1.
Sound
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In physics, sound is a vibration that propagates as a typically audible mechanical wave of pressure and displacement, through a transmission medium such as air or water. In physiology and psychology, sound is the reception of such waves, humans can hear sound waves with frequencies between about 20 Hz and 20 kHz. Sound above 20 kHz is ultrasound and below 20 Hz is infrasound, other animals have different hearing ranges. Acoustics is the science that deals with the study of mechanical waves in gases, liquids, and solids including vibration, sound, ultrasound. A scientist who works in the field of acoustics is an acoustician, an audio engineer, on the other hand, is concerned with the recording, manipulation, mixing, and reproduction of sound. Auditory sensation evoked by the oscillation described in, sound can propagate through a medium such as air, water and solids as longitudinal waves and also as a transverse wave in solids. The sound waves are generated by a source, such as the vibrating diaphragm of a stereo speaker. The sound source creates vibrations in the surrounding medium, as the source continues to vibrate the medium, the vibrations propagate away from the source at the speed of sound, thus forming the sound wave. At a fixed distance from the source, the pressure, velocity, at an instant in time, the pressure, velocity, and displacement vary in space. Note that the particles of the medium do not travel with the sound wave and this is intuitively obvious for a solid, and the same is true for liquids and gases. During propagation, waves can be reflected, refracted, or attenuated by the medium, the behavior of sound propagation is generally affected by three things, A complex relationship between the density and pressure of the medium. This relationship, affected by temperature, determines the speed of sound within the medium, if the medium is moving, this movement may increase or decrease the absolute speed of the sound wave depending on the direction of the movement. For example, sound moving through wind will have its speed of propagation increased by the speed of the if the sound and wind are moving in the same direction. If the sound and wind are moving in opposite directions, the speed of the wave will be decreased by the speed of the wind. Medium viscosity determines the rate at which sound is attenuated, for many media, such as air or water, attenuation due to viscosity is negligible. When sound is moving through a medium that does not have constant physical properties, the mechanical vibrations that can be interpreted as sound can travel through all forms of matter, gases, liquids, solids, and plasmas. The matter that supports the sound is called the medium, sound cannot travel through a vacuum. Sound is transmitted through gases, plasma, and liquids as longitudinal waves and it requires a medium to propagate
2.
Surround sound
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Surround sound is a technique for enriching the sound reproduction quality of an audio source with additional audio channels from speakers that surround the listener. Its first application was in movie theaters, prior to surround sound, standard theater sound systems had three screen channels of sound, emitted by loudspeakers located only in front of the audience, at the left, center, and right. Surround sound adds one or more channels from loudspeakers behind the listener, the most common surround sound specification, the ITUs 5. The technique enhances the perception of sound spatialization by exploiting sound localization, typically this is achieved by using multiple discrete audio channels routed to an array of loudspeakers. There are various surround sound based formats and techniques, varying in reproduction and recording methods along with the number, multichannel audio techniques may be used to reproduce contents as varied as music, speech, natural or synthetic sounds for cinema, television, broadcasting, or computers. The narrative space is also a content that can be enhanced through multichannel techniques, for example, an exhibition may be enhanced with topical ambient sound of water, birds, train or machine noise. Topical natural sounds may also be used in educational applications, other fields of application include video game consoles, personal computers and other platforms. In such applications, the content would typically be synthetic noise produced by the device in interaction with its user. Significant work has also been done using surround sound for enhanced situation awareness in military, other commercial formats include the competing DVD-Audio and Super Audio CD formats, and MP3 Surround. Cinema 5.1 surround formats include Dolby Digital and DTS, most surround sound recordings are created by film production companies or video game producers, however some consumer camcorders have such capability either built-in or available separately. Surround sound technologies can also be used in music to new methods of artistic expression. After the failure of quadraphonic audio in the 1970s, multichannel music has slowly been reintroduced since 1999 with the help of SACD, some AV receivers, stereophonic systems, and computer soundcards contain integral digital signal processors and/or digital audio processors to simulate surround sound from a stereophonic source. The control device they had made, the Azimuth Co-ordinator, is now displayed at Londons Victoria and Albert Museum, the first documented use of surround sound was in 1940, for the Disney studios animated film Fantasia. The initial multichannel audio application was called Fantasound, comprising three audio channels and speakers, the sound was diffused throughout the cinema, controlled by an engineer using some 54 loudspeakers. The surround sound was achieved using the sum and the difference of the phase of the sound, however, this experimental use of surround sound was excluded from the film in later showings. In 1952, surround sound successfully reappeared with the film This is Cinerama, using discrete seven-channel sound, Sound designers commonly regard this as the origin of the concept of surround sound. The program was popular, and Jacobs and Belson were invited to reproduce it at the 1958 World Expo in Brussels, there are also many other composers that created ground-breaking surround sound works in the same time period. In 1978, a concept devised by Max Bell for Dolby Laboratories called split surround was tested with the movie Superman
3.
Reel-to-reel audio tape recording
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Reel-to-reel or open-reel audio tape recording is the form of magnetic tape audio recording in which the recording medium is held on a reel, rather than being securely contained within a cassette. Reel-to-reel systems use a tape that is 1⁄4 inches in width and this compares to 0.15 inches wide and 1.875 inches per second for a cassette. By writing out the audio signal across more tape, reel-to-reel systems offer much higher fidelity. In spite of the tapes, less convenient use and generally higher cost media. Studer, Stellavox and Denon still produced reel to reel tape recorders in the 1990s, but as of 2014, only Nagra, Otari, originally, this format had no name, since all forms of magnetic tape recorders used it. The earliest machines produced distortion during the process which German engineers significantly reduced during the Nazi era by applying a bias signal to the tape. In 1939 one machine was found to make consistently better recordings than other ostensibly identical models, and when it was taken apart a minor flaw was noticed. It was introducing an AC signal to the tape, and this was adapted to new models using a high-frequency AC bias that has remained a part of audio tape recording to this day. American audio engineer Jack Mullin was a member of the U. S. Army Signal Corps during World War II and he acquired two Magnetophon recorders and 50 reels of I. G. Farben recording tape and shipped them home, over the next two years, he worked to develop the machines for commercial use, hoping to interest the Hollywood film studios in using magnetic tape for movie soundtrack recording. Crosby invested $50,000 in an electronics company, Ampex. Ampex went on to develop the first practical videotape recorders in the early 1950s to pre-record Crosbys TV shows, inexpensive reel-to-reel tape recorders were widely used for voice recording in the home and in schools before the Philips compact cassette, introduced in 1963, gradually took over. Cassettes eventually displaced reel-to-reel recorders for consumer use, however, the narrow tracks and slow recording speeds used in cassettes compromised fidelity. Columbia House carried pre-recorded reel-to-reel tapes from 1960 to 1984, even today, some artists of all genres prefer analog tapes musical, natural and especially warm sound. Due to harmonic distortion, bass can thicken up, creating a fuller-sounding mix, in addition, high end can be slightly compressed, which is more natural to the human ear. It is common for artists to record to digital and re-record the tracks to analog reels for this effect of natural sound. In addition to all of these attributes of tape, tape saturation is a form of distortion that many rock, blues. For the first time, audio could be manipulated as a physical entity, Tape editing is performed simply by cutting the tape at the required point, and rejoining it to another section of tape using adhesive tape, or sometimes glue
4.
UD-4
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UD-4, also known as UMX or BMX, was a discrete 4-channel quadraphonic sound system developed by Nippon/Columbia. Only 35 to 40 items are encoded in this format, and it was marketed only in the UK, Europe, the UMX standard contains two subsystems, BMX, a basic 4-2-4 matrix decoder, and QMX, a 4-4-4 system. UD-4 is the process of modulating QMX onto a record with a similar to CD-4. The system suffered from incompatibility with regular stereo playback due to differences between the left and right channels. UD-4 systems first encoded the four original channels into four new channels, two of these new channels contained the original four channels, matrix encoded. The other two contained only band-limited localization information, and were encoded with carriers similar to the CD-4 system, uD-4 was less critical in its set-up than CD-4, because the carriers did not have to carry frequencies as high as those found in the CD-4 system
5.
Compatible Discrete 4
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Compatible Discrete 4, also known as Quadradisc or CD-4 was as a discrete 4-channel quadraphonic system for gramophone records, commonly called phonograph records. The system was created by JVC and RCA in 1971 and introduced in May 1972, other major record companies who adopted this format include A & M, Arista, Atlantic, Capricorn, Elektra, Fantasy, Nonesuch, Reprise and Warner Bros. In discrete quadraphonic systems all 4 channels remain fully independent of each other throughout the entire recording, There is no intermixing of channels as is done in matrix decoder 4-channel systems such as SQ and QS. This was the only discrete quadraphonic phonograph record system to gain major industry acceptance, CD-4 technology was also responsible for major improvements in stereo phonograph technology. Improvements included higher compliance, lower levels, phono cartridges with a significantly higher frequency range. Such new compounds included JVCs Supervinyl, which was more durable than convention materials, and Q-540, some audio electronics manufacturers included the CD-4 demodulator as a built in feature of other equipment. A four-channel audio receiver unit might contain the demodulator along with FM radio, simply put, CD-4 consists of four recorded signals using a coding matrix similar to FM broadcast stereo multiplexing. In the CD-4 system, the audio was divided into left and right channels, which were recorded orthogonally in the vertical plane of the disc groove. The CD-4 record track is broader than a conventional stereo track, in other words, when observing the audio frequencies only, the record appeared to have an ordinary stereo recording. Along with this audio, a separate 30 kHz carrier was recorded on each groove wall, the carrier on each side carried the difference signal for that side. This was the information that enabled a combined signal to be resolved into two separate signals, for the left carrier it would be left front minus left back, and for the right carrier it would be the right front minus the right back. These audio signals were modulated onto the carriers using a special FM-PM-SSBFM technique and this created an extended carrier frequency range from 18 kHz to 45 kHz for the left and right channels. The algebraic addition and subtraction of the sum and difference signals would then yield compatible, the CD-4 encoding/decoding matrix, There was also a similar FM radio system called Quadracast. But CD-4 failed due to late U. S. Federal Communications Commission approval of FM quadraphonic broadcasting, RCA Quadradisc discography
6.
