1.
Heidelberg
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Heidelberg is a college town situated on the river Neckar in south-west Germany. At the 2015 census, its population was 156,257, located about 78 km south of Frankfurt, Heidelberg is the fifth-largest city in the German state of Baden-Württemberg. Heidelberg is part of the densely populated Rhine-Neckar Metropolitan Region, founded in 1386, Heidelberg University is Germanys oldest and one of Europes most reputable universities. A scientific hub in Germany, the city of Heidelberg is home to internationally renowned research facilities adjacent to its university. Heidelberg is in the Rhine Rift Valley, on the bank of the lower part of the Neckar in a steep valley in the Odenwald. It is bordered by the Königsstuhl and the Gaisberg mountains, the Neckar here flows in an east-west direction. On the right bank of the river, the Heiligenberg mountain rises to a height of 445 meters, the Neckar flows into the Rhine approximately 22 kilometres north-west in Mannheim. Villages incorporated during the 20th century stretch from the Neckar Valley along the Bergstraße, Heidelberg is on European walking route E1. Alongside the Philosophenweg on the side of the Old Town. There is a population of African rose-ringed parakeets, and a wild population of Siberian swan geese. Heidelberg is an authority within the Regierungsbezirk Karlsruhe. The Rhein-Neckar-Kreis rural district surrounds it and has its seat in the town, Heidelberg is a part of the Rhine-Neckar Metropolitan Region, often referred to as the Rhein-Neckar Triangle. The Rhein-Neckar Triangle became a European metropolitan area in 2005, Heidelberg consists of 15 districts distributed in six sectors of the town. The new district will have approximately 5, 000–6,000 residents, Heidelberg has an oceanic climate, defined by the protected valley between the Pfälzerwald and the Odenwald. Year-round, the temperatures are determined by maritime air masses coming from the west. In contrast to the nearby Upper Rhine Plain, Heidelbergs position in the leads to more frequent easterly winds than average. The hillsides of the Odenwald favour clouding and precipitation, the warmest month is July, the coldest is January. Temperatures often rise beyond 30 °C in midsummer, according to the German Meteorological Service, Heidelberg was the warmest place in Germany in 2009
2.
Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden
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Carl XVI Gustaf is the King of Sweden. He ascended the throne upon the death of his grandfather, King Gustaf VI Adolf on 15 September 1973 and he is the youngest child and only son of Prince Gustaf Adolf, Duke of Västerbotten, and Princess Sibylla of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. The Kings heir apparent, upon passage on 1 January 1980 of a new law establishing absolute primogeniture, is Crown Princess Victoria, Carl Gustaf was born on 30 April 1946 at 10,20 in Haga Palace in Solna, Stockholm County. He was the youngest of five children and the son of Swedens Prince Gustaf Adolf. He was christened at the Royal Chapel on 7 June 1946 by the Archbishop of Uppsala and he was baptized in Charles XIs baptismal font, which stood on Gustav IIIs carpet and he lay in Charles XIs cradle with Oscar IIs crown beside him. The same christening gown in white linen batiste which the prince carried had been worn by his father in 1906, Prince Carl Gustaf was also given the title of the Duke of Jämtland. His father, Prince Gustaf Adolf, Duke of Västerbotten, was killed in a crash on 26 January 1947. His fathers death had left the prince second in line for the throne, behind his grandfather. When his great-grandfather Gustaf V died in 1950, the prince became the heir apparent of Sweden. Carl Gustaf was seven years old before he was told about his fathers death, after graduating from high school, Carl Gustaf completed two and a half years of education in the Royal Swedish Army, the Royal Swedish Navy, and the Royal Swedish Air Force. He received his commission as an officer in all three services in 1968, and he rose to the rank of captain and lieutenant. He has also completed his studies in history, sociology, political science, tax law. In addition, he studied the affairs of the Riksdag, Government. On 15 September 1973, Carl Gustaf became King of Sweden upon the death of his grandfather, on September 19, he took the required regal assurance during an extraordinary meeting of the cabinet. Afterwards, he appeared before the parliament, diplomatic corps, court, both the cabinet meeting and ceremony at the Hall were broadcast live on television. Following the ceremonies, he appeared on the balcony to acknowledge gathered crowds, at the cabinet meeting, the King declared that his name would be Carl XVI Gustaf and that his title would be King of Sweden. He adopted, For Sweden – With the times as his personal motto, when Carl Gustaf ascended the throne, plans were already in place to replace the 1809 Instrument of Government which gave the King extensive involvement with government. Though the King was a near-autocrat on paper, the Riksdags authority grew steadily into the early 20th century, in 1914, Gustaf V made a speech which resulted in what is known as the Courtyard Crisis wherein he was accused of interfering with politics
3.
Victoria, Crown Princess of Sweden
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Victoria, Crown Princess of Sweden, Duchess of Västergötland, is the eldest child and heir apparent of King Carl XVI Gustaf. If she ascends to the throne as expected, she will be Swedens fourth queen regnant and the first since 1720. Victoria was born on 14 July 1977 at 21,45 CET at the Karolinska University Hospital in Solna, Stockholm County, Sweden and she is a member of the Royal House of Bernadotte. Born as a Princess of Sweden, she was designated Crown Princess in 1979 ahead of her younger brother and her place as first in the line of succession formally went into effect on 1 January 1980 with the parliamentary change to the Act of Succession that introduced absolute primogeniture. Her given names honour various relatives and she was christened at The Royal Palace Church on 27 September 1977. Her godparents were Crown Prince Harald of Norway, her uncle, Ralf Sommerlath, Princess Beatrix of the Netherlands. The Crown Princess was confirmed in the summer of 1992 at Räpplinge church on the island of Öland. Victoria studied for a year at the Université Catholique de lOuest at Angers in France, from 1998 to 2000, Victoria resided in the United States, where she studied various subjects at Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut. In May 1999, she was an intern at the Swedish Embassy in Washington, Victoria completed a study program at the Government Offices in 2001. In 2003, Victorias education continued with visits to Swedish businesses, in 2006, Victoria enrolled in the Ministry for Foreign Affairs Diplomat Program, running from September 2006 to June 2007. The program is a program for young future diplomats and gives an insight to the ministrys work, Swedish foreign and security policies. In June 2009, she graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree from Uppsala University and she speaks Swedish, English, French and German. She was made Crown Princess and heir apparent on 1 January 1980 by the 1979 change to the Act of Succession of 1810 and this constitutional reform meant that the throne would be inherited by the monarchs eldest child without regard to gender. King Carl XVI Gustaf objected to the reform after it occurred because he favoured tradition, when she became heir, she also was made titular Duchess of Västergötland, one of the historical provinces of Sweden. Prior to this change, the heir apparent to the throne was her younger brother. He is now fourth in line to the throne, behind the Crown Princesss daughter and she is one of only three female heirs apparent in the world – the other two being her goddaughter Catharina-Amalia, Princess of Orange, and Princess Elisabeth, Duchess of Brabant. Victorias declaration of majority took place in the Hall of State at the Royal Palace of Stockholm on 14 July 1995, as of the day she turned 18, she became eligible to act as Head of State when the King is not in country. Victoria made her first public speech on this occasion, located on the dais in the background was the same silver throne on which her father was seated at his enthronement, in actual use from 1650 and up until this ceremony
4.
Princess Madeleine
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Princess Madeleine of Sweden, Duchess of Hälsingland and Gästrikland, is the second daughter and youngest child of King Carl XVI Gustaf and Queen Silvia. Upon her birth, she was third in line of succession to the Swedish throne, Princess Madeleine is married to British-born American financier Christopher ONeill. The couple has two children, a daughter, Princess Leonore, and a son, Prince Nicolas, Madeleine was born on 10 June 1982 at 19,05 CEST at Drottningholm Palace and is a member of the Swedish Royal Family from the House of Bernadotte. Her fourth name, Josephine honours her ancestor Josephine of Leuchtenberg and she was given the honorary title of Duchess of Hälsingland and Gästrikland. It was the first time since the early 17th century that a Swedish ducal title included more than one province, from 1985–1989, Madeleine began her education at Västerled Parish Pre-School. In the Autumn of 1989, she entered Smedslättsskolan in Bromma, for the intermediate level, she proceeded to Carlssons School in Stockholm, and then went on to Enskilda Gymnasiet in Stockholm, which she attended at the senior level. She also completed upper secondary school at Enskilda, from which she graduated in 2001, during the Autumn of 2001, she lived in London, where she studied English. In the spring of 2002, she took a basic module in Introduction to Swedish Law, in January 2003, she enrolled at the Stockholm University where she began studies in art history. She took 60 Swedish academic units in this subject, in the Autumn of 2004, she began a course in ethnology at the same university. She speaks English, German and Swedish fluently, and also intermediate level French and she graduated 23 January 2006 with a Bachelor of Arts in art history, ethnology and modern history. During 2007, she studied psychology at University of Stockholm. She has owned horses and competed in showjumping under the name Anna Svensson and she also enjoys skiing, and is interested in theatre, dance and art. In recognition of her age of majority in 2001, a fund was created in her name by the Gävleborg province. It encourages and supports people involved in horse riding. In 2001, Madeleine first distributed such awards as Pony Rider of the Year with trainer in Gävleborg, Madeleine undertakes various engagements on behalf of her father and the people of Sweden. She participates in the celebrations of Swedens National Day, the Nobel festivities, dinners, Madeleine is the patron of the organisation Min Stora Dag (the Swedish equivalent of Make-A-Wish Foundation, more commonly known as My Big Day. She is also affiliated with Europa Nostra, Carl Johan-League and the Royal Motorboat Club, in 2006, she interned for UNICEF for six months in New York City and worked for the division of Child Protective Services. On 11 August 2009, Madeleine announced her engagement to lawyer Jonas Bergström, Madeleine said in her engagement interview that they became engaged in Capri in early June 2009
5.
