, one with a better atmosphere for creativity. Johnson was a model who became the second wife of Revlon founder Charles Revson, then divorced and married Ben Johnson. In early 1968 Kellgren and Stone began building a 12-track studio at 321 West 44th Street and it opened on March 13,1968. When The Jimi Hendrix Experience arrived at the studio, Kellgren engineered the first few dates until Eddie Kramer, in 1969, Kellgren and Stone sold the New York operation to TeleVision Communications, a cable television company that was broadening its portfolio. The purpose of the sale was to gain cash for expansion into Los Angeles with a second studio, the next big mixing assignment that the studio accepted was to mix the tracks recorded at the Woodstock Festival. These took more than a month to sort out in the studio, as recording conditions had been primitive, in 1970, Studio A became the first recording studio designed for mixing quadraphonic sound. On August 1,1971, the studio made its first remote recordings at The Concert for Bangladesh, in January 1972, Warner Communications bought the facility from TVC
7.
Sunset Sound Recorders
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Sunset Sound Recorders is a recording studio in Hollywood, California, United States located at 6650 Sunset Boulevard. The Sunset Sound Recorders complex was created by Walt Disneys Director of Recording, Tutti Camarata, soon, the audio for many of Disneys early films was being recorded at the studio, including Bedknobs and Broomsticks, Mary Poppins, and 101 Dalmatians. Over 200 Gold records have recorded at Sunset Sound, including albums by Prince with Purple Rain. The Doors recorded their first two albums, The Doors and Strange Days, at the studio, Recording sessions for Janis Joplins posthumously-released album Pearl also took place here. Prior to the opening of 5150 Studios, Van Halen used Sunset Sound to record its first five albums, in 1981, Sunset Sound Recorders owner Camarata purchased The Sound Factory, another Los Angeles recording studio founded by Moonglow Records and later purchased and developed by David Hassinger. The two studios now operate as Sunset Sound and The Sound Factory, respectively, Sunset Sound and Sound Factory website
8.
Pop music
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Pop music is a genre of popular music that originated in its modern form in the United States and United Kingdom during the mid 1950s. The terms popular music and pop music are used interchangeably, although the former describes all music that is popular. Pop and rock were synonymous terms until the late 1960s, when they were used in opposition from each other. Although pop music is seen as just the singles charts, it is not the sum of all chart music. Pop music is eclectic, and often borrows elements from other such as urban, dance, rock, Latin. Identifying factors include generally short to medium-length songs written in a format, as well as the common use of repeated choruses, melodic tunes. David Hatch and Stephen Millward define pop music as a body of music which is distinguishable from popular, jazz, according to Pete Seeger, pop music is professional music which draws upon both folk music and fine arts music. Although pop music is seen as just the singles charts, it is not the sum of all chart music, the music charts contain songs from a variety of sources, including classical, jazz, rock, and novelty songs. Pop music, as a genre, is seen as existing and developing separately, pop music continuously evolves along with the terms definition. The term pop song was first recorded as being used in 1926, Hatch and Millward indicate that many events in the history of recording in the 1920s can be seen as the birth of the modern pop music industry, including in country, blues and hillbilly music. The Oxford Dictionary of Music states that while pops earlier meaning meant concerts appealing to a wide audience. Since the late 1950s, however, pop has had the meaning of non-classical mus, usually in the form of songs, performed by such artists as the Beatles. Grove Music Online also states that, in the early 1960s pop music competed terminologically with beat music, while in the USA its coverage overlapped with that of rock and roll. From about 1967, the term was used in opposition to the term rock music. Whereas rock aspired to authenticity and an expansion of the possibilities of music, pop was more commercial, ephemeral. It is not driven by any significant ambition except profit and commercial reward, and, in musical terms, it is essentially conservative. It is, provided from on high rather than being made from below, pop is not a do-it-yourself music but is professionally produced and packaged. The beat and the melodies tend to be simple, with limited harmonic accompaniment, the lyrics of modern pop songs typically focus on simple themes – often love and romantic relationships – although there are notable exceptions
9.
Contemporary R&B
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Contemporary R&B, also known as simply R&B, is a music genre that combines elements of rhythm and blues, soul, funk, pop, hip hop and dance. The genre features a record production style, drum machine-backed rhythms, an occasional saxophone-laced beat to give a jazz feel. Electronic influences are becoming a trend and the use of hip hop or dance-inspired beats are typical, although the roughness. Contemporary R&B vocalists are often known for their use of melisma, popularized by such as Michael Jackson, R. Kelly, Craig David, Stevie Wonder, Whitney Houston. That same year, Teddy Riley began producing R&B recordings that included hip hop influences and this combination of R&B style and hip hop rhythms was termed new jack swing and was applied to artists such as Bobby Brown, Keith Sweat, Al B. Guy, Jodeci and Bell Biv DeVoe, the style became less popular by the end of the 1990s, but later experienced a resurgence. In 1990 Mariah Carey released Vision of Love as her debut single and it was immensely popular peaking at number 1 in many worldwide charts including the Billboard Hot 100, and it propelled Mariahs carrier. The song is said to have popularized the use of melisma. During the mid-1990s, Whitney Houstons The Bodyguard, Original Soundtrack Album sold over 40 million copies becoming the best-selling soundtrack of all time. Janet Jacksons self-titled fifth studio album janet. which came after her historic multimillion-dollar contract with Virgin Records, sold over twenty million copies worldwide. Boyz II Men and Mariah Carey recorded several Billboard Hot 100 No.1 hits, including One Sweet Day, Carey also released a remix of her 1995 single Fantasy, with Ol Dirty Bastard as a feature, a collaboration format that was unheard of at this point. Carey, Boyz II Men and TLC released albums in 1994 and 1995—Daydream, II and CrazySexyCool. In the late 1990s, neo soul, which added 1970s soul influences to the hip hop soul blend, arose, led by such as DAngelo, Erykah Badu. Hill and Missy Elliott further blurred the line between R&B and hip hop by recording both styles, beginning in 1995, the Grammy Awards enacted the Grammy Award for Best R&B Album, with II by Boyz II Men becoming the first recipient. The award was received by TLC for CrazySexyCool in 1996, Tony Rich for Words in 1997, Erykah Badu for Baduizm in 1998. At the end of 1999, Billboard magazine ranked Mariah Carey and Janet Jackson as the first, simultaneously, in the second half of the 1990s, The Neptunes and Timbaland set influential precedence on contemporary R&B and hip hop music. R&B acts such as Michael Jackson, Whitney Houston, Janet Jackson, Mariah Carey, Usher, in 2001, Alicia Keys released Fallin as her debut single. It peaking at one on the Billboard Hot 100, Mainstream Top 40
10.
Rock music
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It has its roots in 1940s and 1950s rock and roll, itself heavily influenced by blues, rhythm and blues and country music. Rock music also drew strongly on a number of genres such as electric blues and folk. Musically, rock has centered on the guitar, usually as part of a rock group with electric bass guitar. Typically, rock is song-based music usually with a 4/4 time signature using a verse-chorus form, like pop music, lyrics often stress romantic love but also address a wide variety of other themes that are frequently social or political in emphasis. Punk was an influence into the 1980s on the subsequent development of subgenres, including new wave, post-punk. From the 1990s alternative rock began to rock music and break through into the mainstream in the form of grunge, Britpop. Similarly, 1970s punk culture spawned the visually distinctive goth and emo subcultures and this trio of instruments has often been complemented by the inclusion of other instruments, particularly keyboards such as the piano, Hammond organ and synthesizers. The basic rock instrumentation was adapted from the blues band instrumentation. A group of musicians performing rock music is termed a rock band or rock group, Rock music is traditionally built on a foundation of simple unsyncopated rhythms in a 4/4 meter, with a repetitive snare drum back beat on beats two and four. Melodies are often derived from older musical modes, including the Dorian and Mixolydian, harmonies range from the common triad to parallel fourths and fifths and dissonant harmonic progressions. Critics have stressed the eclecticism and stylistic diversity of rock, because of its complex history and tendency to borrow from other musical and cultural forms, it has been argued that it is impossible to bind rock music to a rigidly delineated musical definition. These themes were inherited from a variety of sources, including the Tin Pan Alley pop tradition, folk music and rhythm, as a result, it has been seen as articulating the concerns of this group in both style and lyrics. Christgau, writing in 1972, said in spite of some exceptions, rock and roll usually implies an identification of male sexuality, according to Simon Frith rock was something more than pop, something more than rock and roll. Rock musicians combined an emphasis on skill and technique with the concept of art as artistic expression, original. The foundations of music are in rock and roll, which originated in the United States during the late 1940s and early 1950s. Its immediate origins lay in a melding of various musical genres of the time, including rhythm and blues and gospel music, with country. In 1951, Cleveland, Ohio disc jockey Alan Freed began playing rhythm and blues music for a multi-racial audience, debate surrounds which record should be considered the first rock and roll record. Other artists with rock and roll hits included Chuck Berry, Bo Diddley, Fats Domino, Little Richard, Jerry Lee Lewis
11.