8-track tape
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The 8-track tape is a magnetic tape sound-recording technology that was popular in the United States from the mid-1960s to the late 1970s, when the Compact Cassette format took over. The format is regarded as a technology, and was relatively unknown outside the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia. Stereo 8 was created in 1964 by a led by Bill Lear of Lear Jet Corporation, along with Ampex, Ford Motor Company, General Motors, Motorola. It was a development of the similar Stereo-Pak four-track cartridge introduced by Earl Madman Muntz. A later quadraphonic version of the format was announced by RCA in April 1970 and first known as Quad-8, to eliminate the nuisance of tape-threading, various manufacturers introduced cartridges that held the tape inside a metal or plastic housing to eliminate handling. Most were intended only for low-fidelity voice recording in dictation machines, the first tape cartridge designed for general consumer use, including music reproduction, was the Sound Tape or Magazine Loading Cartridge, introduced in 1958 by RCA. Prerecorded stereophonic music cartridges were available, and blank cartridges could be used to make recordings at home, program starts and stops were signaled by a one-inch-long metal foil that activates the track-change sensor. Inventor George Eash invented a design in 1953, called the Fidelipac cartridge. Fidelipac cartridges were used by radio stations for commercials, jingles. Eash later formed Fidelipac Corporation to manufacture and market tapes and recorders, as did several others, there were several attempts to sell music systems for cars, beginning with the Chrysler Highway Hi-Fi of the late 1950s. Entrepreneur Earl Madman Muntz of Los Angeles, California, however, in 1962 he introduced his Stereo-Pak four-track cartridge stereo system and tapes, mostly in California and Florida. The four tracks were divided into two programs, typically corresponding to the two sides of an LP record, with each comprising two tracks read simultaneously for stereo playback. He licensed popular music albums from the record companies and duplicated them on these four-track cartridges, or CARtridges. The Lear Jet Stereo 8 track cartridge was designed by Richard Kraus while working under Bill Lear and for his Lear Jet Corporation in 1963. The major change was to incorporate a neoprene rubber and nylon pinch roller into the cartridge itself, rather than to make the roller a part of the tape player. Lear also eliminated some of the parts of the Eash cartridge, such as the tape-tensioning mechanism. By doubling the number of tracks from 4 to 8, the recording length doubled to 80 minutes, in 1964, Lears aircraft company constructed 100 demonstration Stereo 8 players for distribution to executives at RCA and the auto companies. The popularity of both four-track and eight-track cartridges grew from the automobile industry
7.
Matrix H
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Matrix H was developed by BBC engineers in the late 1970s to carry quadraphonic sound via FM radio in a way that would be most compatible with existing mono and stereo receivers. Several quadraphonic test programs were made for Radios 3 and 4, including a number of plays and some Promenade Concerts, on April 30,1977 the first program was transmitted, followed by seven further transmissions during the following week. The experimental broadcasts lasted for one year, after which the BBC assessed the public reaction, since very few listeners had suitable decoders, the BBC arranged demonstrations at the Langham Gallery in London. The existing matrix formats where tested first, the H has no meaning, they called the first matrix assessed Matrix A, and then worked through the alphabet. Matrix H emerged as the best solution for mono compatibility and radio transmission, although the QS system was similar to Matrix H, no specific available commercially. The BBC later cooperated with the developers of Ambisonics to produce BBC/NRDC System HJ and this was based on tolerance zones designed to include modified versions of both Matrix H and the prototype two-channel encoding of Ambisonics, known as System 45J. Subsequently, the Nippon-Columbia UMX matrix was brought into the standard, leading in 1977 to the UHJ, J = 20° phase-shift k = 25° phase-shift l = 55° phase-shift m = 115° phase-shift
8.
Stereo Quadraphonic
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SQ Quadraphonic was a matrix 4-channel quadraphonic sound system for vinyl. It was introduced by CBS Records in 1971, record companies who adopted this format include, Angel, CTI, Columbia, EMI, Epic, Eurodisc, Harvest, HMV, Seraphim, Supraphon and Vanguard. With Matrix formats, the four channels are converted down to two channels. These are then passed through a transmission medium before being decoded back to four channels. The SQ encoding is based on the work by Peter Scheiber and further developed by Benjamin Bauer and his basic formula used 90 degree phase shift circuitry to enable enhanced 4-2-4 matrix systems to be developed. This 4,2,4 process could not be accomplished without some information loss and that is to say, the four channels produced at the final stage were not truly identical to those with which the process had begun. In 4-2-4 matrix four channel stereo, the speakers should be of the same or almost same size quality and have the same or almost same frequency range as the front speakers. The early SQ decoders could not produce more than 3 dB of separation from front to back, by the time that the most advanced logic system was introduced for SQ, the Tate Directional Enhancement System, quad was already considered a failure. Harman Kardon had an SQ decoder that could change the separation so it was as low between the front channels as the separation between front and rear channel. Some of the SQ mixes are still present on CDs, especially on early, non-remastered editions, on which the master is, in itself. SQ is compatible with stereo, but there are some problems. The front channels are totally compatible, the channels have a smaller width. But the great problems are the sounds between front and rear and they will turn to the left and the middle point of the room goes only to the left speaker in 2-channel stereo. In practice, there were compatibility problems, when played on a two channel stereo equipment, the front channels sounds like ordinary two channel stereo channels. The rear channels are narrower than the front channels, the problem occurs with the sounds in the center. The point right behind the listener is out of phase in two channel stereo and extinct in one channel mono listening, the left rear and right rear points are 3 dB lower in two channel stereo listening and 6 dB lower in mono listening. The SQ record track is broader than a conventional stereo track, columbia/CBS Records had a catalog of four channel records called QUADRAPHONIC with a golden frame on the album covers. These records were encoded with the SQ system, but there was also a parallel QUADRAPHONIC catalogue with 8-track tape
9.
QS Regular Matrix
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Quadraphonic Sound was a matrix 4-channel quadraphonic sound system based on the same principles as laid down by Peter Scheiber, but developed by engineer Ryosuke Ito of Sansui in the early 1970s. It was adopted by ABC, Advent, Bluesway, Candide, Command, Decca, Impulse, Longines, MCA, Pye, Turnabout and it was freely licensed to record companies. The concept of Regular Matrix was often used a synonym to QS, but was actually a set by the Japanese governing body. The QS record track is as small as a conventional stereo track, as early as 1969 engineer Peter Scheiber developed a matrix system very similar to QS. He also was instrumental in improvements to SQ quality, in collaboration with Martin Willcocks. In the early 1970 Sansui introduce the Four Channel Synthesizer Decoder QS-1, the channel separation was only 3 dB, but because of the human way of hearing it sounded relatively good. In 1973 Sansui introduced the QS Vario Matrix decoder with 20 dB separation in all directions, two outboard decoders, the QSD-1 and QSD-2, as well as the QRX series of larger receiver-amplifiers, incorporated this matrix and up-conversion. Sansuis QS decoders also had good stereo-to-quad capabilities, wrapping the L-R panorama to LB-LF-RF-RB in a horseshoe topology, the system was often called RM when used on amplifiers or receivers by other trademarks than Sansui. Many Japanese trademarks like Pioneer or Kenwood had matrix decoders with two modes, - SQ and RM, JVC had two modes on their matrix decoder called Matrix 1 and Matrix 2. That decoder could play both SQ and QS records, but it was a simplified decoder, QS records could also be played on Marantz Vari-Matrix system. QS records could give some quadraphonic effect, although far from accurate, the QS matrix system was employed to create the five-channel Quintaphonic Sound system used for première engagements of the 1975 film Tommy. The left and right 35 mm magnetic soundtracks were QS-encoded to create four channels around the cinema audience, the mag FX track was unused. This channel layout came close to the now common 5.1 surround sound layout, J = + 90° phase-shift When played on a conventional two channel stereo equipment, the front channels are narrower than ordinary two channels because of the low separation. But the rear channels are heard from points outside the stereo spectrum. So the QS record gives a totally broader stereo picture than conventional two channel stereo, the point behind the listener is out of phase when played in two channel stereo and extinct in one channel mono listening. In mono the volumes of left and right points behind the listener is reduced with only 3 dB, a five-channel system based on QS, named Quintaphonic Sound, was used for the 1975 film Tommy. The left and right 35mm magnetic soundtracks were QS encoded to create four channels around the cinema audience and this channel layout was a precursor to the current 5.1 surround sound arrangement. The QSD-1 Quadphonic Synthesizer was introduced in 1971, soon followed by the smaller, R. Ito and S. Takahashi, Characteristics of the Sansui QS Vario-Matrix read on-line R. Ito, “Proposed universal encoding standard for compatible four-channel matrixing, ” JAES April 1972
10.
