1.
Avonmouth Docks
–
The Avonmouth Docks are part of the Port of Bristol, in England. They are situated on the side of the mouth of the River Avon, opposite the Royal Portbury Dock on the southern side. Accessible via a 210 metres long and 30 metres wide lock, today the docks are one of the UKs major ports for chilled foods, especially fruit and vegetables. Land-side freight access and distribution is via either the M5 motorway or the Henbury Loop Line, coastal trade was also important, with the area called Welsh Back concentrating on trows with cargoes from the Slate industry in Wales, stone, timber and coal. However, by the 18th century the docks in Liverpool grew larger, the limitations of Bristols docks were causing problems to business, so in 1802 William Jessop proposed installing a dam and lock at Hotwells to create the floating harbour. Construction of the £530,000 scheme began in May 1804, including the construction of the Cumberland Basin, the new cut. Entrance was via locks, which had a width of 45 ft. The harbour was opened on 1 May 1809. However, the improvements cost more than anticipated, requiring increased levies to pay back the required loans. By 1867, ships were getting larger and the meanders in the river Avon prevented boats over 300 ft from reaching the harbour, the present entrance lock was designed by Thomas Howard and opened in July 1873, with a width of 62 ft. Due to numerous geographic and tidal restrictions along the River Avon, the new docks, now called Avonmouth Old Dock, were opened in 1877, together with the supporting Bristol Port Railway and Pier. As built, the BPRP was isolated from the rest of the railway network. The connection was authorised in 1867, but the BPRP was in financial difficulties and it entered into negotiations with the MR and Great Western Railway, the latter now the owner of the Bristol and South Wales Union Railway. However, fierce competition between the GWR and the MR posed a threat to the Port of Bristol, the result was that in 1884, the Bristol Corporation bought Avonmouth Docks and the BPRP to control port facilities in the area. Services began to Clifton Down on 1 October 1874, the Royal Edward Dock was designed by consulting engineers Benjamin Baker and John Wolfe-Barry, who had worked together on several dock projects, together with Baker’s partner A. C. Hurtzig, and C. A. Work began in 1902, when the then Prince of Wales cut the first sod, the complex was opened by the then King Edward VII in 1908. Throughout its life, the shore side dock facilities have been redeveloped to keep the docks operational, by 1911,27 storage tanks for oil had been added on the north west quay, and new grain silos were built in 1928. Whilst much of the former warehousing was redeveloped as residential housing, during the later part of World War I, it was proposed to make Avonmouth the UK centre of production of dichloroethyl sulphide, also known as mustard gas
Avonmouth Docks
–
The docks, as seen from
St Andrews Road. The Bulk Coal handling terminal can be seen to the left.
Avonmouth Docks
–
The Royal Edward Dock, March 2014
2.
United Kingdom
–
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom or Britain, is a sovereign country in western Europe. Lying off the north-western coast of the European mainland, the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain, Northern Ireland is the only part of the United Kingdom that shares a land border with another sovereign state—the Republic of Ireland. The Irish Sea lies between Great Britain and Ireland, with an area of 242,500 square kilometres, the United Kingdom is the 78th-largest sovereign state in the world and the 11th-largest in Europe. It is also the 21st-most populous country, with an estimated 65.1 million inhabitants, together, this makes it the fourth-most densely populated country in the European Union. The United Kingdom is a monarchy with a parliamentary system of governance. The monarch is Queen Elizabeth II, who has reigned since 6 February 1952, other major urban areas in the United Kingdom include the regions of Birmingham, Leeds, Glasgow, Liverpool and Manchester. The United Kingdom consists of four countries—England, Scotland, Wales, the last three have devolved administrations, each with varying powers, based in their capitals, Edinburgh, Cardiff and Belfast, respectively. The relationships among the countries of the UK have changed over time, Wales was annexed by the Kingdom of England under the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542. A treaty between England and Scotland resulted in 1707 in a unified Kingdom of Great Britain, which merged in 1801 with the Kingdom of Ireland to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Five-sixths of Ireland seceded from the UK in 1922, leaving the present formulation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain, there are fourteen British Overseas Territories. These are the remnants of the British Empire which, at its height in the 1920s, British influence can be observed in the language, culture and legal systems of many of its former colonies. The United Kingdom is a country and has the worlds fifth-largest economy by nominal GDP. The UK is considered to have an economy and is categorised as very high in the Human Development Index. It was the worlds first industrialised country and the worlds foremost power during the 19th, the UK remains a great power with considerable economic, cultural, military, scientific and political influence internationally. It is a nuclear weapons state and its military expenditure ranks fourth or fifth in the world. The UK has been a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council since its first session in 1946 and it has been a leading member state of the EU and its predecessor, the European Economic Community, since 1973. However, on 23 June 2016, a referendum on the UKs membership of the EU resulted in a decision to leave. The Acts of Union 1800 united the Kingdom of Great Britain, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland have devolved self-government
United Kingdom
–
Stonehenge, in
Wiltshire, was erected around 2500 BC.