Warner Bros. Records
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Warner Bros. Records was established on March 19,1958, as the recorded-music division of the American film studio Warner Bros. For most of its existence it was one of a group of labels owned and operated by larger parent corporations. The sequence of companies that controlled Warner Bros. and its allied labels evolved through a series of corporate mergers. Over this period, Warner Bros. Records grew from a minor player in the music industry to become one of the top recording labels in the world. In 2003, these assets were divested by their then owner Time Warner. This independent company traded as the Warner Music Group before being bought by Access Industries in 2011, WMG is the smallest of the three major international music conglomerates and the worlds last publicly traded major music company. Cameron Strang serves as CEO of the company, artists currently signed to Warner Bros. At the end of the silent movie period, Warner Bros, pictures decided to expand into publishing and recording so that it could access low-cost music content for its films. This new group controlled valuable copyrights on standards by George and Ira Gershwin and Jerome Kern, the label signed rising radio and recording stars Bing Crosby, Mills Brothers, and Boswell Sisters. In December 1931, Warner Bros. offloaded Brunswick to the American Record Corporation for a fraction of its former value, in a lease arrangement which did not include Brunswicks pressing plants. Warner Bros. sold Brunswick a second time, this time along with the old Brunswick pressing plants Warner owned, to Decca Records in exchange for a financial interest in Decca. The studio stayed out of the business for more than 25 years. Warner Bros. reëntered the record business in 1958 with the establishment of its own recording division, by this time, the established Hollywood studios were reeling from multiple challenges to their former dominance - the most notable being the introduction of television in the late 1940s. Legal changes also had a impact on their business—lawsuits brought by major stars had effectively overthrown the old studio contract system by the late 1940s. Pictures sold off much of its library in 1948 and, beginning in 1949. Semenenko in particular had a professional interest in the entertainment business. With the record business booming - sales had topped US$500 million by 1958 - Semnenko argued that it was foolish for Warner Bros, another impetus for the labels creation was the brief music career of Warner Bros. actor Tab Hunter. In 1958, the studio signed Hunter as its first artist to its newly formed record division, to establish the label, the company hired former Columbia Records president James B
12.
Record producer
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A record producer or music producer oversees and manages the sound recording and production of a band or performers music, which may range from recording one song to recording a lengthy concept album. A producer has many roles during the recording process, the roles of a producer vary. The producer may perform these roles himself, or help select the engineer, the producer may also pay session musicians and engineers and ensure that the entire project is completed within the record companies budget. A record producer or music producer has a broad role in overseeing and managing the recording. Producers also often take on an entrepreneurial role, with responsibility for the budget, schedules, contracts. In the 2010s, the industry has two kinds of producers with different roles, executive producer and music producer. Executive producers oversee project finances while music producers oversee the process of recording songs or albums. In most cases the producer is also a competent arranger, composer. The producer will also liaise with the engineer who concentrates on the technical aspects of recording. Noted producer Phil Ek described his role as the person who creatively guides or directs the process of making a record, indeed, in Bollywood music, the designation actually is music director. The music producers job is to create, shape, and mold a piece of music, at the beginning of record industry, producer role was technically limited to record, in one shot, artists performing live. The role of producers changed progressively over the 1950s and 1960s due to technological developments, the development of multitrack recording caused a major change in the recording process. Before multitracking, all the elements of a song had to be performed simultaneously, all of these singers and musicians had to be assembled in a large studio and the performance had to be recorded. As well, for a song that used 20 instruments, it was no longer necessary to get all the players in the studio at the same time. Examples include the rock sound effects of the 1960s, e. g. playing back the sound of recorded instruments backwards or clanging the tape to produce unique sound effects. These new instruments were electric or electronic, and thus they used instrument amplifiers, new technologies like multitracking changed the goal of recording, A producer could blend together multiple takes and edit together different sections to create the desired sound. For example, in jazz fusion Bandleader-composer Miles Davis album Bitches Brew, producers like Phil Spector and George Martin were soon creating recordings that were, in practical terms, almost impossible to realise in live performance. Producers became creative figures in the studio, other examples of such engineers includes Joe Meek, Teo Macero, Brian Wilson, and Biddu
13.
1999 (Prince album)
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1999 is the fifth studio album by American recording artist Prince. It was released on October 27,1982, by Warner Bros,1999 was Princes breakthrough album, but his next album, Purple Rain, would become his most successful. The title track was a protest against nuclear proliferation and became his first top ten hit in countries outside the United States, the albums opening title track,1999, was also its first single and initially peaked at number 41 on the US Billboard Hot 100. It was subsequently re-released following the success of its follow-up single and 1999s second track, Little Red Corvette. Shortly after being reissued,1999 hit number 12 and has become one of Princes most recognizable compositions. The music videos for both 1999 and Little Red Corvette were significant as two of the first videos by a black artist to receive rotation on the newly launched music video channel. The two tracks were combined as a double A-side single in the United Kingdom, where it peaked at number 2. The album is, however, notable within Princes catalogue for its variety of themes in addition to the sexual imagery which had already become something of a trademark on his previous work. Something in the Water, an ode to a lover, is the centerpiece of a preoccupation with Computer Age themes that would continue into future albums. Prince himself has cited the movie Blade Runner as an influence on the synth sound. The albums cover features elements from the front cover of Princes previous album, Controversy, namely the eyes and the Rude Boy pin in the 1999, the studs in the R. The I in Prince contains the words and the Revolution written backwards,1999 received widespread acclaim from critics. In 2003, the TV network VH1 placed 1999 49th in its list of the greatest albums of all time. The album was part of Slant Magazines list The 50 Most Essential Pop Albums. In 2003, the album was ranked #163 on Rolling Stone magazines list of the 500 greatest albums of all time while in 1989 it was ranked the 16th 100 Greatest Albums of the 1980s, the album was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame in 2008. The album was included in the book 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die. The original compact disc version of the album was also cut, later compact disc pressings included the track. On the cassette release, Free was placed after D. M. S. R. to end the first side, and Brown Mark do appear in the music videos
14.
Around the World in a Day
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Around the World in a Day is the seventh studio album by American recording artist Prince, and the second to feature his backing band The Revolution. It was released on April 19,1985 by Paisley Park Records, in compliance with Princes wishes, the record company released the album with minimal publicity, withholding accompanying singles until almost a month after the albums release. Two of its four singles reached the top 10, Raspberry Beret, recording for Around the World in a Day was begun in sessions dating back before that of Purple Rain. Following six months of touring behind that album, Prince returned to recording. An initial inspiration for the sound came in the form of a demo, recorded by David Coleman, the brother of Revolution band member Lisa Coleman. The album pursued a dense, psychedelic style that made use of unconventional instruments and its sound and album cover drew numerous comparisons to The Beatles Sgt. Peppers Lonely Hearts Club Band album, Prince spoke in an interview about the albums cover art, its psychedelic sound, and the comparison, The influence wasnt the Beatles. They were great for what they did, but I dont know how that would hang today, the cover art came about because I thought people were tired of looking at me. Who wants another picture of him, I would only want so many pictures of my woman, then I would want the real thing. What would be a more happening than just another picture would be if there was some way I could materialize in peoples cribs when they play the record. I dont mind, because that was the period in recent history that delivered songs. Led Zeppelin, for example, would make you feel differently on each song and it was met with mixed critical reception. I talked to George Clinton, a man who knows and has done so much for funk, George told me how much he liked Around the World in a Day. You know how much more his words mean than those from some mamma-jamma wearing glasses, ive heard some people say Im not talking about anything on this record. And what a lot of people get wrong about the record is that Im not trying to be this great visionary wizard. Paisley Park is in everybodys heart and its not just something that I have the keys to. I was trying to say something about looking inside oneself to find perfection, nobodys perfect, but they can be. We may never reach that, but its better to strive than not, all tracks written by Prince except where indicated
15.
Single (music)
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In music, a single or record single is a type of release, typically a song recording of fewer tracks than an LP record, an album or an EP record. This can be released for sale to the public in a variety of different formats, in most cases, a single is a song that is released separately from an album, although it usually also appears on an album. Typically, these are the songs from albums that are released separately for promotional uses such as digital download or commercial radio airplay and are expected to be the most popular, in other cases a recording released as a single may not appear on an album. As digital downloading and audio streaming have become prevalent, it is often possible for every track on an album to also be available separately. Nevertheless, the concept of a single for an album has been retained as an identification of a heavily promoted or more popular song within an album collection. Despite being referred to as a single, singles can include up to as many as three tracks on them. The biggest digital music distributor, iTunes, accepts as many as three tracks less than ten minutes each as a single, as well as popular music player Spotify also following in this trend. Any more than three tracks on a release or longer than thirty minutes in total running time is either an Extended Play or if over six tracks long. The basic specifications of the single were made in the late 19th century. Gramophone discs were manufactured with a range of speeds and in several sizes. By about 1910, however, the 10-inch,78 rpm shellac disc had become the most commonly used format, the inherent technical limitations of the gramophone disc defined the standard format for commercial recordings in the early 20th century.26 rpm. With these factors applied to the 10-inch format, songwriters and performers increasingly tailored their output to fit the new medium, the breakthrough came with Bob Dylans Like a Rolling Stone. Singles have been issued in various formats, including 7-inch, 10-inch, other, less common, formats include singles on digital compact cassette, DVD, and LD, as well as many non-standard sizes of vinyl disc. Some artist release singles on records, a more common in musical subcultures. The most common form of the single is the 45 or 7-inch. The names are derived from its speed,45 rpm. The 7-inch 45 rpm record was released 31 March 1949 by RCA Victor as a smaller, more durable, the first 45 rpm records were monaural, with recordings on both sides of the disc. As stereo recordings became popular in the 1960s, almost all 45 rpm records were produced in stereo by the early 1970s
16.
When Doves Cry
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When Doves Cry is a song by American musician Prince, and the lead single from his 1984 album Purple Rain. It was a hit, and his first American number one single. According to Billboard magazine, it was the single of the year. It was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America and it was the last single released by a solo artist to receive such certification before the certification requirements were lowered in 1989. The song ranked number 52 on the Rolling Stone list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time and is included in The Rock and Roll Hall of Fames 500 Songs that Shaped Rock and Roll. Following Princes death, the song re-charted on the Billboard Hot 100 chart at number eight, as of April 30,2016, it has sold 1,385,448 copies in the United States. The next morning, Prince had reportedly composed two songs, one of which was When Doves Cry, according to Per Nilsen, Princes biographer, the song was inspired by his relationship with Vanity 6 member Susan Moonsie. Prince wrote and composed When Doves Cry after all the tracks were complete on Purple Rain. In addition to vocals, he played all instruments on the track, the songs texture is remarkably stark. The song features an intro of a solo and a Linn LM-1 drum machine. After the lyrics, there is another, much longer guitar, the song ends on a classical music-inspired keyboard piece backed by another synthesizer solo. During live performances of the song on the Purple Rain Tour, the song is in the key of A minor. The song was one in the US for five weeks, from July 7,1984 to August 4,1984, keeping Bruce Springsteens Dancing in the Dark. When Doves Cry was voted as the best single of the year in The Village Voice Pazz & Jop critics poll, Billboard ranked it as the number one single of 1984. In 2016, after Princes death, When Doves Cry re-entered the Billboard Hot 100 at number 20, the B-side was the cult fan favorite 17 Days, which was originally intended for Apollonia 6s self-titled album. A 12-inch single issued in the UK included the track,17 Days. The entire title,17 Days, is now the longest titled flipside of a Hot 100 number one, when Doves Cry has gone on to become one of Princes signature songs. Spin magazine ranked the song 6th greatest single of all time and it was number 38 in Movements list The Greatest Songs of All Time
17.