Reel-to-reel tape
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Reel-to-reel or open-reel audio tape recording is the form of magnetic tape audio recording in which the recording medium is held on a reel, rather than being securely contained within a cassette. Reel-to-reel systems use a tape that is 1⁄4 inches in width and this compares to 0.15 inches wide and 1.875 inches per second for a cassette. By writing out the audio signal across more tape, reel-to-reel systems offer much higher fidelity. In spite of the tapes, less convenient use and generally higher cost media. Studer, Stellavox and Denon still produced reel to reel tape recorders in the 1990s, but as of 2014, only Nagra, Otari, originally, this format had no name, since all forms of magnetic tape recorders used it. The earliest machines produced distortion during the process which German engineers significantly reduced during the Nazi era by applying a bias signal to the tape. In 1939 one machine was found to make consistently better recordings than other ostensibly identical models, and when it was taken apart a minor flaw was noticed. It was introducing an AC signal to the tape, and this was adapted to new models using a high-frequency AC bias that has remained a part of audio tape recording to this day. American audio engineer Jack Mullin was a member of the U. S. Army Signal Corps during World War II and he acquired two Magnetophon recorders and 50 reels of I. G. Farben recording tape and shipped them home, over the next two years, he worked to develop the machines for commercial use, hoping to interest the Hollywood film studios in using magnetic tape for movie soundtrack recording. Crosby invested $50,000 in an electronics company, Ampex. Ampex went on to develop the first practical videotape recorders in the early 1950s to pre-record Crosbys TV shows, inexpensive reel-to-reel tape recorders were widely used for voice recording in the home and in schools before the Philips compact cassette, introduced in 1963, gradually took over. Cassettes eventually displaced reel-to-reel recorders for consumer use, however, the narrow tracks and slow recording speeds used in cassettes compromised fidelity. Columbia House carried pre-recorded reel-to-reel tapes from 1960 to 1984, even today, some artists of all genres prefer analog tapes musical, natural and especially warm sound. Due to harmonic distortion, bass can thicken up, creating a fuller-sounding mix, in addition, high end can be slightly compressed, which is more natural to the human ear. It is common for artists to record to digital and re-record the tracks to analog reels for this effect of natural sound. In addition to all of these attributes of tape, tape saturation is a form of distortion that many rock, blues. For the first time, audio could be manipulated as a physical entity, Tape editing is performed simply by cutting the tape at the required point, and rejoining it to another section of tape using adhesive tape, or sometimes glue
11.
Karlheinz Stockhausen
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Karlheinz Stockhausen was a German composer, widely acknowledged by critics as one of the most important but also controversial composers of the 20th and early 21st centuries. Another critic calls him one of the visionaries of 20th-century music. He is known for his work in electronic music, aleatory in serial composition. He was educated at the Hochschule für Musik Köln and the University of Cologne, later studying with Olivier Messiaen in Paris and with Werner Meyer-Eppler at the University of Bonn. One of the figures of the Darmstadt School, his compositions and theories were and remain widely influential, not only on composers of art music. His works, composed over a period of sixty years. His theoretical and other writings comprise ten large volumes and he received numerous prizes and distinctions for his compositions, recordings, and for the scores produced by his publishing company. He died of heart failure at the age of 79, on 5 December 2007 at his home in Kürten. Stockhausen was born in Burg Mödrath, the castle of the village of Mödrath, the village, located near Kerpen in the Cologne region, was displaced in 1956 to make way for lignite strip mining, but the castle itself still stands. Despite its name, the building is not actually a castle at all, because of its imposing size, locals began calling it Burg Mödrath. From 1925 to 1932 it was the maternity home of the Bergheim district, in 1950, the owners, the Düsseldorf chapter of the Knights of Malta, turned it into an orphanage, but it has subsequently returned to private ownership and is today a private residence again. His father, Simon Stockhausen, was a schoolteacher, and his mother Gertrud was the daughter of a family of farmers in Neurath in the Cologne Bight. A daughter, Katherina, was born the year after Karlheinz, from the age of seven, Stockhausen lived in Altenberg, where he received his first piano lessons from the Protestant organist of the Altenberg Cathedral, Franz-Josef Kloth. His new wife, Luzia, had been the familys housekeeper, in 1941 he learned that his mother had died, ostensibly from leukemia, although everyone at the same hospital had supposedly died of the same disease. It was generally understood that she had been a victim of the Nazi policy of killing useless eaters, Stockhausen dramatized his mothers death in hospital by lethal injection, in Act 1 scene 2 of the opera Donnerstag aus Licht. In the autumn of 1944, he was conscripted to serve as a bearer in Bedburg. In February 1945, he met his father for the last time in Altenberg, Simon, who was on leave from the front, told his son, Im not coming back. By the end of the war, his father was regarded as missing in action, a comrade later reported to Karlheinz that he saw his father wounded in action
12.
RCA Records
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RCA Records is an American record label owned by Sony Music Entertainment, a subsidiary of Sony Corporation of America, Inc. It is one of SMEs three flagship labels, alongside Columbia Records and Epic Records. The label has released multiple genres of music, including pop, rock, hip hop, R&B, blues, jazz, the companys name is derived from the initials of the labels former parent company, the Radio Corporation of America. It is the second oldest recording company in US history, after sister label Columbia Records, RCAs Canadian unit is Sonys oldest label in Canada. It was one of only two Canadian record companies to survive the Great Depression, kelly, Enrique Iglesias, Foo Fighters, Kings of Leon, Kesha, Miley Cyrus, Giorgio Moroder, Jennifer Hudson, DAngelo, Pink, Tinashe, G-Eazy, Pitbull, Zayn and Wizkid. In 1929, the Radio Corporation of America purchased the Victor Talking Machine Company, then the worlds largest manufacturer of phonographs and phonograph records. The company then became RCA Victor but retained use of the Victor Records name on their labels until the beginning of 1946 when the labels were finally switched over to RCA Victor. With Victor, RCA acquired New World rights to the famous Nipper His Masters Voice trademark, in Shanghai, China, in 1931, RCA Victors British affiliate the Gramophone Company merged with the Columbia Graphophone Company to form EMI. This gave RCA head David Sarnoff a seat on the EMI board, in September 1931, RCA Victor introduced the first 33⅓ rpm records sold to the public, calling them Program Transcriptions. In the depths of the Great Depression, the format was a commercial failure, during the early part of the depression, RCA made a number of attempts to produce a successful cheap label to compete with the dime store labels. The first was the short-lived Timely Tunes label in 1931 sold at Montgomery Ward, in 1932, Bluebird Records was created as a sub-label of RCA Victor. It was originally an 8-inch record with a blue label. In 1933, RCA reintroduced Bluebird and Electradisk as a standard 10-inch label, another cheap label, Sunrise, was produced. The same musical couplings were issued on all three labels and Bluebird Records still survives eight decades after Electradisk and Sunrise were discontinued, RCA also produced records for Montgomery Ward label during the 1930s. Besides manufacturing records for themselves, RCA Victor operated RCA Custom which was the leading record manufacturer for independent record labels, RCA Custom also pressed record compilations for The Readers Digest Association. RCA sold its interest in EMI in 1935, but EMI continued to distribute RCA recordings in the UK, RCA also manufactured and distributed HMV classical recordings on the RCA and HMV labels in North America. During World War II, ties between RCA and its Japanese affiliate JVC were severed, the Japanese record company is today called Victor Entertainment and is still a JVC subsidiary. From 1942 to 1944, RCA Victor was seriously impacted by the American Federation of Musicians recording ban, virtually all union musicians could not make recordings during that period
13.
Electro-Voice
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Electro-Voice is an American manufacturer of audio equipment, including microphones, amplifiers, and loudspeakers, aimed at pro audio and recently car audio as well. On September 1,1927, Lou Burroughs and Albert R. Kahn began a business servicing radio receivers in South Bend. As a result of the Great Depression, the two found themselves insolvent to the extent of $5,000 and they decided to move their business to audio products, and on June 1,1930, they incorporated under the name Electro-Voice. That year, the company designed a PA system for Knute Rockne, Knute called his new system his Electric Voice, which insipired the name of the company. Burroughs and Kahn perceived an opportunity to capitalize on what they perceived as the poor quality. They purchased a lathe and a drill and started producing about one microphone a week, soon after, Burroughs withdrew from the business, leaving complete ownership to Kahn. By 1933, the business debts were completely paid off. In 1936, twenty people were hired, and Lou Burroughs returned as chief engineer, during World War II, EV had developed the differential noise-canceling technique, many may recognize in headphones today. Noise cancelling microphones were instrumental to fighter and bomber airplane, tank, battleship, EV licensed the patent to the government for free to be applied by other manufacturers to produce what was needed for the war supply. In 1946, the moved to a bigger facility and expanded its engineering efforts. In 1948, they began successfully producing phonograph pickup cartridges, in 1950, they started production of the first automatic TV booster, which sold in great quantities. They also started to design and produce a consumer loudspeaker line, the Compound Diffraction Horn invention, changed the look and performance the traditional cone-shaped paging horn. Known for its output, the CDP was deployed by the Navy for carrier and other high noise environments. In 1963, EV received an Academy Award for their 642 Cardiline shotgun microphone, the Variable D microphone was a significant invention. Most microphones exhibit a build up of bass the closer you get to them and this essentially changes the tonal balance of a source, depending upon the distance. And if the changes there are swings frequency response. The Variable-D, as pictured with Stevie Wonder, solved this and is the most popular broadcast announce microphone for that reason, typical high frequency horns, used in many professional sound speakers until the late seventies, had uneven dispersion of high frequencies. When in front of them the highs beamed and going off to the sides the highs were lower, the Constant Directivity Horn was invented at EV, where there was an even balance of frequencies across the listening field
14.
Sansui Electric
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Sansui Electric Co. Ltd. is a Japanese manufacturer of audio and video equipment. Headquartered in Tokyo, Japan, it is part of Grande Holdings, a Chinese Hong Kong-based conglomerate, founded in Tokyo in 1947, Sansui initially manufactured transformers, but by the 1960s had developed a reputation for making serious audio components. They were sold in markets through that and the next decade. Sansuis amplifiers and tuners from the 1960s and 1970s remain in demand by audio enthusiasts, in 1971, Sansui introduced the Quadphonic Synthesizer QS-1, which could make simulated four channel stereo from two channel sources. Sansui developed the QS Regular Matrix system, which made it possible to transmit four channel Quadraphonic sound from a standard LP, the channel separation was only 3 dB, but because of the human way of hearing it sounded relatively good. In 1973, Sansui introduced the more advanced QS Vario Matrix decoder with 20 dB separation, unfortunately the SQ system developed by Columbia/CBS was the most popular so called matrix system. But later QS decoders could also play SQ records, some Sansui receivers could also play the most advanced four channel system - CD-4/Quadradisc by Japanese JVC and American RCA. Most big record companies used either SQ or CD-4, but Decca used the Sansui QS system, during the late 1970s, the iconic matte-black-faced AU-series amplifiers were released. The first-generation 07 models included the power supply AU-517 and AU-717. The separate pre-amp/power-amp CA-F1/BA-F1 topped the range along with the AU-X1 integrated amplifier. These amplifiers used a complex feed-forward servo system which resulted in very low 2nd order harmonic distortion, despite this success, Sansui completely failed to follow up with further mass market audiophile components. As the mid-1980s arrived, sales were lost to competitors, Sansui began to lose visibility in the United States around 1988, and then focused on manufacturing high-end components in Japan. The company began to manufacture television sets and other video equipment. In the late 1990s, the brand was used on video equipment manufactured by other companies. The current manufacturer of the sets is Orion Electric, based in Osaka and Fukui. Its U. S. subsidiary markets products under the Sansui brand, Sansui is thus a mere umbrella brand at present. Sansui had developed the patented a-x balanced circuit, that used in its power amplifier along with the so-called double diamond differential. Its latest amplifiers included the a-u alpha series like the 707907, b-2105 mos vintage, au-x1111, b 2302, c 2302, Sansui ended its Japanese production of high end amplifiers some time between 2002 and 2005
15.
