1.
Food
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Food is any substance consumed to provide nutritional support for an organism. It is usually of plant or animal origin, and contains essential nutrients, such as carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, the substance is ingested by an organism and assimilated by the organisms cells to provide energy, maintain life, or stimulate growth. Historically, humans secured food through two methods, hunting and gathering and agriculture, today, the majority of the food energy required by the ever increasing population of the world is supplied by the food industry. They address issues such as sustainability, biological diversity, climate change, nutritional economics, population growth, water supply, most food has its origin in plants. Some food is obtained directly from plants, but even animals that are used as sources are raised by feeding them food derived from plants. Cereal grain is a food that provides more food energy worldwide than any other type of crop. Corn, wheat, and rice – in all of their varieties – account for 87% of all grain production worldwide, most of the grain that is produced worldwide is fed to livestock. Some foods not from animal or plant sources include various edible fungi, fungi and ambient bacteria are used in the preparation of fermented and pickled foods like leavened bread, alcoholic drinks, cheese, pickles, kombucha, and yogurt. Another example is blue-green algae such as Spirulina, inorganic substances such as salt, baking soda and cream of tartar are used to preserve or chemically alter an ingredient. Many plants and plant parts are eaten as food and around 2,000 plant species are cultivated for food, many of these plant species have several distinct cultivars. Seeds of plants are a source of food for animals, including humans, because they contain the nutrients necessary for the plants initial growth, including many healthful fats. In fact, the majority of food consumed by human beings are seed-based foods, edible seeds include cereals, legumes, and nuts. Oilseeds are often pressed to produce rich oils - sunflower, flaxseed, rapeseed, sesame, seeds are typically high in unsaturated fats and, in moderation, are considered a health food, although not all seeds are edible. Large seeds, such as those from a lemon, pose a choking hazard, fruits are the ripened ovaries of plants, including the seeds within. Many plants and animals have coevolved such that the fruits of the former are a food source to the latter. Fruits, therefore, make up a significant part of the diets of most cultures, some botanical fruits, such as tomatoes, pumpkins, and eggplants, are eaten as vegetables. Vegetables are a type of plant matter that is commonly eaten as food. These include root vegetables, bulbs, leaf vegetables, stem vegetables, animals are used as food either directly or indirectly by the products they produce
2.
Rank Hovis McDougall
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RHM plc, formerly Rank Hovis McDougall, was a United Kingdom food business. The company owned numerous brands, particularly for flour, where its core business started and it was listed on the London Stock Exchange and was once a constituent of the FTSE100 Index but was acquired by Premier Foods in March 2007. The Company was founded by Joseph Rank in 1875 as flour milling business when he rented a small windmill and he initially lost money and therefore took a co-tenancy at Wests Holderness Corn Mill. In 1885 he built a flour mill in Hull in order to beat competition from abroad. He used steel rollers instead of mill stones thereby producing six sacks of flour an hour instead of one, in 1888 he built another steel-roller plant in Lincolnshire, and soon after, built a more modern plant, producing 20 sacks of flour an hour. As he strove for greater productivity he installed equipment that produced 30 sacks of flour an hour and he also set up agencies to distribute his flour in parts of England where it previously had not been sold. In May 1899 the business was incorporated as a company under the name Joseph Rank Limited. In 1902 Joseph Rank made his first trip to the United States to understand, soon after his trip abroad, the company built mills in London and Cardiff. In 1912, a mill in Birkenhead was built to supply the needs of Ireland, Rank then moved the corporate headquarters of the Company from Yorkshire to London. During World War II the company employed 3,000 workers, in 1935 Joseph Rank was awarded the Freedom of the City of Hull, in part because of a trust fund he had set up in Hull to help poor persons of good character. During the 1920s, Rank expanded into Scotland and Ireland and he also formed the British Isles Transport Company Limited to facilitate transport of his products around the country. The Company was first listed on the London Stock Exchange in 1933, in 1943 James Rank became Chairman following his fathers death. In 1952, James Rank was succeeded by his brother J. Arthur Rank as Chairman, Arthur explored ways of improving quality control in food production founding RHM Technology and its research centre at High Wycombe. In 1969 Arthurs nephew, Joseph Rank, took over the Chairmanship of the Company, Joseph Rank encouraged research work in crustacea farming, cereal and seed production, and wheat hybrids. He also pioneered protein production from starch, in 1984 the Company established a Joint Venture with ICI known as Marlow Foods. It was Marlow Foods that created the meat substitute product Quorn, in 1981 Sir Peter Reynolds took over as Chairman from Joseph Rank. In 1992 the Company was purchased by Tomkins plc who sold it on to Doughty Hanson & Co in 2000. The Company remained in private equity ownership and sold a number of non-core business, in July 2005 it was relisted on the London Stock Exchange
3.
Imperial Chemical Industries
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Imperial Chemical Industries was a British chemical company and was, for much of its history, the largest manufacturer in Britain. It was formed by the merger of leading British chemical companies in 1926 and its headquarters were at Millbank in London, and it was a constituent of the FT30 and later the FTSE100 Indexes. ICI made paints and speciality products, including ingredients, speciality polymers, electronic materials, fragrances. It was acquired by AkzoNobel in 2008, who immediately sold parts of ICI to Henkel, the company was founded in December 1926 from the merger of four companies, Brunner Mond, Nobel Explosives, the United Alkali Company, and British Dyestuffs Corporation. It established its office at Millbank in London in 1928. Competing with DuPont and IG Farben, the new company produced chemicals, explosives, fertilisers, insecticides, dyestuffs, non-ferrous metals, in its first year turnover was £27 million. In 1940, ICI started British Nylon Spinners as a joint venture with Courtaulds, ICI also owned the Sunbeam motorcycle business, which had come with Nobel Industries, and continued to build motorcycles until 1937. During the Second World War, ICI was involved with the United Kingdoms nuclear weapons programme codenamed Tube Alloys, in the 1940s and 50s, the company established its pharmaceutical business and developed a number of key products, including Paludrine, halothane, Inderal, tamoxifen, and PEEK. ICI formed ICI Pharmaceuticals in 1957, ICI developed a fabric in the 1950s known as Crimplene, a thick polyester yarn used to make a fabric of the same name. The resulting cloth is heavy and wrinkle-resistant, and retains its shape well, the California-based fashion designer Edith Flagg was the first to import this fabric from Britain to the USA. During the first two years, ICI gave Flagg a large advertising budget to popularise the fabric across America, in 1960, Paul Chambers became the first chairman appointed from outside the company. Chambers employed the consultancy firm McKinsey to help with reorganising the company and his eight-year tenure saw export sales double, but his reputation was severely damaged by a failed takeover bid for Courtaulds in 1961–62. In 1962, ICI developed the controversial herbicide, paraquat, ICI was confronted with the nationalisation of its operations in Burma on 1 August 1962 as a consequence of the military coup. In 1964, ICI acquired British Nylon Spinners, the company it had set up in 1940 with Courtaulds. ICI surrendered its 37.5 per cent holding in Courtaulds and paid Courtaulds £2 million a year for five years, in return, Courtaulds transferred to ICI their 50 per cent holding in BNS. BNS was absorbed into ICIs existing polyester operation, ICI Fibres, the acquisition included BNS production plants in Pontypool, Gloucester and Doncaster, together with research and development in Pontypool. Peter Allen was appointed chairman between 1968 and 1971 and he presided over the purchase of Viyella. Jack Callard was appointed chairman from 1971 to 1975 and he almost doubled company profits between 1972 and 1974, and made ICI Britains largest exporter
4.
Stokesley
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Stokesley is a small market town and civil parish in the Hambleton district of North Yorkshire, England. Historically part of the North Riding of Yorkshire, it lies on the River Leven, Stokesley is located about two miles south of the boundary of the borough of Middlesbrough and ten miles south of Middlesbrough town centre. Stokesley is located between Middlesbrough, Guisborough and Northallerton, in a farming area, local attractions for visitors include nearby Great Ayton, as well as Captain Cooks monument and Roseberry Topping, both of which lie within the North York Moors National Park. Stokesley was first granted a charter to hold fairs in 1223 by Henry III, the Pack Horse Bridge, crossing the River Leven from the riverside walk, dates from the 17th century. Renowned for its range of building types, the latter construction within Stokesley of sundry fine Georgian architecture is thought to have contributed much to its later character. Other prominent historical features around the town include the Mill Wheel, the famous survey, by William the Conqueror, also contained the first written record of a church and priest in Stokesley. Visitors to Stokesley today will find a historic high street, lined with many independent small shops. Other facilities include a leisure centre with a pool, a medium-sized supermarket, show-ground, camping site, health centre, industrial estate, library, police. The town also has five pubs, Stokesley is also the home of Quorn, produced by Marlow Foods. There are many grade II listed buildings, including four Grade II* listed buildings of architectural or historic interest. These are Barclays Bank, Handyside Cottage, the Manor House, the inaugural meeting of the Stokesley Agricultural Society was held at the Golden Lion Hotel, now Chapters Hotel, in 1859. This boutique hotel was used as the local law courts for the area being ideally placed between Middlesbrough and Northallerton. Stokesley Agricultural Show, first held in 1859, is every year on the third Saturday in September. It is, perhaps, the largest one day show in England, there is a weekly market held on a Friday in the main square called the Plain. A farmers market takes place on the first Saturday of each month, a four-day fair takes place every September in the town centre. The fair spans the length of the high street and rides such as the KMG Equinox-Tango. The fair always begins on a Wednesday evening and runs until the Saturday, an electoral ward in the same name exists. This ward stretches north to Newby with a population taken at the 2011 Census of 5,537
5.
North Yorkshire
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North Yorkshire is a non-metropolitan county and larger ceremonial county in England. It is located primarily in the region of Yorkshire and the Humber, created by the Local Government Act 1972, it covers an area of 8,654 square kilometres, making it the largest county in England. The majority of the Yorkshire Dales and the North York Moors lie within North Yorkshires boundaries, the largest settlements are York, Middlesbrough, Harrogate and Scarborough, the county town, Northallerton, has a population of 16,832. The area under the control of the county council, or shire county, is divided into a number of local government districts, Craven, Hambleton, Harrogate, Richmondshire, Ryedale, Scarborough, the changes were planned to be implemented no later than 1 April 2009. This was rejected on 25 July 2007 so the County Council, the largest settlement in the administrative county is Harrogate, the second largest is Scarborough, while in the ceremonial county, the largest is York. The largest urban area within the county is the Middlesbrough built-up area sub-division of Teesside. Uniquely for a district in England, Stockton-on-Tees is split between North Yorkshire and County Durham for this purpose, Middlesbrough, Stockton-on-Tees, and Redcar and Cleveland boroughs form part of the North East England region. The ceremonial county area, including the authorities, borders East Riding of Yorkshire, South Yorkshire, West Yorkshire, Lancashire, Cumbria. The geology of North Yorkshire is closely reflected in its landscape, within the county are the North York Moors and most of the Yorkshire Dales, two of eleven areas of countryside within England and Wales to be officially designated as national parks. Between the North York Moors in the east and the Pennine Hills in the west lie the Vales of Mowbray, the Tees Lowlands lie to the north of the North York Moors and the Vale of Pickering lies to the south. Its eastern border is the North sea coast, the highest point is Whernside, on the Cumbrian border, at 736 metres. The two major rivers in the county are the River Swale and the River Ure, the Swale and the Ure form the River Ouse which flows through York and into the Humber estuary. The River Tees forms part of the border between North Yorkshire and County Durham and flows from upper Teesdale to Middlesbrough and Stockton and to the coast, North Yorkshire is a non-metropolitan county that operates a cabinet-style council, North Yorkshire County Council. The full council of 72 elects a council leader, who in turn appoints up to 9 more councillors to form the executive cabinet, the cabinet is responsible for making decisions in the County. The county council have their offices in the County Hall in Northallerton, the county is affluent and has above average house prices. Unemployment is below average for the UK and claimants of Job Seekers Allowance is also very low compared to the rest of the UK at 2. 7%, agriculture is an important industry, as are mineral extraction and power generation. The county also has high technology, service and tourism sectors. This is a chart of trend of gross value added for North Yorkshire at current basic prices with figures in millions of British Pounds Sterling
6.
