1.
Public university
–
A public university is a university that is predominantly funded by public means through a national or subnational government, as opposed to private universities. Whether a national university is considered public varies from one country to another, in Egypt, Al-Azhar University opened in 975 AD as the second oldest university in the world. In Nigeria Public Universities can be established by both the Federal Government and by State Governments, students are enrolled after completing the 8-4-4 system of education and attaining a mark of C+ or above. They are also eligible for a low interest loan from the Higher Education Loan Board and they are expected to pay back the loan after completing higher education. South Africa has 23 public tertiary institutions, either categorised as a traditional university or a comprehensive university. Almost entire national universities in Brunei are public universities and these are major universities in Brunei, University of Brunei Darussalam Brunei Technological University Sultan Sharif Ali Islamic University There are 40 public universities in Bangladesh. The University Grant Commission is the body for all the public universities in Bangladesh. The universities do not deal directly with the government, but with the University Grants Commission, recently many private universities are established under the Private University Act of 1992. In mainland China, nearly all universities and research institutions are public and currently, the public universities are usually run by the provincial governments, there are also circumstances where the municipal governments administer the universities. Some public universities are national, which are administered by the central government. Private undergraduate colleges do exist, which are vocational colleges sponsored by private enterprises. The majority of universities are not entitled to award bachelors degrees. Public universities usually enjoy higher reputation domestically, eight institutions are funded by the University Grants Committee. The Academy for Performing Arts also receives funding from the government, the Open University of Hong Kong is also a public university, but it is largely self-financed. The Shue Yan University is the private institution with the status of a university. There are public and private institutes in Indonesia. The government provide public universities, institutes, high schools and academies in each province, the private educational institution usually provided by religious organizations, public organizations, and some big companies. In India, most universities and nearly all research institutions are public, There are some private undergraduate colleges, mostly engineering schools, but a majority of these are affiliated to public universities
Public university
–
Cairo University, the prime indigenous model for Egyptian state universities
Public university
–
Old Merensky Library at
University of Pretoria, South Africa
Public university
–
Sebelas Maret University, one of Indonesia's prominent public universities.
Public university
–
Chulalongkorn University main auditorium in Thailand
2.
Research university
–
Such universities can be recognized by their strong focus on innovative research and the prestige of their brand names. From the late 20th century to the present, U. S. research universities have dominated most international college and university rankings
Research university
–
Degree ceremony at the
University of Oxford. The Pro-Vice-Chancellor in
MA gown and hood,
Proctor in official dress and new
Doctors of Philosophy in scarlet full dress. Behind them, a
bedel, a Doctor and Bachelors of Arts and Medicine graduate.
Research university
–
The
University of Bologna is the oldest University in history, founded in 1088.
Research university
–
Meeting of doctors at the
University of Paris. From a medieval manuscript.
Research university
–
Sapienza University of Rome is the largest university in Europe and one of the most prestigious European universities.
3.
Financial endowment
–
A financial endowment is a donation of money or property to a nonprofit organization for the ongoing support of that organization. An endowment may come with stipulations regarding its usage, the total value of an institutions investments is often referred to as the institutions endowment and is typically organized as a public charity, private foundation, or trust. Among the institutions that commonly manage endowments are academic institutions, cultural institutions, service organizations, the earliest endowed chairs were those established by the Roman emperor and Stoic philosopher Marcus Aurelius in Athens in AD176. Aurelius created one endowed chair for each of the schools of philosophy, Platonism, Aristotelianism, Stoicism. Later, similar endowments were set up in other major cities of the Empire. Today, the University of Glasgow has fifteen Regius Professorships, private individuals soon adopted the practice of endowing professorships. Isaac Newton held the Lucasian Chair of Mathematics at Cambridge beginning in 1669, unrestricted endowment can be used in any way the recipient chooses to carry out its mission. Term endowment funds stipulate that all or part of the principal may be expended only after the expiration of a period of time or occurrence of a specified event. Quasi endowment funds must retain the purpose and intent as specified by the donor or source of the original funds, Endowment revenue can be restricted by donors to serve many purposes. Endowed professorships or scholarships restricted to a subject are common. Ignoring the restriction is called invading the endowment, but change of circumstance or financial duress like bankruptcy can preclude carrying out the donors intent. A court can alter the use of restricted endowment under a doctrine called cy-près meaning to find an alternative as near as possible to the donors intent, the restricted/unrestricted distinction focuses on the use of the funds, see quasi-endowment below for a distinction about whether principal can be spent. Academic institutions, such as colleges and universities, will control a endowment fund that finances a portion of the operating or capital requirements of the institution. In addition to an endowment fund, each university may also control a number of restricted endowments that are intended to fund specific areas within the institution. The most common examples are endowed professorships, and endowed scholarships or fellowships, in the United States, the endowment is often integral to the financial health of educational institutions. Alumni or friends of institutions sometimes contribute capital to the endowment, the endowment funding culture is strong in the United States and Canada but less pronounced overseas, with the exceptions of Cambridge and Oxford universities. Endowment funds have also created to support secondary and elementary school districts in several states in the United States. An endowed professorship is a position permanently paid for with the revenue from an endowment fund set up for that purpose
Financial endowment
–
Basic investment types
4.
Australian dollar
–
Within Australia, it is almost always abbreviated with the dollar sign, with A$ or AU$ sometimes used to distinguish it from other dollar-denominated currencies. It is subdivided into 100 cents, in 2011, the Australian dollar was the fifth most traded currency in the world, accounting for 7. 6% of the worlds daily share. It trades in the foreign exchange markets behind the US dollar, the euro, the yen. The currency is referred to by foreign-exchange traders as the Aussie dollar. With pounds, shillings and pence to be replaced by decimal currency on 14 February 1966, in 1963, the Prime Minister, Sir Robert Menzies, a monarchist, wished to name the currency the royal. Other proposed names included more exotic suggestions such as the austral, the oz, the boomer, the roo, the kanga, the emu, the digger, the quid, the dinkum and the ming. Menzies influence resulted in the selection of the royal, and trial designs were prepared and printed by the Reserve Bank of Australia, the Treasurer, Harold Holt, announced the decision in Parliament on 5 June 1963. The royal would be subdivided into 100 cents, but the existing names shilling, florin, the name royal for the currency proved very unpopular, with Holt and his wife even receiving death threats. On 24 July Holt told the Cabinet the decision had been a terrible mistake, on 18 September Holt advised Parliament that the name was to be the dollar, of 100 cents. The Australian pound, introduced in 1910 and officially distinct in value from the pound sterling since devaluation in 1931, was replaced by the dollar on 14 February 1966. The rate of conversion for the new currency was two dollars per Australian pound, or ten Australian shillings per dollar. The exchange rate was pegged to the pound sterling at a rate of $1 =8 shillings, in 1967, Australia effectively left the sterling area, when the pound sterling was devalued against the US dollar and the Australian dollar did not follow. It maintained its peg to the US dollar at the rate of A$1 = US$1.12, on 27 September 2012, the Reserve Bank of Australia stated that they had ordered work on a project to upgrade the current banknotes. The upgraded banknotes will incorporate a number of new features so that they remain secure into the future, the first new banknotes were issued from the 1st of September 2016, with the remaining denominations to be issued in the coming years. In 1966, coins were introduced in denominations of 1,2,5,10,20 and 50 cents. The initial 50-cent coins contained high silver content and were withdrawn after a year after the value of the silver content was found to exceed the face value of the coins. One-dollar coins were introduced in 1984, followed by two-dollar coins in 1988, the one- and two-cent coins were discontinued in 1991 and withdrawn from circulation. In commemoration of the 40th anniversary of decimal currency, the 2006 mint proof and uncirculated sets included one-, in early 2013, Australias first triangular coin was introduced, to mark the 25th anniversary of the opening of Parliament House
Australian dollar
–
$100
Australian dollar
5.
Companion of the Order of Australia
–
Before the establishment of the order, Australian citizens received British honours. The Queen of Australia is Sovereign Head of the Order, while the Governor-General is Principal Companion/Dame/Knight, the Governor-Generals Official Secretary is Secretary of the Order. The order is divided into a general and a military division, honorary awards at all levels may be made to deserving non-citizens – these awards are made additional to the quotas. The badge of the Order of Australia is a convex disc representing the Golden Wattle flower, at the centre is a ring, representing the sea, with the word Australia below two branches of golden wattle. The whole disc is topped by the Crown of St Edward, the AC badge is decorated with citrines, blue enamelled ring and enamelled crown. The AO badge is similar, without the citrines, for the AM badge only the crown is enamelled, and the OAM badge is plain. The AK/AD badge is similar to that of the AC badge, the star for knights and dames is a convex golden disc decorated with citrines, with a blue royally crowned inner disc bearing an image of the coat of arms of Australia. The ribbon of the order is blue with a stripe of golden wattle flower designs. AKs, male ACs and AOs wear their badges on a necklet, women usually wear their badges on a bow on the left shoulder, although they may wear the same insignia as males, if so desired. The orders insignia were designed by Stuart Devlin, the Order currently consists of four levels and the medal, in both general and military divisions. Since 2015, the level has been discontinued. Awards of Knight and Dame of the Order have been made in the division only. Military Division – Not awarded in the military division. There was a quota of four per year, excluding honorary appointments, the Knight- and Damehoods were conferred between 1976 and 1983, and again from 2014 till 2015. Although this level is not awarded anymore, several knight and dames of the Order are still alive, Companion General Division – Eminent achievement and merit of the highest degree in service to Australia or to humanity at large. Military Division – Eminent service in duties of great responsibility. Excluding honorary appointments, until 2003, no more than 25 Companions were appointed in any calendar year, in 2003 this was increased to 30. This was increased in 2016 to 35, Officer General Division – Distinguished service of a high degree to Australia or to humanity at large. Military Division – Distinguished service in responsible positions. Prior to 2003, the quota was 100 Officers appointed in any calendar year, in 2003 this was increased to 125. This was increased in 2016 to 140, Member General Division – Service in a particular locality or field of activity or to a particular group. Military Division – Exceptional service or performance of duty
Companion of the Order of Australia
–
Order of Australia
6.
Officer of the Order of Australia
–
Before the establishment of the order, Australian citizens received British honours. The Queen of Australia is Sovereign Head of the Order, while the Governor-General is Principal Companion/Dame/Knight, the Governor-Generals Official Secretary is Secretary of the Order. The order is divided into a general and a military division, honorary awards at all levels may be made to deserving non-citizens – these awards are made additional to the quotas. The badge of the Order of Australia is a convex disc representing the Golden Wattle flower, at the centre is a ring, representing the sea, with the word Australia below two branches of golden wattle. The whole disc is topped by the Crown of St Edward, the AC badge is decorated with citrines, blue enamelled ring and enamelled crown. The AO badge is similar, without the citrines, for the AM badge only the crown is enamelled, and the OAM badge is plain. The AK/AD badge is similar to that of the AC badge, the star for knights and dames is a convex golden disc decorated with citrines, with a blue royally crowned inner disc bearing an image of the coat of arms of Australia. The ribbon of the order is blue with a stripe of golden wattle flower designs. AKs, male ACs and AOs wear their badges on a necklet, women usually wear their badges on a bow on the left shoulder, although they may wear the same insignia as males, if so desired. The orders insignia were designed by Stuart Devlin, the Order currently consists of four levels and the medal, in both general and military divisions. Since 2015, the level has been discontinued. Awards of Knight and Dame of the Order have been made in the division only. Military Division – Not awarded in the military division. There was a quota of four per year, excluding honorary appointments, the Knight- and Damehoods were conferred between 1976 and 1983, and again from 2014 till 2015. Although this level is not awarded anymore, several knight and dames of the Order are still alive, Companion General Division – Eminent achievement and merit of the highest degree in service to Australia or to humanity at large. Military Division – Eminent service in duties of great responsibility. Excluding honorary appointments, until 2003, no more than 25 Companions were appointed in any calendar year, in 2003 this was increased to 30. This was increased in 2016 to 35, Officer General Division – Distinguished service of a high degree to Australia or to humanity at large. Military Division – Distinguished service in responsible positions. Prior to 2003, the quota was 100 Officers appointed in any calendar year, in 2003 this was increased to 125. This was increased in 2016 to 140, Member General Division – Service in a particular locality or field of activity or to a particular group. Military Division – Exceptional service or performance of duty
Officer of the Order of Australia
–
Order of Australia
7.
Postgraduate education
–
In North America, this level is generally referred to as graduate school. The organization and structure of education varies in different countries. This article outlines the types of courses and of teaching and examination methods. There are two types of degrees studied for at the postgraduate level, academic and vocational degrees. The term degree in this means the moving from one stage or level to another. University studies took six years for a degree and up to twelve additional years for a masters degree or doctorate. The first six years taught the faculty of the arts, which was the study of the seven liberal arts, arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, music theory, grammar, logic, the main emphasis was on logic. Once a Bachelor of Arts degree had been obtained, the student could choose one of three faculties—law, medicine, or theology—in which to pursue masters or doctors degrees. Because theology was thought to be the highest of the subjects, the main significance of the higher, postgraduate degrees was that they licensed the holder to teach. In most countries, the hierarchy of postgraduate degrees is as follows, in Scottish Universities, the Master of Philosophy degree tends to be by research or higher masters degree and the Master of Letters degree tends to be the taught or lower masters degree. In many fields such as social work, or library science in North America. Professional degrees such as the Master of Architecture degree can last to three and a years to satisfy professional requirement to be an architect. Professional degrees such as the Master of Business Administration degree can last up to two years to satisfy the requirement to become a business leader. These are often divided into academic and professional doctorates. An academic doctorate can be awarded as a Doctor of Philosophy degree or as a Doctor of Science degree, a doctorate is the terminal degree in most fields. In the United States, there is distinction between a Doctor of Philosophy degree and a Doctor of Science degree. In the second half of the 19th century, however, US universities began to follow the European model by awarding doctorates, in the UK, an equivalent formation to doctorate is the NVQ5 or QCF8. Most universities award degrees, usually at the postgraduate level
Postgraduate education
–
The enrollment of some students in the
University of Bologna.