Walther Sommerlath
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Carl August Walther Sommerlath was a German businessman and the father of Queen Silvia of Sweden. He was president of the Brazilian subsidiary of the Swedish steel-parts manufacturer Uddeholm Tooling after World War II and he was born and raised in Heidelberg, Grand Duchy of Baden, German Empire. In the mid-1920s, Walther Sommerlath moved to São Paulo, Brazil where he worked for the steel company Acus Roechling Boulerus do Brasil, on 10 December 1925, Sommerlath married the Brazilian Alice Soares de Toledo, in Santa Cecília, São Paulo. She was the daughter of Arthur Floriano de Toledo and his wife Elisa de Novaes Soares, in 1939 he moved to the German capital Berlin. Between 1939 and 1943, Sommerlath ran a company in Berlin that was seized from its Jewish owners by the Nazis, the company manufactured arms to be used in the War. In 1943, Sommerlath’s plant was destroyed by allied bombs, later that year, the Sommerlath family returned to Heidelberg. After the war, in 1947 the Sommerlath family returned to Brazil, the family finally moved back to Heidelberg in 1957. Walter Sommerlath died in Heidelberg in 1990, not very much is publicly known about Sommerlaths Nazi affiliations. Living as a German citizen in São Paulo, Brazil, Sommerlath joined as a member the German National Socialist Workers Party, NSDAP/AO, on December 1,1934. His brother Paul Sommerlath had joined the Party in 1933, most Germans in Brazil chose not to be members in the party. This is why Brazils president, Getulio Vargas, found no opposition when he decided to outlaw it. The Sommerlath brothers remained members of the Nazi party until the party was banned and dissolved by the allies in 1945, in 1976, when Silvia was to marry King Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden, the Swedish daily Expressen interviewed Sommerlath about his Nazi background. In the interview, Sommerlath denied that he had any connections with the Nazi Party, the Swedish Royal Family has declined to give out any information about the Queens fathers role in the war or the name and facts about his company. But on May 16,2011, Queen Silvia announced that she would probe her fathers alleged Nazi ties in reaction to a Swedish TV news magazine. Rosvall, Ted, Bernadotteättlingar, Falköping, Rosvall Royal Books,1992, ISBN 91-630-1299-5 Ancestry of Queen Silvia of Sweden Genealogics - Leo van de Pas - Walther Sommerlath
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Alice Sommerlath
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Alice Sommerlath, born Alice Soares de Toledo was the mother of Queen Silvia, consort of King Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden. On 10 December 1925, Alice Soares de Toledo married at Santa Cecília, São Paulo to German entrepreneur Walther Sommerlath, in 1957, the Sommerlaths returned to Heidelberg. Sommerlath was widowed in October 1990 and she suffered from heart trouble and senile dementia and died at Drottningholm Palace in Ekerö Municipality, west of Stockholm in 1997. Her remains were buried in Heidelberg beside her husbands, genealogics - Leo van de Pas - Alice Soares de Toledo
7.
Church of Sweden
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The Church of Sweden is the largest Christian church in Sweden. A member of the Porvoo Communion, the Church professes the Lutheran branch of Christianity and it is composed of thirteen dioceses, divided into parishes. It is a national church which, working with a democratic organisation and through the ministry of the church. The Primate of the Church of Sweden is the Archbishop of Uppsala — currently Antje Jackelén, today, the Church of Sweden is an Evangelical Lutheran church. 6.2 million people are members of the Church of Sweden and it is liturgically and theologically high church, having retained priests, vestments, and the Mass during the Swedish Reformation. In common with other Evangelical Lutheran churches, the Church of Sweden maintains the historical episcopate, the Church of Sweden is known for its liberal position in theological issues, particularly the question of homosexuality. When Bishop Eva Brunne was consecrated as Bishop of Stockholm in 2009, despite a significant yearly loss of members, its membership of 6,225,091 people accounts for 63. 2% of the Swedish population. Until 2000 it held the position of state church, the high membership numbers are because until 1996 all newborn children were made members, unless their parents had actively cancelled their membership. Approximately 2% of the members regularly attend Sunday services. According to a Gallup poll conducted in 2009, 17% of the Swedish population considered religion as an important part of their daily life, King Gustav I Vasa instigated the Church of Sweden in 1536 during his reign as King of Sweden. This act separated the church from the Roman Catholic Church and its canon law, in 1571, the Swedish Church Ordinance became the first Swedish church order following the Reformation. The Church of Sweden became Lutheran at the Uppsala Synod in 1593 when it adopted the Augsburg Confession to which most Lutherans adhere, at this synod, it was decided that the church would retain the three original Christian creeds, the Apostles, the Athanasian, and the Nicene. In 1686, the Riksdag of the Estates adopted the Book of Concord, although certain parts, labelled Confessio fidei, were considered binding. Confessio dei included the three aforementioned Creeds, the Augsburg Confession and two Uppsala Synod decisions from 1572 and 1593, during the 20th century the Church of Sweden oriented itself strongly towards liberal Christianity and human rights. In 1957, the assembly rejected a proposal for ordination of women. Since 1960, women have been ordained as priests, and since 1994, a proposal to perform same-sex weddings was approved on October 22,2009 by 176 of 249 voting members of the Church of Sweden Synod. The Christian church in Scandinavia was originally governed by the archdiocese of Bremen, in 1104 an archbishop for all Scandinavia was installed in Lund. Uppsala was made Swedens archdiocese in 1164, and remains so today, the papal diplomat William of Modena attended a church meeting in Skänninge in March 1248, where the ties to the Catholic Church were strengthened
8.
Princess Leonore, Duchess of Gotland
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Princess Leonore of Sweden, Duchess of Gotland, is the elder child of Princess Madeleine and Christopher ONeill. She is seventh in the line of succession to the Swedish throne, at the time of her birth she was fifth in line. Leonore was born at 22,41 Eastern Time on 20 February 2014 at New Yorks Weill Cornell Medical Center, a 21-gun salute was fired in Stockholm to celebrate her birth. Prior to her birth it was announced that any children of Princess Madeleine would be styled Royal Highness. However, in order to be eligible to ascend, Leonore must be brought up as a member of the Church of Sweden and her name and titles were revealed when her grandfather, King Carl XVI Gustaf, met with the cabinet on 26 February 2014. Her first name was chosen by her parents as one that they both liked very much after considering a large number of other names. It has been used previously by four Swedish queens, but then only in full as Eleonora and her middle names honour her great-grandaunt Princess Lilian, Duchess of Halland, and her paternal grandmother. Leonore was registered with the surname Bernadotte in the Swedish registry, a Te Deum thanksgiving service was held in the Royal Chapel at Stockholm Palace on 2 March 2014 to celebrate her birth. She was christened in the familys antique christening gown which was first worn by Prince Gustaf Adolf when he was christened in 1906 and her name and date of christening was added in embroidery to the gown. Leonore met Pope Francis on 27 April 2015 in Vatican City with her parents, Leonore attended the wedding of her maternal uncle on 13 June 2015 wearing an heirloom dress previously worn by her maternal great-great-grandfather, King Gustaf VI Adolf. On 21 February 2016, Leonore accompanied her mother at a tea party for 12 children with illnesses from the My Big Day Foundation hosted at Stockholm Palace. On 3 June 2016, Leonore visited her duchy, Gotland, accompanied by her parents to visit a horse which was given to Leonore at the time of her christening named Heidi, Leonore is styled as, Her Royal Highness Princess Leonore of Sweden, Duchess of Gotland. Sweden, Member of the Royal Order of the Seraphim, Princess Leonores coat of arms is based on the greater coat of arms of Sweden. In the centre, on an inescutcheon, is the arms of the House of Bernadotte. Surrounding the shield is the ribbon of the Order of the Seraphim, Royal Court of Sweden- Princess Leonore Media related to Princess Leonore, Duchess of Gotland at Wikimedia Commons
9.