England
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England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west, the Irish Sea lies northwest of England and the Celtic Sea lies to the southwest. England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east, the country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain in its centre and south, and includes over 100 smaller islands such as the Isles of Scilly, and the Isle of Wight. England became a state in the 10th century, and since the Age of Discovery. The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England, transforming its society into the worlds first industrialised nation, Englands terrain mostly comprises low hills and plains, especially in central and southern England. However, there are uplands in the north and in the southwest, the capital is London, which is the largest metropolitan area in both the United Kingdom and the European Union. In 1801, Great Britain was united with the Kingdom of Ireland through another Act of Union to become the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. In 1922 the Irish Free State seceded from the United Kingdom, leading to the latter being renamed the United Kingdom of Great Britain, the name England is derived from the Old English name Englaland, which means land of the Angles. The Angles were one of the Germanic tribes that settled in Great Britain during the Early Middle Ages, the Angles came from the Angeln peninsula in the Bay of Kiel area of the Baltic Sea. The earliest recorded use of the term, as Engla londe, is in the ninth century translation into Old English of Bedes Ecclesiastical History of the English People. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, its spelling was first used in 1538. The earliest attested reference to the Angles occurs in the 1st-century work by Tacitus, Germania, the etymology of the tribal name itself is disputed by scholars, it has been suggested that it derives from the shape of the Angeln peninsula, an angular shape. An alternative name for England is Albion, the name Albion originally referred to the entire island of Great Britain. The nominally earliest record of the name appears in the Aristotelian Corpus, specifically the 4th century BC De Mundo, in it are two very large islands called Britannia, these are Albion and Ierne. But modern scholarly consensus ascribes De Mundo not to Aristotle but to Pseudo-Aristotle, the word Albion or insula Albionum has two possible origins. Albion is now applied to England in a poetic capacity. Another romantic name for England is Loegria, related to the Welsh word for England, Lloegr, the earliest known evidence of human presence in the area now known as England was that of Homo antecessor, dating to approximately 780,000 years ago. The oldest proto-human bones discovered in England date from 500,000 years ago, Modern humans are known to have inhabited the area during the Upper Paleolithic period, though permanent settlements were only established within the last 6,000 years
7.
United Kingdom
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The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom or Britain, is a sovereign country in western Europe. Lying off the north-western coast of the European mainland, the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain, Northern Ireland is the only part of the United Kingdom that shares a land border with another sovereign state—the Republic of Ireland. The Irish Sea lies between Great Britain and Ireland, with an area of 242,500 square kilometres, the United Kingdom is the 78th-largest sovereign state in the world and the 11th-largest in Europe. It is also the 21st-most populous country, with an estimated 65.1 million inhabitants, together, this makes it the fourth-most densely populated country in the European Union. The United Kingdom is a monarchy with a parliamentary system of governance. The monarch is Queen Elizabeth II, who has reigned since 6 February 1952, other major urban areas in the United Kingdom include the regions of Birmingham, Leeds, Glasgow, Liverpool and Manchester. The United Kingdom consists of four countries—England, Scotland, Wales, the last three have devolved administrations, each with varying powers, based in their capitals, Edinburgh, Cardiff and Belfast, respectively. The relationships among the countries of the UK have changed over time, Wales was annexed by the Kingdom of England under the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542. A treaty between England and Scotland resulted in 1707 in a unified Kingdom of Great Britain, which merged in 1801 with the Kingdom of Ireland to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Five-sixths of Ireland seceded from the UK in 1922, leaving the present formulation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain, there are fourteen British Overseas Territories. These are the remnants of the British Empire which, at its height in the 1920s, British influence can be observed in the language, culture and legal systems of many of its former colonies. The United Kingdom is a country and has the worlds fifth-largest economy by nominal GDP. The UK is considered to have an economy and is categorised as very high in the Human Development Index. It was the worlds first industrialised country and the worlds foremost power during the 19th, the UK remains a great power with considerable economic, cultural, military, scientific and political influence internationally. It is a nuclear weapons state and its military expenditure ranks fourth or fifth in the world. The UK has been a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council since its first session in 1946 and it has been a leading member state of the EU and its predecessor, the European Economic Community, since 1973. However, on 23 June 2016, a referendum on the UKs membership of the EU resulted in a decision to leave. The Acts of Union 1800 united the Kingdom of Great Britain, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland have devolved self-government
8.
Monde Nissin
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Not to be confused with the unaffiliated Japan-based company Nissin Foods, whose Philippine affiliate is Universal Robina. Monde Nissin Corporation is a Philippine-based company that manufactures noodles, biscuits, packaged baked goods, Monde Nissins subsidiaries include Monde M. Y. San, manufacturer of biscuit brands SkyFlakes and Fita, Monde Nissin Thailand, and Monde Nissin Australia, comprising the businesses Black Swan, Nudie. The company also distributes Kelloggs, Mama Sitas and Dutch Mill in the Philippines, the operations of Monde Nissin main plant has adapted a management system in line with ISO22000,2005 to conform to the international standards for Food Safety Management Systems. Since 2000, Monde Nissin has been included in the top 50 corporations in the Philippines based on gross revenues. Monde Nissin was originally incorporated as Monde Denmark Nissin Biscuit Corporation in 1979, Monde Nissin started manufacturing biscuits in 1980. Among its first products were Nissin Butter Coconut and Nissin Wafer, in 1989, the company owned by ventured into the instant noodle segment with Lucky Me. It launched Instant Mami, noodle soup in pouches, in Beef. Eventually, these became the fastest selling products, in 1991, it introduced Lucky Me. Pancit Canton, the first dry stir-fry pouched noodles in the Philippine market, in 1995, Lucky Me. Supreme in La Paz Batchoy flavor was launched as the first Filipino dish-flavored no-cook cup noodles. Special was introduced, which consists of noodles with local and international such as Lomi, Jjamppong, Curly Spaghetti, Baked Mac. In 2014, Kantar Worldpanel, in its Brand Footprint Report, cited Lucky Me. as the most chosen and purchased consumer brand in the Philippines, in 2001, the company acquired M. Y. San Corporation, manufacturer of SkyFlakes, Fita, and M. Y, subsequent to the sale of shares, M. Y. San changed its name to Monde M. Y, several cookies and snack products were also launched, namely Eggnog Cookies, Bread Stix, and Bingo Cookie Sandwich. In 2005, Voice Combo Cracker became the first cracker and wafer combo biscuit in the Philippines, in 2014, Voice Pops was launched as the first cream sandwich with popping candies. After establishing leadership of the noodle and biscuit segments, Monde Nissin pushed for a phase with its expansion to other product categories. In 2006, Dutch Mill Yoghurt Drink became available in the Philippines through partnership with Dairy Plus Thailand, in 2010, Monde Nissin entered the culinary solutions market with the introduction of Lucky Me. Its portfolio of culinary aids expanded further with the launch of Lucky Me, namNam Tomato seasoning in 2013, the first seasoning in the local market with the taste of real tomatoes
9.
Meat analogue
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Many analogues are soy-based or gluten-based. Generally, meat analogue is understood to mean a food made from non-meats, sometimes other animal products. Tofu, a meat analogue, was invented in the Han dynasty. A document written by Tao Gu describes how tofu was called small mutton, Meat analogues such as tofu and wheat gluten are associated with Buddhist cuisine in China and other parts of East Asia. In Medieval Europe, meat analogues were popular during Lent, when the consumption of meat from warm-blooded animals is forbidden, Meat analogue may also refer to a meat-based and/or less-expensive alternative to a particular meat product, such as surimi. Another alternative meat technology is cultured meat from in vitro-grown muscle tissue, tofu, a popular meat analogue, was invented in China by the Han dynasty. Drawings of tofu production have been discovered in a Han dynasty tomb and its use as a meat analogue is recorded in a document written by Tao Gu. Tao describes how tofu was popularly known as mutton, which shows that the Chinese valued tofu as an imitation meat. Tofu was widely consumed during the Tang dynasty, and likely spread to Japan during the later Tang or early Song dynasty, prior to the arrival of Buddhism, China was predominantly a meat consuming culture. The vegetarian dietary laws of Buddhism led to development of meat analogues as a replacement for the dishes that the Chinese were no longer able to consume as Buddhists. Meat analogues such as tofu and wheat gluten are associated with Buddhist cuisine in China. Meat analogues were popular in Medieval Europe during Lent, which prohibited the consumption of warm-blooded animals, eggs. Chopped almonds and grapes were used as a substitute for mincemeat, diced bread was made into imitation cracklings and greaves. Yuba and textured vegetable protein are other soy-based meat analogues, the first is made by layering the thin skin which forms on top of boiled soy milk. The second is a dry bulk commodity derived from soy and soy protein concentrate, some meat analogues include mycoprotein-based Quorn, and modified defatted peanut flour and Valess. Many dairy analogues contain casein, which is extracted dried milk proteins, in 2016 Impossible Foods began delivering its beef substitute, which it claimed offered appearance, taste and cooking properties very similar to meat. It uses a synthetic compound that is produced by genetically modified yeasts. Heme is the molecule that carries oxygen in human blood, the company has raised $182 million in funding
10.
TV dinner
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A TV dinner is a pre-packaged frozen or chilled meal that usually comes as an individual portion. It requires very little preparation and contains all the elements for a single-serving meal, the entrée could also be pasta or a common type of fish, such as Atlantic cod. Rice is a side item. In Europe, items such as Indian or Chinese meals are common, the term TV dinner is a genericized trademark originally used for a brand of packaged meal developed in 1953 by C. A. The original TV Dinner came in a tray and was heated in an oven. In the United States the term is synonymous with any prepackaged dinner purchased frozen in a supermarket, most frozen food trays are now made of microwaveable material, usually plastic. Several smaller companies had conceived of frozen dinners earlier, but the first to achieve success was Swanson, each item was placed in its own compartment. The product was cooked for 25 minutes at 425 °F and fit nicely on a TV tray table, the original TV Dinner sold for 98 cents, and had a production estimate of 5,000 dinners for the first year. The name TV dinner supposedly came from the shape of the tray it was served on, the main entrée was in a bigger compartment on one side of the tray and the vegetables lined up in smaller compartments on the other side. The arrangement was similar to that of the front panels of a 1950s television set, there were other theories about the name of the TV dinner. One reason was that early packaging featured the image of a TV set, another was that it was marketed a quick alternative to traditional cooking and could be consumed by families at dinnertime while watching TV, a popular pastime in the fifties. Much has changed since the first TV Dinners were marketed, for instance, a wider variety of main courses – such as fried chicken, spaghetti, Salisbury steak and Mexican combinations – have been introduced. Competitors such as Banquet and Morton began offering prepackaged frozen dinners at a lower price than Swanson, other changes include,1960 – Swanson added desserts to a new four-compartment tray. 1964 – Night Hawk name originated from the Night Hawk steak houses that operated in Austin, the original diners were open all night catering to the late-night crowd. The restaurants produced the first frozen Night Hawk TV dinner in 1964,1969 – The first TV breakfasts were marketed. Great Starts Breakfasts and breakfast sandwiches followed later,1973 – The first Swanson Hungry-Man dinners were marketed, these contained larger portions of its regular dinners. The American football player Mean Joe Greene was the Hungry-Man spokesman,1986 – The first microwave oven-safe trays were marketed. Modern-day frozen dinners tend to come in microwave-safe containers, product lines also tend to offer a larger variety of dinner types
11.