8.
Brisbane, Queensland
–
Brisbane is the capital of and most populous city in the Australian state of Queensland, and the third most populous city in Australia. Brisbanes metropolitan area has a population of 2.35 million, the Brisbane central business district stands on the original European settlement and is situated inside a bend of the Brisbane River, about 15 kilometres from its mouth at Moreton Bay. The demonym of Brisbane is Brisbanite, one of the oldest cities in Australia, Brisbane was founded upon the ancient homelands of the indigenous Turrbal and Jagera peoples. A penal settlement was founded in 1824 at Redcliffe,28 kilometres north of the business district. The city was marred by the Australian frontier wars between 1843 and 1855, and development was set back by the Great Fire of Brisbane. Brisbane was chosen as the capital when Queensland was proclaimed a colony from New South Wales in 1859. During World War II, Brisbane played a role in the Allied campaign. Today, Brisbane is well known for its distinct Queenslander architecture which forms much of the built heritage. It also receives attention for its damaging flood events, most notably in 1974 and 2011. Several large cultural, international and sporting events have held at Brisbane, including the 1982 Commonwealth Games, World Expo 88, the final Goodwill Games in 2001. Prior to white settlement, the Brisbane area was inhabited by the Turrbal and they knew the area that is now the central business district as Mian-jin, meaning place shaped as a spike. The Moreton Bay area was explored by Matthew Flinders. On 17 July 1799, Flinders landed at what is now known as Woody Point, in 1823 Governor of New South Wales Sir Thomas Brisbane instructed that a new northern penal settlement be developed, and an exploration party led by John Oxley further explored Moreton Bay. Oxley discovered, named, and explored the Brisbane River as far as Goodna,20 kilometres upstream from the Brisbane central business district, Oxley recommended Red Cliff Point for the new colony, reporting that ships could land at any tide and easily get close to the shore. The party settled in Redcliffe on 13 September 1824, under the command of Lieutenant Henry Miller with 14 soldiers and 29 convicts. However, this settlement was abandoned after a year and the colony was moved to a site on the Brisbane River now known as North Quay,28 km south, chief Justice Forbes gave the new settlement the name of Edenglassie before it was named Brisbane. Non-convict European settlement of the Brisbane region commenced in 1838, German missionaries settled at Zions Hill, Nundah as early as 1837, five years before Brisbane was officially declared a free settlement. The band consisted of ministers Christopher Eipper and Carl Wilhelm Schmidt and lay missionaries Haussmann, Johann Gottried Wagner, Niquet, Hartenstein, Zillman, Franz, Rode, Doege and they were allocated 260 hectares and set about establishing the mission, which became known as the German Station
Brisbane, Queensland
Brisbane, Queensland
Brisbane, Queensland
Brisbane, Queensland
9.
Queensland
–
Queensland is the second-largest and third-most-populous state in the Commonwealth of Australia. Situated in the north-east of the country, it is bordered by the Northern Territory, South Australia and New South Wales to the west, south-west, to the east, Queensland is bordered by the Coral Sea and Pacific Ocean. Queensland has a population of 4,750,500, concentrated along the coast, the state is the worlds sixth largest sub-national entity, with an area of 1,852,642 km2. The capital and largest city in the state is Brisbane, Australias third largest city, often referred to as the Sunshine State, Queensland is home to 10 of Australias 30 largest cities and is the nations third largest economy. Tourism in the state, fuelled largely by its tropical climate, is a major industry. Queensland was first inhabited by Aboriginal Australians and Torres Strait Islanders, the first European to land in Queensland was Dutch navigator Willem Janszoon in 1606, who explored the west coast of the Cape York Peninsula near present-day Weipa. In 1770, Lieutenant James Cook claimed the east coast of Australia for the Kingdom of Great Britain. The colony of New South Wales was founded in 1788 by Governor Arthur Phillip at Sydney, New South Wales at that time included all of what is now Queensland, Queensland was explored in subsequent decades until the establishment of a penal colony at Brisbane in 1824 by John Oxley. Penal transportation ceased in 1839 and free settlement was allowed from 1842, the state was named in honour of Queen Victoria, who on 6 June 1859 signed Letters Patent separating the colony from New South Wales. The 6th of June is now celebrated statewide as Queensland Day. Queensland achieved statehood with the Federation of Australia on 1 January 1901, the history of Queensland spans thousands of years, encompassing both a lengthy indigenous presence, as well as the eventful times of post-European settlement. The north-eastern Australian region was explored by Dutch, Spanish and French navigators before being encountered by Lieutenant James Cook in 1770, the Australian Labor Party has its origin as a formal organisation in Queensland and the town of Barcaldine is the symbolic birthplace of the party. June 2009 marked the 150th anniversary of its creation as a colony from New South Wales. The Aboriginal occupation of Queensland is thought to predate 50,000 BC, likely via boat or land bridge across Torres Strait, during the last ice age Queenslands landscape became more arid and largely desolate, making food and other supplies scarce. This led to the worlds first seed-grinding technology, warming again made the land hospitable, which brought high rainfall along the eastern coast, stimulating the growth of the states tropical rainforests. In February 1606, Dutch navigator Willem Janszoon landed near the site of what is now Weipa and this was the first recorded landing of a European in Australia, and it also marked the first reported contact between European and Aboriginal Australian people. The region was explored by French and Spanish explorers prior to the arrival of Lieutenant James Cook in 1770. Cook claimed the east coast under instruction from King George III of the United Kingdom on 22 August 1770 at Possession Island, naming Eastern Australia, including Queensland, the Aboriginal population declined significantly after a smallpox epidemic during the late 18th century
Queensland
–
Flag (1876-1901)
Queensland
–
Flag
Queensland
–
Great Barrier Reef, which extends along most of Queensland's coastline
Queensland
–
A coral garden in
Osprey Reef
10.
Australia
–
Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania and numerous smaller islands. It is the worlds sixth-largest country by total area, the neighbouring countries are Papua New Guinea, Indonesia and East Timor to the north, the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu to the north-east, and New Zealand to the south-east. Australias capital is Canberra, and its largest urban area is Sydney, for about 50,000 years before the first British settlement in the late 18th century, Australia was inhabited by indigenous Australians, who spoke languages classifiable into roughly 250 groups. The population grew steadily in subsequent decades, and by the 1850s most of the continent had been explored, on 1 January 1901, the six colonies federated, forming the Commonwealth of Australia. Australia has since maintained a liberal democratic political system that functions as a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy comprising six states. The population of 24 million is highly urbanised and heavily concentrated on the eastern seaboard, Australia has the worlds 13th-largest economy and ninth-highest per capita income. With the second-highest human development index globally, the country highly in quality of life, health, education, economic freedom. The name Australia is derived from the Latin Terra Australis a name used for putative lands in the southern hemisphere since ancient times, the Dutch adjectival form Australische was used in a Dutch book in Batavia in 1638, to refer to the newly discovered lands to the south. On 12 December 1817, Macquarie recommended to the Colonial Office that it be formally adopted, in 1824, the Admiralty agreed that the continent should be known officially as Australia. The first official published use of the term Australia came with the 1830 publication of The Australia Directory and these first inhabitants may have been ancestors of modern Indigenous Australians. The Torres Strait Islanders, ethnically Melanesian, were originally horticulturists, the northern coasts and waters of Australia were visited sporadically by fishermen from Maritime Southeast Asia. The first recorded European sighting of the Australian mainland, and the first recorded European landfall on the Australian continent, are attributed to the Dutch. The first ship and crew to chart the Australian coast and meet with Aboriginal people was the Duyfken captained by Dutch navigator, Willem Janszoon. He sighted the coast of Cape York Peninsula in early 1606, the Dutch charted the whole of the western and northern coastlines and named the island continent New Holland during the 17th century, but made no attempt at settlement. William Dampier, an English explorer and privateer, landed on the north-west coast of New Holland in 1688, in 1770, James Cook sailed along and mapped the east coast, which he named New South Wales and claimed for Great Britain. The first settlement led to the foundation of Sydney, and the exploration, a British settlement was established in Van Diemens Land, now known as Tasmania, in 1803, and it became a separate colony in 1825. The United Kingdom formally claimed the part of Western Australia in 1828. Separate colonies were carved from parts of New South Wales, South Australia in 1836, Victoria in 1851, the Northern Territory was founded in 1911 when it was excised from South Australia
Australia
–
Aboriginal rock art in the
Kimberley region of Western Australia
Australia
Australia
–
Portrait of Captain
James Cook, the first European to map the eastern coastline of Australia in 1770
Australia
–
Tasmania's
Port Arthur penal settlement is one of eleven UNESCO World Heritage-listed
Australian Convict Sites.
11.
Geographic coordinate system
–
A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
Geographic coordinate system
–
Longitude lines are perpendicular and latitude lines are parallel to the equator.
12.
Urban area
–
An urban area is a human settlement with high population density and infrastructure of built environment. Urban areas are created through urbanization and are categorized by urban morphology as cities, in urbanism, the term contrasts to rural areas such as villages and hamlets and in urban sociology or urban anthropology it contrasts with natural environment. The worlds urban population in 1950 of just 746 million has increased to 3.9 billion in the decades since, in 2009, the number of people living in urban areas surpassed the number living in rural areas and since then the world has become more urban than rural. This was the first time that the majority of the population lived in a city. In 2014 there were 7.25 billion people living on the planet, Urban areas are created and further developed by the process of urbanization. Urban areas are measured for various purposes, including analyzing population density, historian John Gurda writes, I have tried to uncover Milwaukees civic bedrock - the shifting foundation on which individuals have built their lives and the community has constructed its identity. There is no doubt that the deepest layer of bedrock is economic. In every age, people have chosen to live in areas not because of their climates or landmarks or cultural attractions. It was economic opportunity that brought people to Milwaukee, and it is economic opportunity that keeps them there, I define cities as concentrations of people animated by concentrations of capital. More simply put, money is the root of all cities, official definitions vary somewhat between nations. The ten largest metropolitan areas account for half of the population, about 3 million people live in Buenos Aires City and the Greater Buenos Aires metropolitan area totals around 13 million, making it one of the largest urban areas in the world. The metropolitan areas of Córdoba, Rosario, Mendoza and Tucumán have around 1.3 million inhabitants each and La Plata, seven other provinces have over one million people each, Mendoza, Tucumán, Entre Ríos, Salta, Chaco, Corrientes and Misiones. According to IBGE urban areas already concentrate 84. 35% of the population, while the Southeast region remains the most populated one, with over 80 million inhabitants. The largest metropolitan areas in Brazil are São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, and Belo Horizonte — all in the Southeastern Region — with 20,12, and 5 million inhabitants respectively. The majority of state capitals are the largest cities in their states, except for Vitória, the capital of Espírito Santo, and Florianópolis, there are also non-capital metropolitan areas in the states of São Paulo, Minas Gerais, Rio Grande do Sul and Santa Catarina. According to Statistics Canada, an area in Canada is an area with a population of at least 1,000 people where the density is no fewer than 400 persons per square kilometre. If two or more areas are within 2 km of each other by road, they are merged into a single urban area. Accordingly, the new definition set out three types of population centres, small, medium and large
Urban area
–
Greater Tokyo Area, the world's most populous urban area, with about 35 million people.
Urban area
–
Buenos Aires Córdoba
Urban area
Urban area
–
Rosario Mendoza
13.
Blue
–
Blue is the colour between violet and green on the optical spectrum of visible light. Human eyes perceive blue when observing light with a wavelength between 450 and 495 nanometres, which is between 4500 and 4950 ångströms. Blues with a frequency and thus a shorter wavelength gradually look more violet, while those with a lower frequency. Pure blue, in the middle, has a wavelength of 470 nanometers, in painting and traditional colour theory, blue is one of the three primary colours of pigments, along with red and yellow, which can be mixed to form a wide gamut of colours. Red and blue mixed together form violet, blue and yellow together form green, Blue is also a primary colour in the RGB colour model, used to create all the colours on the screen of a television or computer monitor. The clear sky and the sea appear blue because of an optical effect known as Rayleigh scattering. When sunlight passes through the atmosphere, the wavelengths are scattered more widely by the oxygen and nitrogen molecules. An optical effect called Tyndall scattering, similar to Rayleigh scattering, explains blue eyes, distant objects appear more blue because of another optical effect called atmospheric perspective. Blue has been used for art and decoration since ancient times and it is the most important color in Judaism. In the Middle Ages, cobalt blue was used to colour the stained glass windows of cathedrals, beginning in the 9th century, Chinese artists used cobalt to make fine blue and white porcelain. Blue dyes for clothing were made from woad in Europe and indigo in Asia, in 1828 a synthetic ultramarine pigment was developed, and synthetic blue dyes and pigments gradually replaced mineral pigments and vegetable dyes. Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Vincent van Gogh and other late 19th century painters used ultramarine and cobalt blue not just to depict nature, in the late 18th century and 19th century, blue became a popular colour for military uniforms and police uniforms. In the 20th century, because blue was associated with harmony, it was chosen as the colour of the flags of the United Nations. Surveys in the US and Europe show that blue is the colour most commonly associated with harmony, faithfulness, confidence, distance, infinity, the imagination, cold, and sometimes with sadness. In US and European public opinion polls it is the most popular colour, Blue is the colour of light between violet and green on the visible spectrum. Blues also vary in shade or tint, darker shades of blue contain black or grey, darker shades of blue include ultramarine, cobalt blue, navy blue, and Prussian blue, while lighter tints include sky blue, azure, and Egyptian blue. Today most blue pigments and dyes are made by a chemical process, the modern English word blue comes from Middle English bleu or blewe, from the Old French bleu, a word of Germanic origin, related to the Old High German word blao. In heraldry, the azure is used for blue
Blue
–
Sky blue or pale
azure, mid-way on the RBG colour wheel between blue and cyan.