Columbia Records
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Columbia Records is an American record label owned by Sony Music Entertainment, a subsidiary of Sony Corporation of America, Inc. the United States division of Sony Corporation. It was founded in 1887, evolving from an enterprise named the American Graphophone Company. Columbia is the oldest surviving brand name in the sound business. Columbia Records went on to release records by an array of singers, instrumentalists. It is one of Sony Musics three flagship record labels alongside RCA Records and Epic Records, rather, as above, it was connected to CBS, a broadcasting media company which had purchased the company in 1938, and had been co-founded in 1927 by Columbia Records itself. Though Arista Records was sold to Bertelsmann Music Group, it would become a sister label of Columbia Records through its mutual connection to Sony Music. The Columbia Phonograph Company was founded in 1887 by stenographer, lawyer and New Jersey native Edward Easton and it derived its name from the District of Columbia, where it was headquartered. At first it had a monopoly on sales and service of Edison phonographs and phonograph cylinders in Washington. As was the custom of some of the regional companies, Columbia produced many commercial cylinder recordings of its own. Columbias ties to Edison and the North American Phonograph Company were severed in 1894 with the North American Phonograph Companys breakup, thereafter it sold only records and phonographs of its own manufacture. In 1902, Columbia introduced the XP record, a brown wax record. According to Gracyk, the molded brown waxes may have sold to Sears for distribution. Columbia began selling records and phonographs in addition to the cylinder system in 1901, preceded only by their Toy Graphophone of 1899. For a decade, Columbia competed with both the Edison Phonograph Company cylinders and the Victor Talking Machine Company disc records as one of the top three names in American recorded sound. In order to add prestige to its catalog of artists. The firm also introduced the internal-horn Grafonola to compete with the extremely popular Victrola sold by the rival Victor Talking Machine Company, during this era, Columbia used the famous Magic Notes logo—a pair of sixteenth notes in a circle—both in the United States and overseas. Columbia was split into two companies, one to make records and one to make players, Columbia Phonograph was moved to Connecticut, and Ed Easton went with it. Eventually it was renamed the Dictaphone Corporation, in late 1923, Columbia went into receivership
16.
Sony
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Sony Corporation is a Japanese multinational conglomerate corporation that is headquartered in Kōnan, Minato, Tokyo. Its diversified business includes consumer and professional electronics, gaming, entertainment, the company is one of the leading manufacturers of electronic products for the consumer and professional markets. Sony was ranked 116th on the 2015 list of Fortune Global 500 and these make Sony one of the most comprehensive entertainment companies in the world. The group consists of Sony Corporation, Sony Pictures Entertainment, Sony Interactive Entertainment, Sony Music Entertainment, Sony Financial Holdings and others. Sony is among the Semiconductor sales leaders by year and as of 2013, the companys current slogan is BE MOVED. Their former slogans were make. believe, like. no. other, Sony has a weak tie to the SMFG keiretsu, the successor to the Mitsui keiretsu. Sony began in the wake of World War II, in 1946, Masaru Ibuka started an electronics shop in a department store building in Tokyo. The company had $530 in capital and a total of eight employees, in the following year he was joined by his colleague, Akio Morita, and they founded a company called Tokyo Tsushin Kogyo 東京通信工業. The company built Japans first tape recorder, called the Type-G, in 1958 the company changed its name to Sony. When Tokyo Tsushin Kogyo was looking for a name to use to market themselves, they strongly considered using their initials. The primary reason they did not is that the railway company Tokyo Kyuko was known as TTK, the company occasionally used the acronym Totsuko in Japan, but during his visit to the United States, Morita discovered that Americans had trouble pronouncing that name. Another early name that was tried out for a while was Tokyo Teletech until Akio Morita discovered that there was an American company already using Teletech as a brand name, the name Sony was chosen for the brand as a mix of two words. One was the Latin word sonus, which is the root of sonic and sound, and the other was sonny, a common slang term used in 1950s America to call a boy. In the 1950s Japan sonny boys, was a word into Japanese which connoted smart and presentable young men. The first Sony-branded product, the TR-55 transistor radio, appeared in 1955, at the time of the change, it was extremely unusual for a Japanese company to use Roman letters to spell its name instead of writing it in kanji. The move was not without opposition, TTKs principal bank at the time and they pushed for a name such as Sony Electronic Industries, or Sony Teletech. Akio Morita was firm, however, as he did not want the company tied to any particular industry. Eventually, both Ibuka and Mitsui Banks chairman gave their approval, according to Schiffer, Sonys TR-63 radio cracked open the U. S. market and launched the new industry of consumer microelectronics
17.
EMI
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EMI was a British multinational conglomerate founded in March 1931 and was based in London. At the time of its break-up in 2012, it was the fourth-largest business group and its EMI Records Ltd. group of record labels included EMI Records, Parlophone, Virgin Records and Capitol Records. EMI also had a publishing arm, EMI Music Publishing—also based in London with offices globally. The company was once a constituent of the FTSE100 Index, other members of the Sony consortium include the Estate of Michael Jackson, The Blackstone Group, and Abu Dhabi–owned investment fund Mubadala Development Company. The new vertically integrated company produced sound recordings as well as recording, the companys gramophone manufacturing led to forty years of success with larger-scale electronics and electrical engineering. He was killed in 1942 whilst conducting flight trials on an experimental H2S radar set, post-war, the company resumed its involvement in making broadcasting equipment, notably providing the BBCs second television transmitter at Sutton Coldfield. It also manufactured broadcast television cameras for British television production companies as well as for the BBC, the commercial television ITV companies also used them alongside cameras made by Pye and Marconi. Exports of this piece of equipment were low, however, the company was also for many years an internationally respected manufacturer of photomultipliers. This part of the business was transferred to Thorn as part of Thorn-EMI, in 1958 the EMIDEC1100, the UKs first commercially available all-transistor computer, was developed at Hayes under the leadership of Godfrey Hounsfield, an electrical engineer at EMI. In 1973 EMI was awarded a prestigious Queens Award for Technological Innovation for what was called the EMI scanner. After brief, but brilliant, success in the imaging field, EMIs manufacturing activities were sold off to other companies. Subsequently, development and manufacturing activities were sold off to companies and work moved to other towns such as Crawley. Emihus Electronics, based in Glenrothes, Scotland, was owned 51% by Hughes Aircraft, of California, US and it manufactured integrated circuits electrolytic capacitors and, for a short period in the mid-1970s, hand-held calculators under the Gemini name. Early in its life, the Gramophone Company established subsidiary operations in a number of countries in the British Commonwealth, including India, Australia. Over 150,000 78-rpm recordings from around the world are held in EMIs temperature-controlled archive in Hayes, in 1931, the year the company was formed, it opened the legendary recording studios at Abbey Road, London. During the 1930s and 1940s, its roster of artists included Arturo Toscanini, Sir Edward Elgar, during this time EMI appointed its first A&R managers. These included George Martin, who brought the Beatles into the EMI fold. When the Gramophone Company merged with the Columbia Graphophone Company in 1931, at this point RCA had a majority shareholding in the new company, giving RCA chair David Sarnoff a seat on the EMI board
18.
JVC
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Victor Company of Japan, Ltd, TYO,6792, usually referred to as JVC, is a Japanese international professional and consumer electronics corporation based in Yokohama. Founded in 1927, the company is best known for introducing Japans first televisions, from 1953 to 2008, Matsushita Electric Industrial Co. Ltd. was the majority stockholder in JVC. In 2008, JVC merged with Kenwood Corporation to create JVC Kenwood Holdings, JVC was founded in 1927 as The Victor Talking Machine Company of Japan, Limited, a subsidiary of the United States leading phonograph and record company, the Victor Talking Machine Company. In 1929 majority ownership was transferred to RCA-Victor, in the 1930s JVC produced phonographs and records. In 1932, JVC started producing radios, and in 1939 Japans first locally-made television, JVC severed relations with its foreign partners during World War II. Today the record company in Japan is known as Victor Entertainment, in 1953, JVC became majority-owned by the Panasonic Corporation. Panasonic released its ownership in 2007, in the 1960s, JVC established the Nivico brand for Delmonicos line of console televisions and stereos. In 1970, JVC marketed the Videosphere, a cathode ray tube television inside a space-helmet-shaped casing with an alarm clock at the base. In 1971, JVC introduced the first discrete system for four channel quadraphonic sound on vinyl records - CD-4 or Quadradisc, in 1975, JVC introduced the first combined portable battery-operated radio with inbuilt TV, as the model 3050. The TV was a 3-inch black-and-white cathode ray tube, one year later, JVC expanded the model to add a cassette-recorder, as the 3060, creating the worlds first boombox with radio, cassette and TV. In 1976, the first VCR to use VHS was the Victor HR-3300, JVC started selling the HR-3300 in Akihabara, Tokyo, Japan on October 31,1976. Region-specific versions of the JVC HR-3300 were also distributed later on, such as the HR-3300U in the United States, in the late 1970s, JVC developed the VHS format, introducing the first VHS recorders to the consumer market in 1976 for the equivalent of US $1060. Sony, which had introduced the Betamax home videocassette tape a year earlier, became the competitor for JVCs VHS format into the 1980s. The Betamax cassette was smaller, with slightly superior quality to the VHS cassette. The two companies competed fiercely to encourage others to adopt their format, but by 1984 forty companies were using JVCs VHS format, Sony began producing VHS recorders in 1988 and after 1993 stopped making Betamax recorders for the US market. In 1979, JVC demonstrated a prototype of its high density disc system. This system was capacitance-based, like capacitance electronic disc, but the discs were grooveless with the stylus being guided by signals in the disc surface. The VHD discs were initially handled by the operator and played on a machine that looked like an audio LP turntable, development suffered numerous delays, and the product was launched in 1983 in Japan, followed by the United Kingdom in 1984, to a limited industrial market
19.