Let's Go Crazy
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Lets Go Crazy is a 1984 song by Prince and The Revolution, from the album Purple Rain. It was the track on both the album and the film Purple Rain. Lets Go Crazy was one of Princes most popular songs, and was a staple for concert performances, the B-side was the lyrically controversial Erotic City. In the UK, the song was released as a double A-side with Take Me with U, common to much of Princes writing, the song is thought to be exhortation to follow Christian ethics, with the De-elevator of the lyrics being a metaphor for the Devil. The extended Special Dance Mix of the song was performed in an edited version in the film Purple Rain. It contains an instrumental section in the middle, including a solo on an apparently out-of-tune piano and some muddled lyrics. Following Princes death, the song re-charted on the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart at number 39, as of April 30,2016, it has sold 964,403 copies in the United States. The song was notable for opening with a funeral-like organ solo with Prince giving the eulogy for this thing called life. The introductions words are overlapped with other on the single version. The song climaxes with a drum machine pattern and then features a heavy guitar outro leads, electronic drums, bass and whirring synthesizers. The songs percussion was programmed with a Linn LM-1 drum machine, the song is also known for its two guitar solos both performed by Prince. A cover by the Riverboat Gamblers was included on the 2009 tribute compilation Purplish Rain, a free download of the song was offered by Spin magazine. Punk rock band Green Day performed a cover of the song at a stop on their 21st Century Breakdown World Tour, orianthi performed a cover of the song during The Glam Nation Tour. Two segments of Princes unaccompanied guitar solo in the songs coda were sampled into Public Enemys single Brothers Gonna Work It Out, sinbads Brain Damaged sampled the introduction to this song for his 1990 comedy album of the same name. Heavily sampled by hip-hop group Get Busy Committee in their song, Opening Ceremony, the intro is sampled on the Ragga Twins 1991 track Hooligan 69. It means forever and thats a mighty long time, but Im here to tell you theres something else. my office hours. Its from Tuesday to Thursday from 1 PM to 3 PM, the Minnesota Twins have played the song when a Twins player hits a home run since they moved to Target Field in 2010, since it was a nod to Princes Minnesota roots. The team ultimately chose to make the change permanent for the 2016-17 season, a cover of the song is performed at the fourth version of Beetlejuices Rock and Roll Graveyard Revue at Universal Studios Florida
18.
Purple Rain (song)
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Purple Rain is a song by Prince and The Revolution. It is the track from the 1984 album of the same name, which in turn is the soundtrack album for the 1984 film of the same name. The song is a combination of rock, R&B, gospel and it reached number 2 in the United States for two weeks, behind Wake Me Up Before You Go-Go by Wham. and it is considered to be one of Princes signature songs. It was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America in 1984, shipping one million units in the United States, and was certified silver by the British Phonographic Industry in 2013. Following Princes death in 2016, the rose to number one on the US and UK iTunes Charts, allowing Purple Rain to re-enter the Billboard Hot 100 at number 17. It also re-entered the UK Singles Chart at number 6, making it two places higher than its peak of number 8. Originally peaking at number 12 in France, Purple Rain reached number one on the singles chart. As of April 30,2016, it has sold 1,186,215 copies in the United States, the song was recorded during a benefit concert for the Minnesota Dance Theatre at the First Avenue nightclub in Minneapolis on August 3,1983. The performance was guitarist Wendy Melvoins live debut with The Revolution, City Pages described the 70-minute performance as Princes sweatiest and most soulful hometown concert yet, and drummer Bobby Z stated, it certainly was one of the best concerts we ever did. The concert was recorded by David Rivkin using a recording unit brought in from the Record Plant in New York City, staffed by engineers Dave Hewitt. David Zs connection to Prince is deeper than most professional relationships, davids older brother, Cliff Rifkin was the regional promotion executive for Warners in Minneapolis, who also expedited Princes label signing. David Zs younger brother, Bobby Z, would then become Princes drummer in the Revolution, David Z wasnt surprised when he was requested to set up the live recording in August 3,1983, With Prince, you never knew, he says. I thought we were recording a concert, but I wasnt sure if it was going to be a record, I knew they were working on the movie as, as well. You just had to go in prepared to record whatever it was going to be as well as you could, the basic tracks for three songs were used on the Purple Rain soundtrack, Purple Rain, I Would Die 4 U, and Baby Im a Star. Prince performed overdubs while working at Sunset Sound in Los Angeles from August–September 1983, a solo and verse from the original recording were edited out and replaced with a different verse, changing the length from eleven to eight minutes. The extra verse was about money, but was removed because it diluted the emotional impact of the song, cain reassured Prince by telling him that the songs only shared the same four chords. Prince explained the meaning of Purple Rain as follows, When theres blood in the sky – red, Purple rain pertains to the end of the world and being with the one you love and letting your faith/god guide you through the purple rain. The phrase purple rain appeared in the lyrics of an earlier,1972, song and that song was written by Dewey Bunnell
19.
I Would Die 4 U
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I Would Die 4 U is a song by Prince and The Revolution, and the fourth single in the US from their 1984 album, Purple Rain. The up-tempo dance song was a top 10 hit in the US, I Would Die 4 U is often played in sequence with Baby Im a Star, the track following it, on Purple Rain. As of April 30,2016, it has sold 561,772 copies in the United States, following Princes death, the song re-charted on the Billboard Hot 100 at number 39 on the chart dated the week of May 14,2016. The jam features some overdubbing and fades at the end, a version, nearly 31 minutes long, was never released officially. The extended mix was used as the B-side of the 1989 Erotic City single. The B-side, Another Lonely Christmas, is a sad account of a man mourning his lover who died on Christmas Day from pneumonia, the UK12 single release also included the 1999 track Free. Prince – lead and background vocals and various instruments Wendy Melvoin – guitar and vocals Lisa Coleman – keyboards, the song was covered by French music artist Space Cowboy on his 2003 album Across The Sky. A cover by Mariachi El Bronx was included on the 2009 tribute compilation Purplish Rain, a free download of the song was offered by Spin magazine. The synthpop band Chvrches covered the song during their performances since 2012, titled as I Would Die 4 V. Neo-soul singer Raheem DeVaughn released a cover on his 2010 mixtape Mr. February aka March Madness, british indie rock band White Lies released a cover of the song on their 2013 extended play Small TV. Nick Jonas recorded a version, available on his Facebook page. American singer Lydia Loveless covered the song on a single released together with Cory Branan in 2015, california Pop band Hotel Apache released a cover of the song following Princes death in April 2016. Of Montreal covered this song throughout their tour in 2007. Bloc Party covered part of the song as an intro to Flux throughout their 2008 summer tour, Chvrches have covered this song live in 2012, and was one of the first three songs readily available on the internet by them. Haim covered this song live at Osheaga and Lollapolozza in 2016, lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
20.
Take Me with U
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Take Me with U is a song by Prince and The Revolution, and the final US single released from their album, Purple Rain. It is a pop song notable for the solo and finger cymbals that open the song. The song is sung as a duet with Apollonia Kotero, and was intended for the Apollonia 6 album. The single was released with an edit of album track Baby Im a Star as its B-side, in the UK, the song was issued as a double A-side single, coupled with Lets Go Crazy, reaching number 7 in February 1985. Lisa Coleman sang underneath Apollonias vocals to add fullness, Prince – lead and background vocals, various instruments Wendy Melvoin – guitar and background vocals Lisa Coleman – keyboards and background vocals Matt Fink – keyboards Brown Mark – bass Bobby Z. A cover by Sharon Jones & The Dap-Kings was included on the 2009 tribute compilation Purplish Rain, a free download of the song was offered by Spin magazine. Sharleen Spiteri covered the song on her 2010 album The Movie Songbook, lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
21.
Purple Rain (film)
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Purple Rain is a 1984 American rock musical drama film directed by Albert Magnoli, produced by Robert Cavallo, Joseph Ruffalo, and Steven Fargnoli, and written by Magnoli and William Blinn. The film inspired the soundtrack and studio album of the same name, the film stars Prince in his acting debut, playing a quasi-biographical person called The Kid. Purple Rain was developed to showcase his talents and hence contains several extended concert sequences, the film grossed more than US $35 million at the box office in the United States and over 220 million worldwide, thus making a large profit on its $7.2 million budget. Purple Rain is the feature film that Prince starred in. The film won an Academy Award for Best Original Song Score, currently the last to receive the award and it was nominated for two Razzie Awards, Worst New Star for Apollonia Kotero and Worst Original Song for Sex Shooter. A semi-sequel, Graffiti Bridge, was released in 1990, the Kid is the talented but troubled frontman of his Minneapolis-based band The Revolution. First Avenues three house band slots are held by The Revolution, the flashy Morris Day and his group The Time and she eventually joins Morriss group, which Morris names Apollonia 6. When she reveals her partnership to the Kid, he becomes furious and slaps her, at the club, the Kid responds to the internal band strife, the pressure to draw more crowds, and his strained private life with the uncomfortably personal Darling Nikki. His performance publicly humiliates Apollonia, who runs off in tears, Billy confronts the Kid, castigating him for bringing his personal life onto the stage and warning him that hes wasting his musical talent like his father did. The debut of Apollonia 6 is a success, and Billy warns the Kid that his First Avenue slot is at risk, the Kid seizes Apollonia from a drunken Morris and the two argue, Apollonia then abandons him. Returning home, he finds the house in tatters, with his mother nowhere to be found, when he turns on the basement light, his father – who had been lurking in the basement with a loaded handgun – shoots himself in the head. In a frenzy after a night of torment, the Kid tears apart the basement to release his anger, the next morning, the Kid picks up a cassette tape of one of Wendy and Lisas compositions, a rhythm track named Slow Groove, and begins to compose. That night at First Avenue, all is quiet in The Revolutions dressing room until The Time stops by to taunt the Kid about his family life. Once on stage, the Kid announces that he will be playing a song the girls in the band wrote, as the emotional song ends, the Kid rushes from the stage and out the back door of the club, intending to ride away on his motorcycle. However, before he can mount his motorcycle, he realizes that the crowd is thrilled by his new song, the Kid returns to the club, to be greeted by the approval of his fellow musicians and the embrace of a teary-eyed Apollonia. A montage of all the plays as the credits roll. Prince as The Kid Apollonia Kotero as Apollonia Morris Day as Morris Olga Karlatos as Mother Clarence Williams III as Father, the film won an Academy Award for Best Original Song Score. The soundtrack sold over 15 million copies in America alone, and 25 million worldwide, the film also coincided with spin-off albums by The Time and Apollonia 6
22.