Princess Birgitta of Sweden
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Princess Birgitta of Sweden, Princess of Hohenzollern, is an elder sister of King Carl XVI Gustaf. Born at Haga Palace in Stockholm, she is the child of Prince Gustaf Adolf, Duke of Västerbotten and Princess Sibylla of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. Her sisters are Princess Margaretha, Mrs. Ambler, Princess Désirée, Baroness Silfverschiöld and she is a first cousin of Queen Margrethe II of Denmark Birgitta is the widow of Prince Johann Georg of Hohenzollern. On a visit in 1959 to friends and relatives in Germany, on 15 December 1960, her engagement to Prince Johann Georg Carl Leopold Eitel-Friedrich Meinrad Maria Hubertus Michael of Hohenzollern, was announced. The civil ceremony took place at the Royal Palace of Stockholm on 25 May 1961, Birgitta converted to Roman Catholicism when she married the Hohenzollern prince. Prince Johann Georg and Princess Birgitta separated in 1990, although they remained legally married and she lives on the island of Majorca in Spain, while her husband lived in Munich. In their honour a ball was organised for the two princesses at the Renaissance Blackstone Hotel in Chicago by Mayor Richard Daley and she has her own golf competition in Majorca, the Princess Birgitta Trophy, at her home golf course. She participates in the celebrations of the Swedish Lucia every year, Princess Birgittas marriage produced three children and six grandchildren, HSH Prince Carl Christian of Hohenzollern, married in 1999 to Nicole Helene Neschitsch. She remarried Eckbert von Bohlen und Halbach, grandson of Gustav Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach, the couple had a son, who died a few days later, and then adopted a daughter, Prince Lennart Carl Christian of Hohenzollern Vivianne von Hohenzollern. 19 January 1937 –25 May 1961, Her Royal Highness Princess Birgitta of Sweden,25 May 1961 – present, Her Royal Highness Princess Birgitta of Sweden and Hohenzollern
10.
Princess Margaretha, Mrs. Ambler
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Princess Margaretha, Mrs. Ambler, is a Swedish princess, the eldest sister of King Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden and also first cousin of Queen Margrethe II of Denmark. Although the eldest child, as a female, she was never heir to the according to the Swedish constitution current at the time. She was educated privately at the Haga Palace and then at the Stockholm dressmaking school, in the 1950s Margaretha had a relationship with Robin Douglas-Home, a Scottish aristocrat and the nephew of the future Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Alec Douglas-Home. He came to visit her in Sweden, but they never married and she met her future husband, the businessman John Ambler, ten years her elder, at a dinner party in the United Kingdom in 1963 and their engagement was announced on 28 February 1964. They were married on 30 June 1964, in Gärdslösa Church, the Princess wore a wedding gown from the Stockholm couture school, Märtaskolan, where she had previously been a student, and a traditional wedding crown from Öland. The couple settled at Chippinghurst Manor in Oxfordshire, as a result of her unequal marriage, she lost her style of Royal Highness and the King gave her the courtesy title of Princess Margaretha, Mrs. Ambler. Under the Swedish constitution of that time, she, as a woman, Margaretha and her husband separated in 1994, but never divorced. Margaretha and Amblers marriage produced three children, Sibylla Louise Ambler, named after her grandmother, Princess Sibylla. She married Baron Henning von Dincklage and they have two children, of whom Madeleine Charlotte Margaretha von Dincklage is the goddaughter of Crown Princess Victoria of Sweden and was a bridesmaid at her wedding. Charles Edward Ambler, he married Helen Jane Ross, james Patrick Ambler, he married Ursula Mary Shipley. During their visit, the three Scandinavian princesses toured Disneyland and Hollywood and also visited Paramount Pictures in Los Angeles where they met Dean Martin, Jerry Lewis, and Elvis Presley. Margaretha lives near Chipping Norton, Oxfordshire, in the UK and she also used to open the annual Swedish Church Christmas Bazaar in London
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Princess Christina, Mrs. Magnuson
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Princess Christina, Mrs. Magnuson, LoK av KMO is the youngest of four older sisters of King Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden. She does business as Christina Magnuson, Princess Christina was born at Haga Palace outside Stockholm as the fourth child of Prince Gustaf Adolf, Duke of Västerbotten, and Princess Sibylla of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha. She is the granddaughter of King Gustaf VI Adolf of Sweden and she was Chairman of the Swedish Red Cross for 9 years. She met her husband, Tord Magnuson, at a lunch in Stockholm in 1961. Her engagement to Magnuson was announced on 1 February 1974, the couple married on 15 June 1974 in the Palace Church of the Royal Palace of Stockholm. Under the Swedish constitution at that time, they, as women, the couple have three sons, Carl Gustaf Victor, an economist, Tord Oscar Frederik, an eyewear designer, and Victor Edmund Lennart. In October 2016, it was announced that Magnuson has been diagnosed with chronic leukemia, olav Portugal, Grand Cross of the Order of Christ 3 August 1943 –15 June 1974 Her Royal Highness Princess Christina of Sweden. International Red Cross and Red Crescent, Recipient of the Henry Dunant Medal
12.
Marianne Bernadotte
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Marianne Bernadotte, Countess of Wisborg, is a Swedish actress and philanthropist who in 1961 married Sigvard Bernadotte, a former Prince of Sweden. She has been noted for her work supporting causes such as dyslexia, physical disabilities, Bernadotte studied at The Royal Dramatic Theatre Acting School Dramatens elevskola 1945-1948. After finishing her education, she was an actress as Marianne Lindberg at The Royal Dramatic Theatre in Stockholm for eleven years, in 1983 Marianne Bernadotte received a degree in the History of Art at the University of Stockholm. Her academic papers included work on the glass artist and sculptor Edvin Öhrström, Marianne Bernadotte has also been an international representative for Sotheby’s auction house. In July 2014 she had good reviews after hosting the radio show Sommar on her 90th birthday. As founder of The Sigvard & Marianne Bernadotte Research Foundation for Children’s Eye Care, Bernadotte is Honorary Chairman of The Swedish Dylexia Foundation and Honorary President of The International Rodin Remediation Academy. On her initiative, The Sigvard and Marianne Bernadotte Research Foundation was set up in 1989 for juvenile eye care, in 1998, she was awarded an Honorary Doctorate of Medicine by that institute. She also has an Honorary Doctorate from the Bologna University Institute of Psychology in recognition of her contribution to research in 2006. Bernadotte’s involvement in arts charities is exemplified by the Marianne and Sigvard Bernadotte Arts Fund that she created in 1982 to mark Sigvard Bernadotte’s seventy-fifth birthday, the Arts Fund awards scholarships each year to young scholars in music, theatre, design, and art. The scholarships provide young artists with the opportunity to develop their talents at a stage in their careers. Bernadotte is the daughter of Helge Lindberg and his wife Thyra Dahlman and her first marriage was to Gabriel Tchang, the son of a Chinese Ambassador in Stockholm. They had three children, Robert Gabriel Tchang and she married, secondly, on 30 July 1961 in Stockholm, the former Swedish prince Sigvard Bernadotte, the second son of King Gustaf VI Adolf and his first wife, Princess Margaret of Connaught. On 2 July 1951, Sigvard, for himself, his wife and his marital descendants, counts and Countesses of Wisborg are considered to be part of the Swedish unintroduced nobility. Swedish hotelier Bicky Chakraborty is married to her sister and she was a guest at the 2010 wedding of Victoria, Crown Princess of Sweden, and Daniel Westling. Bernadotte Foundation for Childrens Eye Care | Retinopathy of Prematurity, kronprinsessan Victoria hedrar sin gammelfaster Marianne Bernadotte | Webfinanser - nyheter aktier it lyx bil nöje spel mobil räntor taxeringskalender
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Heir apparent
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An heir apparent or heiress apparent is a person who is first in line of succession and cannot be displaced from inheriting by the birth of another person. An heir presumptive, by contrast, is someone who is first in line to inherit a title, today these terms most commonly describe heirs to hereditary titles, particularly monarchies. They are also used metaphorically to indicate an anointed successor to any position of power, in France the title was le Dauphin. See crown prince for more examples and this article primarily describes the term heir apparent in a hereditary system regulated by laws of primogeniture—as opposed to cases where a monarch has a say in naming the heir. An heir presumptive, by contrast, can always be bumped down in the succession by the birth of more closely related in a legal sense to the current title-holder. The clearest example occurs in the case of a title-holder with no children, if at any time he or she were to produce children, they rank ahead of whatever more distant relative had been heir presumptive. Many legal systems assume childbirth is always possible regardless of age or health, in such circumstances a person may be, in a practical sense, the heir apparent but still, legally speaking, heir presumptive. Adelaide was 44 at the time, so pregnancy was even if unlikely. Daughters may inherit titles that descend according to male-preference primogeniture, thus, normally, even an only daughter will not be heir apparent, since at any time a brother might be born who, though younger, would assume that position. Hence, she is an heir presumptive, for example, Queen Elizabeth II was heir presumptive during the reign of her father, King George VI, because at any stage up to his death, George could have fathered a legitimate son. In a system of absolute primogeniture that disregards gender, female heirs apparent occur, several European monarchies that have adopted such systems in the last few decades furnish practical examples. Princess Ingrid Alexandra of Norway is heir apparent to her father, Victoria was not heir apparent from birth, but gained the status in 1980 following a change in the Swedish Act of Succession. Her younger brother Carl Philip was thus heir apparent for a few months, then, as the representative of her fathers line she would assume a place ahead of any more distant relatives. Such a situation has not to date occurred with the English or British throne, several times an heir apparent has died, however, there have been several female heirs apparent to British peerages. In one special case, however, England and Scotland had an heir apparent. William, by contrast, was to reign for life only, thus, although after Marys death William continued to reign, he had no power to beget direct heirs, and Anne became the heir apparent for the remainder of Williams reign. She eventually succeeded him as Queen of England, Scotland and Ireland, the position of an heir apparent is normally unshakable, it can be assumed they will inherit. Sometimes, however, extraordinary events—such as the death or the deposition of the parent—intervene
14.