United Kingdom
–
Flag
United Kingdom
–
The
Bayeux Tapestry depicts the
Battle of Hastings, 1066, and the events leading to it.
United Kingdom
–
The
Treaty of Union led to a single united kingdom encompassing all Great Britain.
3.
Charles Darwin
–
Charles Robert Darwin, FRS FRGS FLS FZS was an English naturalist, geologist and biologist, best known for his contributions to the science of evolution. Darwin published his theory of evolution with compelling evidence in his 1859 book On the Origin of Species, by the 1870s, the scientific community and much of the general public had accepted evolution as a fact. In modified form, Darwins scientific discovery is the theory of the life sciences. Darwins early interest in nature led him to neglect his education at the University of Edinburgh, instead. Studies at the University of Cambridge encouraged his passion for natural science, puzzled by the geographical distribution of wildlife and fossils he collected on the voyage, Darwin began detailed investigations and in 1838 conceived his theory of natural selection. Although he discussed his ideas with several naturalists, he needed time for extensive research and he was writing up his theory in 1858 when Alfred Russel Wallace sent him an essay that described the same idea, prompting immediate joint publication of both of their theories. Darwins work established evolutionary descent with modification as the dominant scientific explanation of diversification in nature, in 1871 he examined human evolution and sexual selection in The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex, followed by The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals. His research on plants was published in a series of books, Darwin has been described as one of the most influential figures in human history, and he was honoured by burial in Westminster Abbey. Charles Robert Darwin was born in Shrewsbury, Shropshire, on 12 February 1809, at his familys home and he was the fifth of six children of wealthy society doctor and financier Robert Darwin and Susannah Darwin. He was the grandson of two prominent abolitionists, Erasmus Darwin on his fathers side, and Josiah Wedgwood on his mothers side, both families were largely Unitarian, though the Wedgwoods were adopting Anglicanism. The eight-year-old Charles already had a taste for history and collecting when he joined the day school run by its preacher in 1817. From September 1818, he joined his older brother Erasmus attending the nearby Anglican Shrewsbury School as a boarder and he found lectures dull and surgery distressing, so neglected his studies. He learned taxidermy in around 40 daily hour-long sessions from John Edmonstone, one day, Grant praised Lamarcks evolutionary ideas. Darwin was astonished by Grants audacity, but had recently read similar ideas in his grandfather Erasmus journals, Darwin was rather bored by Robert Jamesons natural-history course, which covered geology - including the debate between Neptunism and Plutonism. He learned the classification of plants, and assisted with work on the collections of the University Museum, as Darwin was unqualified for the Tripos, he joined the ordinary degree course in January 1828. He preferred riding and shooting to studying, when his own exams drew near, Darwin focused on his studies and was delighted by the language and logic of William Paleys Evidences of Christianity. In his final examination in January 1831 Darwin did well, coming out of 178 candidates for the ordinary degree. Darwin had to stay at Cambridge until June 1831, inspired with a burning zeal to contribute, Darwin planned to visit Tenerife with some classmates after graduation to study natural history in the tropics
Charles Darwin
–
Portrait photograph of Darwin, probably taken in 1854 when he was 45 years old and working towards publication of
On the Origin of Species
Charles Darwin
–
Painting of seven-year-old Charles Darwin in 1816.
Charles Darwin
–
As
HMS Beagle surveyed the coasts of South America, Darwin theorised about geology and extinction of giant mammals.
Charles Darwin
–
Darwin chose to marry his cousin,
Emma Wedgwood.
4.