Billboard Hot 100
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The Billboard Hot 100 is the music industry standard record chart in the United States for singles, published weekly by Billboard magazine. Chart rankings are based on sales, radio play and online streaming, the weekly sales period was originally Monday to Sunday, when Nielsen started tracking sales in 1991, but was changed to Friday to Thursday in July 2015. Radio airplay, which, unlike sales figures and streaming data, is available on a real-time basis. A new chart is compiled and officially released to the public by Billboard on Tuesdays, as of the issue for the week ending on April 15,2017, the Hot 100 has had 1,061 different number one hits. The current number one song is Shape of You by Ed Sheeran, prior to 1955, Billboard did not have a unified, all-encompassing popularity chart, instead measuring songs by individual metrics. At the start of the era in 1955, three such charts existed, Best Sellers in Stores was the first Billboard chart, established in 1936. This chart ranked the biggest selling singles in retail stores, as reported by merchants surveyed throughout the country, Most Played by Jockeys was Billboards original airplay chart. It ranked the most played songs on United States radio stations, as reported by radio disc jockeys, Most Played in Jukeboxes ranked the most played songs in jukeboxes across the United States. On the week ending November 12,1955, Billboard published The Top 100 for the first time, the Top 100 combined all aspects of a singles performance, based on a point system that typically gave sales more weight than radio airplay. The Best Sellers In Stores, Most Played by Jockeys and Most Played in Jukeboxes charts continued to be published concurrently with the new Top 100 chart. The week ending July 28,1958 was the publication of the Most Played By Jockeys and Top 100 charts. On August 4,1958, Billboard premiered one main all-genre singles chart, the Hot 100 quickly became the industry standard and Billboard discontinued the Best Sellers In Stores chart on October 13,1958. The Billboard Hot 100 is still the standard by which a songs popularity is measured in the United States, the Hot 100 is ranked by radio airplay audience impressions as measured by Nielsen BDS, sales data compiled by Nielsen Soundscan and streaming activity provided by online music sources. There are several component charts that contribute to the calculation of the Hot 100. Charts are ranked by number of gross audience impressions, computed by cross-referencing exact times of radio airplay with Arbitron listener data. Hot Singles Sales, the top selling singles compiled from a sample of retail store, mass merchant and internet sales reports collected, compiled. The chart is released weekly and measures sales of commercial singles. With the decline in sales of singles in the US
23.
Recording Industry Association of America
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The Recording Industry Association of America is a continental North and South American trade organization that represents the recording industry in the United States. Its members consist of record labels and distributors, which the RIAA says create, the RIAA headquarters is in Washington, D. C. The RIAA was formed in 1952 and its original mission was to administer recording copyright fees and problems, work with trade unions, and do research relating to the record industry and government regulations. Early RIAA standards included the RIAA equalization curve, the format of the record groove and the dimensions of 33 1/3 rpm,45 rpm. Since 2001, the RIAA has spent $2 to $6 million each year on lobbying in the United States, the RIAA also participates in the collective rights management of sound recordings, and it is responsible for certifying Gold and Platinum albums and singles in the United States. Cary Sherman has been the RIAAs chairman and CEO since 2011, Sherman joined the RIAA as its general counsel in 1997 and became president of the board of directors in 2001, serving in that position until being made chairman and CEO. Mitch Glazier has been the RIAAs senior executive vice president since 2011 and he served as executive vice president for public policy and industry relations from 2000 to 2011. The past RIAA chairman and CEO is Mitch Bainwol, who served from 2003 to 2011 and he left in 2011 to become president and CEO of the Alliance of Automobile Manufacturers. The board of directors consists of 26 members of the board, the RIAA operates an award program for albums that sell a large number of copies. The program originally began in 1958, with a Gold Award for singles, the criterion was changed in 1975 to the number of copies sold, with albums selling 500,000 copies awarded the Gold Award. In 1976, a Platinum Award was added for one million sales, the awards are open to both RIAA members and non-members. Since 2000, the RIAA also operates a program for Latin music sales. Currently, a Disco De Oro is awarded for 30,000 units, the RIAA defines Latin music as a type of release with 51% or more of its content recorded in Spanish. In 2006, digital ringtones were added to branch of certification. In the same year, the RIAA introduced the Latin Digital Award for digital recordings in Spanish and this release format includes DVD and VHS releases, and certain live albums and compilation albums. The certification criteria is different from other styles. Gold,50,000 Platinum,100,000 Multi-Platinum,200,000 copies The RIAA opposes unauthorized sharing of its music, studies conducted since the association began its campaign against peer-to-peer file-sharing have concluded that losses incurred per download range from negligible to moderate. The association has commenced high-profile lawsuits against file sharing service providers and it has also commenced a series of lawsuits against individuals suspected of file sharing, notably college students and parents of file sharing children
24.
Masterpiece
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Historically, a masterpiece was a work of a very high standard produced in order to obtain membership of a guild or academy in various areas of the visual arts and crafts. The word masterpiece probably derives from the Dutch meesterstuk or German meisterstück via loan translation, masterprize was another early variant in English. In English, the term became used in a variety of contexts for an exceptionally good piece of creative work. Originally, the term referred to a piece of work produced by an apprentice or journeyman aspiring to become a master craftsman in the old European guild system. His fitness to qualify for membership was judged partly by the masterpiece, and if he was successful. Great care was taken to produce a fine piece in whatever the craft was, whether confectionery, painting, goldsmithing, knifemaking. In the 17th century, the Worshipful Company of Goldsmiths, for instance, the workhouse had been set up as part of a tightening of standards after the company became concerned that the level of skill of goldsmithing was being diluted. The same goldsmithing organization still requires the production of a masterpiece, if they failed to be admitted, then they could continue to work for other goldsmiths but not as a master themselves. In some guilds, apprentices were not allowed to marry until they had obtained full membership, the practice of producing a masterpiece has continued in some modern academies of art, where the general term for such works is now reception piece. The Royal Academy in London uses the term work and it has acquired a fine collection of diploma works received as a condition of membership. Painting the Century,101 Portrait Masterpieces 1900–2000 Virtual Collection of Masterpieces Masterpieces at the Louvre
25.
Sign o' the Times
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Sign o the Times is the ninth studio album by American recording artist Prince, released on March 30,1987, by Paisley Park Records and Warner Bros. The album is the follow-up to Parade and is Princes first album following his disbanding of the Revolution, the songs were largely recorded during 1986 to 1987 in sessions for albums Prince ultimately aborted, Dream Factory, Camille, and Crystal Ball. Initially intending to release a triple album culled from these sessions, Prince compromised with label executives, the albums music encompasses a varied range of styles, including funk, soul, psychedelic pop, electro, and rock. Its release was supported by singles, among them the socially conscious title track and If I Was Your Girlfriend. Sign o the Times was Princes most acclaimed record, being voted 1987s best album in the Pazz & Jop critics poll, prior to the disbanding of The Revolution, Prince was working on two separate projects, The Revolution album Dream Factory and a pseudonymous solo effort, Camille. Unlike the three previous albums, Dream Factory included input from the band members and featured songs with lead vocals by Wendy & Lisa. The Camille project saw Prince create an androgynous persona primarily singing in a sped-up, with the dismissal of The Revolution, Prince consolidated material from both shelved albums, along with some new songs, into a three-LP album to be titled Crystal Ball. Warner Bros. forced Prince to trim the album to a double album. As with many of Princes early 1980s albums, this album features extensive use of the Linn LM-1 drum machine on most songs, in addition, many songs on the album feature minimal instrumentation, and use of the Fairlight CMI, a then state-of-the-art digital sampler. Unlike many of his contemporaries, Prince used the sounds of the Fairlight to create the title track. Prince was known for recording his vocals in the room area of the studio. Typically, in the process, a vocalist records in the recording booth. To have privacy during the recording process, Prince usually asked his engineer, Susan Rogers. Rogers recalls, Wed get the track halfway or three-quarters of the way there, hed have certain tracks on the multi-track that he would use and hed do the vocal completely alone. I think that was the way he could really get the performance. On some occasions, Prince recorded vocals with his back to her, Rogers monitored the vocals with a pair of headphones so Princes recording microphone would not pick up the speakers she would usually have used. Prince typically used a Sennheiser 441 dynamic microphone for recording vocals at this stage in his career. Though Sign o the Times was regarded as less polished than his earlier efforts, Rogers points out that we spent more time, much more work went into it
26.