Blue
–
Blue
Blue
–
Extract of natural
indigo, the most popular blue dye before the invention of synthetic dyes. It was the colour of the first
blue jeans.
Blue
–
A block of
lapis lazuli, originally used to make ultramarine.
14.
White (color)
–
Shades of white are colors that differ only slightly from pure white. Variations of white include what are commonly termed off-white colors, which may be considered part of a color scheme. In color theory, a shade is a pure color mixed with black, strictly speaking, a “shade of white” would be a neutral gray. This article is also about off-white colors that vary from white in hue. Colors often considered shades of white include, cream, eggshell, ivory, Navajo white, even the lighting of a room, however, can cause a pure white to be perceived as off-white. Off-white colors were pervasively paired with beiges in the 1930s, whiteness measures the degree to which a surface is white in colorimetry. Below is a showing the computer web color shades of white. An achromatic white is a color in which the red, green. The web colors white and white smoke are achromatic colors, a chromatic shade of white is a white color in which the red, green, and blue codes are not exactly equal, but are close to each other, which is what makes it a shade of white. A white visual stimulation will be void of hue and grayness, white is the lightest possible color. The web color ghost white is a tint of white associated with what it is imagined the color of a ghost might be, there is no evidence that this color name was in use before the X11 color names were formulated in 1987. The web color white smoke is displayed on the left, there is no evidence that this color name was in use before the X11 color names were formulated in 1987. The Crayola crayon color baby powder was introduced in 1994 as part of its specialty Magic Scent crayon collection, the web color snow is displayed at left. The first recorded use of snow as a name in English was in 1000. The color snow was included as one of the X11 colors when they were formulated in 1987, ivory is an off-white color that resembles ivory, the material out of which the teeth and tusks of animals are made. It has a slight tint of yellow. The first recorded use of ivory as a name in English was in 1385. The color ivory was included as one of the X11 colors when they were formulated in 1987, the web color floral white is displayed at left
White (color)
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White
15.
Australian Technology Network
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The Australian Technology Network is a network of five universities from each mainland state of Australia, with a heritage of working closely with industry. The ATN was founded in 1975 as the Directors of Central Institutes of Technology, ATN universities offer applied courses to students who are ready to enter their chosen professions. They teach around 180,000 students, or almost 20% of Australia’s student population, all ATN member universities are featured in the Times Higher Education Supplements Top 300 Universities of the World listing, and the network is considered to be the technology-focused group. The ATN originated in 1975 as the Directors of Central Institutes of Technology, each of DOCITs original member institutions were located in the central business district of their respective states capital city, hence they were deemed central institutes of technology. DOCIT founded its original member institutes distinctiveness on their size, on the level of their teaching. They were therefore like a technology-focused group, DOCIT encountered too much opposition to its aspirations, and disbanded in 1982. Each ATN member university was granted university status between 1986 and 1992, however their antecedents make them some of the oldest tertiary institutions in Australia. Today the ATNs member universities teach around 180,000 students, or almost 20% of Australia’s student population, and 1 in 4 international students in Australia
Australian Technology Network
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Australian Technology Network
16.
Brisbane
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Brisbane is the capital of and most populous city in the Australian state of Queensland, and the third most populous city in Australia. Brisbanes metropolitan area has a population of 2.35 million, the Brisbane central business district stands on the original European settlement and is situated inside a bend of the Brisbane River, about 15 kilometres from its mouth at Moreton Bay. The demonym of Brisbane is Brisbanite, one of the oldest cities in Australia, Brisbane was founded upon the ancient homelands of the indigenous Turrbal and Jagera peoples. A penal settlement was founded in 1824 at Redcliffe,28 kilometres north of the business district. The city was marred by the Australian frontier wars between 1843 and 1855, and development was set back by the Great Fire of Brisbane. Brisbane was chosen as the capital when Queensland was proclaimed a colony from New South Wales in 1859. During World War II, Brisbane played a role in the Allied campaign. Today, Brisbane is well known for its distinct Queenslander architecture which forms much of the built heritage. It also receives attention for its damaging flood events, most notably in 1974 and 2011. Several large cultural, international and sporting events have held at Brisbane, including the 1982 Commonwealth Games, World Expo 88, the final Goodwill Games in 2001. Prior to white settlement, the Brisbane area was inhabited by the Turrbal and they knew the area that is now the central business district as Mian-jin, meaning place shaped as a spike. The Moreton Bay area was explored by Matthew Flinders. On 17 July 1799, Flinders landed at what is now known as Woody Point, in 1823 Governor of New South Wales Sir Thomas Brisbane instructed that a new northern penal settlement be developed, and an exploration party led by John Oxley further explored Moreton Bay. Oxley discovered, named, and explored the Brisbane River as far as Goodna,20 kilometres upstream from the Brisbane central business district, Oxley recommended Red Cliff Point for the new colony, reporting that ships could land at any tide and easily get close to the shore. The party settled in Redcliffe on 13 September 1824, under the command of Lieutenant Henry Miller with 14 soldiers and 29 convicts. However, this settlement was abandoned after a year and the colony was moved to a site on the Brisbane River now known as North Quay,28 km south, chief Justice Forbes gave the new settlement the name of Edenglassie before it was named Brisbane. Non-convict European settlement of the Brisbane region commenced in 1838, German missionaries settled at Zions Hill, Nundah as early as 1837, five years before Brisbane was officially declared a free settlement. The band consisted of ministers Christopher Eipper and Carl Wilhelm Schmidt and lay missionaries Haussmann, Johann Gottried Wagner, Niquet, Hartenstein, Zillman, Franz, Rode, Doege and they were allocated 260 hectares and set about establishing the mission, which became known as the German Station
Brisbane
Brisbane
Brisbane
Brisbane
17.
Kelvin Grove, Queensland
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Kelvin Grove is an inner northern suburb of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia approximately 3 kilometres from the CBD. This hilly suburb takes its name from Kelvingrove Park in Glasgow and it is primarily residential with tree-lined streets and some commercial and light industrial activities along its main thoroughfare, Kelvin Grove Road. La Boite Theatre Company, Queenslands second largest theatre company, operates from the Roundhouse Theatre on the Kelvin Grove campus of the Queensland University of Technology, according to the 2011 Census there were 6,018 people living in the suburb with a median age of 27. In common with many suburbs of Brisbane, the suburb has a mixture of traditional Queenslander homes, some post-war workers cottages. Kelvin Grove was part of the Shire of Ithaca before the town was amalgamated into the City of Greater Brisbane in 1925, in 1901 electric trams commenced operations along Kelvin Grove Road, running to the city. The tram service ceased in December 1968 and since that time diesel, electric trolley-buses, also operated by the Brisbane City Council connected the suburb with Fortitude Valley, via Herston between 1953 and 1969. The Kelvin Grove Urban Village was officially opened by Queensland Premier Peter Beattie on 24 November 2003, the median age of the Kelvin Grove population was 27 years of age,10 years below the Australian median. 69. 4% of people spoke only English at home, the next most common languages were 4. 6% Arabic,3. 7% Mandarin,1. 7% Cantonese,1. 5% Malay,1. 1% Korean, archived from the original on 20 July 2008. Archived from the original on 14 February 2008
Kelvin Grove, Queensland
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Kelvin Grove Urban Village
Kelvin Grove, Queensland
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Kelvin Grove Road c.1890
18.
Caboolture
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Caboolture /kəˈbʊltʃər/ is an urban centre or satellite city approximately 44 kilometres north of Brisbane, the state capital of Queensland, Australia. At the 2011 census, Caboolture had an population of 59,052. It hosts a country music festival and a ute muster each year. The Kabi indigenous people are the custodians of the area now known as Caboolture. The name Kabultur is derived from the Yugarabul dialect meaning place of the carpet snake, the Kabi people harvested bush food, fresh water mussels, oysters, fish, and some game animals, moving around the land to take best advantage of seasonally-available produce. Each year in March, the Kabi people would hold Bunya Festivals to feast on the plentiful and these huge trees provided a food source which could sustain large numbers of people. Neighbouring clans were invited to the festivals, where singing, dancing story-telling, trading and arranging of marriages took place, the Caboolture area was colonised by European people in 1842 when the land around the Moreton Bay penal colony was opened up to free settlers. By the mid-1860s the local pastoralists were experimenting with sugar cane, Caboolture Post Office opened on 1 September 1869. Settlement in Caboolture was accelerated with the discovery of gold at Gympie, in 1868, the town was used as a stop-over point by the Cobb and Co coach service connecting Brisbane, Gympie and Maryborough. This function continued with the rail link established in 1888, formerly a small dairy town, the location of Caboolture on the corridor between Brisbane and the Sunshine Coast resulted in an influx of residents in the 1970s and 1980s. The other top responses for country of birth were New Zealand 4. 1%,86. 2% of people spoke only English at home. Caboolture is a transport hub. Caboolture railway station is the terminus for QR Citytrains Caboolture railway line, citytrain operates regular services to Brisbane, in addition to interurban services to Nambour and Gympie, with significant expansion of services north of Caboolture planned over the next decade. The area is serviced by two bus companies, Caboolture Bus Lines and the larger Kangaroo Bus Lines, Caboolture also contains its own airfield, which primarily services general and recreational aviation. Visiting aircraft are able to operate into the Caboolture airstrip, which is under the control of the Caboolture Aero Club Inc. Additionally the airport is home to a number of enterprises and attractions - amongst them, the Caboolture Warplane Museum, skydiving club. Caboolture is a sporting town with rugby league and cricket teams having strong support. Caboolture also hosts the yearly Australian Golden Gloves amateur boxing tournament at the end of August, the Caboolture Football Club has a strong community base
Caboolture
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Caboolture
CBD
Caboolture
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Moreton Bay Regional Council chambers
19.
Brisbane School of Arts
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Brisbane School of Arts is a heritage-listed school of arts at 166 Ann Street, Brisbane City, City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It was built from 1865 to 1985 and it is also known as former Servants Home. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 and this building was erected in 1865-66. Known as the Servants Home, it provided accommodation for single adult females who had migrated to Queensland and were awaiting employment as domestic servants, designed by H Edwin Bridges, the building comprised a ground floor and two upper galleries. A notable feature of the interior was the lantern above the void in the two floors which provided natural lighting to the building. A6,000 imperial gallon tank under the service the building with water. The contractors were Messrs Butler and Forster, in 1873 the property was purchased by the trustees of the North Brisbane School of Arts for £1,000. The building was let to tenants for several years before it was converted to a school of arts, in 1877 contractor Blair Cunningham added verandahs and other modifications designed by Richard Gailey for a cost of £1,377. The new School of Arts building was opened on 17 May 1878, the North Brisbane School of Arts was established in 1849 and its first premises were located on the corner Queen and Creek Streets. During the nineteenth and early centuries, it played an important role in the cultural life of the community. The School of Arts provided a library for members, conducted public lectures, to meet the needs for technical education classes, a hall was added to the rear in 1884. This space was used for the Brisbane Technical College which operated under the auspices of the School of Arts until 1902 when the Queensland Government took responsibility for technical education, the lending library was a major activity of the School of Arts. In 1908, to room for an increase in the number of books. Membership of the School of Arts steadily declined during the 1920s and 1930s, to increase revenue, shops were built in front of the building in 1937. In 1955 a brick upper storey was added to the shops connections to the School of Arts building. The verandahs were removed at this time, in 1966 trusteeship of the property was transferred to the Brisbane City Council which continued to operate a public library at the site until 1981. In 1983 the front offices and shops were demolished and restoration work undertaken, the building was re-opened on 13 February 1985 and is currently let to various community groups. The School of Arts building is a masonry building elevated above Ann Street
Brisbane School of Arts
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School of Arts building in Brisbane, 1925
Brisbane School of Arts
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The first North Brisbane School of Arts Building, ca. 1877
Brisbane School of Arts
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Interior view of the library at the Brisbane School of Arts, 1908
Brisbane School of Arts
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Shops added to the front, 1937
20.