Natural Environment Research Council
–
The Natural Environment Research Council is a British Research Council that supports research, training and knowledge transfer activities in the environmental sciences. NERC began in 1965 when several environmental research organisations were brought under the one umbrella organisation, when most research councils were re-organised in 1994, it had new responsibilities – Earth observation and science-developed archaeology. Collaboration between research councils increased in 2002 when Research Councils UK was formed, nERCs research centres provide leadership to the UK environmental science community and play significant and influential roles in international science collaborations. It also supports a number of centres of excellence and subject-based designated Environmental Data Centres for the storage. NERCs mission is to gather and apply knowledge, create understanding and predict the behaviour of the environment and its resources. The British Meteorological Office is not part of NERC, the NERC Airborne Research Facility collects and processes remotely sensed data for use by the scientific community. Currently the NERC ARF provides radiometrically corrected hyperspectral data from the AISA Fenix and Owl instruments, ground height information from the Leica ALS50-II, and digital photography
Natural Environment Research Council
–
The Dornier Do 228 of the Natural Environment Research Council registered D-CALM.
Natural Environment Research Council
–
Main fields
5.
Appledore Shipbuilders
–
Appledore Shipbuilders is a shipbuilder in Appledore, North Devon. The Appledore Yard was founded in 1855 on the estuary of the River Torridge, the Richmond Dry Dock was built in 1856 by William Yeo and named after Richmond Bay in Prince Edward Island, where the Yeo familys shipping fleet was based. The business was led by Philip Kelly Harris during the part of the 20th century. Harris & Sons until 1963 when it became Appledore Shipbuilders, in 1964 the Company was acquired by Court Line, a travel business. A new shipyard was built on a site in Appledore at a cost of about £4m opened in 1970. Court Line collapsed in 1974 and Appledore Shipbuilders was nationalised and subsequently subsumed into British Shipbuilders, by the late 1980s the only yards still held in state ownership were the smaller Appledore and Ferguson yards. Appledore was eventually sold to North East Shipbuilders Ltd in 1989, Appledore built two Róisín class patrol boats for the Irish Naval Service, LÉ Róisín was completed in 1999 and LÉ Niamh in 2001. In 2010, Ireland ordered a two, 90m,23 knot offshore patrol vessels from Babcock with an option for a third. The first Samuel Beckett-class OPV was commissioned in May 2014, the company was reconstituted as Appledore Shipbuilders Limited and was run by the DML subsidiary DML Appledore. During this period the main activity was the installation of machinery packages. In June 2007, Babcock International Group acquired DML, including its operations at the Appledore Shipyard, a Royal Navy contract secured 300 jobs in Appledore until 2015. The Appledore yard will construct elements of the two Queen Elizabeth class aircraft carriers, bow sections for HMS Queen Elizabeth were completed in April 2010 and were barged to Rosyth Dockyard for integration with other modules. The yard continues to build flight deck sponsons and centre blocks for Queen Elizabeth, from 2012, Appledore will build similar sections for Queen Elizabeths sister ship HMS Prince of Wales. The company has more than 350 vessels, including small and medium-sized military craft, bulk carriers, LPG carriers, superyachts, ferries. Specific ships include, Babcock International Marine website
Appledore Shipbuilders
–
Appledore shipyard
Appledore Shipbuilders
–
Bow section of
HMS Queen Elizabeth at Appledore in March 2010
6.
North Devon
–
North Devon is a local government district in Devon, England. Its council is based in Barnstaple, other towns and villages in the North Devon District include Braunton, Fremington, Ilfracombe, Instow, South Molton, Lynton and Lynmouth. The district was formed on 1 April 1974 as a merger of the Barnstaple municipal borough, the Ilfracombe and Lynton urban districts, the wider geographic area of North Devon is divided between North Devon District and the district of Torridge, based in Bideford. North Devon is popular with retired people, the 2011 census showed that 18% of residents were aged 15 years and under, 60% were aged 16–64 and 23% were aged 65 and over. This compares to the 20% of the population who were aged 65, for comparison, the same age distributions across England were 19%, 64% and 17% respectively. Life expectancy for men, at 77.7, is close to the English average, female life expectancy is good at 83.1, around 1 year above the English average. There is a gap of 6 years in the life expectancy of men in the least deprived fifth of wards, the region has one of the most ethnically homogenous populations in England, with 97. 9% reporting their ethnicity as white in the 2011 census of the population. However, this is a decrease on the 99. 0% of the population who declared themselves to be White on the 2001 census, North Devon District Council is elected every four years, with currently 43 councillors being elected at each election. From the first election to the council in 1973 to 1987 the council was controlled by independents and this was followed by a period under Liberal Democrat control until the Conservative Party took control at the 2007 election. The political composition of the borough has been as follows, Along with its neighbours to the east and west, Torridge and West Somerset, the rump of the post-Beeching railway network has left a branch line to Exeter as the areas sole railway service. Despite being served only by one line, the borough is served by 5 railway stations. The region is served by three A roads, the primary link is the A361 which was constructed between 1986 and 1989. It heads north-west from the M5 motorway, past South Molton, to Barnstaple, the modern Link Road continues westwards from Barnstaple as the A39 where it is designated the Atlantic Highway, and runs via Bideford into Cornwall. The eastern section of the A39 links Barnstaple to Lynton, then traverses the coastal hills of Exmoor into Somerset. Due to the agricultural nature of the economy, many areas of North Devon are considered deprived. The average income for the district is 73% of the average for the United Kingdom as a whole, the largest employers in the area are the National Health Service, the Ministry of Defence and North Devon Council. Barnstaple is on the River Taw estuary, and functions both as the service centre and the administrative centre for North Devon Council. The parish of Barnstaple has a population of 23,710 but the population of the area of the town taking in Sticklepath, Roundswell
North Devon
–
Ilfracombe, seen from 447 feet (136 metres) above. The viewpoint (Hillsborough) is part of the South West Coastal Path
North Devon
–
North Devon shown within Devon
7.