Egg white
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Albumen is the name for the clear liquid contained within an egg. In chickens it is formed from the layers of secretions of the section of the hens oviduct during the passage of the egg. It forms around fertilized or unfertilized egg yolks, the primary natural purpose of egg white is to protect the yolk and provide additional nutrition for the growth of the embryo. Egg white consists primarily of about 90% water into which is dissolved about 10% proteins, unlike the yolk, which is high in lipids, egg white contains almost no fat, and carbohydrate content is less than 1%. Egg whites contain just over 50% of the protein in the egg, Egg white has many uses in food and also many other uses. Egg white makes up around two-thirds of an egg by weight. Water constitutes about 90% of this, with protein, trace minerals, fatty material, vitamins, and glucose contributing the remainder. A raw U. S. large egg contains around 33 grams of egg white with 3.6 grams of protein,0.24 grams of carbohydrate and 55 milligrams of sodium and it contains no cholesterol and the energy content is about 17 Calories. Egg white is a solution and contains around 148 proteins. The table below lists the major proteins in egg whites by percentage, ovalbumin is the most abundant protein in albumen. Classed as phosphoglycoprotein, during storage, it converts into s-ovalbumin, Denaturation temperature is around 84°C, but it can be easily denatured by physical stresses. Conalbumin/ovotransferrin is a glycoprotein which has the capacity to bind the bi-, at its isoelectric pH, it can bind two cations and assume a red or yellow color. These metal complexes are more stable than the native state. Ovomucoid is the major allergen from egg white and is a heat-resistant glycoprotein found to be a trypsin inhibitor, ovomucin is a glycoprotein which may contribute to the gel-like structure of thick albumen. The amount of ovomucin in the thick albumen is four times greater than in the thin albumen, the physical stress of beating egg whites can create a foam. Two types of stress are caused by beating them with a whisk. The second stress comes from the mixing of air into the whites, when beating egg whites, they are classified in three stages according to the peaks they form when the beater is lifted, soft, firm, and stiff peaks. Overbeaten eggs take on a dry appearance, and eventually collapse, Egg whites do not beat up correctly if they are exposed to any form of fat, such as cooking oils or the fats contained in egg yolk
12.
Veganism
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Veganism is both the practice of abstaining from the use of animal products, particularly in diet, and an associated philosophy that rejects the commodity status of animals. A follower of either the diet or the philosophy is known as a vegan, distinctions are sometimes made between several categories of veganism. Dietary vegans refrain from consuming animal products, not only meat but also eggs, dairy products and other animal-derived substances. The term ethical vegan is often applied to those who not only follow a diet but extend the philosophy into other areas of their lives. Donald Watson coined the term vegan in 1944 when he co-founded the Vegan Society in England, at first he used it to mean non-dairy vegetarian, but from 1951 the society defined it as the doctrine that man should live without exploiting animals. Interest in veganism increased in the 2010s, more vegan stores opened, and vegan options became increasingly available in supermarkets and restaurants in many countries. Well-planned vegan diets can reduce the risk of some types of chronic disease and they are regarded as appropriate for all stages of the life-cycle by the American Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. The German Society for Nutrition cautions against vegan diets for children, because uncontaminated plant foods do not provide vitamin B12, researchers agree that vegans should eat B12-fortified foods or take a supplement. The origin of the English term vegetarian is unknown, the earliest known use is attributed to the actress Fanny Kemble, writing around 1839 in Georgia in the United States. The practice can be traced to Indus valley civilization in 3300 -1300 BCE Ancient India, the earliest known vegan was the Arab poet Al-Maʿarri. Vegetarianism established itself as a significant movement in 19th-century England and the United States, a minority of vegetarians avoided animal food entirely. Lambe called animal food an habitual irritation, and argued that ilk eating and flesh eating are but branches of a common system, and they must stand or fall together. Sylvester Grahams meatless Graham diet—mostly fruit, vegetables, water, several vegan communities were established around this time. In 1843 members of Alcott House created the British and Foreign Society for the Promotion of Humanity and Abstinence from Animal Food, led by Sophia Chichester, Alcott House also helped to establish the British Vegetarian Society, which held its first meeting in 1847 in Ramsgate, Kent. Belongs to the more moderate division. The first known vegan cookbook, Rupert H. Wheldons No Animal Food, the consumption of milk and eggs became a battleground over the following decades. There were regular discussions about it in the Vegetarian Messenger, it appears from the pages that many opponents of veganism came from within the vegetarian community. This lent support to the position, although Gandhi himself drank goats milk
13.
World War I
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World War I, also known as the First World War, the Great War, or the War to End All Wars, was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918. More than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, were mobilised in one of the largest wars in history and it was one of the deadliest conflicts in history, and paved the way for major political changes, including revolutions in many of the nations involved. The war drew in all the worlds great powers, assembled in two opposing alliances, the Allies versus the Central Powers of Germany and Austria-Hungary. These alliances were reorganised and expanded as more nations entered the war, Italy, Japan, the trigger for the war was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary, by Yugoslav nationalist Gavrilo Princip in Sarajevo on 28 June 1914. This set off a crisis when Austria-Hungary delivered an ultimatum to the Kingdom of Serbia. Within weeks, the powers were at war and the conflict soon spread around the world. On 25 July Russia began mobilisation and on 28 July, the Austro-Hungarians declared war on Serbia, Germany presented an ultimatum to Russia to demobilise, and when this was refused, declared war on Russia on 1 August. Germany then invaded neutral Belgium and Luxembourg before moving towards France, after the German march on Paris was halted, what became known as the Western Front settled into a battle of attrition, with a trench line that changed little until 1917. On the Eastern Front, the Russian army was successful against the Austro-Hungarians, in November 1914, the Ottoman Empire joined the Central Powers, opening fronts in the Caucasus, Mesopotamia and the Sinai. In 1915, Italy joined the Allies and Bulgaria joined the Central Powers, Romania joined the Allies in 1916, after a stunning German offensive along the Western Front in the spring of 1918, the Allies rallied and drove back the Germans in a series of successful offensives. By the end of the war or soon after, the German Empire, Russian Empire, Austro-Hungarian Empire, national borders were redrawn, with several independent nations restored or created, and Germanys colonies were parceled out among the victors. During the Paris Peace Conference of 1919, the Big Four imposed their terms in a series of treaties, the League of Nations was formed with the aim of preventing any repetition of such a conflict. This effort failed, and economic depression, renewed nationalism, weakened successor states, and feelings of humiliation eventually contributed to World War II. From the time of its start until the approach of World War II, at the time, it was also sometimes called the war to end war or the war to end all wars due to its then-unparalleled scale and devastation. In Canada, Macleans magazine in October 1914 wrote, Some wars name themselves, during the interwar period, the war was most often called the World War and the Great War in English-speaking countries. Will become the first world war in the sense of the word. These began in 1815, with the Holy Alliance between Prussia, Russia, and Austria, when Germany was united in 1871, Prussia became part of the new German nation. Soon after, in October 1873, German Chancellor Otto von Bismarck negotiated the League of the Three Emperors between the monarchs of Austria-Hungary, Russia and Germany
14.
J. Arthur Rank
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Joseph Arthur Rank, 1st Baron Rank was a British industrialist who was head and founder of the Rank Organisation. He was educated at The Leys School in Cambridge, joseph is reported to have told his son Arthur that he was a dunce at school and that the only way that he could succeed in life would be in his fathers flour mill. J. Arthur ventured on his own with Peterkins Self-Raising Flour and that was the business that he later inherited and which became known as Rank Hovis McDougall. Rank was a member of the Methodist Church and in his middle age he taught Sunday School to which he began to show religious films. This practice expanded to churches and schools and it led to his formation of the Religious Film Society to which he then distributed films that he had also made. His first production was called Mastership, Rank took up the challenge and via an introduction by a young film producer named John Corfield, he discussed both the problem and a solution with Lady Yule of Bricket Wood. The net result of meetings was the formation of the British National Films Company. The first commercial production by this company was Turn of the Tide, having created their movie, British National then had to get it distributed and exhibited, but this proved to be more difficult than making the movie itself. Some commercial screens began showing Turn of the Tide as a second feature, in 1935 the trio became owner-operators of Pinewood Film Studios. Lady Yule later sold her shares to Rank while John Corfield resigned from its board of directors, american films occupied 80% of British screen time during the era before World War II. In 1935 Rank arrived at a solution to his distribution problems, because the middlemen controlled the distribution pipeline from production to exhibition, he decided to buy a large part of both the distribution and exhibition systems. He began by forming a partnership with film maker C. M. Arthur Rank Film Distributors, in 1939 Rank consolidated his film production interests in both the Pinewood Film Studios and the Denham Film Studios In 1938 Rank bought the Odeon Cinemas chain. And the Amalgamated Studios in Elstree, although the latter were never used as studios by Rank. In 1941, it absorbed the Gaumont British, which owned 251 cinemas, and the Lime Grove Studios, other interests were acquired which would be added to the interests in a few more years) within a new company called the Rank Organisation. Rank retired as Chairman in 1962 and was succeeded by John Davis, from the 1950s fewer adventurous films were attempted and solidly commercial ventures, largely aimed at the family market, were made instead. These include the popular Norman Wisdom comedies and the various Doctor, to that end in 1953 he set up the J. Arthur Rank Group Charity to promote Christian belief. The charity later became known as The Rank Foundation and he was a governor of The Peckham Experiment in 1949. In 1957 J. Arthur Rank was raised to the peerage as Baron Rank, fred was one of the founders of the Brazilian investment banking firm Banco Garantia, along with Jorge Paulo Lemann, Marcel Telles and Carlos Alberto Sicuperia
15.
Starch
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Starch or amylum is a polymeric carbohydrate consisting of a large number of glucose units joined by glycosidic bonds. This polysaccharide is produced by most green plants as an energy store and it is the most common carbohydrate in human diets and is contained in large amounts in staple foods such as potatoes, wheat, maize, rice, and cassava. Pure starch is a white, tasteless and odorless powder that is insoluble in water or alcohol. It consists of two types of molecules, the linear and helical amylose and the branched amylopectin, depending on the plant, starch generally contains 20 to 25% amylose and 75 to 80% amylopectin by weight. Glycogen, the store of animals, is a more branched version of amylopectin. In industry, starch is converted into sugars, for example by malting and it is processed to produce many of the sugars used in processed foods. Dissolving starch in water gives wheatpaste, which can be used as a thickening, stiffening or gluing agent. The biggest industrial non-food use of starch is as an adhesive in the papermaking process, starch can be applied to parts of some garments before ironing, to stiffen them. The word starch is from a Germanic root with the strong, stiff. Amylum for starch is from the Greek αμυλον, amylon which means not ground at a mill, the root amyl is used in biochemistry for several compounds related to starch. Starch grains from the rhizomes of Typha as flour have been identified from grinding stones in Europe dating back to 30,000 years ago, starch grains from sorghum were found on grind stones in caves in Ngalue, Mozambique dating up to 100,000 years ago. Pure extracted wheat starch paste was used in Ancient Egypt possibly to glue papyrus, the extraction of starch is first described in the Natural History of Pliny the Elder around AD 77–79. Romans used it also in cosmetic creams, to powder the hair, persians and Indians used it to make dishes similar to gothumai wheat halva. Rice starch as surface treatment of paper has been used in production in China. In addition to starchy plants consumed directly,66 million tonnes of starch were being produced per year world-wide by 2008. In the EU this was around 8.5 million tonnes, with around 40% being used for applications and 60% for food uses. Most green plants use starch as their energy store, an exception is the family Asteraceae, where starch is replaced by the fructan inulin. In photosynthesis, plants use light energy to produce glucose from carbon dioxide, the glucose is used to make cellulose fibers, the structural component of the plant, or is stored in the form of starch granules, in amyloplasts
16.