Sophia of Nassau
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Sophia of Nassau was Queen consort of Sweden and Norway. Sophia was Queen of Sweden for 35 years, longer any other Swedish queen before her. She was the longest serving queen until 2011 when she was surpassed by Queen Silvia and she is also the latest Queen of Sweden to have held the official title of Dowager Queen of Sweden. Sophia was the youngest daughter of Wilhelm, Duke of Nassau and her father died when she was three, and was succeeded by her half-brother Adolphe, Grand Duke of Luxembourg. Sophia was given what was considered an education for princesses at the time by private tutors. She was trained in fencing, normally reserved for males, to strengthen her back, Sophia socialized with academics and artists, and the court of Nassau was considered more democratic than what was usual at most German courts. She early learned the English language, and felt sympathy for the British parliamentarian system, the language spoken in her childhood home was not German but English. Sophia was given what has been referred to as a more similar to the middle class Victorian life style. Her brothers used to refer to her as Unsere demokratische Schwester and she was described as serious, intelligent and dutiful, and interested in language and history, she was also genuinely religious. In 1848, she witnessed a rebellion in the Duchy of Nassau, suppressed by her mother and she spent the winter of 1853-54 with her mother at the court of her maternal aunt in St Petersburg in Russia. Her maternal aunt, Princess Charlotte of Württemberg, was married to Grand Duke Michael Pavlovich of Russia, during her stay in Russia, she was a student of the pianist Anton Rubinstein. Sophia and her mother were forced to leave Russia at the outbreak of the Crimean war, after the death of her mother in 1856, Sophia lived with her half sister Princess Mary of Wied. In July 1856, at her sister Marys summer residence Monrepos outside Nassau, she received a visit from Prince Oscar of Sweden and it was therefore politically necessary for Oscar to marry. In 1855-56, Oscar was sent to various royal courts in Europe in order to find a suitable marriage partner in both rank and to his own taste. He visited the British court but did not wish to marry Princess Mary of Cambridge, Sophia and Oscar, however, mutually fell in love with each other. After the visit, Oscar returned to Sweden to ask for his parents consent to marriage and he then returned to Nassau, where the engagement was made in September and announced in October. Sophia and Oscar were married on 6 June 1857 at the Castle in Wiesbaden-Biebrich, there they were greeted with salute, singing and crowds. She was dressed in blue at her arrival, and was therefore nicknamed The Blue Duchess, in 1858, Sophia gave birth to a son, which secured the Bernadotte dynasty and gave her much popularity
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Germans
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Germans are a Germanic ethnic group native to Central Europe, who share a common German ancestry, culture and history. German is the mother tongue of a substantial majority of ethnic Germans. The English term Germans has historically referred to the German-speaking population of the Holy Roman Empire since the Late Middle Ages, before the collapse of communism and the reunification of Germany in 1990, Germans constituted the largest divided nation in Europe by far. Ever since the outbreak of the Protestant Reformation within the Holy Roman Empire, of approximately 100 million native speakers of German in the world, roughly 80 million consider themselves Germans. Thus, the number of Germans lies somewhere between 100 and more than 150 million, depending on the criteria applied. Today, people from countries with German-speaking majorities most often subscribe to their own national identities, the German term Deutsche originates from the Old High German word diutisc, referring to the Germanic language of the people. It is not clear how commonly, if at all, the word was used as an ethnonym in Old High German, used as a noun, ein diutscher in the sense of a German emerges in Middle High German, attested from the second half of the 12th century. The Old French term alemans is taken from the name of the Alamanni and it was loaned into Middle English as almains in the early 14th century. The word Dutch is attested in English from the 14th century, denoting continental West Germanic dialects, while in most Romance languages the Germans have been named from the Alamanni, the Old Norse, Finnish and Estonian names for the Germans were taken from that of the Saxons. In Slavic languages, the Germans were given the name of němьci, originally with a meaning foreigner, the English term Germans is only attested from the mid-16th century, based on the classical Latin term Germani used by Julius Caesar and later Tacitus. It gradually replaced Dutch and Almains, the latter becoming mostly obsolete by the early 18th century, the Germans are a Germanic people, who as an ethnicity emerged during the Middle Ages. Originally part of the Holy Roman Empire, around 300 independent German states emerged during its decline after the Peace of Westphalia in 1648 ending the Thirty Years War and these states eventually formed into modern Germany in the 19th century. The concept of a German ethnicity is linked to Germanic tribes of antiquity in central Europe, the early Germans originated on the North German Plain as well as southern Scandinavia. By the 2nd century BC, the number of Germans was significantly increasing and they began expanding into eastern Europe, during antiquity these Germanic tribes remained separate from each other and did not have writing systems at that time. In the European Iron Age the area that is now Germany was divided into the La Tène horizon in Southern Germany and the Jastorf culture in Northern Germany. By 55 BC, the Germans had reached the Danube river and had either assimilated or otherwise driven out the Celts who had lived there, and had spread west into what is now Belgium and France. Conflict between the Germanic tribes and the forces of Rome under Julius Caesar forced major Germanic tribes to retreat to the east bank of the Rhine, in Roman-held territories with Germanic populations, the Germanic and Roman peoples intermarried, and Roman, Germanic, and Christian traditions intermingled. The adoption of Christianity would later become an influence in the development of a common German identity
16.
Brazilians
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A Brazilian can also be a person born abroad to a Brazilian father or a Brazilian mother or a person who acquired Brazilian citizenship. According to the Constitution of Brazil, a Brazilian citizen is, Anyone born in Brazil, according to the Constitution, all people who hold Brazilian citizenship are equal, regardless of race, ethnicity, gender or religion. A foreigner can apply for Brazilian citizenship after living for 4 uninterrupted years in Brazil, a native person from an official Portuguese language country can request the Brazilian nationality after only 1 uninterrupted year living in Brazil. Brazilians are mostly descendants of colonial settlers, post-colonial immigrant groups, African slaves. The three principal groups were Native Brazilians, European colonizers and African labor, Brazil was inhabited by an estimated 2.4 million Amerindians before the first settlers arrived in the 16th century. The European diseases spread quickly along the trade routes. The country was discovered by Portugal in 1500 and received about 724,000 Portuguese colonizers, mostly males. But other sources claim that the given numbers of total entrances were clearly surpassed. The Jesuits asked the Portuguese Crown to ship orphaned women under royal wardship for marriage with the settlers, daughters of noblemen who died overseas administrating captaincies in the colonies or in battle for the king would marry settlers of higher rank. Bahias port in the Northeast received one of the first groups of orphans in 1551, Portugal remained the only significant, but not an exclusive source of European immigration to Brazil until the early 19th century. These other people came from different nationalities - but the by far most mentioned are the Dutch and these Jews founded the first Synagogue in the Americas, named Kahal Zur Israel Synagogue in the city of Recife. It is estimated more than 20,000 Dutch entered Brazil, however. The remaining families mostly fled to parts of the interior of Northeastern Brazil or changed their names to Portuguese ones. The proven excess of Y-chromosomes of the haplogroup 2 in northeasterners probably results from the miscegenation of Dutch settlers with the local population. The Jews who mostly left Brazil took off to what was then named New Amsterdam, today New York City, and founded the oldest Jewish congregation in the USA, the Congregation Shearith Israel. The ones who stayed, converted into Christianity and were known as New Christians or Marranos. They entered Brazil fleeing from the Inquisition or were deported by the Kingdom of Portugal and also Spain, latter being known as Degredados and this also included Romani People from the Iberian Peninsula, what partially explains the curiously high numbers for a western country. Brazil has the second largest Gypsy population in the Americas after the US, having also received Roma people from Central and Eastern Europe, as well as the Baltic countries during the 20th century
17.