Brisbane Central Technical College
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Brisbane Central Technical College is a heritage-listed technical college at 2 George Street, Brisbane City, City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It was built from 1911 to 1956 and it is also known as Queensland Institute of Technology, Queensland University of Technology, and University of Queensland. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 27 August 1999, the College was founded in 1908, and eventually became the Queensland Institute of Technology. While not able to grant bachelors degrees, the college was able to issue diplomas which gave the recipients the right to letters after their name, later it became Queensland University of Technology and could award bachelors degrees as well as higher degrees such as Master and Doctorates. In 1909 the Governor removed to Fernberg, Bardon and the Domain then accommodated the newly established institutions of the University of Queensland and the Brisbane Central Technical College. Old Government House became the building of the University of Queensland. In nineteenth century Australia, technical colleges were established by Schools of Arts or Mechanics Institutes, Technical education classes commenced in Brisbane in the 1870s, administered by the Brisbane School of Arts which established the Brisbane Technical College in 1882. Classes were conducted in an extension to Brisbane School of Arts in Ann Street. From 1900 there was insufficient suitable accommodation available to cater for increasing student numbers, during 1907 the Department investigated the establishment of a central technical college, reviewing models for similar enterprises in America and Britain. There was strong support for education in Queensland and this was the only Australian state to plan. Sketch plans for nine two-storey buildings grouped around a central courtyard, designed as a cohesive group of similar scale and materials, eight buildings are arranged in a square with three facing the main drive to Old Government House. The ninth building, the Workshops block, is set back towards the closing off the courtyard. Following an American model for education, the main departments of the college were assigned a dedicated building. The construction was undertaken in two sections, the covered ways to the ground and first floor levels were not built. The corridors within the buildings and the location of the building reflect the circulation. Building progress was hampered by strikes and materials shortages but the Brisbane Central Technical College was finally opened for classes in February 1915, in response to increased demand for technical education following both World Wars, extensions to J Block Workshops were constructed. K Block, an extension to J Block Workshops was constructed in 1919 to accommodate returned soldier retraining classes. Responding to increasing enrolments a further three-storey extension, R Block, was constructed in 1928 accommodating the Industrial High School
Brisbane Central Technical College
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Brisbane Central Technical College buildings, 1915
Brisbane Central Technical College
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Map of Queensland University Technology Gardens Point campus, 2012
Brisbane Central Technical College
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Former B Block, circa 1931
Brisbane Central Technical College
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Elevation of A Block
21.
Old Government House, Queensland
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Queenslands first Government House is located at Gardens Point in the grounds of the Queensland University of Technology at the end of George Street in Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. The buildings construction was the first important architectural work undertaken by the newly formed Government of Queensland, the government residential building was constructed to accommodate the first Governor of Queensland, Sir George Bowen, and his family. On 22 May 1860, the first Queensland parliament met, one month later a vote to fund a new government house was successful. The site chosen for the building was a point of Gardens Point overlooking the Brisbane Botanic Gardens. There was an issue with the building being built in Brisbane, the two-storey building was designed by colonial architect Charles Tiffin in the Classical revival style in 1860. The front half of the contained the Governors public and private rooms while the rear housed the service section. The front of the house had a design without displays of grandeur so as not to affront politicians. The first stage of the building was completed in March 1862 by builder Joshua Jeays, the building is built from locally sourced materials, with sandstone facades, Brisbane tuff to the service areas, red cedar, hoop pine and cast iron. The Governor and his family moved into the building in April 1862, the first public function held in the building was a ball on Monday 16 June 1862 to celebrate the birthday of Queen Victoria. The ball was to have been earlier, but was postponed due to a period of mourning for the Prince consort Albert. Sir George and Lady Diamantina Bowen hosted 300 to 400 guests and it was a gala occasion and the new Government House was praised for enabling the Governor to exercise his hospitality without restrictions through the want of space. There were rooms available for dancing, drinking of claret, sherry, tea and coffee, meanwhile, the dowagers and other ladies not involved in the drinking, dancing and card playing were entertained in drawing room. At 1 am, supper was served in the quadrangle, protected by a roof and decorated with candles. The dancing continued until 4 am, although the Bowens did not participate in the due to his wife Lady Diamantinas delicate health. Approximately one month later on 26 July 1862, Lady Diamantina was safely delivered of a daughter, Lady Diamantinas delicate health at the Birthday Ball was presumably a delicate reference to her advanced pregnancy. Agnes is believed to be the first child born in the building and their son, George William Howard, was also born at Government House on 9 April 1864. The house was lit with candles and kerosene lamps, but by the late 1860s. Unfortunately the initial pipes used were too thin and it was not possible to turn on all the gas lights simultaneously, the building was home to the first 11 of the Governors of Queensland and their families
Old Government House, Queensland
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Front facade view
Old Government House, Queensland
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The then Government House circa 1879
22.
University of Queensland
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The University of Queensland is an Australian research university primarily located in Queensland state capital city, Brisbane. UQ is Australias top ranked university for business and life sciences, the main campus occupies much of the riverside inner suburb of St Lucia, southwest of the Brisbane central business district. Other UQ campuses and facilities are located throughout Queensland, the largest of which are the Gatton campus, UQ also has establishments overseas, such as the Brunei Clinical School and the UQ-Ochsner Clinical School in Louisiana, United States. Founded in 1911, UQ is colloquially known as a sandstone university, the University of Queensland is a founding member of online higher education consortium edX, Australias research-intensive Group of Eight, and the global Universitas 21 network. The university offers associate, bachelor, master and doctoral degrees through a college, graduate school, two Nobel laureates have been associated with UQ as alumni and staff. Over recent decades, UQ has produced notable alumni across a range of professions, proposals for a university in Queensland began in the 1870s. A royal commission in 1874, chaired by Sir Charles Lilley and those against a university argued that technical rather than academic education was more important in an economy dominated by primary industry. A second royal commission in 1891 recommended the inclusion of five faculties in a new university, arts, law, medicine, science, the government, despite the findings of the royal commissions, was unwilling to commit funds to the establishment of a university. In 1894,245 students were enrolled in the extension classes, in 1906 the University Extension Movement staged the University Congress, a forum for interested delegates to promote the idea of a university. Opinion was mobilised, a fund was started and a bill for a Queensland university was prepared. Stress was laid on the aspects of university education and its importance for the commerce of Queensland. The proceedings of the congress were forwarded to the Premier of Queensland, in October 1906, sixty acres in Victoria Park were gazetted for university purposes. The University of Queensland was established by an act of parliament on 10 December 1909 to commemorate the 50th anniversary of Queenslands separation from the colony of New South Wales. In 1910 the first teaching faculties were created and these included engineering, classics, mathematics and chemistry. In 1911 the first students enrolled, the universitys first classes in the Government House were held in 1911 with 83 commencing students and Sir William MacGregor is the first chancellor. The University of Queensland began to award degrees to its first group of graduating students in 1914, thus, in the early 1920s the growing university had to look for a more spacious campus as its original site in George Street, Brisbane, had limited room for expansion. In the same year, the pitch drop experiment was started by Thomas Parnell, the experiment has been described as the worlds oldest and continues to this day. Lack of finance delayed development of the St Lucia campus, hence, the construction of the universitys first building in St Lucia only began in 1938
University of Queensland
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Construction of the Forgan Smith Building began in 1938
University of Queensland
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Coat of Arms of the University of Queensland
University of Queensland
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A Group of Queensland University students in 1912
University of Queensland
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TC Beirne School of Law
23.
St Lucia, Queensland
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St Lucia is a suburb within the City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia 6 kilometres southwest of the Brisbane CBD. The suburb sits on a peninsula, bounded on the north, east, the eastern third of the suburb is occupied by the main campus of The University of Queensland. The flat area on the side is primarily medium to high density residential including numerous high-rise apartments on the river-front. The more hilly area in the centre and south is mainly low-density residential, the south-west is occupied by the Saint Lucia golf links. St Lucia is mainly a suburb and is generally regarded as one of the most affluent suburbs in Brisbane. For many years it was the third most expensive suburb behind Hamilton, the area was originally part of Indooroopilly and later part of Toowong. Originally known as Indooroopilly Pocket, for a time it was called Toowong South. Sugar plantations were established in the area in the 1860s, william Alexander Wilson, born in St Lucia in the West Indies, purchased the Coldridge Plantation in 1882 and renamed it St Lucia Sugar Plantation. It was subdivided in 1883 for housing and the name was transferred to the subdivision, St Lucia is a green, leafy suburb with a variety of housing including apartment complexes and detached Federation styles and Queenslanders. St Lucia is home to a range of individuals. Typically, the student population of St Lucia is high, especially in dwellings in the vicinity of the university. Houses and apartments in close proximity to the Brisbane River typically attract price tags in the millions, in the 2011 census, St Lucia had a population of 11,195 people,50. 7% female and 49. 3% male. The median age of the St Lucia population was 23 years,14 years below the Australian median, children aged under 15 years made up 8. 0% of the population and people aged 65 years and over made up 7. 5% of the population. The most notable difference was in the group aged between 15–24 years, in St Lucia this group comprises 46. 7% of the population, compared to 13. 3% nationally. 63. 8% of people spoke only English at home, the next most popular languages were 9. 9% Mandarin,2. 9% Cantonese, 2% Malay,1. 9% Vietnamese,1. 7% Indonesian. The most common response for religion in St Lucia was No Religion 32. 2%, followed by Catholicism 18. 0%, Anglicanism 11. 9%, Islam 5. 3% and Buddhism 5. 3%. In St Lucia, just over half of all households were family households,24. 1% were single person households and 25. 7% were group households, the median weekly household income was $1,315, similar to the national median of $1,234. The University of Queensland is the attraction of St Lucia, with the university
St Lucia, Queensland
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St Lucia surrounded by the Brisbane River
St Lucia, Queensland
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Estate map of Princess Bridge Estate, St. Lucia
St Lucia, Queensland
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The Pink Palace, St Lucia
St Lucia, Queensland
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Eleanor Schonell Bridge
24.
South Bank Parklands
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The South Bank Parklands are located at South Bank in Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. The parkland, on the site of Brisbanes World Expo 88, was officially opened to the public on 20 June 1992. The South Bank Parklands are located on the bank of the Brisbane River, at South Bank. The parklands are connected to the City by the Victoria Bridge at the northern end, the parklands are also home to the Queensland Conservatorium. South Bank and its parklands are one of Brisbanes most important cultural precincts and they regularly host large scale festivals, approximately 11,000,000 people visit South Bank Parklands each year. South Bank was originally a place for the traditional landowners. From the 1850s, South Bank Precinct was quickly established as the centre of Brisbane. However, this was all disrupted when the 1893 Brisbane floods forced the business district to shift to the northern side of the river. This is where the Brisbane central business district still stands today and this began the decline of South Bank, and the area became home to vaudeville theatres, derelict boarding houses, and light and heavy industry. In 1988, Brisbane held a successful World Expo 88, following which the Government intended to develop the site for commercial interests, however, a public campaign successfully lobbied for the site to be redeveloped as parkland for the enjoyment of people in Brisbane. In 1989, the South Bank Corporation, a Queensland Government statutory body, was established to oversee the development and management of the new South Bank Parklands. In 1998, a redevelopment was announced that included the Goodwill Bridge, Grey Street, Grand Arbour and improvements to accessibility via removal of the canals. There are three CityCat terminals on the Brisbane River, near the Victoria Bridge, bicycle racks are located at the Visitors Centre in Stanley Street Plaza, Suncorp Piazza, The Boardwalk, Clem Jones Promenade and Little Stanley Street. The Arbour consists of 443 curling steel columns covered in bouganvilleas which flower throughout the year, the arbour stretches for 1 kilometre from Vulture Street to the Cultural Forecourt and is used as a pedestrian walkway. The Courier Mail Piazza is an open-air amphitheater which is used for community events. It has a capacity of 2,158. When not in use, the Piazza displays news and sports on two suspended screens, the Wheel of Brisbane is a 60-metre tall Ferris wheel erected at the parklands in August 2008 to celebrate the 20th Anniversary of World Expo 88 and 150th Anniversary of Queensland 1859-2009. It carries 42 gondolas on a 15-minute ride with panoramic views of the South Bank Parklands, the Brisbane River, the Young Designers Market is held on the first Sunday of every month, and features cutting edge garments and accessories from some of Brisbanes most talented young designers
South Bank Parklands
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Northern end with
Wheel of Brisbane, 2010
South Bank Parklands
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A panoramic view of Streets Beach
South Bank Parklands
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The
Goodwill Bridge connecting the South Bank Parklands to Gardens Point
South Bank Parklands
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The
South Bank Arbour at the northern entrance to the South Bank Parklands, 2005
25.
Brisbane River
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The Brisbane River is the longest river in South East Queensland, Australia, and flows through the city of Brisbane, before emptying into Moreton Bay. John Oxley, the first European to explore the river, named it after the Governor of New South Wales, the penal colony of Moreton Bay later adopted the same name, eventually becoming the present city of Brisbane. Early travellers along the waterway admired the beauty, abundant fish. From 1862 the Brisbane River has been dredged for navigation purposes, the river served as an important carriageway between Brisbane and Ipswich before a railway linking the towns was built in 1875. By the late 1920s, water quality in the river had significantly deteriorated, the river travels 344 km from Mount Stanley. The river is dammed by the Wivenhoe Dam, forming Lake Wivenhoe, the waterway is a habitat for the rare Queensland lungfish, Brisbane River cod and bull sharks. The largest ship built on the river was the Robert Miller, the 66,000 tonne vessel became un-moored in the 1974 Brisbane flood. While not the highest experienced along the river since European settlement, major floods also occurred in January 2011 and multiple times during 1893. Extensive port facilities have been constructed on the Fisherman Islands, now known as the Port of Brisbane, there are 16 major bridges that cross the river. The Clem Jones Tunnel, opened in 2010, is the rivers first underground crossing for road transport, the CityCat ferry service collects and delivers passengers along the inner-city reaches of the river. Brisbane Rivers source is located in the Great Dividing Range, east of Kingaroy and it then makes its way south, past Mount Stanley, and townships including Moore and Toogoolawah before being joined by the Stanley River, just south of Somerset Dam. The river runs from there into Lake Wivenhoe, created by the Wivenhoe Dam, beyond the dam, the river meanders eastward, meeting the Bremer River near Ipswich, then making its way through Brisbanes western suburbs, including Jindalee, Indooroopilly and Toowong. The river is traversed by CityCats and other ferries in Brisbane, Water from the highest point in the catchment has fallen from Mount Langley in the Conondale Range,868 m above sea level. On the southern side of the river, opposite Gardens Point, are the Kangaroo Point Cliffs and this was in the vicinity of Edward Street ferry terminal. The volcanic rock Ignimbrite which formed the cliffs was deposited in the Triassic period about 220 million years ago and they currently form the banks of the Brisbane River. On the southside Bulimba Creek, Norman Creek, Oxley Creek, the language group common to most of the area was the Yugarabul language group. Four European navigators, namely Captain Cook, Matthew Flinders, John Bingle and William Edwardson, all visited Moreton Bay, the exploration by Flinders took place during his expedition from Port Jackson north to Hervey Bay in 1799. He spent a total of 15 days in the area, touching down at Woody Point and several other spots and this is consistent with accounts of many other rivers along the east coast of Australia, which could not be found by seaward exploration but were discovered by inland travellers
Brisbane River
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Brisbane River, showing the
Story Bridge and the
CBD.