Ultrasound
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Ultrasound is sound waves with frequencies higher than the upper audible limit of human hearing. Ultrasound is no different from normal sound in its physical properties and this limit varies from person to person and is approximately 20 kilohertz in healthy, young adults. Ultrasound devices operate with frequencies from 20 kHz up to several gigahertz, Ultrasound is used in many different fields. Ultrasonic devices are used to detect objects and measure distances, Ultrasound imaging or sonography is often used in medicine. In the nondestructive testing of products and structures, ultrasound is used to detect invisible flaws, industrially, ultrasound is used for cleaning, mixing, and to accelerate chemical processes. Animals such as bats and porpoises use ultrasound for locating prey, scientist are also studying ultrasound using graphene diaphragms as a method of communication. Acoustics, the science of sound, starts as far back as Pythagoras in the 6th century BC, echolocation in bats was discovered by Lazzaro Spallanzani in 1794, when he demonstrated that bats hunted and navigated by inaudible sound and not vision. The first technological application of ultrasound was an attempt to detect submarines by Paul Langevin in 1917, the piezoelectric effect, discovered by Jacques and Pierre Curie in 1880, was useful in transducers to generate and detect ultrasonic waves in air and water. Ultrasound is defined by the American National Standards Institute as sound at frequencies greater than 20 kHz, in air at atmospheric pressure ultrasonic waves have wavelengths of 1.9 cm or less. The upper frequency limit in humans is due to limitations of the middle ear, auditory sensation can occur if high‐intensity ultrasound is fed directly into the human skull and reaches the cochlea through bone conduction, without passing through the middle ear. Children can hear some high-pitched sounds that older adults cannot hear, the Mosquito is an electronic device that uses a high pitched frequency to deter loitering by young people. Bats use a variety of ultrasonic ranging techniques to detect their prey and they can detect frequencies beyond 100 kHz, possibly up to 200 kHz. Many insects have good hearing and most of these are nocturnal insects listening for echolocating bats. This includes many groups of moths, beetles, praying mantids, upon hearing a bat, some insects will make evasive manoeuvres to escape being caught. Ultrasonic frequencies trigger an action in the noctuid moth that cause it to drop slightly in its flight to evade attack. Tiger moths also emit clicks which may disturb bats echolocation, dogs and cats hearing range extends into the ultrasound, the top end of a dogs hearing range is about 45 kHz, while a cats is 64 kHz. The wild ancestors of cats and dogs evolved this higher hearing range to hear sounds made by their preferred prey. A dog whistle is a whistle that emits ultrasound, used for training and calling dogs, porpoises have the highest known upper hearing limit, at around 160 kHz
20.
Denon
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For many decades, Denon was a brand name of Nippon-Columbia, including the Nippon Columbia record label. In 2001 Denon was spun off as a company with 98% held by Ripplewood Holdings. In 2002, Denon merged with Marantz to form D&M Holdings, the Denon brand came from a merger of Denki Onkyo and others in 1939. The company was established in 1910 as part of Nippon Chikuonki Shokai. The company was originally called 日本電氣音響株式會社 - Nippon DENki ONkyo Kabushikigaisha which was shortened to the name of DEN-ON in Japanese. The company is involved with sound systems electric appliance production. A further change of name occurred in 1946 when the company renamed itself Nippon Columbia, the Denon brand was first established in 1947 when Nippon Columbia merged with Japan Denki Onkyo. D&M Holdings Inc. was created in May 2002 when Denon Ltd, today, the company specializes in professional and consumer home cinema and audio equipment including A/V receivers, Blu-ray players, tuners, headphones, and wireless music systems. Denon is also known for high-end AV receivers and moving coil phonograph cartridges, two M-series models, the Denon M31 and M30, were the most successful radio hi-fis in the mid-2000s. Since being released to the micro hi-fi DAB market, they have received awards in Europe. 1910 Manufacturer of single-sided disc records and gramophones,1939 Launched first professional-use disc recorder for broadcast industry and disk cutting lathe. 1951 Commenced sales of Japan’s 1st LP records,1953 Launched professional-use tape recorder for broadcast industry. 1958 Introduced sales of stereo records,1959 Commenced production of open-reel audio tapes. 1962 Introduced Elepian series of electronic pianos,1963 Developed the DL-103 phono cartridge. 1964 Started sales of audio cassette tapes,1971 Started producing hi-fi audio components, including turntables, amplifiers, tuners and speakers. 1972 Introduced the world’s first viable 8 channel digital recorder,1977 Awarded US Billboard magazines Trend-Setter Award for outstanding contribution to the industry. 1980 Awarded the 13th Montreux International Diplome d’honneur technique award,1981 Developed a professional-use CD player. 1988 Introduced range of AV amplifiers to product range,1990 Awarded three component awards at Paris hi-fi show
21.
Radio
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When radio waves strike an electrical conductor, the oscillating fields induce an alternating current in the conductor. The information in the waves can be extracted and transformed back into its original form, Radio systems need a transmitter to modulate some property of the energy produced to impress a signal on it, for example using amplitude modulation or angle modulation. Radio systems also need an antenna to convert electric currents into radio waves, an antenna can be used for both transmitting and receiving. The electrical resonance of tuned circuits in radios allow individual stations to be selected, the electromagnetic wave is intercepted by a tuned receiving antenna. Radio frequencies occupy the range from a 3 kHz to 300 GHz, a radio communication system sends signals by radio. The term radio is derived from the Latin word radius, meaning spoke of a wheel, beam of light, however, this invention would not be widely adopted. The switch to radio in place of wireless took place slowly and unevenly in the English-speaking world, the United States Navy would also play a role. Although its translation of the 1906 Berlin Convention used the terms wireless telegraph and wireless telegram, the term started to become preferred by the general public in the 1920s with the introduction of broadcasting. Radio systems used for communication have the following elements, with more than 100 years of development, each process is implemented by a wide range of methods, specialised for different communications purposes. Each system contains a transmitter, This consists of a source of electrical energy, the transmitter contains a system to modulate some property of the energy produced to impress a signal on it. This modulation might be as simple as turning the energy on and off, or altering more subtle such as amplitude, frequency, phase. Amplitude modulation of a carrier wave works by varying the strength of the signal in proportion to the information being sent. For example, changes in the strength can be used to reflect the sounds to be reproduced by a speaker. It was the used for the first audio radio transmissions. Frequency modulation varies the frequency of the carrier, the instantaneous frequency of the carrier is directly proportional to the instantaneous value of the input signal. FM has the capture effect whereby a receiver only receives the strongest signal, Digital data can be sent by shifting the carriers frequency among a set of discrete values, a technique known as frequency-shift keying. FM is commonly used at Very high frequency radio frequencies for high-fidelity broadcasts of music, analog TV sound is also broadcast using FM. Angle modulation alters the phase of the carrier wave to transmit a signal
22.
Cliff Richard
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Sir Cliff Richard OBE is a British pop singer, musician, performer, actor and philanthropist. Richard has sold more than 250 million records worldwide and he has total sales of over 21 million singles in the United Kingdom and is the third-top-selling artist in UK Singles Chart history, behind the Beatles and Elvis Presley. Richard was originally positioned as a rock and roll singer in the style of Little Richard. With his backing group, The Shadows, Richard dominated the British popular music scene in the period of the late 1950s to early 1960s. Increased focus on his Christian faith and subsequent softening of his music later led to a middle of the road pop image. He has had more than 130 singles, albums and EPs make the UK Top 20, Richard has had 67 UK top ten singles, the second highest total for an artist behind Elvis Presley. Richard holds the record as the act to make the UK singles charts in all of its first six decades. He has achieved 14 UK No.1 singles, and is the singer to have had a No.1 single in the UK in five consecutive decades. Richard has never achieved the same impact in the United States despite eight US Top 40 singles, including the million-selling Devil Woman and We Dont Talk Anymore. He has remained a music, film, and television personality in Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Northern Europe and Asia. Richard has been a resident in the United Kingdom for most of his life and he divides his time between living in Barbados and Portugal. Harry Rodger Webb was born in India at King Georges Hospital, Victoria Street, in Lucknow and his parents were Rodger Oscar Webb, a manager for a catering contractor that serviced the Indian Railways, and the former Dorothy Marie Dazely. Richard is primarily of English heritage, but he has one great-grandmother who was of half Welsh and half Spanish descent, the Webb family lived in a modest home in Maqbara, near the main shopping centre of Hazratganj. Dorothys mother served as the matron at the La Martiniere Girls School. In 1948, following Indian independence, the family embarked on a sea voyage to Tilbury, Essex. The Webbs moved from comparative wealth in India, where lived in a company-supplied flat at Howrah near Calcutta. Harry Webb attended a primary school, Stanley Park Juniors. He then attended Cheshunt Secondary Modern School from 1952 to 1957, as a member of the top stream, he stayed on beyond the minimum leaving age to take GCE Ordinary Level examinations and gained a pass in English literature
23.