Swedish Sign Language
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Swedish Sign Language is the sign language used in Sweden. It is recognized by the Swedish government as the official sign language. There are less than 10,000 speakers, making the language endangered, Swedish sign language first came into use in 1800. It does not stem from any other languages, in fact, this self-created language went on to influence Finnish sign language and Portuguese sign language. 1809 marks the year of the first deaf school in Sweden and it wasnt until 1981 that Swedish Sign Language was recognized as a national language of Sweden. Many of the used in fingerspelling in Swedish Sign Language are similar to those in American Sign Language. Per the Education Act 1998, deaf children are expected to be able to write in Swedish and English, thus, the establishment of six state-run schools have been established regionally for deaf children who cannot attend traditional comprehensive schools. Interpreters are found in hospitals, and they teach the language to the parents. Sweden provides 240 hours of courses over four years to parents so that they may learn to communicate with their children, additionally, weekly courses in the language are also available to the siblings of deaf children and the children of deaf parents. Since the recognition of Swedish Sign Language as a language of Sweden. Subtitles in sign language are also increasing. On November 29,2001, the first bible translated into Swedish Sign Language was received
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Deaf culture
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When used as a cultural label especially within the culture, the word deaf is often written with a capital D and referred to as big D Deaf in speech and sign. When used as a label for the condition, it is written with a lower case d. Members of the Deaf community tend to view deafness as a difference in human rather than a disability or disease. Many members take pride in their Deaf identity, another struggle that the Deaf community often faces is that educational institutions usually consist primarily of hearing people. Additionally, hearing family members may need to sign language in order for the deaf person to feel included and supported. Unlike other cultures, a person may join the community later in life. There are three views on Deaf people, there is a Medical View, a view commonly associated with doctors and encouraging a Deaf childs parents that they should undergo surgery. They may even go as far as to urge parents not to sign language believing that it will distract the Deaf child from developing his/her auditory. The Social view welcomes Deaf individuals into the world and provides Deaf people with accommodations such as interpreters. Finally, there is the cultural-linguistic view, being involved in the Deaf community and culturally identifying as Deaf has been shown to significantly contribute to positive self-esteem in Deaf individuals. This community provides support, easy social interaction, and a refuge from the frustrations of the hearing world. Conversely, Deaf individuals who are not a part of the Deaf community are forced to conform to the hearing world, the community may include hearing family members of deaf people and sign-language interpreters who identify with Deaf culture. It does not automatically include all people who are deaf or hard-of-hearing and he suggested using deaf to refer to the audiological condition of deafness, and Deaf to refer to Deaf culture. This convention has been adopted within the culture and the scholarly literature in English. The two terms are widely used to refer to distinct but partially overlapping groups of people. Not everyone makes this distinction, however, some point out there are many ways to be deaf. In Deaf culture, person-first language has long been rejected since being culturally Deaf is seen as a source of positive identity, instead, Deaf culture uses Deaf-first language, Deaf person or hard-of-hearing person. Hearing people may use the term hearing-impaired, perhaps thinking it is more polite than deaf and it is more likely to be used for people with a mild or moderate hearing loss or for people who have acquired deafness in adulthood rather than by those who have grown up Deaf
19.
1972 Summer Olympics
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The 1972 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XX Olympiad, was an international multi-sport event held in Munich, West Germany, from August 26 to September 11,1972. The sporting nature of the event was overshadowed by the Munich massacre in which eleven Israeli athletes and coaches. Five Black September Palestinian terrorists died, the 1972 Summer Olympics were the second Summer Olympics to be held in Germany, after the 1936 Games in Berlin, which had taken place under the Nazi regime. The logo of the Games was a blue solar logo by Otl Aicher, the Olympic mascot, the dachshund Waldi, was the first officially named Olympic mascot. The Olympic Fanfare was composed by Herbert Rehbein, a companion of Bert Kaempfert, the Olympic Park is based on Frei Ottos plans and after the Games became a Munich landmark. The competition sites, designed by architect Günther Behnisch, included the Olympic swimming hall, the Olympics Hall and the Olympic Stadium, and an Olympic village very close to the park. The design of the stadium was considered revolutionary, with sweeping canopies of acrylic glass stabilized by metal ropes, Munich won its Olympic bid on April 26,1966, at the 64th IOC Session at Rome, Italy, over bids presented by Detroit, Madrid, and Montréal. Montreal would eventually host the following Olympic games in 1976, the Games were largely overshadowed by what has come to be known as the Munich massacre. Two of the hostages who resisted were killed in the first moments of the break-in, the German authorities planned to ambush them there, but underestimated the numbers of their opposition and were thus undermanned. During a botched attempt, all of the Israeli hostages were killed. Four of them were shot, then incinerated when one of the terrorists detonated a grenade inside the helicopter in which the hostages were sitting, the five remaining hostages were then machine-gunned to death. All but three of the terrorists were killed as well, although arrested and imprisoned pending trial, they were released by the West German government on October 29,1972, in exchange for a hijacked Lufthansa jet. Two of those three were supposedly hunted down and assassinated later by the Mossad, jamal Al-Gashey, who is believed to be the sole survivor, is still living today in hiding in an unspecified African country with his wife and two children. A memorial ceremony was held in the Olympic stadium. The attack prompted heightened security at subsequent Olympics beginning with the 1976 Winter Olympics, security at Olympics was heightened further beginning with the 2002 Winter Olympics, as they were the first to take place since September 11,2001. The massacre led the German federal government to re-examine its anti-terrorism policies and this led to the creation of the elite counter-terrorist unit GSG9, similar to the British SAS. It also led Israel to launch a campaign known as Operation Wrath of God, in which those suspected of involvement were systematically tracked down, the events of the Munich massacre were chronicled in the Oscar-winning documentary, One Day in September. An account of the aftermath is also dramatized in three films, the 1976 made-for-TV movie 21 Hours at Munich, the 1986 made-for-TV movie Sword of Gideon and Steven Spielbergs 2005 film Munich
20.
Gustaf VI Adolf of Sweden
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Gustaf VI Adolf was King of Sweden from 29 October 1950 until his death. He was the eldest son of King Gustaf V and his wife, Victoria of Baden, Gustaf VI Adolf was a lifelong amateur archeologist particularly interested in Ancient Italian cultures. He was born at the Royal Palace in Stockholm and at birth created Duke of Skåne, a patrilineal member of the Bernadotte family, he was also a descendant of the House of Vasa through maternal lines. Through his mother, Victoria, he was a descendant of Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden of the deposed House of Holstein-Gottorp, Gustaf Adolf became Crown Prince of Sweden on 8 December 1907, at the death of his grandfather, King Oscar II. In 1938 he was elected a member of the Virginia Society of the Cincinnati. On 29 October 1950, Crown Prince Gustaf Adolf became king at age 67 upon the death of his father and he was at the time the worlds oldest heir apparent to a monarchy. His personal motto was Plikten framför allt, Duty before all, during Gustaf VI Adolfs reign, work was underway on a new Instrument of Government to replace the 1809 constitution and produce reforms consistent with the times. Among the reforms sought by some Swedes was the replacement of the monarchy or at least some moderation of the old constitutions provision that The King alone shall govern the realm. Gustaf VI Adolfs personal qualities made him popular among the Swedish people and, in turn, Gustaf VI Adolfs expertise and interest in a wide range of fields made him respected, as did his informal and modest nature and his purposeful avoidance of pomp. While the monarchy had been de facto subordinate to the Riksdag and ministers since 1917, even these nominal powers were removed when Swedens constitutional reform became complete in 1975, thus making Gustaf Adolf the last monarch to wield even nominal political power. He was succeeded on the throne by his 27-year-old grandson Carl XVI Gustaf and he died the day before the election of 1973, which is suggested to have swayed it in support of the incumbent Social Democratic government. In a break with tradition, he was not buried in Riddarholmskyrkan in Stockholm and he was the last surviving son of Gustaf V. The Kings reputation as a professional amateur professor was widely known, nationally and internationally, Gustaf VI Adolf was a devoted archaeologist, and was admitted to the British Academy for his work in botany in 1958. Gustaf VI Adolf participated in expeditions in China, Greece, Korea and Italy. Gustaf VI Adolf had a private library consisting of 80000 volumes. He had an interest in specialist literature on Chinese art and East Asian history, throughout his life, King Gustaf VI Adolf was particularly interested in the history of civilization, and he participated in several archaeological expeditions. His other great area of interest was botany, concentrating in flowers and he was considered an expert on the Rhododendron flower. At Sofiero Castle he created one of the very finest Rhododendron collections, like his son, Prince Bertil, Gustaf VI Adolf maintained wide, lifelong interests in sports
21.