Library of Congress
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The Library of Congress is the research library that officially serves the United States Congress and is the de facto national library of the United States. It is the oldest federal cultural institution in the United States, the Library is housed in three buildings on Capitol Hill in Washington, D. C. it also maintains the Packard Campus in Culpeper, Virginia, which houses the National Audio-Visual Conservation Center. The Library of Congress claims to be the largest library in the world and its collections are universal, not limited by subject, format, or national boundary, and include research materials from all parts of the world and in more than 450 languages. Two-thirds of the books it acquires each year are in other than English. The Library of Congress moved to Washington in 1800, after sitting for years in the temporary national capitals of New York. John J. Beckley, who became the first Librarian of Congress, was two dollars per day and was required to also serve as the Clerk of the House of Representatives. The small Congressional Library was housed in the United States Capitol for most of the 19th century until the early 1890s, most of the original collection had been destroyed by the British in 1814, during the War of 1812. To restore its collection in 1815, the bought from former president Thomas Jefferson his entire personal collection of 6,487 books. After a period of growth, another fire struck the Library in its Capitol chambers in 1851, again destroying a large amount of the collection. The Library received the right of transference of all copyrighted works to have two copies deposited of books, maps, illustrations and diagrams printed in the United States. It also began to build its collections of British and other European works and it included several stories built underground of steel and cast iron stacks. Although the Library is open to the public, only high-ranking government officials may check out books, the Library promotes literacy and American literature through projects such as the American Folklife Center, American Memory, Center for the Book, and Poet Laureate. James Madison is credited with the idea for creating a congressional library, part of the legislation appropriated $5,000 for the purchase of such books as may be necessary for the use of Congress. And for fitting up an apartment for containing them. Books were ordered from London and the collection, consisting of 740 books and 3 maps, was housed in the new Capitol, as president, Thomas Jefferson played an important role in establishing the structure of the Library of Congress. The new law also extended to the president and vice president the ability to borrow books and these volumes had been left in the Senate wing of the Capitol. One of the only congressional volumes to have survived was a government account book of receipts and it was taken as a souvenir by a British Commander whose family later returned it to the United States government in 1940. Within a month, former president Jefferson offered to sell his library as a replacement
27.
National Recording Registry
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The National Recording Registry is a list of sound recordings that are culturally, historically, or aesthetically important, and/or inform or reflect life in the United States. The registry was established by the National Recording Preservation Act of 2000, the legislative intent of the National Recording Preservation Act of 2000 was to develop a national program to guard Americas sound recording heritage. The Act resulted in the formations of the National Recording Registry, The National Recording Preservation Board, beginning in 2002, the National Recording Preservation Board began selecting nominated recordings each year to be preserved. The first four yearly lists included 50 selections, however, since 2006,25 recordings have been selected annually. Thus, a total of 475 recordings have been preserved in the Registry as of 2017, each calendar year, public nominations are accepted for inclusion in that years list of selections to be announced the following spring. Those recordings on the Library of Congress National Recording Registry that are of a political nature will tend to overlap with the collection of the National Archives. The list shows overlapping items and whether the National Archives has an original or a copy of the recording, recordings may be a single item or group of related items, published or unpublished, and may contain music, non-music, spoken word, or broadcast sound. Recordings will not be considered for inclusion into the National Recording Registry if no copy of the recording exists, no recording should be denied inclusion into the National Recording Registry because that recording has already been preserved. No recording is eligible for inclusion into the National Recording Registry until ten years after the recordings creation, on January 27,2003, the following 50 selections were announced by the National Recording Preservation Board. In March 2004, the following 50 selections were made by the National Recording Preservation Board, in April 2005, the following 50 selections were made by the National Recording Preservation Board. In April 2006, the following 50 selections were made by the National Recording Preservation Board, on March 6,2007, the following 25 selections were made by the National Recording Preservation Board. On May 14,2008, the following 25 selections were made by the National Recording Preservation Board, on June 10,2009, the following 25 selections were made by the National Recording Preservation Board. On June 23,2010, the following 25 selections were made by the National Recording Preservation Board, on April 6,2011, the following 25 selections were announced. On May 23,2012, the following 25 selections were made by the National Recording Preservation Board, on March 21,2013, the following 25 selections were announced. On April 2,2014, the following 25 selections were announced, on March 25,2015, the following 25 selections were announced. On March 23,2016, the following 25 selections were announced, on March 29,2017, the following 25 selections were announced. As of 2014, the oldest recording on the list is Edouard-Leon Scott de Martinvilles Phonautograms which date back to 1853. The most recent is Fanfare for the Uncommon Woman by Joan Tower, performed by the Colorado Symphony Orchestra under the direction of Marin Alsop, which was released in 1999
28.
Minneapolis
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Minneapolis is the county seat of Hennepin County, and the larger of the Twin Cities, the 16th-largest metropolitan area in the United States. As of 2015, Minneapolis is the largest city in the state of Minnesota, Minneapolis and Saint Paul anchor the second-largest economic center in the Midwest, after Chicago. Minneapolis lies on both banks of the Mississippi River, just north of the confluence with the Minnesota River, and adjoins Saint Paul. It was once the worlds flour milling capital and a hub for timber, the city and surrounding region is the primary business center between Chicago and Seattle, with Minneapolis proper containing Americas fifth-highest concentration of Fortune 500 companies. As an integral link to the economy, Minneapolis is categorized as a global city. Noted for its music and performing arts scenes, Minneapolis is home to both the award-winning Guthrie Theater and the historic First Avenue nightclub. The name Minneapolis is attributed to Charles Hoag, the citys first schoolteacher, who combined mni, a Dakota Sioux word for water, and polis, Dakota Sioux had long been the regions sole residents when French explorers arrived around 1680. For a time relations were based on fur trading, gradually more European-American settlers arrived, competing for game and other resources with the Dakota. In the early 19th century, the United States acquired this territory from France, fort Snelling was built in 1819 by the United States Army, and it attracted traders, settlers and merchants, spurring growth in the area. The United States government pressed the Mdewakanton band of the Dakota to sell their land, the Minnesota Territorial Legislature authorized present-day Minneapolis as a town in 1856 on the Mississippis west bank. Minneapolis incorporated as a city in 1867, the rail service began between Minneapolis and Chicago. It later joined with the city of St. Anthony in 1872. Minneapolis developed around Saint Anthony Falls, the highest waterfall on the Mississippi River, forests in northern Minnesota were a valuable resource for the lumber industry, which operated seventeen sawmills on power from the waterfall. By 1871, the west river bank had twenty-three businesses, including mills, woolen mills, iron works, a railroad machine shop, and mills for cotton, paper, sashes. Due to the hazards of milling, six local sources of artificial limbs were competing in the prosthetics business by the 1890s. The farmers of the Great Plains grew grain that was shipped by rail to the citys thirty-four flour mills, a father of modern milling in America and founder of what became General Mills, Cadwallader C. Some ideas were developed by William Dixon Gray and some acquired through industrial espionage from the Hungarians by William de la Barre, pillsbury Company across the river were barely a step behind, hiring Washburn employees to immediately use the new methods. The hard red spring wheat that grows in Minnesota became valuable, not until later did consumers discover the value in the bran that Minneapolis
29.
Benefit concert
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Evita is a musical with music by Andrew Lloyd Webber and lyrics by Tim Rice. It concentrates on the life of Argentine political leader Eva Perón, the story follows Evitas early life, rise to power, charity work, and eventual death. The musical began as a rock concept album released in 1976. This has been followed by a string of tours and worldwide productions and numerous cast albums, as well as a major 1996 film of the musical starring Madonna. The musical was revived in London in 2006, and on Broadway in 2012, in 1972, Robert Stigwood proposed that Andrew Lloyd Webber and Tim Rice develop a new musical version of Peter Pan, but they abandoned the project. Travelling late to a one night in 1973, though. As a child stamp collector, he had been fascinated by her image on the Argentine stamps, but was unaware of her significance in Argentinas history. The executive also arranged for Rice to see the film at Thames Television which he did at least twenty times saying also that by that time I had seen Pasinis superbly researched film, after Jeeves, Lloyd Webber returned to Rice, and they began developing Rices proposed musical. The authors of the 1996 book Evita, The Real Life of Eva Perón claim the musical was based on Mary Mains biography The Woman with the Whip, though Rice praised the Main biography, it was never officially credited as source material. Rice created a character, Che, to serve as a narrator, when Harold Prince later became involved with the project, he insisted that the actors portraying Che should use Guevara as a role model. In the 1996 film adaptation, the returned to his more anonymous roots. This was also the case for the 2006 London revival, Lloyd Webber and the conductor Anthony Bowles presented the musical at the second Sydmonton Festival before making the recording with the London Philharmonic Orchestra. The recording, which was released by MCA Records who had previously marketed Jesus Christ Superstar, commenced in April 1976 and was produced by Lloyd Webber, the recording was engineered by David Hamilton Smith, whose work Rice later acknowledged was effectively that of a third producer. He also delivered the line, Statesmanship is more than entertaining peasants, released in 1976, the two-record set included Paul Jones as Juan Perón, Colm Wilkinson as Che, Barbara Dickson as Peróns mistress, and Tony Christie as Agustín Magaldi. The writers had originally considered Steve Marriott and John Fogerty but neither was interested, murray Head, who had enormous success with the Superstar album, recorded some demos but Rice later admitted they didnt really reproduce the magic that his portrayal of Judas had. Colm Wilkinson had recently played Judas in the London production of Superstar and agreed to audition, mike dAbo, who had succeeded Paul Jones as lead singer of Manfred Mann, had a minor role on the album which was notable as the first one which both had appeared. Mike Smith, former lead vocalist with the Dave Clark Five and dAbos then working partner, Pasini wrote the dialogue in Spanish of the first scene, A Cinema in Buenos Aires,26 July 1952. On this recording, he played the part of the actor in the soundtrack of a movie that grinds to a halt, when the album was presented to the press at Lloyd Webbers country home Sydmonton, Pasini organised a photographic presentation with his colleague Anton Furst to accompany it
30.