Prince of Wales
–
Prince of Wales was a title granted to princes born in Wales from the 12th century onwards, the term replaced the use of the word king. Since the 13th century, the title is granted to the apparent to the English or British monarch. The title is granted to the heir apparent as a personal honour or dignity. The title Earl of Chester is always given in conjunction with that of Prince of Wales, the Prince of Wales usually has other titles and honours. The wife of the Prince of Wales is entitled to the title Princess of Wales, Prince Charless first wife, Diana, used that title but his second wife, Camilla, uses only the title Duchess of Cornwall because the other title has become so popularly associated with Diana. The Prince of Wales is the heir apparent of the monarch of the United Kingdom, no formal public role or responsibility has been legislated by Parliament or otherwise delegated to him by law or custom, either as heir apparent or as Prince of Wales. He has also represented the Queen and the United Kingdom overseas at state, for most of the post-Roman period, Wales was divided into several smaller states. Before the Norman conquest of England, the most powerful Welsh ruler at any time was generally known as King of the Britons. In the 12th and 13th centuries, this evolved into Prince of Wales. In Latin, the new title was Princeps Walliae, and in Welsh it was Tywysog Cymru, the literal translation of Tywysog is leader. Only a handful of native princes had their claim to the overlordship of Wales recognised by the English Crown, the first known to have used such a title was Owain Gwynedd, adopting the title Prince of the Welsh around 1165 after earlier using rex Waliae. In 1240, the title was inherited by his son Dafydd ap Llywelyn. Instead he styled himself as Prince of Wales around 1244, the first Welsh prince to do so, in 1246, his nephew Llywelyn ap Gruffudd succeeded to the throne of Gwynedd, and used the style as early as 1258. In 1267, with the signing of the Treaty of Montgomery, three Welshmen, however, claimed the title of Prince of Wales after 1283. The first was Madog ap Llywelyn, a member of the house of Gwynedd and his revolt was suppressed, however, after the Battle of Maes Moydog in March 1295, and the prince was imprisoned in London. It is Owain Glyndŵr, however, whom many Welsh people regard as being the last native Prince, on 16 September 1400, he was proclaimed Prince of Wales by his supporters, and held parliaments at Harlech Castle and elsewhere during his revolt, which encompassed all of Wales. It was not until 1409 that his revolt in quest of Welsh independence was suppressed by Henry IV. However, the story may well be apocryphal, as it can only be traced to the 16th century, and, in the time of Edward I, the English aristocracy spoke Norman French, not English
Prince of Wales
–
Incumbent
HRH The Prince Charles since 26 July 1958
Prince of Wales
–
Prince of Wales
Prince of Wales
–
Edward of Caernarfon
Prince of Wales
–
Edward of Woodstock, the Black Prince
8.