Storkyrkan
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Storkyrkan, officially named Sankt Nikolai kyrka and informally called Stockholms domkyrka, is the oldest church in Gamla stan, the old town in central Stockholm, Sweden. It is an important example of Swedish Brick Gothic, south of the church is the Stockholm Stock Exchange Building facing Stortorget and containing the Swedish Academy, Nobel Library, and Nobel Museum. Storkyrkan was first mentioned in a source dated 1279 and according to tradition was originally built by Birger Jarl. For nearly four hundred years it was the parish church in the city. It became a Lutheran Protestant church in 1527, the last Swedish king to be crowned here was Oscar II in 1873. The most famous of its treasures is the wooden statue of Saint George. A copy from the early 20th century is found on Österlånggatan just south of the church, the Saint George is a symbolic representation of Sten Sture, the dragon is the Danish King Christian I, and the Princess is Sweden. The church also contains a copy of the oldest known image of Stockholm, the painting Vädersolstavlan, the painting was commissioned by the scholar and reformer Olaus Petri, a 19th-century statue of whom is found on the eastern side of the church. It depicts a halo display, e. g. sun dogs, the monumental pulpit is the work of Burchard Precht in 1698-1702 and is in a French Baroque style. It became the model for a number of other large pulpits in Sweden, from the rear of its lofty sounding board issues widely billowing dragery, in front of which hover two large winged genii on either side of a radiant sun bearing the Hebrew letters יהוה. The relief on the front of the pulpit itself depicts the story of the Canaanite woman, the door of the pulpit is adorned with a relief of Christs head, while its pediment is crowned by a statue of Hope with putti on either side. Below the memorial are the arms of the Funck family who bore the greater cost of the pulpit, beneath the pulpit and surrounded by an iron railing lies the worn gravestone of Olaus Petri. The view down the aisle of the church is dominated on either side by the Royal Pews. They were designed by the celebrated architect Nicodemus Tessin the Younger, each consists of a large enclosed box with decorated sides and back. The royal seats are upholstered in blue velvet with rich applied embroidery. On either side of the Silver Altar is a holding a candle, one of St. Nicholas. The rose window above and behind the Silver Altar was made in Paris in the 1850s, list of churches in Stockholm Virtual tour of Storkyrkan by Virtualsweden
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Stockholm
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The city is spread across 14 islands on the coast in the southeast of Sweden at the mouth of Lake Mälaren, by the Stockholm archipelago and the Baltic Sea. The area has settled since the Stone Age, in the 6th millennium BC. It is also the capital of Stockholm County, Stockholm is the cultural, media, political, and economic centre of Sweden. The Stockholm region alone accounts for over a third of the countrys GDP and it is an important global city, and the main centre for corporate headquarters in the Nordic region. The city is home to some of Europes top ranking universities, such as the Stockholm School of Economics, Karolinska Institute and it hosts the annual Nobel Prize ceremonies and banquet at the Stockholm Concert Hall and Stockholm City Hall. One of the citys most prized museums, the Vasa Museum, is the most visited museum in Scandinavia. The Stockholm metro, opened in 1950, is known for its decoration of the stations. Swedens national football arena is located north of the city centre, Ericsson Globe, the national indoor arena, is in the southern part of the city. The city was the host of the 1912 Summer Olympics, and hosted the equestrian portion of the 1956 Summer Olympics otherwise held in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Stockholm is the seat of the Swedish government and most of its agencies, including the highest courts in the judiciary, and the official residencies of the Swedish monarch and the Prime Minister. The government has its seat in the Rosenbad building, the Riksdag is seated in the Parliament House, and the Prime Ministers residence is adjacent at the Sager House. After the Ice Age, around 8,000 BCE, there were already a number of people living in the present-day Stockholm area. Thousands of years later, as the ground thawed, the climate became tolerable, at the intersection of the Baltic Sea and lake Mälaren is an archipelago site where the Old Town of Stockholm was first built from about 1000 CE by Vikings. They had a positive impact on the area because of the trade routes they created. Stockholms location appears in Norse sagas as Agnafit, and in Heimskringla in connection with the legendary king Agne, the earliest written mention of the name Stockholm dates from 1252, by which time the mines in Bergslagen made it an important site in the iron trade. The first part of the name means log in Swedish, although it may also be connected to an old German word meaning fortification, the second part of the name means islet, and is thought to refer to the islet Helgeandsholmen in central Stockholm. Stockholms core, the present Old Town was built on the island next to Helgeandsholmen from the mid 13th century onward. The city originally rose to prominence as a result of the Baltic trade of the Hanseatic League, Stockholm developed strong economic and cultural linkages with Lübeck, Hamburg, Gdańsk, Visby, Reval, and Riga during this time
23.
ABBA
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ABBA were a Swedish pop group formed in Stockholm by Agnetha Fältskog, Björn Ulvaeus, Benny Andersson, and Anni-Frid Lyngstad. They became one of the most commercially successful acts in the history of popular music, topping the charts worldwide from 1974 to 1982. ABBA won the Eurovision Song Contest 1974 at The Dome in Brighton, UK, giving Sweden its first triumph in the contest, ABBAs record sales figure is uncertain and various estimates range from over 140 to over 500 million sold records. This makes them one of the music artists. They have a joint record eight consecutive number-one albums in the UK, the group also enjoyed significant success in Hispanic American markets, and recorded a collection of their hit songs in Spanish. During the bands active years, Fältskog & Ulvaeus and Lyngstad & Andersson were married and these relationship changes were reflected in the groups music, with later compositions featuring more introspective and dark lyrics in contrast to their usual pure-pop sound. After ABBA disbanded in December 1982, Andersson and Ulvaeus achieved success writing music for the stage, while Lyngstad and Fältskog pursued solo careers with mixed success. Several films, notably Muriels Wedding and The Adventures of Priscilla, Queen of the Desert, further revived public interest in the group, in 1999, ABBAs music was adapted into the successful musical Mamma Mia. that toured worldwide. A film of the name, released in 2008, became the highest-grossing film in the United Kingdom that year. ABBA were honoured at the 50th anniversary celebration of the Eurovision Song Contest in 2005, the group was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2010. In 2015, their song Dancing Queen was inducted into the Recording Academys Grammy Hall of Fame, in 2016, the members of ABBA announced an upcoming project in 2017. Benny Andersson became a member of a popular Swedish pop-rock group, the Hep Stars, the Hep Stars were known as the Swedish Beatles. They also set up Hep House, their equivalent of Apple Corps, Andersson also had a fruitful songwriting collaboration with Lasse Berghagen, with whom he wrote his first Svensktoppen entry, Sagan om lilla Sofie, in 1968. Björn Ulvaeus also began his career at 18, when he fronted The Hootenanny Singers. Ulvaeus started writing English-language songs for his group, and even had a solo career alongside. The Hootenanny Singers and The Hep Stars sometimes crossed paths while touring, in June 1966, Ulvaeus and Andersson decided to write a song together. Their first attempt was Isnt It Easy to Say, a song recorded by The Hep Stars. Stig Anderson was the manager of The Hootenanny Singers and founder of the Polar Music label and he saw potential in the collaboration, and encouraged them to write more
24.
Dancing Queen
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Dancing Queen is a Europop song by the Swedish group ABBA, and the lead single from their fourth studio album, Arrival. It was written by Benny Andersson, Björn Ulvaeus and Stig Anderson, Andersson and Ulvaeus also produced the song. Dancing Queen was released as a single in Sweden on 15 August 1976, followed by a UK release, Dancing Queen also reached the Top 5 in many other countries. Musically, Dancing Queen is a Europop version of American disco music, as disco music dominated the US charts, the group decided to follow the trend, replicating Phil Spectors Wall of Sound arrangements. The song alternates between languid yet seductive verses and a chorus that ascends to heart-tugging high notes. It features keyboard lines by Andersson, which accentuate the melodys sophistication and classical complexity, while Ulvaeus and Andersson interlace many instrumental hooks in, Anni-Frid Lyngstad and Agnetha Fältskogs layered vocals have been noted for their dynamism, the melodys many turns flawlessly. Lyrically, the song concerns a visit to the discotheque, but approaches the subject from the joy of dancing itself, the music video on YouTube has more than 160 million views as of March 10,2017. The recording sessions for Dancing Queen began on 4 August 1975, the main melodic riff echoes Sing My Way Home by Delaney & Bonnie. Fältskog and Lyngstad recorded the vocals during sessions in September 1975, during the sessions, Benny Andersson brought a tape home with the backing track on it and played it to Anni-Frid Lyngstad, who apparently started crying when listening. Lyngstad said, I found the song so beautiful and its one of those songs that goes straight to your heart. Agnetha Fältskog later said, Its often difficult to know what will be a hit and we all knew it was going to be massive. Benny Andersson agreed, calling it one of songs where you know during the sessions that its going to be a smash hit. It survives in footage from a recording session, Dancing Queen premièred on German and Japanese TV during the spring of 1976. The track was retitled La Reina Del Baile when included on the compilation album ABBA Oro, Frida contacted The Real Group and together they did an a cappella version of the song on stage at the Royal Opera House in Stockholm, in front of the king and queen. The Swedish prime minister at the time, Ingvar Carlsson, was also in the audience that night and said it was an ingenious idea to perform Dancing Queen a cappella. The performance was recorded by Swedens Television and is included in the biographical documentary Frida – The DVD, for the soundtrack of the 1994 Australian film Muriels Wedding, songwriters Ulvaeus and Andersson allowed the use of Dancing Queen and other ABBA hits. Dancing Queen was among the ABBA songs included in Mamma Mia. the jukebox musical first produced in 1999, the first International Standard Musical Work Code was assigned in 1995 to Dancing Queen, the code is T-000.000. 001-0. Dancing Queen also topped the charts in the United States, ABBAs only No.1 on the Billboard Hot 100, the song sold over three million copies
25.
Christopher O'Neill
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Christopher Paul ONeill is an American-British financier and the husband of Princess Madeleine, Duchess of Hälsingland and Gästrikland, a daughter of King Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden. ONeill has two half-sisters on his mothers side, Tatjana dAbo and Countess Natascha von Abensberg-Traun, and three on his fathers side, Stefanie, Annalisa and Karen and he grew up in London, St. Gallen, Austria and Germany, and holds dual American and British citizenship. ONeill was educated at Institut auf dem Rosenberg in St. Gallen, Switzerland and he also obtained an MBA from Columbia Business School in New York City. He was a Partner and Head of Research at Noster Capital and former employee of NM Rothschild and Sons, the first time Princess Madeleine and ONeill appeared publicly together was in January 2011. The Royal Court refers to him in Swedish as Herr Christopher ONeill, thus, remaining a private citizen, he can continue his career in finance. Their daughter, Leonore, was born in New York on 20 February 2014 and their second child, Nicolas, was born in Stockholm on 15 June 2015. In February 2015, the Swedish Royal Court announced that the family had moved to Stockholm from New York, in May 2015, the Swedish Royal Court announced that ONeill had moved to London, United Kingdom in April. In Autumn 2015, several months after the birth of Prince Nicolas, the family moved to London. His father-in-law, King Carl XVI Gustaf, conferred upon ONeill, commemorative Ruby Jubilee Medal of His Majesty The King. Recipient of the 70th Birthday Badge Medal of King Carl XVI Gustaf
26.