Wendy Melvoin
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Shortly after the completion of Prince and The Revolutions 1986 album Parade, Coleman and Melvoin left the Revolution and started their own duo, Wendy & Lisa, also known as Girl Brothers. Melvoin and Coleman also composed music for the first season of the TV series Heroes, in September 2008, they announced that they would release an album consisting entirely of the score from Heroes, entitled Heroes, Original Score. Melvoin and Coleman composed the title song for Nurse Jackie. As of mid-November 2015, the duo were working on the American TV series Touch, Melvoin also contributed guitars to Madonnas 2008 album Hard Candy on the song Shes Not Me, and she is mentioned by name during the song. She contributed heavily to Neil Finns second solo album One Nil, co-writing many tracks and playing drums and she is credited for guitar work on most of the tracks on Rob Thomass first solo album. Something to Be. Melvoin is also listed in the credits of Glen Campbells 2011 final studio album, Wendy Melvoin was born in Los Angeles, California, the daughter of late jazz pianist Mike Melvoin, who in the 1960s was part of the Los Angeles session musician collective The Wrecking Crew. Her brother, Jonathan Melvoin, was the Smashing Pumpkins touring keyboardist, in 2007, the ASCAP Film and Television Music Awards gave Melvoin and Coleman the Top Television Series award for their work on Heroes. Melvoin and Coleman were awarded with an Emmy for Outstanding Original Main Title in 2010 for their theme to Nurse Jackie, official Wendy & Lisa site Wendy Melvoin at the Internet Movie Database
31.
Synthesizer
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A synthesizer is an electronic musical instrument that generates electric signals that are converted to sound through instrument amplifiers and loudspeakers or headphones. Synthesizers may either imitate instruments like piano, Hammond organ, flute, vocals, natural sounds like ocean waves, etc. or generate new electronic timbres. Synthesizers without built-in controllers are called sound modules, and are controlled via USB, MIDI or CV/gate using a controller device. Synthesizers use various methods to generate electronic signals, synthesizers were first used in pop music in the 1960s. In the 1970s, synths were used in disco, especially in the late 1970s, in the 1980s, the invention of the relatively inexpensive, mass market Yamaha DX7 synth made synthesizers widely available. 1980s pop and dance music often made use of synthesizers. In the 2010s, synthesizers are used in genres of pop, rock. Contemporary classical music composers from the 20th and 21st century write compositions for synthesizer, the beginnings of the synthesizer are difficult to trace, as it is difficult to draw a distinction between synthesizers and some early electric or electronic musical instruments. One of the earliest electric musical instruments, the telegraph, was invented in 1876 by American electrical engineer Elisha Gray. He accidentally discovered the sound generation from a self-vibrating electromechanical circuit and this musical telegraph used steel reeds with oscillations created by electromagnets transmitted over a telegraph line. Gray also built a simple loudspeaker device into later models, consisting of a diaphragm in a magnetic field. This instrument was a remote electromechanical musical instrument that used telegraphy, though it lacked an arbitrary sound-synthesis function, some have erroneously called it the first synthesizer. In 1897, Thaddeus Cahill invented the Teleharmonium, which used dynamos, and was capable of additive synthesis like the Hammond organ, however, Cahills business was unsuccessful for various reasons, and similar but more compact instruments were subsequently developed, such as electronic and tonewheel organs. In 1906, American engineer, Lee De Forest ushered in the electronics age and he invented the first amplifying vacuum tube, called the Audion tube. This led to new entertainment technologies, including radio and sound films, ondes Martenot and Trautonium were continuously developed for several decades, finally developing qualities similar to later synthesizers. In the 1920s, Arseny Avraamov developed various systems of graphic sonic art, in 1938, USSR engineer Yevgeny Murzin designed a compositional tool called ANS, one of the earliest real-time additive synthesizers using optoelectronics. The earliest polyphonic synthesizers were developed in Germany and the United States, during the three years that Hammond manufactured this model,1,069 units were shipped, but production was discontinued at the start of World War II. Both instruments were the forerunners of the electronic organs and polyphonic synthesizers
32.
Drum machine
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A drum machine is an electronic musical instrument designed to imitate the sound of drums, cymbals, other percussion instruments, and often basslines. Drum machines are most commonly associated with electronic music such as house music. They are usually used when session drummers are not available or if the production cannot afford the cost of a drummer. Also, many modern drum machines can also produce sounds, as well as allowing the user to compose unique drum beats. In the 2010s, most modern machines are sequencers with a sample playback or synthesizer component that specializes in the reproduction of drum timbres. The invention could produce sixteen different rhythms, each associated with a pitch, either individually or in any combination, including en masse. Received with considerable interest when it was introduced in 1932. The next generation of rhythm machines played only pre-programmed rhythms such as mambo, tango, Chamberlin Rhythmate In 1957 Californian Harry Chamberlin constructed a tape loop-based drum machine called the Chamberlin Rhythmate. It had 14 tape loops with a head that allowed playback of different tracks on each piece of tape. It contained a volume and a control and also had a separate amplifier with bass, treble, and volume controls. The tape loops were of real acoustic jazz drum kits playing different style beats, with additions to tracks such as bongos, clave, castanets. First commercial product – Wurlitzer Side Man In 1959 Wurlitzer released a drum machine called the Side Man. The Side Man was intended as an accompaniment for the Wurlitzer organ range. The Side Man offered a choice of 12 electronically generated, predefined rhythm patterns with variable tempos, the sound source was a series of vacuum tubes which created 10 preset electronic drum sounds. Combinations of these different sets of rhythms and drum sounds created popular rhythmic patterns of the day, e. g. waltzes and these combinations were selected by a rotary knob on the top of the Side Man box. The tempo of the patterns was controlled by a slider that increased the speed of rotation of the wiper arm, the Side Man had a panel of 10 buttons for manually triggering drum sounds, and a remote player to control the machine while playing from an organ keyboard. The Side Man was housed in a cabinet that contained the sound-generating circuitry. Raymond Scott In 1960, Raymond Scott constructed the Rhythm Synthesizer and, in 1963, scotts machines were used for recording his album Soothing Sounds for Baby series
33.
Rhythm and blues
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Rhythm and blues, often abbreviated as R&B or RnB, is a genre of popular African-American music that originated in the 1940s. In the commercial rhythm and blues music typical of the 1950s through the 1970s, R&B lyrical themes often encapsulate the African-American experience of pain and the quest for freedom and joy. Lyrics focus heavily on the themes of triumphs and failures in terms of relationships, freedom, economics, aspirations, the term rhythm and blues has undergone a number of shifts in meaning. In the early 1950s it was applied to blues records. This tangent of RnB is now known as British rhythm and blues, by the 1970s, the term rhythm and blues changed again and was used as a blanket term for soul and funk. In the 1980s, a style of R&B developed, becoming known as Contemporary R&B. It combines elements of rhythm and blues, soul, funk, pop, hip hop, popular R&B vocalists at the end of the 20th century included Michael Jackson, R. Kelly, Stevie Wonder, Whitney Houston, and Mariah Carey. Although Jerry Wexler of Billboard magazine is credited with coining the term rhythm and blues as a term in the United States in 1948. It replaced the term race music, which came from within the black community. The term rhythm and blues was used by Billboard in its chart listings from June 1949 until August 1969, before the Rhythm and Blues name was instated, various record companies had already begun replacing the term race music with sepia series. In 2010 LaMont Robinson founded the Rhythm & Blues Hall of Fame Museum, writer and producer Robert Palmer defined rhythm & blues as a catchall term referring to any music that was made by and for black Americans. He has used the term R&B as a synonym for jump blues, however, AllMusic separates it from jump blues because of its stronger, gospel-esque backbeat. Lawrence Cohn, author of Nothing but the Blues, writes that rhythm, according to him, the term embraced all black music except classical music and religious music, unless a gospel song sold enough to break into the charts. Well into the 21st century, the term R&B continues in use to music made by black musicians. In the commercial rhythm and blues music typical of the 1950s through the 1970s, arrangements were rehearsed to the point of effortlessness and were sometimes accompanied by background vocalists. Simple repetitive parts mesh, creating momentum and rhythmic interplay producing mellow, lilting, while singers are emotionally engaged with the lyrics, often intensely so, they remain cool, relaxed, and in control. The bands dressed in suits, and even uniforms, an associated with the modern popular music that rhythm. Lyrics often seemed fatalistic, and the music typically followed predictable patterns of chords, there was also increasing emphasis on the electric guitar as a lead instrument, as well as the piano and saxophone
34.
Guitar
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The guitar is a musical instrument classified as a fretted string instrument with anywhere from four to 18 strings, usually having six. The sound is projected either acoustically, using a wooden or plastic and wood box, or through electrical amplifier. It is typically played by strumming or plucking the strings with the fingers, the guitar is a type of chordophone, traditionally constructed from wood and strung with either gut, nylon or steel strings and distinguished from other chordophones by its construction and tuning. There are three types of modern acoustic guitar, the classical guitar, the steel-string acoustic guitar, and the archtop guitar. The tone of a guitar is produced by the strings vibration, amplified by the hollow body of the guitar. The term finger-picking can also refer to a tradition of folk, blues, bluegrass. The acoustic bass guitar is an instrument that is one octave below a regular guitar. Early amplified guitars employed a body, but a solid wood body was eventually found more suitable during the 1960s and 1970s. As with acoustic guitars, there are a number of types of guitars, including hollowbody guitars, archtop guitars and solid-body guitars. The electric guitar has had a influence on popular culture. The guitar is used in a variety of musical genres worldwide. It is recognized as an instrument in genres such as blues, bluegrass, country, flamenco, folk, jazz, jota, mariachi, metal, punk, reggae, rock, soul. The term is used to refer to a number of chordophones that were developed and used across Europe, beginning in the 12th century and, later, in the Americas. The modern word guitar, and its antecedents, has applied to a wide variety of chordophones since classical times. Many influences are cited as antecedents to the modern guitar, at least two instruments called guitars were in use in Spain by 1200, the guitarra latina and the so-called guitarra morisca. The guitarra morisca had a back, wide fingerboard. The guitarra Latina had a sound hole and a narrower neck. By the 14th century the qualifiers moresca or morisca and latina had been dropped, and it had six courses, lute-like tuning in fourths and a guitar-like body, although early representations reveal an instrument with a sharply cut waist
35.