Brisbane River
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Brisbane River and
Moreton Bay
Brisbane River
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Mermaid Reach
26.
City Botanic Gardens
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The City Botanic Gardens is a heritage-listed botanic garden on Alice Street, Brisbane City, City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It was also known as Queens Park and it is located on Gardens Point in the Brisbane CBD and is bordered by the Brisbane River, Alice Street, George Street, Parliament House and Queensland University of Technologys Gardens Point campus. The Gardens include Brisbanes most mature gardens, with many rare, in particular the Gardens feature a special collection of cycads, palms, figs and bamboo. The City Botanic Gardens was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 3 February 1997 and it remains the premier public park and recreational facility for the capital of Queensland, which role it has performed since the early 1840s. Originally the gardens were planted by convicts in 1825 with food crops to feed the prison colony, in 1855 a portion of several acres was declared a Botanic Reserve. In the same year Walter Hill was appointed as curator of the Botanic Reserve and he began an active planting and experimental program. Some of the trees planted in the Gardens were the first of their species to be planted in Australia. Plants with potential commercial value were tested in the gardens, first to see if they were viable, to determine what they needed for growth and if a profit could be made. Hill introduced mango, pawpaw, ginger, tamarind, mahogany, poinciana and jacaranda trees as well as tobacco, sugar, grape vines, wheat, tropical fruits, tea, coffee, spices and textile plants. He encouraged the work of the sugar pioneer John Buhot which culminated in the first production of granulated sugar in Queensland in April 1862, a cairn was erected at the site where the sugar cane was grown. Hill also supported the work of the Queensland Acclimatisation Society which was formed in 1862, by 1866 Hill had succeeded in having the extent of the Botanic Gardens enlarged to approximately 27 acres. A10 acre strip along Alice Street was not part of the Gardens but served as a park, the fountain, designed by Colonial Architect Charles Tiffin, was erected only a year after reticulated water from the Enoggera reservoir was introduced to Brisbane. It later became known as the Walter Hill fountain, a row of figs were planted in the 1870s. Hill also planted avenues of Bunya pines and Cook pines, scientific activity was complemented by public recreational use of the Gardens, along with the Domain and Queens Park. By the 1880s, some of the work previously performed by the Botanic Gardens was being carried out by the Queensland Acclimatisation Society at Bowen Park. The Herbarium and Botanic Library were moved from the Gardens for a period but were returned in 1905 when John Frederick Bailey was appointed Curator of the Botanic Gardens, underground electricity supply was installed in 1907. The extant City Botanic Gardens was formed by the amalgamation of the original Botanic Gardens with the Domain and Queens Park in 1916, the former curators cottage built for J. F. Bailey, curator from 1905-1917, is now a cafe. The City of Brisbane Act of 1924 transferred responsibility for the Botanic Gardens to the Brisbane City Council, due to the proximity to the river, the Botanic Gardens have been flooded nine times between 1870-2011
City Botanic Gardens
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City Botanic Gardens with buildings in the
CBD visible in the background
City Botanic Gardens
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Queen's Park in the 1880s
City Botanic Gardens
City Botanic Gardens
27.
Parliament House, Brisbane
–
Parliament House in Brisbane is the meeting place of the Parliament of Queensland, housing its only chamber, the Legislative Assembly. It is located on the corner of George Street and Alice Street at Gardens Point in the CBD, the Parliament of Queensland first met on 22 May 1860 in the former convict barracks on Queen Street. In November 1863 a commission chose the site for the new building on the corner of Alice. The commission soon opened an Australia-wide competition for the new buildings design, in October 1864, a design by William Henry Ellerker was recommended by the Parliamentary Commissioners. However in November 1865, the commissioners withdrew their recommendation and resigned, in December 1864, Ellerker wrote a public complaint about the process, but ultimately plans by Charles Tiffin, the Queensland Colonial Architect, were selected. Amid controversy and allegations of influence on the outcome of the competition. On 14 July 1865 the foundation stone for the building was laid by Sir George Bowen and it was built by Joshua Jeays who used sandstone from his own quarries. Stained glass windows depicting royalty were imported from Birmingham, the first section was completed in 1867. The George Street frontage was completed in 1868 in French Renaissance Revival style, the archways and colonnades facing George Street were built in 1878, and construction on the Alice Street frontage commenced in 1887. The Alice Street wing was completed in 1889, in 1886 Parliament House was connected to the Government Printing Office via an underground cable which provided it with electricity. The building was the first Parliament House in Australia to be electrified, in 1969 the Government began to investigate the feasibility and cost of an extension to Parliament House. Three years later the State Works Department and Parliamentary Buildings Committee began planning the building, tenders for the Annexe were called in August 1975, and construction began soon after. The Annexe was completed in March 1979 at a cost of $20,000,000, the building is linked to Parliament House, forming a square like the one in Tiffins original 1864 plan. The square has become known as Speakers Green and is used for ceremonial purposes, the Annexe was refurbished in 2000. The George Street face of Parliament House has a porte-cochère, with a terrace above. The original zinc roof was replaced in the 1980s with one constructed from Mount Isa copper, art exhibitions and other displays are frequently staged in the spacious ground floor areas of the Annexe. Free public guided tours of the Parliament are available each week day, also, a gift shop, selling souvenirs and memorabilia, is located in the main foyer. Parliament House was also used as one of the locations for the 1980s Australian series of Mission
Parliament House, Brisbane
–
Parliament House with Parliamentary Annexe in background
28.
Neoclassical architecture
–
Neoclassical architecture is an architectural style produced by the neoclassical movement that began in the mid-18th century. In its purest form, it is a style derived from the architecture of classical antiquity, the Vitruvian principles. In form, Neoclassical architecture emphasizes the wall rather than chiaroscuro, Neoclassical architecture is still designed today, but may be labelled New Classical Architecture for contemporary buildings. In Central and Eastern Europe, the style is referred to as Classicism. Many early 19th-century neoclassical architects were influenced by the drawings and projects of Étienne-Louis Boullée, the many graphite drawings of Boullée and his students depict spare geometrical architecture that emulates the eternality of the universe. There are links between Boullées ideas and Edmund Burkes conception of the sublime, the baroque style had never truly been to the English taste. The most popular was the four-volume Vitruvius Britannicus by Colen Campbell, the book contained architectural prints of famous British buildings that had been inspired by the great architects from Vitruvius to Palladio. At first the book featured the work of Inigo Jones. Palladian architecture became well established in 18th-century Britain, at the forefront of the new school of design was the aristocratic architect earl, Richard Boyle, 3rd Earl of Burlington, in 1729, he and William Kent, designed Chiswick House. This House was a reinterpretation of Palladios Villa Capra, but purified of 16th century elements and this severe lack of ornamentation was to be a feature of the Palladianism. In 1734 William Kent and Lord Burlington designed one of Englands finest examples of Palladian architecture with Holkham Hall in Norfolk, the main block of this house followed Palladios dictates quite closely, but Palladios low, often detached, wings of farm buildings were elevated in significance. This classicising vein was also detectable, to a degree, in the Late Baroque architecture in Paris. This shift was even visible in Rome at the redesigned façade for S, by the mid 18th century, the movement broadened to incorporate a greater range of Classical influences, including those from Ancient Greece. The shift to neoclassical architecture is conventionally dated to the 1750s, in France, the movement was propelled by a generation of French art students trained in Rome, and was influenced by the writings of Johann Joachim Winckelmann. The style was adopted by progressive circles in other countries such as Sweden. A second neoclassic wave, more severe, more studied and more consciously archaeological, is associated with the height of the Napoleonic Empire, in France, the first phase of neoclassicism was expressed in the Louis XVI style, and the second in the styles called Directoire or Empire. The Scottish architect Charles Cameron created palatial Italianate interiors for the German-born Catherine II the Great in St. Petersburg, indoors, neoclassicism made a discovery of the genuine classic interior, inspired by the rediscoveries at Pompeii and Herculaneum. These had begun in the late 1740s, but only achieved an audience in the 1760s
Neoclassical architecture
–
The
Cathedral of Vilnius
Neoclassical architecture
–
Woburn Abbey, an excellent example of English Palladianism, designed by
Burlington's student
Henry Flitcroft in 1746.
Neoclassical architecture
–
Altes Museum, built by
Karl Friedrich Schinkel in
Berlin.
Neoclassical architecture
–
Château de Malmaison, 1800, room for the
Empress Joséphine, on the cusp between
Directoire style and
Empire style
29.
Queensland Government
–
The Government of Queensland, also referred to as the Queensland Government, is the Australian state democratic administrative authority of Queensland. The Government of Queensland, a constitutional monarchy, was formed in 1859 as prescribed in its Constitution. Since the Federation of Australia in 1901, Queensland has been a state of the Commonwealth of Australia, under the Australian Constitution, Queensland ceded legislative and judicial supremacy to the Commonwealth, but retained powers in all matters not in conflict with the Commonwealth. Key state government offices are located at 1 William Street in the Brisbane central business district, the Government of Queensland operates under the Westminster system, a form of parliamentary government based on the model of the United Kingdom. The Governor of Queensland, as the representative of the Monarch, holds nominal power, the Parliament of Queensland holds legislative power, while executive power lies with the Premier and Cabinet, and judicial power is exercised by a system of courts and tribunals. The Parliament of Queensland is the states legislature and it consists of the Monarch, and a single chamber, the Legislative Assembly. Queensland is the only Australian state with a unicameral parliament after a second chamber, the Legislative Assembly has 89 members, one representing each electoral district in Queensland. Elections for the Legislative Assembly are held every three years. The Cabinet of Queensland is the governments chief policy-making organ, and consists of the Premier, the Queensland Government delivers services, determines policy and regulations, including legal interpretation, by a number of agencies grouped under areas of portfolio responsibility. Each portfolio is led by a government minister who is a member of the Parliament, the judiciary of Queensland consists of the Magistrates Court, the District Court, and the Supreme Court, as well as a number of smaller courts and tribunals. The Chief Justice of Queensland is the states most senior judicial officer, the Magistrates Court is the lowest tier of the judicial hierarchy of Queensland. The courts civil jurisdiction covers matters in which the amount in dispute is less than or equal to $150,000, Appeals against decisions by the Magistrates Court are heard by the District Court. The District Court is the tier of the judicial hierarchy of Queensland. The court has jurisdiction to all appeals from decisions made in the Magistrates Court. Its criminal jurisdiction covers serious indictable offences, the courts civil jurisdiction covers matters in which the amount in dispute is more than $150,000 but less than or equal to $750,000. Appeals against decisions by the District Court are heard by the Court of Appeal, the Supreme Court is the highest tier of the judicial hierarchy Queensland. The court has two divisions, the Trial Division and the Court of Appeal, the Trial Divisions jurisdiction covers serious criminal offences, and civil matters involving claims of more than $750,000. The Court of Appeals jurisdiction allows it to hear cases on appeal from the Trial Division, the District Court, Appeals against decisions by the Court of Appeal are heard by the High Court of Australia
Queensland Government
–
Parliament House in
Brisbane; the meeting place of the
Parliament of Queensland
Queensland Government
–
Coat of arms of the Queensland Government
Queensland Government
–
Queen Elizabeth II Courts of Law in
Brisbane in which the Supreme Court of Queensland and District Court of Queensland sit
30.
Premier of Queensland
–
The Premier of Queensland is the head of government in the Australian state of Queensland. By convention the Premier is the leader of the party with a majority in the unicameral Legislative Assembly of Queensland. The Premier is appointed by the Governor of Queensland, the incumbent Premier of Queensland since the 2015 election is Annastacia Palaszczuk of the Australian Labor Party. Under section 42 of the Constitution of Queensland the Premier and other members of Cabinet are appointed by the Governor and are responsible to Parliament. The text of the Constitution assigns to the Premier certain powers, such as the power to assign roles to Assistant Ministers, although ministerial appointments are the prerogative of the Governor of Queensland, in normal circumstances the Governor will make these appointments under the advice of the Premier. A re-elected government will be resworn, with adjustments to the ministry as determined by the Premier, the Premier has an office in the Executive Annexe of Parliament House, Brisbane, which is normally used while Parliament is sitting. At other times the Premiers ministerial office is in 1 William Street, before the 1890s, there was no developed party system in Queensland. Political affiliation labels before that time indicate a general tendency only, before the end of the first decade of the twentieth century, political parties were more akin to parliamentary factions, and were fluid, informal and disorganised by modern standards. As of February 2015, six former premiers are alive, the oldest being Russell Cooper, the most recent premier to die was Wayne Goss, on 10 November 2014. List of Premiers of Queensland by time in office Government of Queensland Politics of Queensland
Premier of Queensland
–
Incumbent
Annastacia Palaszczuk since 14 February 2015
Premier of Queensland
–
State badge of Queensland
31.