Central Organisation of the Workers of Sweden
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Central Organisation of the Workers of Sweden is a syndicalist trade union federation in Sweden. Unlike other Swedish unions, SAC organizes people from all occupations and industries in one single federation, including the unemployed, students, SAC also publishes the weekly newspaper Arbetaren, owns the publishing house Federativs and runs the unemployment fund Sveriges Arbetares Arbetslöshetskassa. As such, SAC is an anti-sexist and anti-militarist organization, which in 1998 also became the first Swedish openly feminist trade union, short-term goals are improved salaries and working environments. It frequently cooperates with other libertarian socialist organizations, such as the Swedish Anarcho-syndicalist Youth Federation, from 1956 and onwards the SAC stopped paying its membership fees to the IWA, effectively letting its affiliation lapse. The traditional strongholds of the SAC were primarily in the forestry, mining, decisions should, according to SAC, be made by those whom it concerns and not by representatives or leaders. That is why they apply federalism, direct democracy and direct action, decisions about negotiations, notices, offensive actions and agreements are ultimately made by the members of the operational sections. Decisions about using the funds are made by the Local Co-organization. Central notices about offensive action, strikes, and other things exist, central vetoes against conflict measures do not exist. Concentration of power is avoided by not letting SACs employees be eligible for election to positions of confidence or as congress representatives. Most workplaces are covered by collective agreements set up by Landsorganisationen, which apply not only to members of LO. SAC has a structure, the geographic and the industry-wise. It is influenced by the way CGT was structured at the time of SACs founding, the foundation of the geographical structure and the entire movement are the Local Co-organizations organized as locally as possible, preferably one per city and/or municipality. Individual members of SAC are affiliated directly with their nearest Local Co-organizations, as one of the basic tenets of syndicalism is direct and local democracy, the structure of different Local Co-organizations may vary a lot. It is not common to refer to the Local Co-organization by saying Lokala Samorganisation, several Local Co-organizations in a geographical area may establish a district, where they can cooperate with, for example, agitation and education. Districts may also function as constituencies for some functionary positions, the Local Co-organizations that make up the district decide what the district should be doing. Local Co-organizations are members of the federation SAC, the name of the authority, whose task is principally coordinating. It is from central authority the movement has adopted its name. The highest governing body of SAC is the Congress, which is held at least every fourth year, representatives are sent to the congress from the Local Co-organizations, whose number of members determines how many representatives they may send
27.
NSDAP/AO
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The NSDAP/AO was the Foreign Organization branch of the National Socialist German Workers Party. AO is the abbreviation of the German compound word Auslands-Organisation, although it would be correctly written in one word, the Nazis chose an obsolete spelling with a hyphen. The party members who lived outside the German Reich were pooled in this special NSDAP department, on May 1,1931 the new organizational unit was founded on the initiative of Reich Organization Leader Gregor Strasser and its management was assigned to Dr. Hans Nieland. Only actual citizens of the German Reich – – with a German passport could become members of the AO, persons of German descent, so called ethnic Germans, who possessed the nationality of the country in which they lived, were refused entry to the Nazi Party. In 1928, in Paraguay and in Brazil, party members joined forces for the first time. Similar associations came into being in Switzerland and in the United States in 1930 and these groups had been officially accepted by the NSDAP only after the founding of the Auslands-Organisation. On August 7,1931 Local Group Buenos Aires was accepted, shortly thereafter followed National Committee Paraguay and Local Group Rio de Janeiro. NSDAP Local Groups included at least 25 party comrades, while the so-called Stützpunkte had five members or more, furthermore, large Local Groups could be partitioned into Blocs. Ideological training and congruity of all party comrades with the interests of the German nation were the principal tasks of the NSDAP/AO. The AO was not a Fifth Column organization and had ten basic principles to be followed that included, let the citizens take care of the internal policy of the country where you are a guest, do not mix in these matters, even by way of conversation. Identify yourself to all, on all occasions, as an NSDAP party member, always speak and act on behalf of the NSDAP movement, thus doing honor to the new Germany. Be honest, honorable, fearless and loyal, look out for all your fellow Germans, men of your blood, style and being. Give them a hand, irrespective of their class and we are all creators of our people. NSDAP had organized groups in five Dominican cities, Santo Domingo, Puerto Plata, Montecristi, Cibao Valley, during the first years of World War II it was led by W. Stengel, but the leadership was later taken over by the German diplomat Heinz Gossmann. There were several Ortsgruppen in different parts of Sweden, such as Gothenburg, Borås, NSDAP/AO National Socialist German Workers Party German-American Bund Administrative division of Nazi Germany Balke, Ralf, Hakenkreuz im Heiligen Land, die NSDAP-Landesgruppe Palästina. - ISBN 3-89702-304-0 Ehrich, Emil, Die Auslands-Organisation der NSDAP, - Berlin, Junker u. Dünnhaupt,1937. -32 p. - Farías, Víctor, Los nazis en Chile, - ISBN 84-322-0849-3 Gaudig, Olaf, Der Widerschein des Nazismus, das Bild des Nationalsozialismus in der deutschsprachigen Presse Argentiniens, Brasiliens und Chiles 1932 -1945. -538 p. - ISBN 3-932089-01-4, - EUR57,00 Jong, Louis de, The German fifth column in the Second World War / translated from the Dutch by C. M
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Brazil
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Brazil, officially the Federative Republic of Brazil, is the largest country in both South America and Latin America. As the worlds fifth-largest country by area and population, it is the largest country to have Portuguese as an official language. Its Amazon River basin includes a vast tropical forest, home to wildlife, a variety of ecological systems. This unique environmental heritage makes Brazil one of 17 megadiverse countries, Brazil was inhabited by numerous tribal nations prior to the landing in 1500 of explorer Pedro Álvares Cabral, who claimed the area for the Portuguese Empire. Brazil remained a Portuguese colony until 1808, when the capital of the empire was transferred from Lisbon to Rio de Janeiro, in 1815, the colony was elevated to the rank of kingdom upon the formation of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves. Independence was achieved in 1822 with the creation of the Empire of Brazil, a state governed under a constitutional monarchy. The ratification of the first constitution in 1824 led to the formation of a bicameral legislature, the country became a presidential republic in 1889 following a military coup détat. An authoritarian military junta came to power in 1964 and ruled until 1985, Brazils current constitution, formulated in 1988, defines it as a democratic federal republic. The federation is composed of the union of the Federal District, the 26 states, Brazils economy is the worlds ninth-largest by nominal GDP and seventh-largest by GDP as of 2015. A member of the BRICS group, Brazil until 2010 had one of the worlds fastest growing economies, with its economic reforms giving the country new international recognition. Brazils national development bank plays an important role for the economic growth. Brazil is a member of the United Nations, the G20, BRICS, Unasul, Mercosul, Organization of American States, Organization of Ibero-American States, CPLP. Brazil is a power in Latin America and a middle power in international affairs. One of the worlds major breadbaskets, Brazil has been the largest producer of coffee for the last 150 years and it is likely that the word Brazil comes from the Portuguese word for brazilwood, a tree that once grew plentifully along the Brazilian coast. In Portuguese, brazilwood is called pau-brasil, with the word brasil commonly given the etymology red like an ember, formed from Latin brasa and the suffix -il. As brazilwood produces a red dye, it was highly valued by the European cloth industry and was the earliest commercially exploited product from Brazil. The popular appellation eclipsed and eventually supplanted the official Portuguese name, early sailors sometimes also called it the Land of Parrots. In the Guarani language, a language of Paraguay, Brazil is called Pindorama
29.
Jan Scherman
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Jan Scherman is a Swedish journalist and CEO for the Sweden-based TV company TV4 AB. He is active in debate and was a major critic of the Göran Persson cabinet. He is also cousin of the recording artist Cat Stevens. According to Scherman, Olof Palme and Carl Bildt had also had their own favorites among reporters, Scherman called it a Swedish version of the Italian Berlusconi model. The issue was reported to the Riksdag Committee on the Constitution which questioned Scherman on the issue before the Committee on 15 April 2004 and Persson on 20 April. In the interrogation with the Committee on the Constitution, Persson agreed that he had found the debate badly organised and he also denied having shown any partiality against TV4. As there were no witnesses to the conversation, the Committee concluded that it would not be possible to state with certainty what had been said, MTG applied to be given the concession previously possessed by TV4. Albrecht, Hans-Holger, Jan Scherman är Sveriges Berlusconi, Dagens Nyheter,29 January 2004 Madestrand, Bo, Persson hotade TV4 hävdar Scherman, Scherman, Jan, Jan Scherman om Göran Perssons hotelser, Expressen, January 7,2004. Tidningarnas Telegrambyrå, Scherman sluter fred med MTG, published on website Realtid. se, MTG bör sälja sina aktier i TV4, Privata Affärer online
30.