London
–
London /ˈlʌndən/ is the capital and most populous city of England and the United Kingdom. Standing on the River Thames in the south east of the island of Great Britain and it was founded by the Romans, who named it Londinium. Londons ancient core, the City of London, largely retains its 1. 12-square-mile medieval boundaries. London is a global city in the arts, commerce, education, entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcare, media, professional services, research and development, tourism. It is crowned as the worlds largest financial centre and has the fifth- or sixth-largest metropolitan area GDP in the world, London is a world cultural capital. It is the worlds most-visited city as measured by international arrivals and has the worlds largest city airport system measured by passenger traffic, London is the worlds leading investment destination, hosting more international retailers and ultra high-net-worth individuals than any other city. Londons universities form the largest concentration of education institutes in Europe. In 2012, London became the first city to have hosted the modern Summer Olympic Games three times, London has a diverse range of people and cultures, and more than 300 languages are spoken in the region. Its estimated mid-2015 municipal population was 8,673,713, the largest of any city in the European Union, Londons urban area is the second most populous in the EU, after Paris, with 9,787,426 inhabitants at the 2011 census. The citys metropolitan area is the most populous in the EU with 13,879,757 inhabitants, the city-region therefore has a similar land area and population to that of the New York metropolitan area. London was the worlds most populous city from around 1831 to 1925, Other famous landmarks include Buckingham Palace, the London Eye, Piccadilly Circus, St Pauls Cathedral, Tower Bridge, Trafalgar Square, and The Shard. The London Underground is the oldest underground railway network in the world, the etymology of London is uncertain. It is an ancient name, found in sources from the 2nd century and it is recorded c.121 as Londinium, which points to Romano-British origin, and hand-written Roman tablets recovered in the city originating from AD 65/70-80 include the word Londinio. The earliest attempted explanation, now disregarded, is attributed to Geoffrey of Monmouth in Historia Regum Britanniae and this had it that the name originated from a supposed King Lud, who had allegedly taken over the city and named it Kaerlud. From 1898, it was accepted that the name was of Celtic origin and meant place belonging to a man called *Londinos. The ultimate difficulty lies in reconciling the Latin form Londinium with the modern Welsh Llundain, which should demand a form *lōndinion, from earlier *loundiniom. The possibility cannot be ruled out that the Welsh name was borrowed back in from English at a later date, and thus cannot be used as a basis from which to reconstruct the original name. Until 1889, the name London officially applied only to the City of London, two recent discoveries indicate probable very early settlements near the Thames in the London area
London
–
Palace of Westminster,
Buckingham Palace and
Central London skyline
London
London
London
–
The name London may derive from the
River Thames
9.
Gardline group
–
The Gardline Group is a holding company based in Great Yarmouth, England. The group consists of more than 35 companies focussed primarily on service industries, Gardline Shipping was first established in 1969 to provide marine support to offshore oil and gas industry in the North Sea. The group currently employs around 1,000 personnel worldwide and has a turnover of approximately £140 million, Gardline is now the largest employer in the Great Yarmouth area. The company continues to sponsor careers fairs in the region, in 2011, the Gardline Group was ranked the 20th largest in the Norfolk region by the Eastern Daily Press, accounting firm PricewaterhouseCoopers and law firm Mills & Reeve. In recent years, Gardline and its companies have expanded their services to include support of offshore wind farms as a core service. The companys offshore wind farm related businesses have experienced significant growth in line with the UK Governments wind farm development programs, in 2010, Gardline Environmental, a subsidiary of Gardline Marine Services, won a tender to provide environmental survey services for the proposed Dogger Bank offshore wind farm. Later that year, the company announced it had been awarded environmental survey work for the proposed Atlantic Array offshore wind farm project, in 2013, another Gardline subsidiary, Alicat Workboats, announced the construction of 4 high-speed catamarans to service the Robin Rigg Wind Farm. The Gardline Group is a corporation with companies and offices around the world. In the United States, the company is represented by Gardline Surveys Inc and G Comm, in Australia, Gardline is represented by Ast Australia, Gardline Australia Pty Ltd and Gardline Marine Sciences Pty Ltd. In Malaysia, Gardline is represented by Asian Geos Sdn Bhd, in Africa, Gardline is represented by AST South Africa. As the original entity of the Gardline Group, Gardline Shipping retains the core businesses of the Gardline Group. The company operates a fleet of 12 offshore vessels,4 nearshore and coastal vessels, the fleet is capable of carrying out hydrographic, geotechnical, oceanographic, geophysical, and environmental surveys. Nearshore and Coastal Vessels Windfarm Support Vessels www. gardlinemarinesciences. com www. thecadsgroup. co. uk www. cadesignservices. co. uk www. cadnet. ltd. uk
Gardline group
–
Gardline Group Ltd
Gardline group
–
Three Gardline ships awaiting
dry dock repairs in
Hull, "Ocean Seeker", "Ocean Observer" and "Sea Explorer".