Peter Beattie
–
Peter Douglas Beattie, AC is an Australian politician who served as the 36th Premier of Queensland from 1998 to 2007 and Leader of the Australian Labor Party in that state from 1996 to 2007. His sweeping victories in the 2001,2004 and 2006 state elections confirmed him as one of the most electorally successful politicians in Australia, before retiring in 2007, he groomed and was then succeeded by his Deputy Anna Bligh, who became the first female Premier of Queensland. He was the unsuccessful Labor candidate for the seat of Forde at the 2013 federal election, Beattie was born in Sydney as the youngest of seven children. He was raised by his grandmother at Atherton, a town in North Queensland. At school, he met Heather Scott-Halliday, whom he later married and they have three adult children and live in Wilston, a suburb of Brisbane. During his studies at the University of Queensland, Beattie was President of the Student Club at St Johns College, Beattie became involved in the campaign led by Dr Denis Murphy to reform the Queensland branch of the party, which was dominated by elderly and conservative trade union leaders. In 1981 the federal Labor Party leader, Bill Hayden, led a federal intervention in Queensland, eight years later, Wayne Goss became Queenslands first Labor Premier since Vince Gair in 1957. At the 1989 election Beattie was elected to the Queensland Parliament as MP for Brisbane Central, something of a maverick within the parliamentary party during his early term, Beattie was mistrusted by faction leaders and kept out of the ministry. Beattie also publicly criticised Goss for being out of touch, Goss did not appoint him to the ministry until Labors near defeat at the 1995 election, where Beattie became Minister for Health. He was only in office for three months before the Goss government lost office following defeat in the Mundingburra by-election, Goss then stood down as ALP leader, and Beattie was elected in his stead, thus becoming Opposition Leader. His first act as Opposition leader was to move a motion in Parliament preventing the new Coalition government under Rob Borbidge from calling an early election, Labor feared that an early election could give the Coalition an outright majority. At the 1998 state election Labor won 44 seats out of 89, the balance of power rested with two independents, Peter Wellington and Liz Cunningham, and the 11 One Nation MPs. Labor needed the support of only one crossbencher to make Beattie premier, Wellington announced his support for Labor, allowing Beattie to form a minority government. Later following a by-election, Labor won a majority in its own right, Beattie acted swiftly, forcing a number of MPs to quit politics and forcing Elder to resign as Deputy Premier. In the ensuing campaign, Beattie claimed a Labor win would ensure stable government, Beattie was rewarded with a smashing victory, winning 66 seats out of 89—the biggest majority Labor has ever won in an election. In February 2004 Beattie again went to the polls, and again a crisis blew up shortly before the election, Beattie accepted full personal responsibility for the issue, and paradoxically turned the issue into a positive for the government. At the 7 February elections Beattie won 63 seats, a net loss of three, losing four seats to the National-Liberal Opposition but gaining one from them. This made him one of the most successful politicians in Australian history
Peter Beattie
–
Peter Beattie
AC
Peter Beattie
–
Beattie with
Kevin Rudd, the then-
Prime Minister of Australia, during his unsuccessful campaign for the
Division of Forde at the
2013 federal election.
32.
Kelvin Grove Urban Village
–
The Kelvin Grove Urban Village is an urban village in Kelvin Grove, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia that was developed after the closure of the Australian Armys Gona Barracks. The Queensland Department of Housing purchased the Gona Barracks site in 2000 looking for opportunities to develop affordable housing either on the site or funded from the redevelopment of the site, Queensland University of Technology operated its Kelvin Grove campus on an adjacent site and desired to expand their campus. Brisbane City Council which controlled adjacent parkland wanted to develop a Local Area Plan that would maximise opportunities for such a site so close to the Brisbane CBD. Difficulties associated with any redevelopment included the values of the Gona Barracks site, steep slopes. The university built its Creative Industries precinct re-using Gona Barracks buildings and introducing new buildings, the re-development won major planning and design awards from the Urban Development Institute of Australia. Following $23,000,000 on construction of infrastructure, the Kelvin Grove Urban Village was officially opened by Queensland Premier Peter Beattie on Monday 24 November 2003. The precinct promotes itself as a hub for creative practice, as it incorporates the QUT Creative Industry Faculty, the university-owned Roundhouse Theatre is used for both educational and commercial purposes. It is Australias only purpose-built theatre-in-the-round built in 2004 to replace the La Boite Theatre Building, the Roundhouse Theatre can seat 400 people for central staging or 340 people for thrust stage. The La Boite Theatre Company perform at the Roundhouse Theatre
Kelvin Grove Urban Village
–
Kelvin Grove Urban Village sign, 2008
Kelvin Grove Urban Village
–
Musk Avenue, viewed from the intersection with Carraway Street.
Kelvin Grove Urban Village
–
Musk Avenue, viewed from the intersection with Robinson Place.
33.
Gona Barracks
–
Gona Barracks is a heritage-listed barracks at 3,7,12,25 &26 Gona Parade, Kelvin Grove, City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It was built from c. 1914 to 1960s and it is also known as Kelvin Grove Military Reserve and Kelvin Grove Training Area. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 7 February 2005, the Gona Barracks site was established just prior to World War I in the 1910s, for the purpose of military training for specialist units of compulsory militia forces. The site continued to develop and became a Citizens Military Force training complex in the 1950s, the settlement of Brisbane began in 1825 with the establishment of a penal colony along that part of the Brisbane River that was later to become the towns central business district. Transportation of convicts ceased less than twenty years later in 1842, the town was surveyed, and land to the north and west of Spring Hill, an area of early settlement, was made into park land. West of Victoria Park, the largest of the government reserves, the now known as Kelvin Grove was cleared. The site that was eventually to become Gona Barracks was listed as Portion 322, Parish of North Brisbane, on 28 March 1879, Portion 322 was granted by the colonial government to the Brisbane Grammar School as an endowment. The school retained the endowment until 1911, leasing grazing rights to the holding as a means of raising funds for the school. No buildings were thought to have constructed on the site throughout this period. In May 1911, the Commonwealth Government acquired the Brisbane Grammar School endowment, acquisition of the property was a response to the need for training facilities for Australias expanding military forces. Forces of a nature, supported by a small number of permanent forces, had been in place in most of the Australian colonies by the late nineteenth century. With the Federation of Australias six colonies on 1 January 1901, defence became the responsibility of the new Commonwealth Government, the department took over control of the various colonial volunteer forces which, together with 1500 full-time soldiers, numbered almost 30,000. The Federal Governments response to the report was to compulsory military training for both men and boys. By 1911, some 90,000 men and boys had registered for military training Australia-wide, facilities for training in Brisbane included drill halls in Alice and Adelaide Street Streets in the city, and in Boundary Street in Spring Hill. The increase in numbers placed pressure on these facilities, none of which had room for expansion as each was located in a built-up area, the Survey Officer of Engineers, Captain Good, identified three possible sites to replace the inner city drill halls. This began an era of building activity at the site. To enable the construction of buildings, the site had to be made level. By October 1915, the levelling had been finished, and another building and this two-storey timber building was rectangular in shape, and was constructed to the design of Queensland Public Works Department architects
Gona Barracks
–
Army barracks at Kelvin Grove, Brisbane during WWII
Gona Barracks
–
Kelvin Grove Urban Village sign, 2008
34.
Australian Army
–
The Australian Army is Australias military land force. It is part of the Australian Defence Force along with the Royal Australian Navy, while the Chief of the Defence Force commands the ADF, the Army is commanded by the Chief of Army. The CA is therefore subordinate to the CDF, but is directly responsible to the Minister for Defence. Although Australian soldiers have been involved in a number of minor and major conflicts throughout its history, Australias largest peacekeeping deployment began in 1999 in East Timor, while other ongoing operations include peacekeeping on Bougainville, in the Sinai, and in the Solomon Islands. Humanitarian relief after 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake in Aceh Province, Indonesia, Operation Sumatra Assist, the 1st Division comprises a deployable headquarters, while 2nd Division under the command of Forces Command is the main home-defence formation, containing Army Reserve units. 2nd Divisions headquarters only performs administrative functions, the Australian Army has not deployed a divisional-sized formation since 1945 and does not expect to do so in the future. 1st Division carries out training activities and deploys to command large-scale ground operations. It does not have any combat units permanently assigned, Forces Command controls for administrative purposes all non-special-forces assets of the Australian Army. It is neither an operational nor a deployable command,1 Brigade – Multi-role Combat Brigade based in Darwin and Adelaide. 3 Brigade – Multi-role Combat Brigade based in Townsville,6 Brigade – Mixed brigade based in Sydney. 7 Brigade – Multi-role Combat Brigade based in Brisbane,16 Aviation Brigade – Army Aviation brigade based in Enoggera, Brisbane. 17 Combat Service Support Brigade – Logistic brigade based in Sydney, 2nd Division administers the reserve forces from its headquarters located in Sydney. 4 Brigade – based in Victoria,5 Brigade – based in New South Wales. 8 Brigade – based in New South Wales,9 Brigade – based in South Australia and Tasmania. 11 Brigade – based in Queensland,13 Brigade – based in Western Australia. Special Operations Command comprises a command formation of equal status to the commands in the ADF. It includes all of Armys special forces assets, the force will be known as the Amphibious Ready Element and will be embarked on the Navys new Canberra-class amphibious assault ships. Infantry, and some combat units of the Australian Army carry flags called the Queens Colour
Australian Army
–
Soldiers of the Australian 39th Battalion in September 1942
Australian Army
Australian Army
–
Two Australian soldiers during the
Shah Wali Kot Offensive in
Afghanistan
Australian Army
–
Australian Cavalry Scout in Iraq, 2007
35.
University of the Sunshine Coast
–
The University of the Sunshine Coast is a public university based on the Sunshine Coast, Queensland, Australia. Having opened in 1996 as the Sunshine Coast University College with 524 students, as at Semester 12015 the student body was 12,000. About 100 kilometres north of Brisbane, the campus is a 100-hectare flora and fauna reserve, undergraduate and postgraduate programs are offered in both faculties, with the majority of the universitys research focussed in two main areas, sustainability and regional engagement. The university also offers degree programs in conjunction with the Sunshine Coast Institute of TAFE. Study areas are divided into seven disciplines, Business and Information Technology, Communication and Design, Education, Health, Humanities and Social Sciences, Law and Science, the Law discipline area is under development, with the first intake to be Semester 12014. The university is listed on the Commonwealth Register of Institutions and Courses for Overseas Students, the first discussions about a university for the Sunshine Coast region began in 1973. In 1989, the Australian federal government approved its establishment, on 1 July 1994 the Queensland parliament passed the Sunshine Coast University College Act 1994. The university was established in 1994 and opened in 1996, as the Sunshine Coast University College, the University of the Sunshine Coast Act 1998 was passed in Queensland parliament on 19 November of that year, legislating the independent status of the university. The university changed to its current name of the University of the Sunshine Coast in 1999 and it was created by the Australian government to serve the growing population of the Sunshine Coast region, north of Brisbane, in Queensland. The University of the Sunshine Coast is the first greenfields university established in Australia since 1971, the inaugural vice-chancellor was Professor Paul Thomas, AM, who took office with effect from 1 January 1996, having spent an earlier period as Planning President. Ian Kennedy, AO, a pastoralist, was an early chancellor, the student body has grown consistently since the university opened in 1996 with an intake of 524 students. At the 2012 semester 1 census, the university had 8,139 students, the university introduced paid parking at its Sippy Downs campus from February 2013, a move that garnered a negative response from some students and staff. Of the universitys 2,400 parking spaces, approximately 450 remain as free parking, since 2010, USC has been the only public institution in Queensland to receive five stars for teaching quality in the independently ranked Hobsons Good Universities Guide. In the 2010 edition of the guide, the university also earned five stars for staff qualifications, the university scored four stars for access by equity groups, gender balance, and for graduates satisfaction with their overall university experience. Its ratings for graduates satisfaction also remained the highest awarded to any university in Queensland. In 2007 the Australian Universities Quality Agency audited USC as part of their assessment of all Australian universities, AUQA is a national agency that operates independently of governments and the higher education sector. Graduates have consistently given the university top marks for educational experience, in March 2008 the university was one of 99 organisations nationally and one of 10 in Queensland to earn an Employer of Choice for Women citation. The citations are awarded annually by the federal governments Equal Opportunity for Women in the Workplace Agency and it has received the citation for six consecutive years to 2010
University of the Sunshine Coast
–
Campus Life living alongside Australian fauna (kangaroos)
University of the Sunshine Coast
–
Leonard SABOL, "Between" sculpture with USC Health and Sport Centre in background
36.