BBC
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The British Broadcasting Corporation is a British public service broadcaster. It is headquartered at Broadcasting House in London, the BBC is the worlds oldest national broadcasting organisation and the largest broadcaster in the world by number of employees. It employs over 20,950 staff in total,16,672 of whom are in public sector broadcasting, the total number of staff is 35,402 when part-time, flexible, and fixed contract staff are included. The BBC is established under a Royal Charter and operates under its Agreement with the Secretary of State for Culture, Media and Sport. The fee is set by the British Government, agreed by Parliament, and used to fund the BBCs radio, TV, britains first live public broadcast from the Marconi factory in Chelmsford took place in June 1920. It was sponsored by the Daily Mails Lord Northcliffe and featured the famous Australian Soprano Dame Nellie Melba, the Melba broadcast caught the peoples imagination and marked a turning point in the British publics attitude to radio. However, this public enthusiasm was not shared in official circles where such broadcasts were held to interfere with important military and civil communications. By late 1920, pressure from these quarters and uneasiness among the staff of the licensing authority, the General Post Office, was sufficient to lead to a ban on further Chelmsford broadcasts. But by 1922, the GPO had received nearly 100 broadcast licence requests, John Reith, a Scottish Calvinist, was appointed its General Manager in December 1922 a few weeks after the company made its first official broadcast. The company was to be financed by a royalty on the sale of BBC wireless receiving sets from approved manufacturers, to this day, the BBC aims to follow the Reithian directive to inform, educate and entertain. The financial arrangements soon proved inadequate, set sales were disappointing as amateurs made their own receivers and listeners bought rival unlicensed sets. By mid-1923, discussions between the GPO and the BBC had become deadlocked and the Postmaster-General commissioned a review of broadcasting by the Sykes Committee and this was to be followed by a simple 10 shillings licence fee with no royalty once the wireless manufactures protection expired. The BBCs broadcasting monopoly was made explicit for the duration of its current broadcast licence, the BBC was also banned from presenting news bulletins before 19.00, and required to source all news from external wire services. Mid-1925 found the future of broadcasting under further consideration, this time by the Crawford committee, by now the BBC under Reiths leadership had forged a consensus favouring a continuation of the unified broadcasting service, but more money was still required to finance rapid expansion. Wireless manufacturers were anxious to exit the loss making consortium with Reith keen that the BBC be seen as a service rather than a commercial enterprise. The recommendations of the Crawford Committee were published in March the following year and were still under consideration by the GPO when the 1926 general strike broke out in May. The strike temporarily interrupted newspaper production and with restrictions on news bulletins waived the BBC suddenly became the source of news for the duration of the crisis. The crisis placed the BBC in a delicate position, the Government was divided on how to handle the BBC but ended up trusting Reith, whose opposition to the strike mirrored the PMs own
24.
WQSR
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WQSR is a commercial FM radio station licensed to serve Baltimore, Maryland. The station is owned by iHeartMedia, Inc. through licensee Citicasters Licenses, Inc. for the station on 105.7 formerly known as WQSR, see WJZ-FM The 102.7 frequency in Baltimore signed on in 1947 as WCAO-FM, sister to WCAO-AM600. WCAO was originally a simulcast of the AM, but by the late 1960s/early 1970s, by 1977, the station was sold to Plough Broadcasting and became WXYV V103, the major FM rival to both WWIN-AM and WEBB-AM. Originally an automated Disco format, WXYV eventually evolved into an Urban Contemporary format by the early 1980s, by 1995, WXYV and then-sister station WCAO-AM were sold to Granum Communications. The following year, the stations were sold again to Infinity Broadcasting, becoming a station to Hot AC-formatted WWMX. On June 20,1997, at Noon, after having lost a number of listeners to urban powerhouse WERQ. The final song on V103 was Its So Hard to Say Goodbye to Yesterday by Boyz II Men, the new format started with a dance lean, before repositioning to a hip-hop lean, and then alternative, this was done in search of an audience. The station changed monikers to B102.7 on August 7,1998, WXYV and WWMX would compete against each other due to the similarity of the Top 40 and Hot AC formats, despite being sister stations. While WXYV had higher ratings than WWMX, Mix had better advertising revenue, on September 8,2001, at 6 AM, after playing Its So Hard to Say Goodbye to Yesterday by Boyz II Men, WQSR moved over from 105.7 along with their oldies format. Two days later, WXYV moved to 105.7 and changed back to a contemporary format as X105.7. The call letter swap between the two took place 4 days later. In addition, WQSR acquired the rights to Baltimore Ravens games from sister station WLIF, and retained those rights until 2006, musically, WQSRs playlist also changed a little, cutting back the pre-1964 songs and some 1980s music was introduced. By 2003, the station was playing songs from 1964 to 1979 with a handful of pre-1964. On May 4,2005, at 10,30 AM, after playing Na Na Hey Hey Kiss Him Goodbye by Steam, the station began a stunt, at 11. The first song on Jack was Hungry Like the Wolf by Duran Duran, Infinity Broadcasting would be renamed CBS Radio in December 2005. Clear Channel took over WQSR at 11,59 PM on Tuesday, shortly thereafter, the station returned to the air at the Clear Channel Baltimore studios. The sale also resulted in the 102.7 frequency reuniting with former sister WCAO under common ownership for the first time since 1998, WQSR in its current incarnation as Jack FM runs a strictly jockless Variety Hits format. Although there are no on-air personalities on the station, the station airs Casey Kasems American Top 40,102.7 Jack FM Query the FCCs FM station database for WQSR Radio-Locator information on WQSR Query Nielsen Audios FM station database for WQSR
25.
Sarasota, Florida
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Sarasota is a city located in Sarasota County on the southwestern coast of the U. S. state of Florida. The area is renowned for its cultural and environmental amenities, beaches, resorts, connections to the Ringling family, Amish community, the city is located at the southern end of the Tampa Bay Area, north of Fort Myers and Punta Gorda. Its current official limits include Sarasota Bay and several islands between the bay and the Gulf of Mexico. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, in 2013 Sarasota had a population of 53,326, in 1986 it became designated as a certified local government. Sarasota is a city of the Sarasota metropolitan area, and is the seat of Sarasota County. The islands separating Sarasota Bay from the gulf near the city, known as keys, include Lido Key and Siesta Key, which are famous worldwide for the quality of their sandy beaches. The keys that are included in the boundary of Sarasota are Lido Key, St. Armands Key, Otter Key, Coon Key, Bird Key, previously, Siesta Key was named Sarasota Key. At one time, it and all of Longboat Key were considered part of Sarasota, Longboat Key is the largest key separating the bay from the gulf, but it is now evenly divided by the new county line of 1921. The city limits had expanded significantly with the real estate rush of the twentieth century. The wild speculation boom began to crash in 1926 and following that, the city limits began to contract, shrinking to less than a quarter of that area. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city currently has an area of 25.9 square miles. Sarasota has a subtropical climate closely bordering a tropical savanna climate, with hot, humid summers. There are distinct rainy and dry seasons in Sarasota, with the season lasting from June to September. As of the census of 2000, there were 52,715 people,23,427 households, the population density was 3,539.8 per square mile. There were 26,898 housing units at a density of 1,806.2 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 76. 91% White,16. 02% African American,0. 35% Native American,1. 02% Asian,0. 05% Pacific Islander,3. 74% from other races, and 1. 91% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 11. 92% of the population,38. 3% of all households were made up of individuals and 16. 3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.12 and the family size was 2.81
26.
San Francisco
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San Francisco, officially the City and County of San Francisco, is the cultural, commercial, and financial center of Northern California. It is the birthplace of the United Nations, the California Gold Rush of 1849 brought rapid growth, making it the largest city on the West Coast at the time. San Francisco became a consolidated city-county in 1856, after three-quarters of the city was destroyed by the 1906 earthquake and fire, San Francisco was quickly rebuilt, hosting the Panama-Pacific International Exposition nine years later. In World War II, San Francisco was a port of embarkation for service members shipping out to the Pacific Theater. Politically, the city votes strongly along liberal Democratic Party lines, San Francisco is also the headquarters of five major banking institutions and various other companies such as Levi Strauss & Co. Dolby, Airbnb, Weebly, Pacific Gas and Electric Company, Yelp, Pinterest, Twitter, Uber, Lyft, Mozilla, Wikimedia Foundation, as of 2016, San Francisco is ranked high on world liveability rankings. The earliest archaeological evidence of habitation of the territory of the city of San Francisco dates to 3000 BC. Upon independence from Spain in 1821, the became part of Mexico. Under Mexican rule, the system gradually ended, and its lands became privatized. In 1835, Englishman William Richardson erected the first independent homestead, together with Alcalde Francisco de Haro, he laid out a street plan for the expanded settlement, and the town, named Yerba Buena, began to attract American settlers. Commodore John D. Sloat claimed California for the United States on July 7,1846, during the Mexican–American War, montgomery arrived to claim Yerba Buena two days later. Yerba Buena was renamed San Francisco on January 30 of the next year, despite its attractive location as a port and naval base, San Francisco was still a small settlement with inhospitable geography. The California Gold Rush brought a flood of treasure seekers, with their sourdough bread in tow, prospectors accumulated in San Francisco over rival Benicia, raising the population from 1,000 in 1848 to 25,000 by December 1849. The promise of fabulous riches was so strong that crews on arriving vessels deserted and rushed off to the gold fields, leaving behind a forest of masts in San Francisco harbor. Some of these approximately 500 abandoned ships were used at times as storeships, saloons and hotels, many were left to rot, by 1851 the harbor was extended out into the bay by wharves while buildings were erected on piles among the ships. By 1870 Yerba Buena Cove had been filled to create new land, buried ships are occasionally exposed when foundations are dug for new buildings. California was quickly granted statehood in 1850 and the U. S. military built Fort Point at the Golden Gate, silver discoveries, including the Comstock Lode in Nevada in 1859, further drove rapid population growth. With hordes of fortune seekers streaming through the city, lawlessness was common, and the Barbary Coast section of town gained notoriety as a haven for criminals, prostitution, entrepreneurs sought to capitalize on the wealth generated by the Gold Rush
27.