Gardline group
–
Ocean Discovery
Gardline group
–
Ocean Endeavour (ex RMAS Salmaster)
10.
Lowestoft
–
Lowestoft is a town in the English county of Suffolk. The town is on the North Sea coast and is the most easterly settlement of the United Kingdom and it is 110 miles north-east of London,38 miles north-east of Ipswich and 22 miles south-east of Norwich. It is situated on the edge of The Broads system and is the settlement within the district of Waveney with a population of 71,010 in 2011. Some of the earliest evidence of settlement in Britain has been found in Lowestoft and it is a port town which developed due to the fishing industry, and a traditional seaside resort. It has wide, sandy beaches, two piers and a number of other tourist attractions and this role has since declined and the town has begun to develop as a centre of the renewable energy industry within the East of England. Following the discovery of flint tools in the cliffs at Pakefield in south Lowestoft in 2005 and this establishes Lowestoft as one of the earliest known sites for human habitation in Britain. The area was settled during the Neolithic, Bronze and Iron Ages and during the Roman and Saxon periods, the settlements name is derived from the Viking personal name Hlothver and toft, a Viking word for homestead. The towns name has been spelled variously, Lothnwistoft, Lestoffe, Laistoe, at the Domesday survey the village was known as Lothuwistoft and was relatively small with a population of around 16 households comprising, in 1086, three families, ten smallholders and three slaves. The manor formed part of the kings holding within the Hundred of Lothingland and was worth about four geld in tax income, roger Bigod was the tenant in chief of the village. The village of Akethorpe may have been located close to Lowestoft, in the Middle Ages Lowestoft became an increasingly important fishing town. The industry grew quickly and the town grew to challenge its neighbour Great Yarmouth, the trade, particularly fishing for herring, continued to act as the towns main identity until the 20th century. In June 1665 the Battle of Lowestoft, the first battle of the Second Anglo-Dutch War, the battle resulted in a significant victory for the English fleet over the Dutch. The factory, built on the site of a pottery or brick kiln, was later used as a brewery. Most of its buildings were demolished in 1955. In the 19th century, the arrival of Sir Samuel Morton Peto brought about a change in Lowestofts fortunes, Railway contractor Peto was contracted by the Lowestoft Railway & Harbour Company to build a railway line between Lowestoft and Reedham. This stimulated the development of the fishing industry and the Port of Lowestoft in general. The development of the port boosted trade with the continent, during World War I, Lowestoft was bombarded by the German Navy on 24 April 1916 in conjunction with the Easter Rising. In World War II, the town was targeted for bombing by the Luftwaffe due to its engineering industry
Lowestoft
–
Lowestoft beach and outer harbour
Lowestoft
–
Lowestoft's Yacht Basin in 1929.
Lowestoft
–
Traditional trawler, the
Mincarlo now a museum ship
Lowestoft
–
Lowestoft beach at the airshow
11.
IMO number
–
The International Maritime Organization number is a unique reference for ships and for registered ship owners and management companies. IMO numbers were introduced under the SOLAS Convention to improve safety and security. For ships, the IMO number remains linked to the hull for its lifetime, regardless of a change in name, flag, or owner. The ship number consists of the three letters IMO followed by a unique number assigned to sea-going merchant ships under the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea. In 1987 the IMO adopted Resolution A, in the SOLAS Convention cargo ships means ships which are not passenger ships. Passenger ships should carry the marking on a horizontal surface visible from the air. When introduced, the IMO adopted the existing unique ship numbers applied to ships listed by Lloyds Register since 1963, IMO ship identification numbers are assigned by IHS Fairplay. For new vessels the IMO number is assigned to a hull during construction, the IMO ship identification number is made of the three letters IMO followed by the seven-digit number. This consists of a six-digit sequential unique number followed by a check digit, the integrity of an IMO number can be verified using its check digit. This is done by multiplying each of the first six digits by a factor of 2 to 7 corresponding to their position from right to left, the rightmost digit of this sum is the check digit. For example, for IMO9074729, + + + + + =139, in May 2005, IMO adopted a new SOLAS regulation XI-1/3-1 on the mandatory company and registered owner identification number scheme, with entry into force on 1 January 2009. Like the IMO ship number, the identification number is a seven-digit number with the prefix IMO
IMO number
–
"IMO 8814275" on
Eendracht
IMO number
–
Stern of "Evangelia" displaying "IMO 9176187" and
port of registry ("Majuro"). In addition to the current name parts of the ship's former names are visible: "Cornelie Oldendorff" and "Asia Melody". The ship's current name is "Evangeli" (as of 2007)
IMO number
–
"IMO 9319466" on the helideck of
M/S Finnmaid
12.