TV4 (Sweden)
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TV4 is a Swedish television network. It started broadcasting by satellite in 1990 and, since 1992, in 1994, TV4 became the largest channel and remained so for a number of years. The two channels of Sveriges Television lost more and more viewers for a couple of years, after making schedule changes in 2001, SVT1 had practically the same numbers of viewers as TV4. Since 2004 the TV4 Group has been an active member of the European Broadcasting Union. TV4 was launched on 15 September 1990, the channel invested in an extensive news organisation and Swedish drama series. The premiere suffered from technical faults and the series werent popular with critics. In 1991, two of the channels oldest entertainment programmes premiered, the Swedish version of Jeopardy. and the Saturday night bingo show Bingolotto, Bingolotto in particular became highly popular. This year also saw TV4 awarded a license to broadcast terrestrially, terrestrial broadcasts started on 2 March 1992. During this year, Nyhetsmorgon started and marked the introduction of weekday breakfast television in Sweden and they have also broadcast several home-grown sitcoms such as Rena Rama Rolf and En fyra för tre as well as the soap opera Tre kronor. In the early 1990s, the TV4 Group decided to move their 7pm evening news to 7, 30pm in order to compete with the most popular programme, Rapport. This failed and the news was moved to 6, 30pm. In 2004, the news was moved to 7pm. In 2004, TV4 began transitioning to become a digital-only service, on 19 September 2005, TV4 began shutting down analogue terrestrial transmissions, starting at the island of Gotland. The analogue shutoff was completed by October 2007, before TV4 Group closing, started with ads, philosophy words, national anthem Du gamla, Du fria and terrestrial programmes. Since 2004, TV4 has been broadcasting a Swedish version of the internationally popular Pop Idol format, TV4 offers a mix of news, sports, drama series, soaps, entertainment, current affairs programmes, sitcoms, feature films, documentaries and phone-in shows. News is an important part of TV4 and it broadcasts the news program Nyheterna, at 7pm & 10pm and Nyhetsmorgon in the mornings. On weekend mornings there is childrens programming in Swedish before Nyhetsmorgon starts, after 11pm until Nyhetsmorgon, it shows reruns and some Swedish and English television series. After the Nyhetsmorgon ends on weekdays the Efter tio starts followed by English spoken TV series up until the news at 7pm, in the daytime on weekends there are often reruns and sports programs
31.
Public broadcasting
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Public broadcasting includes radio, television and other electronic media outlets whose primary mission is public service. In much of the world, funding comes from the government, the great majority are operated as private not-for-profit corporations. Public broadcasting may be nationally or locally operated, depending on the country, in some countries, public broadcasting is run by a single organization. Other countries have multiple public broadcasting organizations operating regionally or in different languages, historically, public broadcasting was once the dominant or only form of broadcasting in many countries. Commercial broadcasting now also exists in most of countries, the number of countries with only public broadcasting declined substantially during the latter part of the 20th century. The primary mission of public broadcasting that of service, speaking to. The British model has been accepted as a universal definition. In the context of a national identity, the role of public broadcasting may be unclear. Likewise, the nature of good programming may raise the question of individual or public taste. Within public broadcasting there are two different views regarding commercial activity, one is that public broadcasting is incompatible with commercial objectives. The other is that public broadcasting can and should compete in the marketplace with commercial broadcasters and this dichotomy is highlighted by the public service aspects of traditional commercial broadcasters. Public broadcasters in each jurisdiction may or may not be synonymous with government controlled broadcasters, in some countries like the UK public broadcasters are not sanctioned by government departments and have independent means of funding, and thus enjoy editorial independence. Public broadcasters may receive their funding from a television licence fee, individual contributions. One of the principles of broadcasting is to provide coverage of interests for which there are missing or small markets. Public broadcasting attempts to supply topics of social benefit that are not provided by commercial broadcasters. Typically, such underprovision is argued to exist when the benefits to viewers are relatively high in comparison to the benefits to advertisers from contacting viewers and this frequently is the case in undeveloped countries that normally have low benefits to advertising. Additionally, public broadcasting may facilitate the implementation of a cultural policy, examples include, The Canadian government is committed to official bilingualism. As a result, the broadcaster, the CBC employs translators
32.
Sveriges Television
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Aftonbladet is a Swedish tabloid published in Stockholm, Sweden. It is one of the daily newspapers in the Nordic countries. The newspaper was founded by Lars Johan Hierta in December 1830 under the name of Aftonbladet i Stockholm during the modernization of Sweden, in 1852 the paper began to use its current name, Aftonbladet, after 25 name changes. It describes itself as an independent social-democratic newspaper, but it also publishes extreme left wing columnists in its culture section. The owners of Aftonbladet are the Swedish Trade Union Confederation which bought it in the 1950s, LO sold a large of its shares in the paper to the Schibsted group. As per 15 June 2009 Schibsted bought another 41% and became the majority owner with 91%, however, LO has the right to appoint the political editor of the paper. Aftonbladet, based in Stockholm, is published in tabloid format, the paper reported news and also criticised the new Swedish king Charles XIV John. The king stopped Aftonbladet from being printed and banned it, during its existence, Aftonbladet has leant in different political directions. Initially liberal, it drifted towards conservatism under Harald Sohlman, editor in chief from 1890 to 1921, during World War I, a majority holding was sold to the German government in a secret arrangement. In 1929 the newspaper came under the control of the Kreuger family, in 1932 it backed Per Albin Hanssons new Social Democratic government. Just a few years later it realigned with the Liberal Party, heavily influenced by pro-German staff members, the newspaper supported Germany during World War II. The Kreuger era came to an end on 8 October 1956, despite interest from both the Liberal Party and the Centre Party, Torsten Kreuger sold Aftonbladet as well as Stockholms-Tidningen to the Swedish Trade Union Confederation. The ownership change was first followed by a drop in circulation. In the 1960s, however, the newspaper saw its circulation surge rapidly, by the early 1990s Aftonbladet had run into economic problems, and many had begun to question the competence of the trade union movement as a media owner. On 2 May 1996, the Norwegian media group Schibsted acquired a 49.9 percent stake in the newspaper, the Swedish Trade Union Confederation kept the remaining 50.1 percent of its shares. The same year its circulation passed that of long-time tabloid rival Expressen, in 2005 Aftonbladet started a Web portal for business news as a joint venture with Svenska Dagbladet. In 1998 the circulation of Aftonbladet was 397,000 copies on weekdays and 502,000 copies on Sundays, the circulation of the paper was 402,000 copies in 2001. As of 2004 the paper was the most selling daily both in Sweden and in other Nordic countries, having a circulation of 422,000 copies and it was 429,000 copies on weekdays in 2005
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Sweden: Member Grand Cross of the Royal Order of the Seraphim (LoK av KMO)[17][18][19][20]
Argentina: Grand Cross of the Order of the Liberator General San Martín[27]
Austria: Grand Star of the Decoration of Honour for Services to the Republic of Austria[28][29][30]
Belgium: Grand Cordon of the Order of Leopold I[31][32]
Brazil: Grand Cross of the Order of the Southern Cross[33]
Brunei: Member 1st Class of the Royal Family Order of Brunei, Special Class[34]
Bulgaria: Grand Cross of the Order of the Balkan Mountains[35]
Chile: Grand Cross of the Order of Bernardo O'Higgins[36]
Denmark: Knight of the Order of the Elephant[37][38][39]
Estonia: Member 1st Class of the Order of the Cross of Terra Mariana[42]
Finland: Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of the White Rose[46]
France: Grand Cross of the Order of the Legion of Honour[47]
Germany: Grand Cross Special Issue of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany[49][50][51]
Greece: Grand Cross of the Order of Honour[52]
Holy See: Recipient of the Benemerenti Medal[53][54]
Iceland: Grand Cross of the Order of the Falcon[55][56][57][58]
Italy: Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic[59]
Japan: Grand Cordon (Paulownia) of the Order of the Precious Crown[60][61]
Jordan: Grand Cordon of the Supreme Order of the Renaissance[62]
Latvia: Commander Grand Cross of the Order of the Three Stars[63]
Lithuania: Grand Cross of the Order of Vytautas the Great[64]
Luxembourg: Knight of the Order of the Gold Lion of the House of Nassau[66][67][68]
Malaysia: Member of the Order of the Crown of the Realm[69][70][71]
Mexico: Grand Cross of the Order of the Aztec Eagle[72]
Netherlands: Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Netherlands Lion[73]
Norway: Grand Cross of the Order of St. Olav[74][75][76]
Poland: Knight of the Order of the White Eagle
Portugal: Grand Cross of the Order of Christ[78][79]
Romania: Grand Cross of the Order of the Star of Romania[82][83]
Slovenia: Member of the Order for Exceptional Merits
South Korea: Recipient of the Grand Order of Mugunghwa
Spain: Dame Grand Cross of the Order of Isabella the Catholic[84][85]
Tunisia: Grand Cross of the Order of Merit[86][87]
Thailand: Dame Grand Cordon of the Order of Chula Chom Klao[88][89]
Ukraine: Member 1st Class of the Order of Prince Yaroslav the Wise[90]
United Arab Emirates: Recipient of the Shaikha Fatima Bint Mubarak Motherhood and Childhood Award (November 2016)