San Francisco Opera
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San Francisco Opera is an American opera company, based in San Francisco, California. It was founded in 1923 by Gaetano Merola, in fact, Merolas initial visits to the city were as conductor of some of these troupes—the first in 1909 with the International Opera Company of Montreal. Continued visits for the next decade convinced him that a San Francisco company was viable, while it was a popular and critical triumph, the five-day season was not a financial success. It was clear to Merola that a solid financial base was needed. Appealing to more than the elite, Merola raised 2441 contributions of $50 each from many founding members. After the opening of La bohème, the first 1923/24 season included productions of Andrea Chénier, Mefistofele, Tosca (with Giuseppe de Luca and Martinelli, during the nine years following the opening season, the San Francisco War Memorial Opera House was conceived. The building was designed by Arthur Brown, Jr. the architect who also created San Franciscos Coit Tower, the company inaugurated the new opera house with a performance of Tosca on 15 October 1932 with Claudia Muzio in the title role. However, until well after Merolas death, the main San Francisco season rarely extended beyond late October and he died while conducting an open-air concert at Stern Grove on 30 August 1953. Edwin MacArthur led the San Francisco Opera Orchestra in several 78-rpm recordings for RCA Victor in the late 1930s, some of these were later reissued by RCA on LP and CD. Short versions of all the works in the season were broadcast on about 30 California, Oregon, Washington, Idaho and British Columbia radio stations, starting about 1941. Kurt Herbert Adler came to the United States in 1938 after early experience and training in aspects of music and theatre in Austria, Germany. For five years, he worked to build the chorus of the Chicago Opera Company, Merola heard of him and, over the telephone, invited him to San Francisco opera in 1943 as chorus director. Adler was often regarded as a difficult, sometimes tyrannical person to work for, however, as Chatfield-Taylor notes, singers, conductors, directors, and designers came back season after season…. Among those who were offered new and exciting challenges were Geraint Evans, the Welsh baritone, Leontyne Price, and Luciano Pavarotti. He took on more and more details as Merolas health and energy diminished. After three months of acting as Artistic Director, and with the assistance of its president, Robert Watt Miller, Adler was confirmed as General Director, Adlers aims Adlers aims in taking over the company were several. Eventually, as seen in the 1961 SFO season, eleven operas were given five or six performances each on average while the season ran to late November. He heard Leontyne Price on the radio, and offered her a role in Dialogues of the Carmelites in 1957, thus providing her with her the first performance on a major operatic stage
28.
Chicago
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Chicago, officially the City of Chicago, is the third-most populous city in the United States. With over 2.7 million residents, it is the most populous city in the state of Illinois, and it is the county seat of Cook County. In 2012, Chicago was listed as a global city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network. Chicago has the third-largest gross metropolitan product in the United States—about $640 billion according to 2015 estimates, the city has one of the worlds largest and most diversified economies with no single industry employing more than 14% of the workforce. In 2016, Chicago hosted over 54 million domestic and international visitors, landmarks in the city include Millennium Park, Navy Pier, the Magnificent Mile, Art Institute of Chicago, Museum Campus, the Willis Tower, Museum of Science and Industry, and Lincoln Park Zoo. Chicagos culture includes the arts, novels, film, theater, especially improvisational comedy. Chicago also has sports teams in each of the major professional leagues. The city has many nicknames, the best-known being the Windy City, the name Chicago is derived from a French rendering of the Native American word shikaakwa, known to botanists as Allium tricoccum, from the Miami-Illinois language. The first known reference to the site of the current city of Chicago as Checagou was by Robert de LaSalle around 1679 in a memoir, henri Joutel, in his journal of 1688, noted that the wild garlic, called chicagoua, grew abundantly in the area. In the mid-18th century, the area was inhabited by a Native American tribe known as the Potawatomi, the first known non-indigenous permanent settler in Chicago was Jean Baptiste Point du Sable. Du Sable was of African and French descent and arrived in the 1780s and he is commonly known as the Founder of Chicago. In 1803, the United States Army built Fort Dearborn, which was destroyed in 1812 in the Battle of Fort Dearborn, the Ottawa, Ojibwe, and Potawatomi tribes had ceded additional land to the United States in the 1816 Treaty of St. Louis. The Potawatomi were forcibly removed from their land after the Treaty of Chicago in 1833, on August 12,1833, the Town of Chicago was organized with a population of about 200. Within seven years it grew to more than 4,000 people, on June 15,1835, the first public land sales began with Edmund Dick Taylor as U. S. The City of Chicago was incorporated on Saturday, March 4,1837, as the site of the Chicago Portage, the city became an important transportation hub between the eastern and western United States. Chicagos first railway, Galena and Chicago Union Railroad, and the Illinois, the canal allowed steamboats and sailing ships on the Great Lakes to connect to the Mississippi River. A flourishing economy brought residents from rural communities and immigrants from abroad, manufacturing and retail and finance sectors became dominant, influencing the American economy. The Chicago Board of Trade listed the first ever standardized exchange traded forward contracts and these issues also helped propel another Illinoisan, Abraham Lincoln, to the national stage
29.
WFMT
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WFMT is an FM radio station in Chicago, Illinois, featuring a format of fine arts, classical music programming, and shows exploring such genres as folk and jazz. The station is managed by Window To The World Communications, Inc. owner of WTTW, WFMT is also the primary station of the WFMT Radio Network, and the Beethoven and Jazz Networks. WFMT transmits from the Willis Tower, a unique feature of this commercial station is that it airs no pre-recorded advertising on-air. A brief attempt at introducing pre-recorded commercial advertising, the time in its history. All advertising on the station is currently read exclusively by WFMTs on-air hosts, WFMTs programs can be heard through its satellite services, or syndication, internationally. The stations programming is available online. WFMT is a member of the European Broadcasting Union. On December 13,1951, Bernard and Rita Jacobs put WFMT on the air at 105.9 FM with a classical music/fine arts radio format and they began with 8-hour-a-day broadcasts, with Bernard serving as the stations engineer, and Rita as the stations announcer. By 1953, programming had expanded to 18 hours per day, WFMT moved to new studios in the LaSalle-Wacker Building in 1954. The stations power and antenna height were increased, increasing its broadcast range, and that same year, WFMT aired a live recording made on July 4 at Circle Pines Center in Delton, Michigan, with Pete Seeger and Big Bill Broonzy. In 1957, the received an Alfred I. DuPont Award as the countrys best broadcaster in the small-station category, WFMT also aired a discussion between Frank Lloyd Wright and Carl Sandburg, which was simulcast with WTTW, marking the first collaboration between WTTW and WFMT. DuPont Award in 1961, this time as the countrys best broadcaster in the large-station category, in 1964, Hi Fi/Stereo Review readers voted WFMT the highest-fidelity station in the US. The stations first series of Chicago Symphony Orchestra concerts began in 1965, in 1968, WFMT began around-the-clock broadcasting. That same year, Bernard Jacobs sold WFMT to WGN Continental Broadcasting Company, the station began distributing WFMT programming to other American and international radio stations in 1972. In 1973 it created the Fine Arts Network for broadcast syndication of Chicago Symphony, Lyric Opera and BBCs My Word. in 1979, WFMT became Americas first radio superstation, delivered by satellite and cable systems across the United States. WFMT programming entered the Communist Bloc, as the Soviet Union, in 1980, WFMT became the first US radio station to join the European Broadcasting Union. A live performance of the Chicago Symphony Orchestra was heard in the US, United Kingdom, France, Belgium, Switzerland, Italy, Sweden and West Germany simultaneously
30.
Buda, Texas
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Buda is a city in Hays County, Texas, United States. The population was 7,343 residents in 2010, Buda is part of the Austin-Round Rock-San Marcos metropolitan statistical area and one of Austins fastest growing suburbs. Buda is located at 30°05′03″N 97°50′21″W and this is 13 miles southwest of Austin and 60 miles northeast of San Antonio on Interstate 35. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 2.4 square miles. Buda is served by the Hays Consolidated Independent School District, Buda Elementary, originally built in 1885 sits just outside Main Street and currently serves 500 students from the Buda area. Buda students attend Jack C. Hays High School, Buda is home to numerous fast-growing small- to medium-sized businesses. Because of its proximity to Austin, Texas, Buda is a suburb, Buda attracts national attention for its light-hearted wiener dog races, which is organized every April by the Buda Lions Club. Rooster Teeth Productions, the creators of the machinima series Red vs, blue and The Strangerhood, had its office in Buda until moving back to Austin. Buda is a home city with a council-manager form of government. Other governmental entities include the Buda Planning and Zoning Commission, the Historical Commission, the Parks Commission, the Board of Adjustments, citizen Groups active in local politics include the Buda Area Chamber of Commerce and the Buda Downtown Merchants Association. In November 2007, Buda citizens adopted a home rule charter by a margin of 77.85 percent, allowing the city to transition from general law to home rule. Huckaby, Chief/EMT-B Bo Kidd, Chief The town of Buda sprang up along the route of the International-Great Northern Railroad, which was extended from Austin to San Antonio in 1880. Buda bore the name of “Du Pre” from its birth in 1881 until the autumn of 1887, several businesses sprang up, including the Carrington Hotel, which served meals to railroad travelers. By the time Du Pre found a new name for itself, the Carrington hotel was being referenced as “the Buda House. ”In the “Dupre Notes” column of the Sept.25,1886 edition of the Hays County Times and Farmer’s Journal, the author notes that “The Buda House is one of the best hotels in the state. The polite and entertaining hostess, Mrs. Carrington, meets all with a courteous welcome. ”According to the oral tradition. Others suggest that like the town of Buda, Illinois, the name is a nod to the exiles of the failed Hungarian Revolution of 1848 who settled in the area. By the mid-1980s Buda had attracted a cement plant and some craft industry, as of the census of 2000, there were 2,404 people,866 households, and 685 families residing in the city. Based on utility hook-ups, the city estimated its 2008 population to be in excess of 5,000 residents, the population density was 998.5 people per square mile
31.