Royal Research Ship
–
A Royal Research Ship is a merchant navy vessel of the United Kingdom that conducts scientific research for Her Majestys Government. Organisations operating such ships include, the Natural Environment Research Council, the British Antarctic Survey, a warrant from the Queen is required before a ship can be designated as an RRS. In the 1950s and 1960s the Royal Research Ships of the day were owned by the Admiralty, partially managed by the Royal Fleet Auxiliary, all ships bear the prefix RRS - Royal Research Ship. On 25 April 2014 the government announced that £200 million would be invested in the construction of a new polar research vehicle, to replace Ernest Shackleton, the ship is to be built by Cammell Laird with construction expected to start in Autumn 2016. The new icebreaker will be designed with a helipad, on-board labs and the capability to deploy subs, on 17 March 2016, the Natural Environment Research Council launched a poll to name the ship. By 29 March 2016, the name was RRS Boaty McBoatface with more than 101,000 votes. When polling closed on April 16,2016, the name had 124,000 votes, more than four times that of its nearest rival, many more, if not most of the suggested names were in jest. Other top 10-finishers were RRS Its Bloody Cold Here, Usain Boat, Boatimus Prime, another popular name, RRS Blas de Lezo, attracted over 38,000 votes before it was removed from voting for being liable to cause offence. I am grateful to everyone who has participated in the competition, the public has come up with some fantastic and very imaginative suggestions. National Marine Facilities Division Inter-Agency Committee on Marine Science and Technology
Royal Research Ship
–
James Clark Ross
Royal Research Ship
–
Ernest Shackleton
Royal Research Ship
–
James Cook
Royal Research Ship
–
Discovery
13.
Devon
–
Devon, also known as Devonshire, which was formerly its common and official name, is a county of England, reaching from the Bristol Channel in the north to the English Channel in the south. It is part of South West England, bounded by Cornwall to the west, Somerset to the northeast, combined as a ceremonial county, Devons area is 6,707 km2 and its population is about 1.1 million. Devon derives its name from Dumnonia, which, during the British Iron Age, Roman Britain, the Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain resulted in the partial assimilation of Dumnonia into the Kingdom of Wessex during the eighth and ninth centuries. The western boundary with Cornwall was set at the River Tamar by King Æthelstan in 936, Devon was constituted as a shire of the Kingdom of England thereafter. The north and south coasts of Devon each have both cliffs and sandy shores, and the bays contain seaside resorts, fishing towns. The inland terrain is rural, generally hilly, and has a low density in comparison to many other parts of England. Dartmoor is the largest open space in southern England at 954 km2, to the north of Dartmoor are the Culm Measures and Exmoor. In the valleys and lowlands of south and east Devon the soil is fertile, drained by rivers including the Exe, the Culm, the Teign, the Dart. As well as agriculture, much of the economy of Devon is linked with tourism, in the Brittonic, Devon is known as Welsh, Dyfnaint, Breton, Devnent and Cornish, Dewnens, each meaning deep valleys. One erroneous theory is that the suffix is due to a mistake in the making of the original letters patent for the Duke of Devonshire. However, there are references to Defenascire in Anglo-Saxon texts from before 1000 AD, the term Devonshire may have originated around the 8th century, when it changed from Dumnonia to Defenascir. Kents Cavern in Torquay had produced human remains from 30–40,000 years ago, Dartmoor is thought to have been occupied by Mesolithic hunter-gatherer peoples from about 6000 BC. The Romans held the area under occupation for around 350 years. Devon became a frontier between Brittonic and Anglo-Saxon Wessex, and it was absorbed into Wessex by the mid 9th century. This suggests the Anglo-Saxon migration into Devon was limited rather than a movement of people. The border with Cornwall was set by King Æthelstan on the east bank of the River Tamar in 936 AD, the arrival of William of Orange to launch the Glorious Revolution of 1688 took place at Brixham. Devon has produced tin, copper and other metals from ancient times, Devons tin miners enjoyed a substantial degree of independence through Devons Stannary Parliament, which dates back to the 12th century. The last recorded sitting was in 1748, agriculture has been an important industry in Devon since the 19th century
Devon
–
Menhir at
Drizzlecombe
Devon
Devon
–
Part of the seafront of
Torquay, south Devon, at high tide
Devon
–
Heathland at
Woodbury Common in south east Devon
14.