Quorn, Leicestershire
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Quorn is a village in Leicestershire, England, situated next to the university town of Loughborough. Quorns name was shortened from Quorndon in 1889, to avoid postal difficulties owing to its similarity to the name of village, Quarndon. The toponym of the original name is thought to be derived from the Old English cweorndun. The first known evidence of the village is in the Lincoln Episcopal Registers for 1209–1235, other variations of the village name over the centuries include Querne, Quendon, Querendon, Quarendon, Qaryndon, Querinden, Querondon, and Quernedon. The quarrying of stone in Quorn began at an early age at Buddon Wood. Granite millstones were quarried in the early Iron Age, and under the Romans stone was quarried for building in Leicester. Some of the larger millstones can still be seen in the area, however these days they are used as garden ornaments. Quorn Hall, off Meynell Road on the edge of the village, was built for the Farnham family in about 1680. It became the home of renowned fox hunter Hugo Meynell in 1753 and he established his pack of hounds there, where it continued under later masters until 1905, thus giving a name to the famous Quorn Hunt. Three Royal Navy ships have been named HMS Quorn after the hunt,96 men from Quorn lost their lives in the two World Wars. A cenotaph in Quorns Memorial Gardens honours these men, Quorn Camp was established on the grounds of Quorn House during World War II. It was used as a PoW camp and was also host to a number of the United States Army 82nd Airborne Divisions 505th Parachute Infantry Regiment and these paratroopers were involved in liberating the town of Sainte-Mère-Église, in Normandy, France, on the morning of D-Day and included Pvt. John Marvin Steele who famously became caught on the church spire. This incident is commemorated with a dummy paratrooper and parachute attached to the church in Sainte-Mère-Église. A number of American veterans come back to Quorn, particularly every tenth anniversary of the D-Day landings, to remember their time in Quorn and their comrades who did not return. There is a plaque commemorating the lost US servicemen in Quorns Memorial Gardens, there is also an avenue of lime trees in Stafford Orchard in remembrance of those American soldiers that died, together with a plaque. Quorn is built around the old A6 road which runs through the centre of the village, on 28 October 1991 a dual carriageway bypass opened taking the A6 away to the north-eastern edge of the village. The village has a station called Quorn and Woodhouse, shared with the neighbouring hamlet of Woodhouse
17.
Marlow, Buckinghamshire
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Marlow is a town and civil parish within Wycombe district in south Buckinghamshire, England. It is located on the River Thames,4 miles south-southwest of High Wycombe,5 miles west-northwest of Maidenhead and 33 miles west of central London, the name is recorded in 1015 as Mere lafan, meaning Land left after the draining of a pond in Old English. From Norman times the manor, parish, and later borough were formally known as Great Marlow, the ancient parish was large, including rural areas north and west of the town. In 1896 the civil parish of Great Marlow, created in the 19th century from the ancient parish, was divided into Great Marlow Urban District, in 1897 the urban district was renamed Marlow Urban District, and the town has been known simply as Marlow. Marlow is recorded in the Domesday Book as Merlaue, magna Britannia includes the following entry for Marlow, The manor of Marlow, which had belonged to the Earls of Mercia, was given by William the Conqueror, to his Queen Matilda. It is now the property of Sir William Clayton bart, a descendant of the last purchaser. Marlow owed its importance to its location on the River Thames and it had its own market by 1227, although the market lapsed before 1600. From 1301 to 1307 the town had its own Member of Parliament, Marlow is adjoined by Marlow Bottom, a mile to the north. Little Marlow is nearby to the east along the A4155 Little Marlow Road, the weather vane on the building features a man firing a cannon and may date from that period. The building is now owned by the Bosley family, the Hand & Flowers, the first gastropub to hold two Michelin stars, is located on West Street. Like many local pubs, it serves the award-winning beers brewed locally in Marlow Bottom by the Rebellion Beer Company, Marlow is twinned with Marly-le-Roi, France, since 1980. Budavár, a district of Budapest, Hungary, the A4155 road runs through Marlow town centre, with the A404 lying one mile to the east, the M40 motorway further to the north, and the M4 motorway to the south. Marlow is served by a station which is the terminus of a single-track branch line from Maidenhead. The train service is known as the Marlow Donkey, which was the given to the steam locomotives that once operated on the line. There is also a pub with the name, located close to the railway station. Bus services are provided by Arriva and Carousel Buses to neighbouring towns including High Wycombe, Henley-on-Thames, the club is based by Marlow Bridge and exercises above and below the lock. Olympic lightweight mens double sculls gold-medallist at Beijing 2008 Zac Purchase is a member of Marlow Rowing Club. Marlow F. C. is the oldest football club in the town, another local football club, Marlow United F. C. has been promoted to the Hellenic Football League Premier Division for the 2008/09 season
18.
Association football
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Association football, more commonly known as football or soccer, is a team sport played between two teams of eleven players with a spherical ball. It is played by 250 million players in over 200 countries and dependencies making it the worlds most popular sport, the game is played on a rectangular field with a goal at each end. The object of the game is to score by getting the ball into the opposing goal, players are not allowed to touch the ball with their hands or arms while it is in play, unless they are goalkeepers. Other players mainly use their feet to strike or pass the ball, the team that scores the most goals by the end of the match wins. If the score is level at the end of the game, the Laws of the Game were originally codified in England by The Football Association in 1863. Association football is governed internationally by the International Federation of Association Football, the first written reference to the inflated ball used in the game was in the mid-14th century, Þe heued fro þe body went, Als it were a foteballe. The Online Etymology Dictionary states that the word soccer was split off in 1863, according to Partha Mazumdar, the term soccer originated in England, first appearing in the 1880s as an Oxford -er abbreviation of the word association. Within the English-speaking world, association football is now usually called football in the United Kingdom and mainly soccer in Canada and the United States. People in Australia, Ireland, South Africa and New Zealand use either or both terms, although national associations in Australia and New Zealand now primarily use football for the formal name. According to FIFA, the Chinese competitive game cuju is the earliest form of football for which there is scientific evidence, cuju players could use any part of the body apart from hands and the intent was kicking a ball through an opening into a net. It was remarkably similar to football, though similarities to rugby occurred. During the Han Dynasty, cuju games were standardised and rules were established, phaininda and episkyros were Greek ball games. An image of an episkyros player depicted in low relief on a vase at the National Archaeological Museum of Athens appears on the UEFA European Championship Cup, athenaeus, writing in 228 AD, referenced the Roman ball game harpastum. Phaininda, episkyros and harpastum were played involving hands and violence and they all appear to have resembled rugby football, wrestling and volleyball more than what is recognizable as modern football. As with pre-codified mob football, the antecedent of all football codes. Non-competitive games included kemari in Japan, chuk-guk in Korea and woggabaliri in Australia, Association football in itself does not have a classical history. Notwithstanding any similarities to other games played around the world FIFA have recognised that no historical connection exists with any game played in antiquity outside Europe. The modern rules of football are based on the mid-19th century efforts to standardise the widely varying forms of football played in the public schools of England
19.
Ryan Giggs
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Ryan Joseph Giggs, OBE is a Welsh football coach and former player who is the co-owner of Salford City. He played his professional career for Manchester United. The son of rugby league player Danny Wilson, Giggs was born in Cardiff, predominantly a left winger, he began his career with Manchester City, but joined Manchester United on his 14th birthday in 1987. He made his debut for the club in 1991 and spent the next 23 years in the Manchester United first team. At the end of the 2013–14 season, he was named as Manchester Uniteds interim player-manager following the sacking of David Moyes and he was named as assistant manager under Moyes permanent replacement, Louis van Gaal, on 19 May 2014, he retired from playing the same day. He holds the record for competitive appearances. At international level, Giggs played for the Wales national team 64 times between 1991 and 2007, and was named as the captain of the Great Britain team that competed at the 2012 Summer Olympics. He is one of only 18 players to have made over 1,000 career appearances, Giggs is the most decorated player in football history. Giggs captained the team on occasions, particularly in the 2007–08 season when regular captain Gary Neville was ruled out with various injuries. Giggs also has a number of personal achievements and he was the first player in history to win two consecutive PFA Young Player of the Year awards, though he did not win the PFA Player of the Year award until 2009. He was the player to play in each of the first 22 seasons of the Premier League. He was elected into the PFA Team of the Century in 2007, Giggs holds the record for the most assists in Premier League history, with 271. He was named as BBC Sports Personality of the Year in 2009, in addition to the many honours Giggs has received within football, he was appointed an OBE in the Queens 2007 Birthday Honours List for his services to football. Giggs was born at St Davids Hospital in Canton, Cardiff, to Danny Wilson, a union player for Cardiff RFC. Giggs is mixed race – his paternal grandfather is from Sierra Leone – and has spoken of the racism he faced as a child, as a child, Giggs grew up in Ely, a suburb of western Cardiff. His younger brother, Rhodri, is a manager of non-league Salford City. He spent much time with his mothers parents and playing football, in 1980, when Giggs was six years old, his father switched rugby codes and signed for Swinton RLFC, forcing the whole family to move north to Swinton, a town in Salford, Greater Manchester. The move was a one, as Giggs was very close to his grandparents in Cardiff
20.
Rugby football
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Rugby is a type of football developed at Rugby School in Rugby, Warwickshire, one of many versions of football played at English public schools in the 19th century. The two main types of rugby are rugby league and rugby union, although rugby league initially used rugby union rules, they are now wholly separate sports. Following the 1895 split in rugby football, the two rugby league and rugby union differed in administration only. Soon the rules of rugby league were modified, resulting in two different forms of rugby. After 100 years, in 1995 rugby union joined rugby league, the Greeks and Romans are known to have played many ball games, some of which involved the use of the feet. These games appear to have resembled rugby football, the Roman politician Cicero describes the case of a man who was killed whilst having a shave when a ball was kicked into a barbers shop. Roman ball games already knew the air-filled ball, the follis, episkyros is recognised as an early form of football by FIFA. In 1871, English clubs met to form the Rugby Football Union, in 1892, after charges of professionalism were made against some clubs for paying players for missing work, the Northern Rugby Football Union, usually called the Northern Union, was formed. The existing rugby union authorities responded by issuing sanctions against the clubs, players, after the schism, the separate clubs were named rugby league and rugby union. Rugby union is both a professional and amateur game, and is dominated by the first tier unions, Argentina, Australia, England, France, Ireland, Italy, New Zealand, Scotland, South Africa and Wales. Rugby Union is administered by World Rugby, whose headquarters are located in Dublin and it is the national sport in New Zealand, Wales, Fiji, Samoa, Tonga and Madagascar, and is the most popular form of rugby globally. The Olympic Games have admitted the seven-a-side version of the game, known as Rugby sevens, there was a possibility sevens would be a demonstration sport at the 2012 London Olympics but many sports including sevens were dropped. In Canada and the United States, rugby union evolved into gridiron football, during the late 1800s, the two forms of the game were very similar, but numerous rule changes have differentiated the gridiron-based game from its rugby counterpart. Rugby league is also both a professional and amateur game, administered on a level by the Rugby League International Federation. International Rugby League is dominated by Australia, England and New Zealand, in Papua New Guinea it is the national sport. Other nations from the South Pacific and Europe also play in the Pacific Cup, distinctive features common to both rugby codes include the oval ball and throwing the ball forward is not allowed, so that players can gain ground only by running with the ball or by kicking it. As the sport of rugby league moved further away from its counterpart, rule changes were implemented with the aim of making a faster-paced. League players may not contest possession after making a tackle, play is continued with a play-the-ball, in league, if the team in possession fails to score before a set of six tackles, it surrenders possession
21.