Sacramento, California
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Sacramento is the capital city of the U. S. state of California and the seat of Sacramento County. It is at the confluence of the Sacramento River and the American River in the portion of Californias expansive Central Valley. Its estimated 2014 population of 485,199 made it the sixth-largest city in California, Sacramento is the cultural and economic core of the Sacramento metropolitan area, which includes seven counties with a 2010 population of 2,414,783. In 2002, the Civil Rights Project at Harvard University conducted for Time magazine named Sacramento Americas Most Diverse City, Sacramento became a city through the efforts of the Swiss immigrant John Sutter, Sr. his son John Augustus Sutter, Jr. and James W. Marshall. Sacramento grew quickly thanks to the protection of Sutters Fort, which was established by Sutter in 1839, the city was named after the Sacramento River, which forms its western border. The river was named by Spanish cavalry officer Gabriel Moraga for the Santísimo Sacramento, California State University, Sacramento, is the largest university in the city and one of 23 campuses in the California State University system. University of the Pacific is a university with one of its three campuses in Sacramento. In addition, the University of California, Davis, located in nearby Davis, operates its UC Davis Medical Center, nisenan and Plains Miwok Native Americans had lived in the area for perhaps thousands of years. Unlike the settlers who would eventually make Sacramento their home, these Native Americans left little evidence of their existence. Traditionally, their diet was dominated by acorns taken from the oak trees in the region, and by fruits, bulbs, seeds. In 1808, the Spanish explorer Gabriel Moraga discovered and named the Sacramento Valley, a Spanish writer with the Moraga expedition wrote, Canopies of oaks and cottonwoods, many festooned with grapevines, overhung both sides of the blue current. Birds chattered in the trees and big fish darted through the pellucid depths, the air was like champagne, and drank deep of it, drank in the beauty around them. The valley and the river were then christened after the Most Holy Sacrament of the Body and Blood of Christ, John Sutter first arrived on August 13,1839 at the divergence of the American and Sacramento Rivers with a Mexican land grant of 50,000 acres. The next year, he and his party established Sutters Fort, representing Mexico, Sutter called his colony New Helvetia, a Swiss inspired name, and was the political authority and dispenser of justice in the new settlement. Soon, the colony began to grow as more and more pioneers headed west, within just a few short years, John Sutter had become a grand success, owning a ten-acre orchard and a herd of thirteen thousand cattle. Fort Sutter became a stop for the increasing number of immigrants coming through the valley. In 1847, Sutter hired James Marshall to build a sawmill so that he could continue to expand his empire, Sutter received 2,000 fruit trees in 1847, which started the agriculture industry in the Sacramento Valley. In 1848, when gold was discovered by James W. Marshall at Sutters Mill in Coloma and he hired topographical engineer William H
32.
KUDL
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KUDL is a radio station in Sacramento, California. Owned by Entercom, it broadcasts a CHR/Pop format branded as 106.5 The End and its studios are located in Foothill Farms and its transmitter is in Folsom. Royce International Broadcasting headed by Edward R, the initial format was programmed by Kevin Childs, who created the method of transitioning from rock to jazz via what was called The Crossroads of Jazz. With no advertising of promotion, KWOD succeeded in achieving a dedicated following across the Sacramento Valley, in the late 1970s, Royce Broadcasting decided to drop the adult contemporary/jazz hybrid music format in favor of a Top 40 music format. By 1985, KWOD was the second rated station in the 12+ age demographic under the programming of Program Director Tom Chase, the popular morning show of this period was The Doug Masters and Marty Johnsons Morning Radio Clinic Show featuring Douglas Doug Masters and Martin Marty Johnson. Tom left in late 1987 to program competitor KROY and Mr. Ed followed to become KROYs MD in early 1988. The rest of the full-time line-up of this period included Johnny Jammin Edwards and Panama Jack in afternoons, Pat The Night Hawk Garrett in evenings, and Alex Chuckle Head Cosper in late nights. Tom and Terry left in 1989 to do mornings in San Jose and were replaced by a temporary irreverent show that failed called the Renegades, gerry Cagle arrived in late 1989 to oversee programming as Operations Manager. Ratings fell sharply beginning in 1988 as KWOD fell into place in a three way battle with cross-town competitors KSFM and KROY. After Cagles departure in 1993, programming decisions went to Alex Cosper and this change of format proved to be a success as noted by a ratings surge. The line-up included the team of Shawn Cash and Jeff Jensen followed by Cosper in mid-days, Brad Adams in afternoons. Later in 1993, Monroe moved to afternoons and Joe Gomez moved to nights, shortly after the move to their new headquarters in downtown Sacramento, part-time DJ Giles Hendriksen from the U. K. became the full-time afternoon host with Joe Gomez staying in the evening slot. Joe Gomez was in the 7-midnight slot until his departure in 1994, Jamie Gates took over the evening slot as well as programming both the punk and industrial music shows. Jamie stayed on until 1997 when new management took over, by this time, Ally Storm had already departed to work at Live 105 in San Francisco. The station reached its ratings peak as a station in the summer of 1995 with a 5.2 share. It also beat all four other stations in the market. Cosper left the station in 1996 and later did radio in Milwaukee, Cosper later wrote a book about his experience called, The Rise of Alternative Radio. Ron Bunce assumed control of KWODs programming in 1997, and took the station to a harder rock direction
33.
FM broadcasting
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FM broadcasting is a method of radio broadcasting using frequency modulation technology. Invented in 1933 by American engineer Edwin Armstrong, it is used worldwide to provide high-fidelity sound over broadcast radio, FM broadcasting is capable of better sound quality than AM broadcasting, the chief competing radio broadcasting technology, so it is used for most music broadcasts. FM radio stations use the VHF frequencies, the term FM band describes the frequency band in a given country which is dedicated to FM broadcasting. Throughout the world, the FM broadcast band falls within the VHF part of the radio spectrum. Usually 87.5 to 108.0 MHz is used, or some portion thereof, with few exceptions, In the former Soviet republics, and some former Eastern Bloc countries, assigned frequencies are at intervals of 30 kHz. This band, sometimes referred to as the OIRT band, is slowly being phased out in many countries, in those countries the 87. 5–108.0 MHz band is referred to as the CCIR band. In Japan, the band 76–95 MHz is used, the frequency of an FM broadcast station is usually an exact multiple of 100 kHz. In most of South Korea, the Americas, the Philippines, in some parts of Europe, Greenland and Africa, only even multiples are used. In the UK odd or even are used, in Italy, multiples of 50 kHz are used. There are other unusual and obsolete FM broadcasting standards in countries, including 1,10,30,74,500. Random noise has a triangular spectral distribution in an FM system and this can be offset, to a limited extent, by boosting the high frequencies before transmission and reducing them by a corresponding amount in the receiver. Reducing the high frequencies in the receiver also reduces the high-frequency noise. These processes of boosting and then reducing certain frequencies are known as pre-emphasis and de-emphasis, the amount of pre-emphasis and de-emphasis used is defined by the time constant of a simple RC filter circuit. In most of the world a 50 µs time constant is used, in the Americas and South Korea,75 µs is used. This applies to both mono and stereo transmissions, for stereo, pre-emphasis is applied to the left and right channels before multiplexing. They cannot be pre-emphasized as much because it would cause excessive deviation of the FM carrier, systems more modern than FM broadcasting tend to use either programme-dependent variable pre-emphasis, e. g. dbx in the BTSC TV sound system, or none at all. Long before FM stereo transmission was considered, FM multiplexing of other types of audio level information was experimented with. Edwin Armstrong who invented FM was the first to experiment with multiplexing and these original FM multiplex subcarriers were amplitude modulated
34.
BBC Radio 3
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BBC Radio 3 is a British radio network operated by the BBC. Its output centres on classical music and opera, but jazz, world music, drama, culture, the station is the world’s most significant commissioner of new music, and through its New Generation Artists scheme promotes young musicians of all nationalities. The station is notable for its broadcast of the BBC Proms concerts, live and in full, each summer in addition to performances by the BBC Orchestras, there are regular productions of both classic plays and newly commissioned drama. Radio 3 won the Sony Radio Academy UK Station of the Year Gold Award for 2009 and was nominated again in 2011, Radio 3 is the successor station to the BBC Third Programme which began broadcasting on 29 September 1946. The name Radio 3 was adopted on 30 September 1967 when the BBC launched its first pop station, Radio 1 and rebranded its national radio channels as Radio 1, Radio 2, Radio 3. On 10 July 1969 the BBC published its plans for radio, at the time of the review, Radio 3 faced several problems. However Day-time serious music would be the casualty of these proposals, a further rumour was expressed that Radio 3 could be closed altogether as a strong statistical case existed against the station according to The Guardian. However, the Director-General, Charles Curran, publicly denied this as quite contradictory to the aim of the BBC, which is to provide a comprehensive radio service. As a result of Broadcasting in the Seventies, factual content, including documentaries and current affairs, were moved to BBC Radio 4 and the separate titled strands were abolished. The document stated that Radio 3 was to have an output of standard classical music but with some element in the evening of cultural speech programmes – poetry. Equally, questions were being asked by the poet Peter Porter about whether other spoken content, for example poetry, the Broadcasting in the Seventies report also proposed a large cutback in the number and size of the BBCs orchestras. The campaign objected to the dismantling of the Third Programme by cutting down its spoken word content from fourteen hours a week to six, mention of the campaign even reached debate in the House of Commons. From the launch until 1987, the controllers of Radio 3 showed preferences towards speech and arts programming as opposed to focus on classical music and the Proms. The first controller, Newby, made little contribution to the station, focusing on the transition from the Third programme to Radio 3, the second controller, Stephen Hearst who assumed the role in 1972, was different. As Hearst had previously been head of television arts features his appointment was seen with scepticism among the staff who viewed him as a populariser. However, during this time the long running arts discussion programme Critics’ Forum was launched as well as themed evenings, in 1978, Ian McIntyre took over as controller of Radio 3 but quickly faced uncomfortable relationships between departments. An example of this is the replacement of Homeward Bound in 1980 with an extended, senior management was also getting dissatisfied with listening figures leading to the Director-General Alasdair Milne to suggest that presentation style was too stodgy and old-fashioned. In 1987 the positions of Controller of Music and Controller of Radio 3 were merged, Drummond, like Hearst, believed that the music programmes presentation was too stiff and formal and he therefore encouraged announcers to be more natural and enthusiastic
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