Psychedelic music
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Psychedelic music may also aim to enhance the experience of using these drugs. Numerous spiritual successors followed in the decades, including progressive rock, krautrock. Since the 1970s, revivals have included psychedelic funk, neo-psychedelia, psychedelic as an adjective is often misused, with many so-called acts playing in a variety of styles. Dechronicization permits the user to move outside of conventional perceptions of time. Depersonalization allows the user to lose the self and gain an awareness of undifferentiated unity, dynamization, as Leary wrote, makes everything from floors to lamps seem to bends, as familiar forms dissolve into moving, dancing structures. Music that is truly psychedelic mimics these three effects, a number of features are quintessential to psychedelic music. Exotic instrumentation, with a fondness for the sitar and tabla are common. Songs often have disjunctive song structures, key and time signature changes, surreal, whimsical, esoterically or literary-inspired, lyrics are often used. There is often an emphasis on extended instrumental segments or jams. There is a strong presence, in the 1960s this especially using electronic organs, harpsichords, or the Mellotron. In the 1960s there was a use of electronic instruments such as early synthesizers. Later forms of electronic psychedelia also employed repetitive computer-generated beats, R. Veysey, they profoundly influenced the thinking of the new generation of youth. The psychedelic lifestyle had already developed in California, particularly in San Francisco, by the mid-1960s, with the first major underground LSD factory established by Owsley Stanley. There was already a culture of use among jazz and blues musicians. One of the first musical uses of the term psychedelic in the scene was by the New York-based folk group The Holy Modal Rounders on their version of Lead Bellys Hesitation Blues in 1964. His nineteen-minute The Great San Bernardino Birthday Party anticipated elements of psychedelia with its nervy improvisations, similarly, folk guitarist Sandy Bulls early work incorporated elements of folk, jazz, and Indian and Arabic-influenced dronish modes. His 1963 album Fantasias for Guitar and Banjo explores various styles, soon musicians began to refer to the drug and attempted to recreate or reflect the experience of taking LSD in their music, just as it was reflected in psychedelic art, literature and film. This trend ran in parallel in both America and Britain and as part of the folk, folk rock and rock scenes
36.
AllMusic
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AllMusic is an online music guide service website. It was launched in 1991 by All Media Guide which later became All Media Network, AllMusic was launched in 1991 by Michael Erlewine of All Media Guide. The aim was to discographic information on every artist whos made a record since Enrico Caruso gave the industry its first big boost and its first reference book was published the following year. When first released onto the Internet, AMG predated the World Wide Web and was first available as a Gopher site, the AMG consumer web properties AllMusic. com, AllMovie. com and AllGame. com were sold by Rovi in July 2013 to All Media Network, LLC. All Media Network, LLC. was formed by the founders of SideReel. com. The following are contributors to AllMusic, as of this date, All Media Network also produced the AllMusic guide series that includes the AllMusic Guide to Rock, the All Music Guide to Jazz and the All Music Guide to the Blues. Vladimir Bogdanov is the president of the series, in August 2007, PC Magazine included AllMusic in its Top 100 Classic Websites list. All Media Network AllGame AllMovie SideReel All Music Guide to the Blues All Music Guide to Jazz Stephen Thomas Erlewine Official website
37.
Apollonia 6 (album)
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Apollonia 6 is the only studio album released by R&B vocal trio and Prince-protégés Apollonia 6. Apollonia 6, the album, primarily features the vocals of Kotero and Bennett with backing vocals by Wendy & Lisa, the album spawned only one hit, Sex Shooter, which was performed by the group in the film Purple Rain. As was the case with the Vanity 6 album, the album is perhaps most notable for the songs that were not a part of the album. These included the Prince-penned songs Manic Monday, and two songs intended for Vanity 6,17 Days, and The Glamorous Life. Although the album was released primarily on vinyl and audio cassette, the CD has become a highly sought-after collectible. Apollonia 6 had a chart run, but is considered by some to be a viable part of the Minneapolis sound. All the songs on album were actually written by Prince. Vocals, Apollonia Kotero, Susan Moonsie, Brenda Bennett Multi-instruments, Prince & The Revolution Guitars, Wendy Melvoin Keyboards, Lisa Coleman Bass, Mark Brown Drums, percussion, Sheila E. Additional backing vocals, Jill Jones Produced by Prince Recorded, engineered and mixed by Peggy McCreary & The Starr ★ Company Mastered by Bernie Grundman Sex Shooter was covered by T. H. E. M. Thee Human Ego Maniacs in 2002, by both Firefox and Coco Electrik in 2006, by Frost in 2008, and by both Erika Jayne and Cahill featuring Nikki Belle in 2009. Oo She She Wa Wa was covered by Snax featuring Peaches on his 2004 LP From the Rocking Chair to the Stage, released on Mental Groove Records
38.
Darling Nikki
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Darling Nikki is a song produced, arranged, composed and performed by American musician Prince and originally released on his Grammy Award-winning 1984 album, Purple Rain. Though the song was not released as a single, it gained notoriety for its sexual lyrics. Compared with the production of the other songs on the album, Darling Nikki was deliberately engineered to have a raw. The song tells the story of a sex fiend named Nikki who seduces the singer, in the film Purple Rain, the song is directed toward Apollonia Koteros character when she decides to work with Princes characters rival, played by Morris Day. Near the end of the song, the music stops into the sound of rain, there is singing, but played in reverse. The vocals, unreversed, are Prince singing, Hello, how are you, fine fine cause I know that the Lord is coming soon Coming, coming soon. During the Purple Rain Tour performances of Darling Nikki, the recording at the end was played forward and this can be heard in the live video Prince and the Revolution, Live. Reportedly, Tipper Gore co-founded the Parents Music Resource Center in 1985, because she witnessed her then 11-year-old daughter listening to, in 1995, Whale released a cover on their Pay for Me single. In 1996, the band Chum released a version on their Century Media release Dead to the World. In 1997, Three 6 Mafia sampled it on their song The End from their album Chapter 1, in 1998, as part of the compilation Do Me Baby, Austin Does Prince, the Asylum Street Spankers released an acoustic version of this song. Chicago punk-band Apocalypse Hoboken recorded a cover of the song, which appeared on their 2000 album Microstars, in 2003, the alternative rock band Foo Fighters recorded a cover of the song, which they included as a B-side on their single Have It All. Though their version of Darling Nikki was never released as a single, it found success at American modern rock radio. This version was performed on the MTV Video Music Awards with Cee Lo Green guesting on vocals and this version was later released on the vinyl-only compilation album Medium Rare. Tech N9nes song Freaky, on his 2005 album Vintage Tech, in 2006, jazz band Sex Mob performed Darling Nikki with John Medeski at live at Willisau album. Model/actress Rebecca Romijn recorded a cover of Darling Nikki for the 2006 compilation album, a cover by electro music group Chairlift was included on the 2009 tribute compilation Purplish Rain. A free download of the song was offered by Spin magazine, in the Fresh Prince of Bel-Air episode Did the Earth Move for You. West Coast rapper Tupac Shakur used a sample of Darling Nikki for the song Heartz of Men on his 1996 album All Eyez on Me, the song Blow Ya Mind, appearing on the album Pink Friday by Queens-based rapper Nicki Minaj, contains an interpolation of Darling Nikki. Hard rock band Talisman recorded a version for their 1998 album Truth, rihanna covered the song on her 2011 Loud Tour
39.
Parental Advisory
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The Parental Advisory label is a warning label first introduced by the Recording Industry Association of America in 1985 and later adopted by the British Phonographic Industry in 2011. It is placed on audio recordings in recognition of excessive profanities or inappropriate references, recordings with the Parental Advisory label are often released alongside censored versions that reduce or eliminate the questionable material. However, the label has been questioned for its ineffectiveness in limiting the amount of inappropriate material that young audiences are exposed to. Shortly after their formation in April 1985, the Parents Music Resource Center assembled a list of fifteen songs with deemed unsuitable content, particular criticism was placed on Darling Nikki by Prince, after the daughter of PMRC co-founder Mary Tipper Gore recognized its references to masturbation. Notable musicians, Frank Zappa, Dee Snider, and John Denver each testified at this hearing with strong opposition to PMRC’s warning label system, and censorship in general. In 1990, the now standard black-and-white warning label design reading Parental Advisory, the first album to bear the black ahd white Parental Advisory label was the 1990 release of Banned in the USA by the rap group 2 Live Crew. By May 1992, approximately 225 records had been marked with the warning, in response to later hearings in the following years, it was reworded as Parental Advisory, Explicit Content in 1996. The Parental Advisory label was first used on music streaming services and that year, the British Phonographic Industry revised its own music censorship policies to incorporate more prominent usage of the warning label. The BPI additionally requests that racist, homophobic, misogynistic or other language or behavior be taken under consideration when determining the appropriateness of a record. American retailers including Best Buy and f. y. e, distribute explicit and censored records, Target has sold both varieties of a given record, although has occasionally offered only the explicit version depending on the product. Online music stores, including the iTunes Store, generally have the Parental Advisory logo embedded into digital files, since its introduction, the effectiveness of the Parental Advisory label has frequently been called into question. Jon Wiederhorn from MTV News suggested that artists benefited from the label,1 by White Zombie in his childhood. In contrast, the RIAA maintains that its not a PAL Notice that kids look for and it is fairly common for an album which received the Parental Advisory seal to be sold alongside an edited version which removes objectionable content, usually to the same level as a radio edit. However, the RIAA Uniform Guidelines say An Edited Version need not remove all potentially objectionable content from the sound recording and these albums are packaged nearly-identically to their explicit counterparts, usually with the only indicator being the lack of Parental Advisory seal. Most of the time, the version will only edit the content which is absolutely necessary. The edited version of Life After Death is notable for having so many tracks omitted that it was able to be condensed to one disc in spite of being a double album. The edited version of an album will normally edit to the level in which the content would be considered appropriate for radio airplay, strong language is almost always edited out, in addition to racial slurs. Specific drug references are usually edited out, primarily slang terms for illegal drugs
40.