Deakin, Australian Capital Territory
–
Deakin is a suburb of Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia. Development began in the 1920s, although the vast majority of the suburb was built after 1945 and it is a largely residential suburb. It includes the residence of the Prime Minister, The Lodge. Deakin was gazetted in 1928 and is named after Alfred Deakin, streets in Deakin are named after Governors, Governors-General and diplomats. Construction began on 8 May 1927 and was finished in 1928 and it is a two-storey building with an attic room designed in the Interwar Tudor Revival style. The Heritage Council says it is significant as a example of Interwar Old English style architecture. 10 Gawler Crescent, a Post-War International style residence designed by Alex Jelinek in 1956,70 Dominion Circuit, which is seen by the Heritage Council as demonstrating a way of life that is no longer practised. The Lodge and the Royal Australian Mint are listed on the Commonwealth Heritage List, a local shopping centre is located on Hopetoun Circuit and contains an IGA supermarket, service station, newsagent, chemist, and restaurants. The Deakin Health Spa, adjacent to the shops, has recently taken over. The Canberra Deakin Soccer Club is also located near by, the Embassy Hotel/Motel was also adjacent to the shops, but has since been demolished. A Japanese weekend educational programme, holds its classes at Deakin High School and it was established on 1 August 1988. Officially opened by the Duke of Edinburgh on 22 February 1965, the Royal Australian Mint was commissioned to produce Australias decimal coinage, in the 2011 Census, the population of Deakin was 2,783, including 10 Indigenous persons and 2,005 Australian-born persons. There were 81 males per 100 females in the suburb,77. 1% of dwellings were separate houses,5. 4% were semi-detached, row or terrace houses and 17. 4% were flats, units or apartments. 41. 8% of the population were professionals, compared to the Australian average of 21. 3%, Deakin is located within the federal electorate of Canberra, which is currently represented by Gai Brodtmann in the House of Representatives. In the ACT Legislative Assembly, Deakin is part of the electorate of Kurrajong, polling place statistics are shown to the right for the Deakin polling place at Canberra Girls Grammar School Junior School, Grey St in the 2016 federal and 2016 ACT elections. The west of the suburb exposes Yarralumla Formation calcareous shale, sandstone, tuff, the east of the suburb exposes Mount Painter Volcanics dark grey to green grey dacitic crystal tuff and agglomerate. A patch of cream rhyolite, tuff and ashstone is found in the mid east near empire circuit, the Deakin Fault does not actually pass through Deakin. The Deakin Fault is a fault in Canberra running North-west to south-east passing through state circle very close to Deakin
Deakin, Australian Capital Territory
–
Robe Street in autumn
Deakin, Australian Capital Territory
–
The suburb from Red Hill looking across the Girls' Grammar School to Yarralumla and Lake Burley Griffin
37.
Canberra
–
Canberra is the capital city of Australia. With a population of 381,488, it is Australias largest inland city, the city is located at the northern end of the Australian Capital Territory,280 km south-west of Sydney, and 660 km north-east of Melbourne. A resident of Canberra is known as a Canberran, the site of Canberra was selected for the location of the nations capital in 1908 as a compromise between rivals Sydney and Melbourne, Australias two largest cities. It is unusual among Australian cities, being a planned city outside of any state, similar to Washington, D. C. in the United States. Following an international contest for the design, a blueprint by American architects Walter Burley Griffin and Marion Mahony Griffin was selected. The Griffins plan featured geometric motifs such as circles, hexagons and triangles, the citys design was influenced by the garden city movement and incorporates significant areas of natural vegetation that have earned Canberra the title of the bush capital. Although the Australian Capital Territory is now self-governing, the Commonwealth Government retains some influence through the National Capital Authority, the Australian Armys officer corps is trained at the Royal Military College, Duntroon and the Australian Defence Force Academy is also located in the capital. The ACT is independent of any state to prevent any one state from gaining an advantage by hosting the seat of Commonwealth power, the ACT has voting representation in the Commonwealth Parliament, and has its own independent Legislative Assembly and government, similar to the states. Compared to the averages, the unemployment rate is lower. Property prices are high, in part due to comparatively restrictive development regulations. An 1830s map of the region by Major Mitchell indeed does mark the Sullivans Creek floodplain between two mountains as Nganbra. Nganbra or Nganbira could readily have been anglicised to the name Canberry, survey plans of the district dated 1837 refer to the area as the Canberry Plain. Although popularly pronounced /ˈkænbərə/ or /ˈkænbɛrə/, the pronunciation at its official naming in 1913 was /ˈkæn. brə/. Before white settlement, the area in which Canberra would eventually be constructed was seasonally inhabited by Indigenous Australians, archaeological evidence of settlement in the region includes inhabited rock shelters, rock paintings and engravings, burial places, camps and quarry sites, and stone tools and arrangements. Artefacts suggests early human activity occurred at some point in the area 21,000 years previously, European exploration and settlement started in the Canberra area as early as the 1820s. There were four expeditions between 1820 and 1824, white settlement of the area probably dates from 1823, when a homestead or station was built on what is now the Acton peninsula by stockmen employed by Joshua John Moore. He formally applied to purchase the site on 16 December 1826, on 30 April 1827, Moore was told by letter that he could retain possession of 1,000 acres at Canberry. The European population in the Canberra area continued to grow throughout the 19th century
Canberra
–
Canberra, with the old and new
Parliament House in the centre, viewed from
Mount Ainslie
Canberra
–
Blundells Cottage, built around 1860, is one of the few remaining buildings built by the first settlers of Canberra.
Canberra
–
The opening of
Parliament House in May 1927.
Canberra
–
Two of Canberra's best-known landmarks,
Parliament House and
Old Parliament House (foreground). Commonwealth Place runs alongside the lake and includes the International Flag Display.
Questacon is on the right.
38.
Brisbane Graduate School of Business
–
The QUT Business School is one of six faculties at the Queensland University of Technology. In 2014, the QUT Business School had enrolled a total of 8,192 students across the faculty, the school is located at the Gardens Point campus in the central business district of Brisbane, in the state of Queensland, Australia. Gardens Point is situated next to Queensland Parliament and the Brisbane City Botanic Gardens, the School offers courses which are available on or off campus, or through a combination of both. QUT Business School is accredited by AACSB, AMBA and EQUIS, on account of its Triple Crown Accreditation, QUT Business School is placed among the top 1% of Business Schools globally. In 2016, the Business School was ranked again by the Financial Times Business Schools World Rankings as 1st in Australia and its MBA program can be completed in one and a half years full-time or in three years part-time. Each unit of an MBA program is delivered in seven week modules with six weeks of teaching followed by a final assessment in the last week. Students get to study a range of core units and can concentrate on particular areas by way of choosing electives. The Graduate Certificate of Business Administration can be completed in two teaching periods full-time or four teaching periods part-time, students who complete the GCBA can articulate into the MBA. The Business Schools professional doctorate programs consist of units from its MBA course followed by units in research methodology and its Master of Business program offered in multiple disciplines is delivered on a semester basis in 13 weeks, divided into 3 study periods and can be completed in 18 months. The Master of Business course is designed particularly for students who prefer to specialise in specific areas such as Professional Accounting, Strategic Advertising. From 2009 onwards, a flexible approach to learning took place by the combined offering of internal contact hours, online studies. Students may articulate from the Graduate Certificate in Business, which takes one semester full-time to complete, students may also articulate to the Master of Business program, which takes one semester full-time equivalent study to complete in addition to the Master of Business. Students who enter either the MBA or Master of Business programs may exit with a Graduate Certificate after approximately one semester full-time equivalent study, students may also articulate from the Graduate Certificate program to the Masters and then the advanced Masters or MBA with full advanced standing. Queensland University of Technology website QUT Business School website FT. com Business School Rankings
Brisbane Graduate School of Business
–
QUT Business School
Brisbane Graduate School of Business
–
Parliament House in
Brisbane,
Queensland
Brisbane Graduate School of Business
–
Panorama of the Brisbane City Botanic Gardens
39.
Triple accreditation
–
The diagram on the right shows the 54 triple-accredited schools outside of North America as of March 2012. Another two triple-accredited schools used to be found in Canada, bringing the total to 56 in 2012. Some analysts claim that most top US business schools cannot meet this criterion as they sometimes admit applicants with only a bachelors degree and they claim that it is why triple-crown accreditation is pursued primarily by European institutions. However, it is not the case when some triple accredited institutes, City University of Hong Kong for example, AMBA has the most focused scope as it accredits only the business schools portfolios of MBA programs, MBM programs and DBA. EQUISs scope ranks in the middle, as it accredits the school but not the university. AMBAs assessment team includes deans, associate deans, program directors, AMBA has internationalization criteria for research, curriculum and student enrolment. However, these are reviewed in a context for less internationalized regions. EQUIS has strict requirements on internationalization, AMBA allows the visiting faculty model, as long as the visiting faculty are managed by the core faculty. EQUIS disapproves of heavy use of visiting faculty, research AACSB requires research in line with the mission of the school. AMBA requires research and publications in refereed journals or proof of impactful research at national level. EQUIS requires research with an international dimension, program-specific criteria AACSB has no program-specific standards since it evaluates the entire university. Accreditation fees AACSB,17,500 USD for initial business accreditation, in addition, an annual business accreditation fee is charged,4,500 USD annually for a 5-year accreditation cycle or 2,500 USD annually for a 10-year accreditation cycle. AMBA,22,000 GBP for initial accreditation or 15,000 GBP for re-accreditation, EQUIS,38,675 EUR for a 5-year initial accreditation or re-accreditation and 32,725 EUR for a 3-year initial accreditation or re-accreditation. Instituto Tecnológico Autónomo de México, Mexico City, one reason for this is that some of the top business schools choose not to incur the financial cost of international accreditation and rely only on accreditation by their national accrediting body. Another reason is that the top schools in some regions do not meet one or more of the criteria of the accrediting institutions. List of AMBA-accredited institutions List of EQUIS accredited institutions
Triple accreditation
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Triple-accredited schools
40.
Association of MBAs
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The Association of MBAs is a global organisation founded in 1967 which focuses primarily on international business school accreditation and membership. Based in London, AMBA is one of the three main global accreditation bodies in business education and styles itself as the worlds authority on postgraduate management education. It differs from AACSB in the US and EQUIS in Brussels as it accredits a schools portfolio of postgraduate management programmes but does not accredit undergraduate programmes, all MBA students and alumni of the 245 accredited member schools join AMBA as individual members free of charge. AMBA also accredits generalist MBM programmes and DBA programmes, and admits as members students, AMBAs long-serving president is Sir Paul Judge, the founding benefactor of Cambridge Judge Business School. AMBAs current Chief Executive is Andrew Main Wilson, who joined the organisation from the Institute of Directors in 2013, len Jones was elected Chairman of the AMBA Board of Trustees in 2014. The founders saw a lack of awareness in Europe of the value of the MBA degree and they decided to form a lobby and membership group to promote the benefits of postgraduate business education, under the name of Business Graduates Association. The Associations first Director General was Vice-Admiral David Clutterbuck who assumed this position in 1969, in 1983 BGA began to accredit the growing number of MBA programmes, while preserving its functions as a membership organization. BGA was renamed Association of MBAs in 1987, the Associations current president is Sir Paul Judge, who helped establish Cambridge Judge Business School in 1990 and whose name the school continues to carry. The Association of MBAs accredits MBA, MBM and DBA degree programmes, the Associations process of accrediting a schools MBA programmes portfolio includes reviewing compliance AMBAs MBA criteria, most of them qualitative rather than quantitative. AMBA holds three annual conferences for business school deans and directors, a Global Conference, an Asia Pacific Conference. Participation is open to both accredited and non-accredited schools, AMBA also hosts an annual Gala Dinner in London, which is open only to accredited schools. AMBA also organizes webinars, lectures and networking events on a regular basis catering to MBA alumni, current MBA students, prospective MBA students and these on-campus events are held at accredited business schools and often feature distinguished speakers and practitioners in fields such as leadership, entrepreneurship and innovation
Association of MBAs
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Association of MBAs
Association of MBAs
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Feb 2014 Survey Results among MBA applicants, in response to the question: "Which of the following accreditations is/was most important to you when choosing a business school?"
41.
European Quality Improvement System
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The EFMD Quality Improvement System is a school accreditation system. It specializes in higher institutions of management and business administration. As of February 2017, EQUIS has accredited 167 institutions in 41 countries around the world, EQUIS was created in 1997 under Gordon Shenton and the current director is Michael Osbaldeston. In the past 20 years of existence the organization has accredited 167 institutions in 41 countries, the accreditation is awarded to business schools based on general quality. So far all fully accredited EQUIS business schools applying for AACSB accreditation have succeeded, EQUIS accreditation can be granted for three years or for five years. Association of MBAs Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business List of EQUIS accredited institutions Triple accreditation EQUIS on EFMD official website
European Quality Improvement System
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Scope of business school accreditation for AACSB, EQUIS and AMBA
42.
San Jose State University
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San José State University is a comprehensive public university located in San Jose, California, United States. Located in downtown San Jose, the SJSU main campus is situated on 154 acres, SJSU offers 134 bachelors and masters degrees with 110 concentrations and five credential programs with 19 concentrations. The university also offers two joint doctoral programs and one independent doctoral program as of 2014. SJSU is accredited by the Western Association of Schools and Colleges, SJSUs total enrollment was 32,154 in fall 2016, including nearly 5,800 graduate students. As of fall 2015, graduate student enrollment at SJSU was the second-highest of any campus in the CSU system, as of fall 2014, the top five most popular undergraduate majors at SJSU were psychology, accounting, marketing, business management, and biological sciences. As of fall 2014, the top five most popular programs were software engineering, electrical engineering, library and information sciences, social work. More San José State University alumni are hired by Silicon Valley firms than graduates of any college or university. SJSU sports teams are known as the Spartans, and compete in the NCAA Division I FBS Mountain West Conference, what is now San José State University was originally established in 1857 as the Minns Evening Normal School in San Francisco, founded by George W. Minns. In 1862, by act of the California legislature, Minns Evening Normal School became the California State Normal School, the school eventually moved to San Jose in 1871, and was given Washington Square Park at Fourth and San Carlos Streets, where the campus remains to this day. In 1881, a bell was forged to commemorate the school. The bell was inscribed with the words California State Normal School, A. D.1881, the original bell appears on the SJSU campus to this day, and is still associated with various student traditions and rituals. In August 1882, a branch campus of the California State Normal School opened in Los Angeles. In 1921, the California State Normal School changed its name to the State Teachers College at San Jose, in 1935, the State Teachers Colleges became the California State Colleges, and the schools name was changed again, this time to San Jose State College. Finally, in 1974, the California legislature voted to change the name to San José State University. In 1930, the Justice Studies Department was founded as a two-year police science degree program and it holds the distinction of offering the first policing degree in the United States. A stone monument and plaque are displayed close to the site of the police school near Tower Hall. In 1942, the old gym was used to register and collect Japanese Americans before sending them to internment camps, coincidentally, Uchidas parents and siblings were among those processed in the building. In 1963, in an effort to save Tower Hall from demolition, SJSU students and alumni organized testimonials before the State College Board of Trustees, sent telegrams, and provided signed petitions
San Jose State University
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An 1880s lithograph of the original
California State Normal School campus in San Jose.