Sally Gunnell
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Sally Jane Janet Gunnell OBE DL is a British former track and field athlete who won the 1992 Olympic gold medal in the 400 m hurdles. She also worked as a presenter, predominantly for the BBC until January 2006. She was made an MBE in 1993 and an OBE in 1998, Gunnell was born in Chigwell, Essex, England and grew up on her parents farm and attended the local primary and West Hatch High schools in Chigwell. Gunnell started out in athletics with the Essex Ladies club as a long jumper and heptathlete. In 1984, she narrowly missed Olympic selection at both heptathlon, with a score of 5680 points and in the 100 metres hurdles, where she set a UK junior record of 13.30 secs. In 1986, having won the AAAs and UK titles, Gunnell won the Commonwealth Games gold medal in the 100 metres hurdles in Edinburgh, ahead of Wendy Jeal and 1984 Olympic heptathlon champion Glynis Nunn. She would remain the UK number one in the event over the four seasons. Gunnell first attempted the 400 m hurdles event in 1987, with a 59.9 clocking, in 1988, in her first full season at the event, she would reach the Olympic final in Seoul. At the Olympic trials in Birmingham, she broke the UK record with 55.40, in Seoul she would improve this twice, first to 54.48 in the semis then to 54.03, to finish fifth in the final. This would remain her best time in the event for three years, in 1989, Gunnell won the European Indoor title at 400 metres. Outdoors, she finished second in the 400 m hurdles at the European Cup behind East Germanys Petra Krug, in September at the World Cup, she was third behind Sandra Farmer-Patrick of the USA and Ledovsakya, but this time ahead of Krug. In January 1990, she defeated 1988 Olympic champion Debbie Flintoff-King to win the Commonwealth title in Auckland, the 1990 summer season however was disappointing, when she only finished sixth at the European Championships. Gunnell entered into the best phase of her career in 1991, improving her own three-year-old UK record three times. In Monte Carlo she ran 53.78, in Zurich she ran 53.63, then at the World Championships in Tokyo, she won the silver medal behind Ledovskaya with 53.16, the then third fastest time of all-time. Gunnell won the 400 m hurdles at the 1992 Olympic Games in Barcelona and she also anchored the British 4 ×400 m quartet to a bronze medal. This record was broken by Kim Batten in 1995, but is still the British record, in 1994, Gunnell added the European title to her collection, winning comfortably in 53.33. She also won the Goodwill Games ahead of Kim Batten, successfully defended her Commonwealth title,1994 was her third year as the worlds number one. She missed most of 1995 due to injury, an injury from which she would never fully recover and her defence of her Olympic title in Atlanta in 1996 was cut short when she pulled up injured in the semi-finals
22.
Mo Farah
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Sir Mohamed Muktar Jama Mo Farah, CBE is a British distance runner. On the track, he mostly competes over 5000 metres and 10,000 metres, Farah also completed the distance double at the 2013 and 2015 World Championships in Athletics. Born in Somalia, Farah moved to the UK as a child and he was originally based in London and ran for Newham and Essex Beagles athletics club, training at St Marys University College, Twickenham from 2001 to 2011. His five gold medals at the European Athletics Championships make him the most successful athlete in championships history. He has won the European Athlete of the Year award and the British Athletics Writers Association British Athlete of the Year award more than any other athlete, three times and six times respectively. Farah was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire in 2013 and was created a Knight Bachelor in the 2017 New Year Honours for services to athletics, Farah was born on 23 March 1983 in Mogadishu, Somalia into a Habr Awal Isaaq family. His full name is Mohamed Muktar Jama Farah and he spent the early years of his childhood in Djibouti with his twin brother. He moved to Britain at the age of eight to join his father and his grandfather, Jama, was born in the British protectorate of Somaliland. His father, Mukhtar Farah, is an IT consultant and a British citizen, mohameds parents had met during a holiday. Farah attended Isleworth and Syon School, and Feltham Community College and his athletic talent was first identified by physical education teacher Alan Watkinson. Farahs ambition was to become a car mechanic or play as a winger for Arsenal football club. He later joined the Borough of Hounslow Athletics Club in west London, Farah represented Hounslow at cross-country in the London Youth Games. In 1996, at the age of 13, he entered the English schools cross-country, the following year he won the first of five English school titles. Farahs first major title was at 5000 metres at the European Athletics Junior Championship in 2001 and that year, Farah became one of the first two athletes in the newly formed Endurance Performance Centre at St Mary’s. He lived and trained at the College, and took some modules in an access course before becoming an athlete as his career progressed. In 2005, Farah moved in with Australian Craig Mottram and a group of Kenyan runners that included 10,000 m world number one Micah Kogo. They sleep, eat, train and rest, thats all they do, running with Craig made me feel more positive, Farah said. If I ever want to be as good as these athletes Ive got to work harder, I dont just want to be British number one, I want to be up there with the best
23.
Ground meat
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Ground meat is meat finely chopped by a meat grinder or a chopping knife. A common type of meat is ground beef, but many other meats are prepared ground in a similar fashion, including pork, lamb. In South Asia, both lamb and goat meat are also minced to produce keema, though the process of mincing is manual, ground meat has food safety concerns not associated with whole cuts of meat. If undercooked, it can lead to sickness and food poisoning, in a whole cut from an animal, the interior of the meat is essentially sterile, even before cooking, any bacterial contamination is on the outer surface of the meat. When meat is ground, bacterial contamination from the surface can be distributed throughout the meat, undercooked Jack in the Box hamburgers contaminated in this manner were responsible for four deaths and the illness of hundreds of people in 1993
24.
Free-range eggs
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Free-range eggs are eggs produced from birds that may or may not be permitted outdoors. The term free-range may be used depending on the country and the relevant laws. Eggs from hens that are only indoors might also be labelled cage-free, barn and this is different from birds that are reared in systems labelled as battery cages or furnished cages. Legal standards defining free-range can be different or even non-existent depending on the country, various watchdog organizations, governmental agencies and industry groups adhere to differing criteria of what constitutes free-range and cage-free status. Many producers label their eggs as cage-free in addition to, or instead of, cage-free eggs have been a major cause of debate in the US. In 2015 there was an initiative that would ban the sale of in-state meat or eggs from caged animals raised anywhere in the nation. Egg industry groups are making an effort to show or educate lawmakers, voters and consumers about the merits, local farmers and producers say that the shift will occur if that is what consumers want, they will adapt to having birds in or out of cages. In the EU, cage-free egg production includes barns, free-range, organic, non-cage systems may be single or multi-tier, with or without outdoor access. In the UK, free-range systems are the most popular of the alternatives, accounting for around 44% of all eggs in 2013, whereas barns. In free-range systems, hens are housed to a standard as the barn or aviary. In addition, they have constant daytime access to a range with vegetation. Each hen must have at least 4 m2 of space, in 2012, the Australian Egg Corporation Limited, the body for the industry, tried to register a free-range trademark allowing 20,000 hens per hectare on the range. This sparked a discussion between large producers, small producers, animal welfare groups, and consumer rights groups. The trade mark was rejected by the body of the ACCC on the grounds of deceptive conduct. There is a voluntary code allowing for 1,500 hens per hectare which is ignored by the major egg producers. The Queensland government approved an increase in free-range layer hen stocking densities in July 2013, the maximum number of hens per hectare was increased from 1,500 to 10,000. In March 2016, Australian ministers voted in new standards for the definition of free-range. The new standards allow for up to 10,000 birds per hectare, a group called PROOF is now in the process of developing an accreditation scheme which will see the term pastured start appearing on cartons
25.
Vegetarian Society
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The Vegetarian Society is a British registered charity which was established on 30 September 1847 to promote vegetarianism. In the 19th century a number of groups in Britain actively promoted and followed meat-free diets, key groups involved in the formation of the Vegetarian Society were members of the Bible Christian Church, supporters of the Concordium, and readers of the Truth-Tester journal. The Bible Christian Church was founded in 1809 in Salford by Reverend William Cowherd after a split from the Swedenborgians, one distinctive feature of the Bible Christians was a belief in a meat-free diet, or ovo-lacto vegetarianism, as a form of temperance. The Concordium was a school near London on Ham Common, Richmond, Surrey. Pupils at the school followed a completely free of animal products. The Concordium was also called Alcott House, in honor of American education, the Truth-Tester was a journal which published material supporting the temperance movement. In 1846 the editorship was taken over by William Horsell, operator of the Northwood Villa Hydropathic Institute in Ramsgate, Horsell gradually steered the Truth-Tester towards promotion of the Vegetable Diet. In early 1847 a letter to the Truth-Tester proposed formation of a Vegetarian Society, in response to this letter, William Oldham held what he called a physiological conference in July 1847 at Alcott House. Up to 130 attended, including Bible Christian James Simpson, who presented a speech, the conference passed a number of resolutions, including a resolution to reconvene at the end of September. On 30 September 1847 the meeting which had planned at the Physiological Conference took place at Northwood Villa Hydropathic Institute in Ramgate. Joseph Brotherton, Member of Parliament for Salford, and a Bible Christian chaired, Bible Christian James Simpson was elected president of the society, Concordist William Oldham elected treasurer, and Truth-Tester editor William Horsell elected secretary. The name Vegetarian Society was chosen for the new organization by a unanimous vote, the Vegetarian Societys first full public meeting was held in Manchester the following year. In 1853 the Society already had 889 members, in 1897 its membership was about 5,000. During the 20th century, the Societys work focused primarily on public education, in fulfilling this mission, the Society worked with other community groups to educate the public about the benefits of eating healthily. They sought manufacturers to become accredited and marked food products with the Societys trademarked seedling symbol and this accreditation includes the use of free range eggs, which other V symbols may not include. Their campaign was opposed to the labeling of products as vegetarian that contained fish and they also highlighted celebrities who claimed to be vegetarian but ate fish. As part of campaign, in 1995, the Society produced the documentary Devour the Earth, written by Tony Wardle. Notable members of the Vegetarian Society have included Peter Cushing, Isaac Pitman, Jorja Fox, George Bernard Shaw, Mahatma Gandhi, Paul, Linda, Stella McCartney, ISBN 978-1-84511-379-7 Official website The Cordon Vert School Charity Commission
26.
McDonald's
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McDonalds is an American hamburger and fast food restaurant chain. It was founded in 1940 as a restaurant operated by Richard. In 1948, they reorganized their business as a hamburger stand, the first McDonalds franchise using the arches logo opened in Phoenix, Arizona in 1953. Businessman Ray Kroc joined the company as an agent in 1955. Based in Oak Brook, Illinois, McDonalds confirmed plans to move its headquarters to Chicago by early 2018. Today, McDonalds is one of the worlds largest restaurant chains, McDonalds primarily sells hamburgers, cheeseburgers, chicken products, french fries, breakfast items, soft drinks, milkshakes, wraps, and desserts. In response to changing tastes, the company has expanded its menu to include salads, fish, wraps, smoothies. A McDonalds restaurant is operated by either a franchisee, an affiliate, the McDonalds Corporation revenues come from the rent, royalties, and fees paid by the franchisees, as well as sales in company-operated restaurants. According to a BBC report published in 2012, McDonalds is the second largest private employer,1.5 million of whom work for franchises. The business began in 1940, with a restaurant opened by brothers Richard and Maurice McDonald at 1398 North E Street at West 14th Street in San Bernardino, the first McDonalds with the arches opened in Phoenix, Arizona in March 1953. The original mascot of McDonalds was a man with a hat on top of a hamburger-shaped head whose name was Speedee. In 1962, the Golden Arches replaced Speedee as the company symbol, a new mascot, Ronald McDonald was introduced in 1965. The clown-like man having puffed out costume legs served advertising aimed at children. On May 4,1961, McDonalds first filed for a U. S. trademark on the name McDonalds with the description Drive-In Restaurant Services, on September 13,1961, the company filed for a trademark on a new logo—an overlapping, double-arched M symbol. By September 6,1962, this M-symbol was temporarily disfavored, although the Golden Arches logo appeared in various forms, the present version as a letter M did not appear until November 18,1968, when the company applied for a U. S. trademark. Kroc later purchased the McDonald brothers equity in the company and led its expansion. Kroc was also noted for aggressive business practices, compelling the McDonald brothers to leave the fast-food industry, Kroc and the McDonald brothers feuded over control of the business, as documented in Krocs autobiography. The San Bernardino restaurant was demolished in 1976 and the site was sold to the Juan Pollo restaurant chain and this area now serves as headquarters for the Juan Pollo chain, as well as a McDonalds and Route 66 museum
27.