Tipper Gore
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She has advocated for mental health, homelessness, women and children. Gore has also been an LGBT rights activist since her husband was in office, born Mary Elizabeth Aitcheson in Washington, D. C. Tipper Gore is the daughter of John Kenneth Jack Aitcheson, Jr. a plumbing-supply entrepreneur and owner of J & H Aitcheson Plumbing Supply and she was given the nickname Tipper by her mother, allegedly from a song her mother had heard. Gore grew up in Arlington, Virginia and her mother and grandmother raised her after her parents divorced. She attended St. Agnes, a private Episcopal school in Alexandria, Virginia, where she played basketball, softball and she met Al Gore at his senior prom in 1965. Although she came to the prom with one of his classmates, Gore, when Al Gore began attending Harvard University, she enrolled in Garland Junior College and later transferred to Boston University, receiving her B. A. in psychology in 1970. On May 19,1970, she and Gore were married at the Washington National Cathedral, Gore pursued a masters degree in psychology from Vanderbilt Universitys George Peabody College, graduating in 1975. Gore worked part-time as a photographer for Nashvilles The Tennessean. Gore took a role in her husband’s political pursuits starting with his first campaign for the United States House of Representatives from Tennessee in 1976. Soon after her husbands election, Gore established a group to examine, in 1984, Gore began volunteering in homeless shelters. Homelessness became a cause for Gore, and she formed a group called Families for the Homeless to raise funds. The groups goal was to increase parental and consumer awareness of music that contained explicit content through voluntary labeling albums with Parental Advisory stickers and their coalition included the National PTA and the American Academy of Pediatrics. According to an article by NPR, Gore went before Congress to urge warning labels for records marketed to children. Gore explained that her purpose wasnt to put a gag on music, the PMRCs efforts were successful and resulted in an agreement where recording labels voluntarily placed warning labels on music with violent or sexually explicit lyrics. In 1990, Gore founded the Tennessee Voices for Children to advance youth services for mental health, Gore also co-chaired the National Mental Health Associations Child Mental Health Interest Group. Gore campaigned during her husbands 1988 presidential bid and toured with him and Bill, as Second Lady, Gore served as Mental Health Policy Advisor to the President. Her goals were to diminish the stigma surrounding mental illness and to bring awareness to the need for mental health care. In 1999, Gore hosted the first White House Conference on Mental Health and that same year, she launched the National Mental Health Awareness Campaign to encourage Americans to seek treatment for mental illness
41.
Parents Music Resource Center
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They were known as the Washington Wives – a reference to their husbands connections with government in the Washington, D. C. area. The term was also a play on the title of Ira Levins book The Stepford Wives, the Center eventually grew to include 22 participants. This article led to the removal of rock music and magazines from American stores including Wal-Mart, in 1985, the PMRC also released what they called the Filthy Fifteen, a list of the 15 songs they found most objectionable. Transcript In August 1985,19 record companies agreed to put Parental Guidance, before the labels could be put into place, the Senate agreed to hold a hearing on so-called porn rock. Subtleties, suggestions, and innuendo have given way to overt expressions and descriptions of violent sexual acts, drug taking. The record album covers to me are self-explanatory, Tipper Gore asked record companies to voluntarily plac a warning label on music products inappropriate for younger children due to explicit sexual or violent lyrics. In addition, Dr. Joe Stuessy, a professor at the University of Texas at San Antonio. He argued that heavy metal was different from earlier forms of such as jazz and rock. Dr. Paul King, a child and adolescent psychiatrist, testified on the deification of heavy metal musicians and he also stated that many adolescents read deeply into song lyrics. One of them is chaired by Senator Thurmond, is it a coincidence that Mrs. Thurmond is affiliated with the PMRC. Zappa had earlier stated about the Senates agreement to hold a hearing on the matter that A couple of blowjobs here and there, consequently, a great deal of time and energy is spent trying to get at what is being kept from you. When Denver came up to give his speech, many on the PMRC board expected him to side with them, like John Denver, Snider felt that his music had been misinterpreted. Snider said about Under the Blade, a song Snider claimed was written about a surgery, that the only sadomasochism, bondage. He stated Ms. Gore was looking for sadomasochism and bondage, someone looking for surgical references would have found it as well. Snider concluded that The full responsibility for defending my children falls on the shoulders of my wife and I, notable snippets of audio from the hearing found their way into Zappas audiocollage Porn Wars, released on the Frank Zappa Meets the Mothers of Prevention album. Senators Gore, Hollings, Gorton, Hawkins, and others appeared, the album cover featured a parody of the RIAA warning label. Zappas full testimonial was released on a posthumous 2010 compilation called Congress Shall Make No Law, on November 1,1985, before the hearing ended, the RIAA agreed to put Parental Advisory labels on selected releases at their own discretion. The labels were generic, unlike the original idea of a descriptive label categorizing the explicit lyrics, many record stores refused to sell albums containing the label, and others limited sales of those albums to adults
42.
Jon Bon Jovi
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As a songwriter, Bon Jovi was inducted into Songwriters Hall of Fame in 2009. In 2012, Bon Jovi ranked number fifty on the list of Billboard magazines Power 100, in 1996, People magazine named him as one of the 50 Most Beautiful People In The World. In 2000, the magazine named him as the Sexiest Rock Star. He was ranked 31st in the Top 100 Heavy Metal Vocalists by Hit Parader, in addition, Bon Jovi was the one of the founders and majority owners of the Arena Football League team Philadelphia Soul. He is the founder of The Jon Bon Jovi Soul Foundation which was founded in 2006 and exists to combat issues that force families and individuals into economic despair. He also campaigned for Al Gore in the 2000 Presidential election, John Kerry in the 2004 Presidential election, in 2010, President Barack Obama named Bon Jovi to the White House Council for Community Solutions. He was also awarded an honorary Doctorate of Humanities from Monmouth University in 2001, John Francis Bongiovi, Jr. was born in Perth Amboy, New Jersey, the son of two former Marines, barber John Francis Bongiovi, Sr. and Playboy Bunny turned florist Carol. He has two brothers, Anthony and Matthew and his father was of Italian and Slovak ancestry and his mother is of German and Russian descent. He has stated that he is a relative of singer Frank Sinatra. He spent summers in Erie, Pennsylvania, with his grandparents, as a child, John attended St. Joseph High School, in Metuchen, New Jersey, during his freshman and sophomore years. He later transferred to Sayreville War Memorial High School in Parlin, as a result, his academic records displayed poor grades. By the time he was 16, John Bongiovi was playing clubs and it was not long before he joined up with keyboardist David Bryan, who played with him in a ten-piece rhythm and blues band called Atlantic City Expressway. He also performed with bands called The Rest, The Lechers and John Bongiovi, when he was seventeen, Jon Bon Jovi was working sweeping floors at his cousin Tony Bongiovis recording studio. During 1983 Jon Bon Jovi joined Scandal as a rhythm guitarist and he also appears during a demo recording of the music video for Scandals 1983 single Loves Got A Line On You which reached No.59 in the US. In June 1982, Jon Bon Jovi recorded a song called Runaway, the studio musicians who helped record Runaway – known as The All Star Review – were guitarist Tim Pierce, keyboardist Roy Bittan, drummer Frankie LaRocka, and bassist Hugh McDonald. He went to record companies, including Atlantic Records and Mercury. Bon Jovi visited rock radio station WAPP103. 5FM The Apple in New York City and he spoke directly to the promotion director John Lassman, who accepted the song Runaway for inclusion on the stations compilation album of local homegrown talent. Along the way, Mercury Records gave Bon Jovi a recording contract in 1983, tapped to play lead guitar was Jon Bon Jovis neighbor Dave Sabo, who later formed the group Skid Row
43.
Jimi Hendrix
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James Marshall Jimi Hendrix was an American rock guitarist, singer, and songwriter. The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame describes him as arguably the greatest instrumentalist in the history of rock music, born in Seattle, Washington, Hendrix began playing guitar at the age of 15. In 1961, he enlisted in the U. S. Army and trained as a paratrooper in the 101st Airborne Division, within months, Hendrix had earned three UK top ten hits with the Jimi Hendrix Experience, Hey Joe, Purple Haze, and The Wind Cries Mary. Hendrix was inspired musically by American rock and roll and electric blues and he favored overdriven amplifiers with high volume and gain, and was instrumental in utilizing the previously undesirable sounds caused by guitar amplifier feedback. He helped to popularize the use of a pedal in mainstream rock. Holly George-Warren of Rolling Stone commented, Hendrix pioneered the use of the instrument as a sound source. Hendrix was the recipient of several awards during his lifetime. In 1967, readers of Melody Maker voted him the Pop Musician of the Year, disc and Music Echo honored him with the World Top Musician of 1969 and in 1970, Guitar Player named him the Rock Guitarist of the Year. The Jimi Hendrix Experience was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1992, Jimi Hendrix was of African American descent. Both his mother Lucille and father Al were African Americans and his paternal grandmother, Zenora Nora Rose Moore, was African American and one-quarter Cherokee. On June 10,1919, Hendrix and Moore had a son they named James Allen Ross Hendrix, in 1941, Al met Lucille Jeter at a dance in Seattle, they married on March 31,1942. Al, who had been drafted by the U. S. Army to serve in World War II, Johnny Allen Hendrix was born on November 27,1942, in Seattle, he was the first of Lucilles five children. In 1946, Johnnys parents changed his name to James Marshall Hendrix, in honor of Al and he spent two months locked up without trial, and while in the stockade received a telegram announcing his sons birth. During Als three-year absence, Lucille struggled to raise their son, when Al was away, Hendrix was mostly cared for by family members and friends, especially Lucilles sister Delores Hall and her friend Dorothy Harding. Al received a discharge from the U. S. Army on September 1,1945. After returning from service, Al reunited with Lucille, but his inability to find steady work left the family impoverished and they both struggled with alcohol, and often fought when intoxicated. The violence sometimes drove Hendrix to withdraw and hide in a closet in their home and his relationship with his brother Leon was close but precarious, with Leon in and out of foster care, they lived with an almost constant threat of fraternal separation. In addition to Leon, Hendrix had three siblings, Joseph, born in 1949, Kathy in 1950, and Pamela,1951, all of whom Al and Lucille gave up to foster care
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