San Jose State University
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San José State University seal
San Jose State University
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The California State Normal School Bell, forged in 1881, still graces the San Jose campus.
San Jose State University
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Aerial view of San Jose State campus.
43.
San Jose, California
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San Jose, officially the City of San José, is the economic, cultural, and political center of Silicon Valley and the largest city in Northern California. With an estimated 2015 population of 1,026,908, it is the third most populous city in California and the tenth most populous in United States. Located in the center of the Santa Clara Valley, on the shore of San Francisco Bay. San Jose is the county seat of Santa Clara County, the most affluent county in California. San Jose is the largest city in both the San Francisco Bay Area and the San Jose-San Francisco-Oakland Combined Statistical Area, which contain 7.7 million and 8.7 million people respectively. Before the arrival of the Spanish, the area around San Jose was inhabited by the Ohlone people, San Jose was founded on November 29,1777, as the Pueblo of San José de Guadalupe, the first civilian town founded in Spanish Alta California. When California gained statehood in 1850, San Jose became the states first capital, following World War II, San Jose experienced an economic boom, with a rapid population growth and aggressive annexation of nearby cities and communities carried out in the 1950s and 60s. The rapid growth of the high-technology and electronics industries further accelerated the transition from a center to an urbanized metropolitan area. Results of the 1990 U. S. Census indicated that San Jose had officially surpassed San Francisco as the most populous city in Northern California, by the 1990s, San Jose and the rest of Silicon Valley had become the global center for the high tech and internet industries. San Jose is considered to be a city, notable for its affluence. San Joses location within the high tech industry, as a cultural, political. San Jose is one of the wealthiest major cities in the United States and the world, and has the third highest GDP per capita in the world, according to the Brookings Institute. Major global tech companies including Cisco Systems, eBay, Adobe Systems, PayPal, Brocade, Samsung, Acer, Prior to European settlement, the area was inhabited by several groups of Ohlone Native Americans. The first lasting European presence began with a series of Franciscan missions established from 1769 by Junípero Serra, San Jose came under Mexican rule in 1821 after Mexico broke with the Spanish crown. It then became part of the United States, after it capitulated in 1846, on March 27,1850, San Jose became the second incorporated city in the state, with Josiah Belden its first mayor. San Jose was Californias first state capital, and hosted the first, today the Circle of Palms Plaza in downtown is the historical marker for the first state capital. The city was a station on the Butterfield Overland Mail route, in the period 1900 through 1910, San Jose served as a center for pioneering invention, innovation, and impact in both lighter-than-air and heavier-than-air flight. These activities were led principally by John Montgomery and his peers, the City of San Jose has established Montgomery Park, a Monument at San Felipe and Yerba Buena Roads, and John J. Montgomery Elementary School in his honor
San Jose, California
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Images, from top down, left to right:
Downtown San Jose,
Hotel De Anza, East San Jose suburbs,
Lick Observatory,
Plaza de César Chávez
San Jose, California
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South First Street in the 1940s
San Jose, California
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Overhead panorama of
downtown San Jose.
San Jose, California
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Looking west over northern San Jose (downtown is at far left) and other parts of Silicon Valley. See an up-to-the-minute view of San Jose from the Mount Hamilton web camera
44.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
United States
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Native Americans meeting with Europeans, 1764
United States
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Flag
United States
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The signing of the
Mayflower Compact, 1620.
United States
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The
Declaration of Independence: the
Committee of Five presenting their draft to the
Second Continental Congress in 1776
45.
College and university rankings
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College and university rankings are rankings of institutions in higher education ordered by various combinations of various factors. Rankings have most often conducted by magazines, newspapers, websites, governments. In addition to ranking entire institutions, organizations perform rankings of specific programs, departments, various rankings mostly evaluating on institutional output by research. Some rankings evaluate institutions within a country, while others assess institutions worldwide. The subject has produced much debate about rankings usefulness and accuracy, the expanding diversity in rating methodologies and accompanying criticisms of each indicate the lack of consensus in the field. The variety of academic rankings provide an overview and insightful overlook of different academic institutions on composite capabilities in academia. For rankings of United States universities in particular, see Rankings of universities in the United States, several organizations produce worldwide university rankings, including the following. The ranking is funded by the Chinese government and its purpose was to measure the gap between Chinese and world class universities. In the 2015 Academic Ranking of World Universities there are no Chinese universities in the first 100 of 500 places, ARWU rankings have been cited by The Economist magazine. It has been lauded for being consistent and transparent based on an article, the education ministers of France, Norway and Denmark traveled to China to discuss and find ways to improve their rankings. ARWU does not rely on surveys and school submissions, among other criteria, ARWU includes the number of articles published by Nature or Science and the number of Nobel Prize winners and Fields Medalists. Harvard has topped the ranking for years, one of the primary criticisms of ARWUs methodology is that it is biased towards the natural sciences and English language science journals over other subjects. Along with QS World University Rankings and THE World University Rankings and this Saudi Arabia-based consulting organization has published yearly rankings of world universities since 2012. This university ranking is owned by the French consulting company and rating agency SMBG and it ranks masters and MBA in its 9 geographical regions. G-factor ranks university and college web presence by counting the number of only from other university websites. G-factor is an indicator of the popularity or importance of each universitys website from the perspectives of other institutions. The annual U. S. News Best Global Universities rankings were produced to provide insight into how universities compare globally. The Best Global Universities rankings also provide insight into how U. S. universities – which U. S. News has been ranking separately for more than 30 years – stand globally
College and university rankings
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Top 40 "National Universities" according to U.S. News & World Report, 2007
46.
Times Higher Education World University Rankings
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Times Higher Education World University Rankings is an annual publication of university rankings by Times Higher Education magazine. The publisher had collaborated with Quacquarelli Symonds to publish the joint THE–QS World University Rankings from 2004 to 2009 before it turned to Thomson Reuters for a new ranking system. It is considered as one of the most widely observed university measures together with Academic Ranking of World Universities and it is praised for having a new improved methodology but undermining non-English-instructing institutions and being commercialized are the major criticisms. Times Higher Education chose to partner with educational and careers advice company QS to supply the data, the publication developed a new rankings methodology in consultation with its readers, its editorial board and Thomson Reuters. Thomson Reuters will collect and analyse the data used to produce the rankings on behalf of Times Higher Education, the first ranking was published in September 2010. In fact, the surveys of reputation, which made up 40 percent of scores, and its clear that our research measures favored the sciences over the humanities. He went on to describe previous attempts at peer review as embarrassing in The Australian, The sample was too small. THE published its first rankings using its new methodology on 16 September 2010, the Globe and Mail in 2010 described the Times Higher Education World University Rankings to be arguably the most influential. The inaugural 2010-2011 methodology contained 13 separate indicators grouped under five categories, Teaching, research, citations, international mix, the number of indicators is up from the Times-QS rankings published between 2004 and 2009, which used six indicators. A draft of the methodology was released on 3 June 2010. The names of the categories and the weighting of each was modified in the final methodology, the overall ranking score was calculated by making Z-scores all datasets to standardize different data types on a common scale to better make comparisons among data. The reputational component of the came from an Academic Reputation Survey conducted by Thomson Reuters in spring 2010. The survey gathered 13,388 responses among scholars statistically representative of global higher educations geographical, the magazines category for industry income – innovation came from a sole indicator, institutions research income from industry scaled against the number of academic staff. The magazine stated that it used this data as proxy for high-quality knowledge transfer, the Times stated that articles published in 2009–2010 have not yet completely accumulated in the database. The magazine announced on 5 September 2011 that its 2011–2012 World University Rankings would be published on 6 October 2011, at the same time, the magazine revealed changes to the ranking formula that will be introduced with the new rankings. The methodology will continue to use 13 indicators across five categories and will keep its fundamental foundations. Teaching and research will each remain 30 percent of the overall score, however, a new international outlook – staff, students and research will be introduced and will make up 7.5 percent of the final score. One 2011–2012 indicator, the public research income, will be dropped
Times Higher Education World University Rankings
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Times Higher Education World University Rankings
47.
Academic Ranking of World Universities
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Academic Ranking of World Universities, also known as Shanghai Ranking, is an annual publication of university rankings by Shanghai Ranking Consultancy. The publication currently includes worlds overall and subject league tables, alongside independent regional Greater China Ranking, ARWU is regarded as one of the three most influential and widely observed university measures, alongside QS World University Rankings and Times Higher Education World University Rankings. It is praised for its objective methodology but draws some condemnation for narrowly focusing on raw power, undermining humanities. ARWU is praised by media and institutions for its methodology. A survey on higher education published by The Economist in 2005 commented ARWU as the most widely used annual ranking of the research universities. In 2010, The Chronicle of Higher Education called ARWU the best-known, EU Research Headlines reported the ARWUs work on 31 December 2003, The universities were carefully evaluated using several indicators of research performance. Chancellor of University of Oxford, Chris Patten and former Vice-Chancellor of Australian National University, Ian Chubb, said and it looks like a pretty good stab at a fair comparison. And The SJTU rankings were reported quickly and widely around the offer an important comparative view of research performance. Philip G. Altbach named ARWUs consistency, clarity of purpose, whilst ARWU has originated in China, the ranking have been praised for being unbiased towards Asian institutions. Like all other rankings, ARWU has criticism and it is condemned for relying too much on award factors thus undermining the importance of quality of instruction and humanities. A2007 paper published in the journal Scientometrics found that the results from the Shanghai rankings could not be reproduced from raw data using the described by Liu. A2013 paper in the journal finally showed how the Shanghai ranking results could be reproduced. In a report from April 2009, J-C, billaut, D. Bouyssou and Ph. Vincke analyse how the ARWU works, using their insights as specialists of Multiple Criteria Decision Making. The ARWU researchers themselves, N. C Liu and Y Cheng, think that the quality of universities cannot be measured by mere numbers. They suggest that university and college rankings should be used with caution, ARWU has been criticised by the European Commission as well as some EU member states for favour Anglo-Saxon higher education institutions. It is also criticised in France for its use as a motivation for fusing universities into larger ones, indeed, number of publications or award winners will mechanically add as universities are grouped, independently of research quality. The weighting of all the other remains unchanged, thus the grand total of 70%. There are two categories in ARWUs disciplinary rankings, broad subject fields and specific subjects, the methodology is similar to that adopted in the overall table, including award factors, paper citation, and the number of highly cited scholars
Academic Ranking of World Universities
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Academic Ranking of World Universities
48.
CWTS Leiden Ranking
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The CWTS Leiden Ranking is an annual global university ranking based exclusively on bibliometric indicators. The rankings are compiled by the Centre for Science and Technology Studies at Leiden University in the Netherlands, the Thomson Reuters bibliographic database Web of Science is used as the source of the publication and citation data. The Leiden Ranking ranks universities worldwide by number of academic publications according to the volume, the rankings take into account differences in language, discipline and institutional size. In addition to impact, the Leiding Ranking also ranks universities by scientific collaboration, including collaboration with other institutions. The first edition of the Leiden Ranking was produced in 2007, as in other university rankings, Leidens top 20 is heavily dominated by American universities. King Abdulaziz University and King Saud University in Saudi Arabia led the list in 2014 when measured by international collaboration, the Leiden Ranking ranks universities by the following indicators, MCS - mean citation score. The average number of citations of the publications of a university, MNCS - mean normalized citation score. The average number of citations of the publications of a university, normalized for field differences, for example, an MNCS value of 2 means that the publications of a university have been cited twice above world average. PP - proportion of top 10% publications, the proportion of the publications of a university that belong to the top 10% most frequently cited, compared with other publications in the same field and in the same year. PP - proportion of collaborative publications. The proportion of the publications of a university that have been co-authored with one or more other organizations, PP - proportion of internationally collaborative publications. The proportion of the publications of a university that have been co-authored by two or more countries, PP - proportion of collaborative publications with industry. The proportion of the publications of a university that have been co-authored with one or more industrial partners, PP - proportion of short-distance collaborative publications. The proportion of the publications of a university with a geographical collaboration distance of less than 100 km, PP - proportion of long-distance collaborative publications. The proportion of the publications of a university with a geographical collaboration distance of more than 1000 km, in a 2010 article, Loet Leydesdorff criticized the method used by the Leiden Ranking to normalize citation impact by subject field. Website of the CWTS Leiden Ranking
CWTS Leiden Ranking
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Rockefeller University was ranked first in 2014 by
citation impact
49.
List of Australian universities
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There are 43 universities in Australia,40 public universities, two international universities, and one private university
List of Australian universities
List of Australian universities
List of Australian universities
List of Australian universities