Vegetarianism
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Vegetarianism /vɛdʒɪˈtɛəriənɪzəm/ is the practice of abstaining from the consumption of meat, and may also include abstention from by-products of animal slaughter. Vegetarianism may be adopted for various reasons, many people object to eating meat out of respect for sentient life. Such ethical motivations have been codified under various religious beliefs, as well as animal rights advocacy, other motivations for vegetarianism are health-related, political, environmental, cultural, aesthetic, economic, or personal preference. A vegan diet excludes all animal products, including eggs and dairy, some vegans also avoid other animal products such as beeswax, leather or silk clothing, and goose-fat shoe polish. Often, prior to purchase or consumption, vegetarians will scrutinize products for animal-derived ingredients, vegetarians feelings vary with regard to these ingredients. Semi-vegetarian diets consist largely of vegetarian foods but may include fish or poultry, or sometimes other meats and those with diets containing fish or poultry may define meat only as mammalian flesh and may identify with vegetarianism. A pescetarian diet has been described as fish but no other meat, the term vegetarian has been in use since 1839 to refer to what was previously described as a vegetable diet. The word is believed to be a compound of vegetable. The term was popularized with the foundation of the Vegetarian Society in Manchester, the earliest occurrences of the term seem to be related to Alcott House, a school on the north side of Ham Common, London, opened in July 1838 by James Pierrepont Greaves. The earliest record of vegetarianism comes from Indus Valley Civilization as early as the 7th century BCE, in the Indian culture, the diet was closely connected with the attitude of nonviolence towards animals and was promoted by religious groups and philosophers. The ancient Indian work of Tirukkural explicitly and unambiguously emphasizes vegetarianism, chapter 26 of the Tirukkural, through couplets 251 to 260, deals exclusively on vegetarianism or veganism. Among the Hellenes, Egyptians and others, it had medical or ritual purification purposes and those nanny goats, ewes and sows which are with young or giving milk to their young are protected, and so are young ones less than six months old. Cocks are not to be caponized, husks hiding living beings are not to be burnt, one animal is not to be fed to another. —Edicts of Ashoka, Fifth Pillar Following the Christianization of the Roman Empire in late antiquity, vegetarianism practically disappeared from Europe, as it did on other continents, except India. Several orders of monks in medieval Europe restricted or banned the consumption of meat for ascetic reasons and it re-emerged during the Renaissance, becoming more widespread in the 19th and 20th centuries. In 1847, the first Vegetarian Society was founded in the United Kingdom, Germany, the Netherlands, in 1886, the vegetarian colony Nueva Germania was founded in Paraguay, though its vegetarian aspect would prove short-lived. The International Vegetarian Union, an association of the societies, was founded in 1908. In the Western world, the popularity of vegetarianism grew during the century as a result of nutritional, ethical
28.
AstraZeneca
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AstraZeneca plc is a British–Swedish multinational pharmaceutical and biopharmaceutical company. In 2015, it was the eighth-largest drug company in the based on sales revenue. AstraZeneca has a portfolio of products for major areas including cancer, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, infection, neuroscience, respiratory. The company was founded in 1999 through the merger of the Swedish Astra AB and it has made numerous corporate acquisitions, including Cambridge Antibody Technology, MedImmune, Spirogen and Definiens. AstraZeneca has a listing on the London Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the FTSE100 Index. It has secondary listings on the New York Stock Exchange and the OMX exchange, Astra AB was founded in 1913 in Södertälje, Sweden, by 400 doctors and apothecaries. In 1993 the British chemicals company ICI demerged its pharmaceuticals businesses and its agrochemicals and specialties businesses, finally, in 1999 Astra and Zeneca Group merged to form AstraZeneca plc, with its headquarters in London. In 1999, AstraZeneca identified as a new location for the companys US base the Fairfax-plus site in North Wilmington, in 2002, its drug Iressa was approved in Japan as monotherapy for non-small cell lung cancer. On 3 January 2004 Dr Robert Nolan, a director of AstraZeneca. In 2005, the company acquired KuDOS Pharmaceuticals, a UK biotech company, for £120m and it also announced that it had become a Diamond Member of the Pennsylvania Bio commerce organisation. In 2006, following a relationship begun in 2004, AstraZeneca acquired Cambridge Antibody Technology for £702 million. In February 2007, AstraZeneca agreed to buy Arrow Therapeutics, a focused on the discovery and development of anti-viral therapies. AstraZenecas pipeline, and patent cliff, was the subject of speculation in April 2007 leading to pipeline-boosting collaboration and acquisition activities. In 2010, AstraZeneca acquired Novexel Corp, an antiobiotics discovery company formed in 2004 as a spin-off of the Sanofi-Aventis anti-infectives division, Astra acquired the experimental antibiotic NXL-104 through this acquisition. In 2011, AstraZeneca acquired Guangdong BeiKang Pharmaceutical Company, a Chinese generics business, in February 2012, AstraZeneca and Amgen announced a collaboration on treatments for inflammatory diseases. Then in April 2012, AstraZeneca acquired Ardea Biosciences, another biotechnology company, in June 2012, AstraZeneca and Bristol-Myers Squibb announced a two-stage deal for the joint acquisition of the biotechnology company Amylin Pharmaceuticals. AstraZeneca also announced that it would move its headquarters from London to Cambridge in 2016. That announcement included the announcement that it would cut 1,600 jobs and it also announced that it would focus on three therapeutic areas, Respiratory, Inflammation & Autoimmunity, Cardiovascular & Metabolic Disease, and Oncology
29.
Premier Foods
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Premier Foods plc is a British food manufacturer headquartered in St Albans, Hertfordshire. It is listed on the London Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the FTSE SmallCap Index, the group owns many well-known brands, including Mr Kipling, Ambrosia, Angel Delight, Homepride cooking sauces, Sharwoods, Loyd Grossman sauces, Oxo, Bisto and Batchelors. Premier Foods also produce cakes under the Cadburys name, using the brand under licence, Premier Foods primarily competes with Unilever, Associated British Foods,2 Sisters Food Group, Greencore and Interlink. The company was founded by Harry Solomon and David Thompson in 1975 as Hillsdown Holdings and his son Richard Thompson worked for his father after his education at Haileybury. The name came from Thompsons house - Hillsdown, in 1981 it acquired Lockwood Foods Ltd which was in administrative receivership owing approximately £11 million to creditors. Lockwood Foods had canneries in Long Sutton and Forfar, in May 1987 David Thompson stepped down from Hillsdown Holdings, selling 50% of his shares and became a non executive director. In April 1989 he sold all of his shares and it was bought by the private equity company Hicks, Muse, Tate and Furst in 1999. In 2002, it bought Nestlés ambient foods business and it was first listed on the London Stock Exchange in 2004. In 2004, it acquired the Ambrosia brand, that produced rice pudding and custard, in February 2005, Premier Foods acquired Kraft Foods ambient desserts businesses including Birds custard and Angel Delight. In June 2005, Marlow Foods, makers of Quorn, was purchased and that month, Premier Foods announced the sale of Typhoo Tea to Indias Apeejay Surrendra Group for $140 million. Immediately after the sale, The Sirhowy Group confirmed it had acquired a 2% stake in Premier Foods, in 2006, Premier Foods acquired the UK and Ireland businesses of Campbells for £460 million. Brands included in the deal were Oxo, Batchelors, Homepride, the iconic Campbells Soup cans had to be rebranded as Batchelors Condensed Soup but labels still carried the label Formerly Campbells. Similarly, Campbells Meatballs were rebranded as Fray Bentos, subsequently, the closure, in December 2007, of the Kings Lynn depot where Fray Bentos pies are made, was announced. In March 2007, Premier Foods completed the takeover of its rival Rank Hovis McDougall for £1.2 billion, in July 2007 Premier Foods announced it would close several RHM sites, Bristol, Droylsden, Middlewich, Wythenshawe, Ledbury and Reading. During 2008, the Hovis range was re-launched, in 2009, Premier Foods sold its frozen bakery business, including Le Pain Croustillant and Sofrapain, to Nutrixo. In February 2011, Premier Foods sold its Crosse & Blackwell, Fray Bentos and it followed this is March with the sale of Marlow Foods to Exponent Private Equity and Intermediate Capital Group for £205 million, resulting in the creation of a new company, Quorn Foods. Premier Foods said the deal was part of a strategy to reduce its debt,2 Sisters Food Group bought Premier Foods Brookes Avana business in December 2011. In 2012, the company announced it had agreed a re-financing package, Premier Foods reached agreements with Mizkan to sell its Haywards pickle and Sarsons and Dufrais vinegar businesses in June, followed by Branston in October that year
30.
Intermediate Capital Group
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Intermediate Capital Group is a British-based specialist asset manager and provider of a number of strategies and funds. It is headquartered in London, with offices in a further 10 countries and is a constituent of the FTSE250 Index, the business was founded by six investment professionals in 1989, including, and not limited to, James Odgers. It was first listed on the London Stock Exchange in 1994, in 2010 it was reported that the credit crunch was driving its growth.0 billion under management
31.
Danone
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Danone is a French multinational food-products corporation based in Paris. It has four lines, Fresh Dairy products, Waters, Early Life Nutrition. The company is listed on Euronext Paris and on the OTCQX market via an ADR program, Danone is present in over 130 markets and generated sales of €22.4 billion in 2015, with more than half in emerging countries. In 2015, Fresh dairy products represent 50% of the total sales, Early Life Nutrition 22%, Waters 21%. There have been reports and allegations in 2013 that Danone engaged in marketing of infant formula in China, Indonesia. The brand was named Danone after Danon, the nickname of his son Daniel Carasso, ten years later, the company moved from Spain to France, and its first French factory was built. During the German occupation, Daniel Carasso moved the company to New York to avoid persecution as a result of his Jewish faith, in the United States, Daniel Carasso partnered with the Swiss-born Spaniard Juan Metzger and changed the brand name to Dannon to sound more American. In 1951, Daniel Carasso returned to Paris to manage the businesses in France and Spain. In Europe in 1967, Danone merged with Gervais, the fresh cheese producer in France. Another branch of Danone descended from industrial glassmaker Boussois-Souchon-Neuvesel, which was founded by the family of Antoine Riboud, the acquisitions initially took the shape of vertical integration, acquiring Alsatian brewer Kronenbourg and Evian mineral water who were the glassmakers largest customers. This move provided content with which to fill the factorys bottles, in 1973, the company merged with Gervais Danone and began to expand internationally. In 1979, the company abandoned glassmaking by disposing of Verreries Boussois, in 1987, Gervais Danone acquired European biscuit manufacturer Général Biscuit, owners of the LU brand, and, in 1989, it bought out the European biscuit operations of Nabisco. In 1994, BSN changed its name to Groupe Danone, adopting the name of the group’s best-known international brand, Franck Riboud succeeded his father, Antoine, as the companys chairman and chief executive officer in 1996 when Riboud senior retired. Under Riboud junior, the continued to pursue its focus on three product groups and divested itself of several activities which had become non-core. In 1999 and 2003, the group sold 56% and 44%, respectively, the companys British and Irish biscuit operations were sold to United Biscuits in September 2004. In August 2005, the Group sold its sauces business in the United Kingdom and in the United States, in January 2006, despite these divestitures, Danone continues to expand internationally in its three core business units, emphasising health and well-being products. In July 2007, it was announced that Danone had reached agreement with Kraft Foods Inc to sell its biscuits division, including the LU and Prince brands, Danone acquired the Unimilk groups companies in Russia in 2010 and the Wockhardt groups nutrition activities in India in 2012. In mid-February 2013 Danone announced to cut 900 jobs or about 3.3 percent of their 27,000 Europe workforce. P, morgan Mouna Sepehri – Executive Vice-President of Renault Jean-Michel Severino – Head of I&P SARL Virginia A
32.
Kerry Group
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Kerry Group is a public food company headquartered in Ireland. It is quoted on the Dublin ISEQ and London stock exchanges, in March 2004 the company bought the Quest Food Ingredients Group, a food ingredients business, for US $440 million. Then in August 2005 the company acquired Noon Products, a supplier of Indian and Thai ready meals, in September 2011 the company acquired Cargill Flavor System, a manufacturer of food flavouring, for $230 million. In February 2015 the company acquired Rollover, a supplier of hot dogs, then in October 2015 the company acquired Red Arrow Products, Island Oasis and Wellmune, three businesses in the US taste and nutrition sector, for US $735 million. Headquartered in Tralee, County Kerry, Ireland, the Group employs about 24,000 people in its manufacturing, sales, kerrys Global Headquarters is based in Naas, County Kildare at the groups €100 million Global Technology and Innovation Centre which employs 900 people. Kerry supplies over 15,000 foods, food ingredients and flavour products to customers in more than 140 countries worldwide
33.
McCain Foods
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McCain Foods Limited is a Canadian multi-national privately owned company that was established in 1957 in Florenceville, New Brunswick, Canada. It is one of the worlds largest manufacturer of frozen French fries and it is also held as one of Canadas best managed companies with a platinum status recognizing their business performance and efforts throughout their organization. The company is privately held by their descendants. In 1957 their first year of production the plant at McCains was able to process 1,500 pounds of potato products every hour. With only 30 employees in their first year they were able to gross over $150,000 in sales, today McCain Foods has over 20,000 employees with 47 production facilities in six continents. It sells one-third of the worlds frozen French fries products in more than 160 countries, the company now grosses 8.5 billion in sales and processes over 1 million pounds of potatoes an hour using 6.5 million tons a year. Based on 2014 sales, it is the 19th largest private company in Canada, according to The Globe, from 2010 to 2013 McCains were the sponsors of films on Film 4. In May 2014 McCain Foods announced they were the new sponsors of Emmerdale and they also sponsored All Star Family Fortunes from 2008 to 2010. Argentina - McCain Argentina SA Australia - McCain Foods Pty Ltd, austria - McCain Foods GmbH Belgium - McCain Foods Belgium N. V. Brazil - McCain do Brasil Alimentos Ltda, Canada - Aliments McCain Foods Ltd/Ltée China - McCain Foods China Colombia - McCain Colombia France - McCain Alimentaire SA Germany - McCain Deutschland GmbH Greece - McCain Hellas Ltd. Portugal - McCain Portugal Scandinavia - McCain Foods Nordic South Africa - McCain Foods SA Ltd, switzerland - McCain Schweiz Taiwan - McCain Foods Taiwan Ltd. United Kingdom - McCain Foods Limited United States - McCain USA List of food companies Pizza Pockets Boku Official website
34.
Philippines
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The Philippines, officially the Republic of the Philippines, is a sovereign island country in Southeast Asia situated in the western Pacific Ocean. It consists of about 7,641 islands that are categorized broadly under three main geographical divisions from north to south, Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao, the capital city of the Philippines is Manila and the most populous city is Quezon City, both part of Metro Manila. The Philippines has an area of 300,000 square kilometers, and it is the eighth-most populated country in Asia and the 12th most populated country in the world. As of 2013, approximately 10 million additional Filipinos lived overseas, multiple ethnicities and cultures are found throughout the islands. In prehistoric times, Negritos were some of the archipelagos earliest inhabitants and they were followed by successive waves of Austronesian peoples. Exchanges with Chinese, Malay, Indian, and Islamic nations occurred, then, various competing maritime states were established under the rule of Datus, Rajahs, Sultans or Lakans. The arrival of Ferdinand Magellan in Homonhon, Eastern Samar in 1521 marked the beginning of Hispanic colonization, in 1543, Spanish explorer Ruy López de Villalobos named the archipelago Las Islas Filipinas in honor of Philip II of Spain. With the arrival of Miguel López de Legazpi from Mexico City, in 1565, the Philippines became part of the Spanish Empire for more than 300 years. This resulted in Roman Catholicism becoming the dominant religion, during this time, Manila became the western hub of the trans-Pacific trade connecting Asia with Acapulco in the Americas using Manila galleons. Aside from the period of Japanese occupation, the United States retained sovereignty over the islands until after World War II, since then, the Philippines has often had a tumultuous experience with democracy, which included the overthrow of a dictatorship by a non-violent revolution. It is a member of the United Nations, World Trade Organization, Association of Southeast Asian Nations, the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation forum. It also hosts the headquarters of the Asian Development Bank, the Philippines was named in honor of King Philip II of Spain. Spanish explorer Ruy López de Villalobos, during his expedition in 1542, named the islands of Leyte, eventually the name Las Islas Filipinas would be used to cover all the islands of the archipelago. Before that became commonplace, other such as Islas del Poniente. The official name of the Philippines has changed several times in the course of its history, during the Philippine Revolution, the Malolos Congress proclaimed the establishment of the República Filipina or the Philippine Republic. From the 1898 Treaty of Paris, the name Philippines began to appear, since the end of World War II, the official name of the country has been the Republic of the Philippines. The metatarsal of the Callao Man, reliably dated by uranium-series dating to 67,000 years ago is the oldest human remnant found in the archipelago to date and this distinction previously belonged to the Tabon Man of Palawan, carbon-dated to around 26,500 years ago. Negritos were also among the archipelagos earliest inhabitants, but their first settlement in the Philippines has not been reliably dated, there are several opposing theories regarding the origins of ancient Filipinos
35.
Food energy
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Food energy is chemical energy that animals derive from food and molecular oxygen through the process of cellular respiration. Humans and other animals need a minimum intake of energy to sustain their metabolism. Foods are composed chiefly of carbohydrates, fats, proteins, alcohol, water, vitamins, carbohydrates, fats, proteins, alcohol, and water represent virtually all the weight of food, with vitamins and minerals making up only a small percentage of the weight. Organisms derive food energy from carbohydrates, fats and proteins as well as organic acids, polyols. Some diet components that provide little or no energy, such as water, minerals, vitamins, cholesterol. Water, minerals, vitamins, and cholesterol are not broken down, fiber, a type of carbohydrate, cannot be completely digested by the human body. Ruminants can extract energy from the respiration of cellulose because of bacteria in their rumens. Using the International System of Units, researchers measure energy in joules or in its multiples, the kilojoule is most often used for food-related quantities. An older metric system unit of energy, still used in food-related contexts, is the calorie, more precisely. Within the European Union, both the kilocalorie and kilojoule appear on nutrition labels, in many countries, only one of the units is displayed, in the US and Canada labels spell out the unit as calorie or as Calorie. Fats and ethanol have the greatest amount of energy per gram,37 and 29 kJ/g. Proteins and most carbohydrates have about 17 kJ/g, carbohydrates that are not easily absorbed, such as fiber, or lactose in lactose-intolerant individuals, contribute less food energy. Polyols and organic acids contribute 10 kJ/g and 13 kJ/g respectively, the amount of water, fat, and fiber in foods determines those foods energy density. Theoretically, one could measure food energy in different ways, using the Gibbs free energy of combustion, however, the convention is to use the heat of the oxidation reaction, with the water substance produced being in the liquid phase. The American chemist Wilbur Atwater worked these corrections out in the late 19th century, based on the work of Atwater, it became common practice to calculate energy content of foods using 4 kcal/g for carbohydrates and proteins and 9 kcal/g for lipids. The system was improved by Annabel Merrill and Bernice Watt of the USDA. Many governments require food manufacturers to label the energy content of their products, in the European Union, manufacturers of packaged food must label the nutritional energy of their products in both kilocalories and kilojoules, when required. In Australia and New Zealand, the energy must be stated in kilojoules
36.
Carbohydrate
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A carbohydrate is a biological molecule consisting of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms, usually with a hydrogen–oxygen atom ratio of 2,1, in other words, with the empirical formula Cmn. This formula holds true for monosaccharides, some exceptions exist, for example, deoxyribose, a sugar component of DNA, has the empirical formula C5H10O4. Carbohydrates are technically hydrates of carbon, structurally it is accurate to view them as polyhydroxy aldehydes and ketones. The term is most common in biochemistry, where it is a synonym of saccharide, a group that includes sugars, starch, the saccharides are divided into four chemical groups, monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides. Monosaccharides and disaccharides, the smallest carbohydrates, are referred to as sugars. The word saccharide comes from the Greek word σάκχαρον, meaning sugar, while the scientific nomenclature of carbohydrates is complex, the names of the monosaccharides and disaccharides very often end in the suffix -ose. For example, grape sugar is the glucose, cane sugar is the disaccharide sucrose. Carbohydrates perform numerous roles in living organisms, polysaccharides serve for the storage of energy and as structural components. The 5-carbon monosaccharide ribose is an important component of coenzymes and the backbone of the genetic molecule known as RNA, the related deoxyribose is a component of DNA. Saccharides and their derivatives include many other important biomolecules that play key roles in the system, fertilization, preventing pathogenesis, blood clotting. In food science and in informal contexts, the term carbohydrate often means any food that is particularly rich in the complex carbohydrate starch or simple carbohydrates. Often in lists of information, such as the USDA National Nutrient Database, the term carbohydrate is used for everything other than water, protein, fat, ash. This will include chemical compounds such as acetic or lactic acid, carbohydrates are found in wide variety of foods. The important sources are cereals, potatoes, sugarcane, fruits, table sugar, bread, milk, starch and sugar are the important carbohydrates in our diet. Starch is abundant in potatoes, maize, rice and other cereals, sugar appears in our diet mainly as sucrose which is added to drinks and many prepared foods such as jam, biscuits and cakes. Glucose and fructose are found naturally in fruits and some vegetables. Glycogen is carbohydrate found in the liver and muscles, cellulose in the cell wall of all plant tissue is a carbohydrate. It is important in our diet as fibre which helps to maintain a healthy digestive system, formerly the name carbohydrate was used in chemistry for any compound with the formula Cm n
37.
Sugar
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Sugar is the generic name for sweet, soluble carbohydrates, many of which are used in food. There are various types of derived from different sources. Simple sugars are called monosaccharides and include glucose, fructose, the table sugar or granulated sugar most customarily used as food is sucrose, a disaccharide of glucose and fructose. Sugar is used in prepared foods and it is added to some foods, in the body, sucrose is hydrolysed into the simple sugars fructose and glucose. Other disaccharides include maltose from malted grain, and lactose from milk, longer chains of sugars are called oligosaccharides or polysaccharides. Some other chemical substances, such as glycerol may also have a sweet taste, low-calorie food substitutes for sugar, described as artificial sweeteners, include aspartame and sucralose, a chlorinated derivative of sucrose. Sugars are found in the tissues of most plants and are present in sufficient concentrations for efficient commercial extraction in sugarcane, the world production of sugar in 2011 was about 168 million tonnes. The average person consumes about 24 kilograms of sugar each year, equivalent to over 260 food calories per person, since the latter part of the twentieth century, it has been questioned whether a diet high in sugars, especially refined sugars, is good for human health. Sugar has been linked to obesity, and suspected of, or fully implicated as a cause in the occurrence of diabetes, cardiovascular disease, dementia, macular degeneration, the etymology reflects the spread of the commodity. The English word sugar ultimately originates from the Sanskrit शर्करा, via Arabic سكر as granular or candied sugar, the contemporary Italian word is zucchero, whereas the Spanish and Portuguese words, azúcar and açúcar, respectively, have kept a trace of the Arabic definite article. The Old French word is zuchre and the contemporary French, sucre, the earliest Greek word attested is σάκχαρις. The English word jaggery, a brown sugar made from date palm sap or sugarcane juice, has a similar etymological origin – Portuguese jagara from the Sanskrit शर्करा. Sugar has been produced in the Indian subcontinent since ancient times and it was not plentiful or cheap in early times and honey was more often used for sweetening in most parts of the world. Originally, people chewed raw sugarcane to extract its sweetness, sugarcane was a native of tropical South Asia and Southeast Asia. Different species seem to have originated from different locations with Saccharum barberi originating in India and S. edule, one of the earliest historical references to sugarcane is in Chinese manuscripts dating back to 8th century BC that state that the use of sugarcane originated in India. Sugar was found in Europe by the 1st century AD, but only as an imported medicine and it is a kind of honey found in cane, white as gum, and it crunches between the teeth. It comes in lumps the size of a hazelnut, sugar is used only for medical purposes. Sugar remained relatively unimportant until the Indians discovered methods of turning sugarcane juice into granulated crystals that were easier to store, crystallized sugar was discovered by the time of the Imperial Guptas, around the 5th century AD
38.
Dietary fiber
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Dietary fiber or roughage is the indigestible portion of food derived from plants. It has two components, Soluble fiber, which dissolves in water, is readily fermented in the colon into gases and physiologically active byproducts. It delays gastric emptying which in turn can cause a feeling of fullness. Insoluble fiber, which does not dissolve in water, is inert and provides bulking, or it can be prebiotic. Bulking fibers absorb water as they move through the digestive system, Dietary fibers can act by changing the nature of the contents of the gastrointestinal tract and by changing how other nutrients and chemicals are absorbed. Some types of soluble fiber absorb water to become a gelatinous, viscous substance which is fermented by bacteria in the digestive tract, some types of insoluble fiber have bulking action and are not fermented. Lignin, a major dietary insoluble fiber source, may alter the rate, other types of insoluble fiber, notably resistant starch, are fully fermented. A novel position has been adopted by the US Department of Agriculture to include functional fibers as isolated fiber sources that may be included in the diet, the term fiber is something of a misnomer, since many types of so-called dietary fiber are not actually fibrous. Food sources of fiber are often divided according to whether they provide soluble or insoluble fiber. Plant foods contain both types of fiber in varying degrees, according to the plants characteristics, a disadvantage of a diet high in fiber is the potential for significant intestinal gas production and bloating. Originally, fiber was defined to be the components of plants that resist human digestive enzymes, the definition was later changed to also include resistant starch, along with inulin and other oligosaccharides. Official definition of dietary fiber differs a little among different institutions, Dietary fibers are found in fruits, vegetables, the exact amount of fiber contained in the food can be seen in the following table of expected fiber in USDA food groups/subgroups Dietary fiber is found in plants. While all plants contain some fiber, plants with high concentrations are generally the most practical source. Fiber-rich plants can be eaten directly, or, alternatively, they can be used to make supplements and fiber-rich processed foods. The Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, formerly the American Dietetic Association, some plants contain significant amounts of soluble and insoluble fiber. For example, plums and prunes have a thick skin covering a juicy pulp, the skin is a source of insoluble fiber, whereas soluble fiber is in the pulp. Grapes also contain an amount of fiber. The root of the plant, or glucomannan, produces results similar to fiber
39.
Fat
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Fat is one of the three main macronutrients, along with carbohydrate and protein. Fats, also known as triglycerides, are esters of three fatty acid chains and the alcohol glycerol, the terms oil, fat, and lipid are often confused. Oil normally refers to a fat with short or unsaturated fatty acid chains that is liquid at room temperature, lipid is the general term, as a lipid is not necessarily a triglyceride. Fats, like lipids, are generally hydrophobic, and are soluble in organic solvents. Fat is an important foodstuff for many forms of life, and they are a necessary part of the diet of most heterotrophs. Some fatty acids that are set free by the digestion of fats are called essential because they cannot be synthesized in the body from simpler constituents, there are two essential fatty acids in human nutrition, alpha-linolenic acid and linoleic acid. Other lipids needed by the body can be synthesized from these, fats and other lipids are broken down in the body by enzymes called lipases produced in the pancreas. Fats and oils are categorized according to the number and bonding of the atoms in the aliphatic chain. Fats that are saturated fats have no double bonds between the carbons in the chain, unsaturated fats have one or more double bonded carbons in the chain. The nomenclature is based on the end of the chain. This end is called the end or the n-end. Thus alpha-linolenic acid is called an omega-3 fatty acid because the 3rd carbon from that end is the first double bonded carbon in the counting from that end. Some oils and fats have double bonds and are therefore called polyunsaturated fats. Unsaturated fats can be divided into cis fats, which are the most common in nature, and trans fats. Unsaturated fats can be altered by reaction with hydrogen effected by a catalyst and this action, called hydrogenation, tends to break all the double bonds and makes a fully saturated fat. However, trans fats are generated during hydrogenation as contaminants created by a side reaction on the catalyst during partial hydrogenation. Saturated fats can stack themselves in a closely packed arrangement, so they can easily and are typically solid at room temperature. For example, animal fats tallow and lard are high in saturated fatty acid content and are solids, olive and linseed oils on the other hand are unsaturated and liquid
40.
Saturated fat
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A saturated fat is a type of fat in which the fatty acids all have single bonds. A fat is made of two kinds of molecules, monoglyceride and fatty acids. Fats are made of chains of carbon atoms. Some carbon atoms are linked by bonds and others are linked by double bonds. Double bonds can react with hydrogen to form single bonds and they are called saturated, because the second bond is broken up and each half of the bond is attached to a hydrogen atom. The fats of plants and fish are generally unsaturated, various fats contain different proportions of saturated and unsaturated fat. Certain vegetable products have high saturated fat content, such as coconut oil, many prepared foods are high in saturated fat content, such as pizza, dairy desserts, and sausage. The effect of saturated fat on risk of disease is controversial, many reviews recommend a diet low in saturated fat and argue it will lower risks of cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, or death. However, other reviews have rejected those arguments or advocated for examining the proportion of saturated to unsaturated fat in the diet, while nutrition labels regularly combine them, the saturated fatty acids appear in different proportions among food groups. Lauric and myristic acids are most commonly found in tropical oils, the saturated fat in meat, eggs, cacao, and nuts is primarily the triglycerides of palmitic and stearic acids. Sources of lower saturated fat but higher proportions of unsaturated fatty acids include olive oil, peanut oil, canola oil, avocados, safflower, corn, sunflower, soy, the effect of saturated fat on cardiovascular disease is controversial. Until the picture becomes clearer, experts recommend people stick to the current guidelines on fat consumption, the consumption of saturated fat is generally considered a risk factor for dyslipidemia, which in turn is a risk factor for some types of cardiovascular disease. There are strong, consistent, and graded relationships between saturated fat intake, blood levels, and the mass occurrence of cardiovascular disease. The relationships are accepted as causal, meta-analyses have found a significant relationship between saturated fat and serum cholesterol levels. High total cholesterol levels, which may be caused by many factors, are associated with a risk of cardiovascular disease. However, other indicators measuring cholesterol such as high total/HDL cholesterol ratio are more predictive than total serum cholesterol, in a study of myocardial infarction in 52 countries, the ApoB/ApoA1 ratio was the strongest predictor of CVD among all risk factors. Different saturated fatty acids have differing effects on various lipid levels, a meta-analysis published in 2003 found a significant positive relationship in both control and cohort studies between saturated fat and breast cancer. However two subsequent reviews have found weak or insignificant associations of saturated fat intake and breast cancer risk, one review found limited evidence for a positive relationship between consuming animal fat and incidence of colorectal cancer
41.
Protein (nutrient)
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Proteins are essential nutrients for the human body. They are one of the blocks of body tissue. As a fuel, proteins provide as much energy density as carbohydrates,4 kcal per gram, in contrast, the most important aspect and defining characteristic of protein from a nutritional standpoint is its amino acid composition. Proteins are polymer chains made of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds, during human digestion, proteins are broken down in the stomach to smaller polypeptide chains via hydrochloric acid and protease actions. This is crucial for the synthesis of the amino acids that cannot be biosynthesized by the body. There are nine amino acids which humans must obtain from their diet in order to prevent protein-energy malnutrition. They are phenylalanine, valine, threonine, tryptophan, methionine, leucine, isoleucine, lysine, there are five dispensable amino acids which humans are able to synthesize in the body. These five are alanine, aspartic acid, asparagine, glutamic acid and these six are arginine, cysteine, glycine, glutamine, proline and tyrosine. Humans need the essential amino acids in certain ratios, some protein sources contain amino acids in a more or less complete sense. This has given rise to various ranking systems for protein sources, Dietary sources of protein include both animals and plants, meats, dairy products, fish and eggs as well as grains, legumes and nuts. Vegetarians and vegans can get enough essential amino acids by eating a variety of plant proteins and it is commonly believed that athletes should consume a higher-than-normal protein intake to maintain optimal physical performance. Protein is a nutrient needed by the body for growth. Aside from water, proteins are the most abundant kind of molecules in the body, Protein can be found in all cells of the body and is the major structural component of all cells in the body, especially muscle. This also includes body organs, hair and skin, proteins are also used in membranes, such as glycoproteins. When broken down into amino acids, they are used as precursors to acid, co-enzymes, hormones, immune response, cellular repair. Additionally, protein is needed to form blood cells, proteins are believed to increase performance in terms of athletics. Amino acids, the blocks of proteins, are used for building muscle tissue. Protein is only used as fuel when carbohydrates are low
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Tryptophan
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Tryptophan is an α-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins. It contains a group, an α-carboxylic acid group. It is essential in humans, meaning the body cannot synthesize it, tryptophan is also a precursor to the neurotransmitters serotonin and melatonin. Like other amino acids, tryptophan is a zwitterion at physiological pH where the group is protonated. The isolation of tryptophan was first reported by Frederick Hopkins in 1901 through hydrolysis of casein, from 600 grams of crude casein one obtains 4-8 grams of tryptophan. As an essential amino acid, tryptophan is not synthesized from more basic substances in humans and other animals, the ring of the ribose moiety is opened and subjected to reductive decarboxylation, producing indole-3-glycerinephosphate, this, in turn, is transformed into indole. In the last step, tryptophan synthase catalyzes the formation of tryptophan from indole and these strains carry either mutations that prevent the reuptake of aromatic amino acids or multiple/overexpressed trp operons. The conversion is catalyzed by the tryptophan synthase. For many organisms, tryptophan is needed to prevent illness or death, amino acids, including tryptophan, act as building blocks in protein biosynthesis, and proteins are required to sustain life. In addition, tryptophan functions as a precursor for the following compounds, Serotonin. Serotonin, in turn, can be converted to melatonin, via N-acetyltransferase and 5-hydroxyindole-O-methyltransferase activities, niacin, also known as vitamin B3, is synthesized from tryptophan via kynurenine and quinolinic acids as key biosynthetic intermediates. The disorder fructose malabsorption causes improper absorption of tryptophan in the intestine, reduced levels of tryptophan in the blood, some studies did not find reduced tryptophan in cases of lactose maldigestion. In bacteria that synthesize tryptophan, high levels of this amino acid activate a repressor protein. Binding of this repressor to the tryptophan operon prevents transcription of downstream DNA that codes for the involved in the biosynthesis of tryptophan. So high levels of tryptophan prevent tryptophan synthesis through a feedback loop and. The genetic organisation of the trp operon thus permits tightly regulated, tryptophan is a routine constituent of most protein-based foods or dietary proteins. Contrary to the belief that turkey contains an abundance of tryptophan. A common assertion in the US is that consumption of turkey meat results in drowsiness