Oceanography
–
Oceanography, also known as oceanology, is the study of the physical and the biological aspects of the ocean. Paleoceanography studies the history of the oceans in the geologic past, humans first acquired knowledge of the waves and currents of the seas and oceans in pre-historic times. Observations on tides were recorded by Aristotle and Strabo, early exploration of the oceans was primarily for cartography and mainly limited to its surfaces and of the animals that fishermen brought up in nets, though depth soundings by lead line were taken. Although Juan Ponce de León in 1513 first identified the Gulf Stream, Franklin measured water temperatures during several Atlantic crossings and correctly explained the Gulf Streams cause. Franklin and Timothy Folger printed the first map of the Gulf Stream in 1769-1770, information on the currents of the Pacific Ocean was gathered by explorers of the late 18th century, including James Cook and Louis Antoine de Bougainville. James Rennell wrote the first scientific textbooks on oceanography, detailing the current flows of the Atlantic, during a voyage around the Cape of Good Hope in 1777, he mapped the banks and currents at the Lagullas. He was also the first to understand the nature of the intermittent current near the Isles of Scilly, Robert FitzRoy published a four-volume report of the Beagles three voyages. In 1841–1842 Edward Forbes undertook dredging in the Aegean Sea that founded marine ecology, the first superintendent of the United States Naval Observatory, Matthew Fontaine Maury devoted his time to the study of marine meteorology, navigation, and charting prevailing winds and currents. His 1855 textbook Physical Geography of the Sea was one of the first comprehensive oceanography studies, many nations sent oceanographic observations to Maury at the Naval Observatory, where he and his colleagues evaluated the information and distributed the results worldwide. Despite all this, human knowledge of the oceans remained confined to the topmost few fathoms of the water, almost nothing was known of the ocean depths. The Royal Navys efforts to all of the worlds coastlines in the mid-19th century reinforced the vague idea that most of the ocean was very deep. As exploration ignited both popular and scientific interest in the regions and Africa, so too did the mysteries of the unexplored oceans. The seminal event in the founding of the science of oceanography was the 1872-76 Challenger expedition. As the first true oceanographic cruise, this laid the groundwork for an entire academic. In response to a recommendation from the Royal Society, The British Government announced in 1871 an expedition to explore worlds oceans, charles Wyville Thompson and Sir John Murray launched the Challenger expedition. The Challenger, leased from the Royal Navy, was modified for scientific work, under the scientific supervision of Thomson, Challenger travelled nearly 70,000 nautical miles surveying and exploring. On her journey circumnavigating the globe,492 deep sea soundings,133 bottom dredges,151 open water trawls and 263 serial water temperature observations were taken, around 4,700 new species of marine life were discovered. The result was the Report Of The Scientific Results of the Exploring Voyage of H. M. S, Murray, who supervised the publication, described the report as the greatest advance in the knowledge of our planet since the celebrated discoveries of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries
Oceanography
–
HMS Challenger undertook the first global marine research expedition in 1872.
Oceanography
–
Thermohaline circulation
Oceanography
–
Ocean currents (1911)
Oceanography
–
Oceanographic Museum Monaco
15.
Geology
–
Geology is an earth science concerned with the solid Earth, the rocks of which it is composed, and the processes by which they change over time. Geology can also refer generally to the study of the features of any terrestrial planet. Geology gives insight into the history of the Earth by providing the evidence for plate tectonics, the evolutionary history of life. Geology also plays a role in engineering and is a major academic discipline. The majority of data comes from research on solid Earth materials. These typically fall into one of two categories, rock and unconsolidated material, the majority of research in geology is associated with the study of rock, as rock provides the primary record of the majority of the geologic history of the Earth. There are three types of rock, igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. The rock cycle is an important concept in geology which illustrates the relationships between three types of rock, and magma. When a rock crystallizes from melt, it is an igneous rock, the sedimentary rock can then be subsequently turned into a metamorphic rock due to heat and pressure and is then weathered, eroded, deposited, and lithified, ultimately becoming a sedimentary rock. Sedimentary rock may also be re-eroded and redeposited, and metamorphic rock may also undergo additional metamorphism, all three types of rocks may be re-melted, when this happens, a new magma is formed, from which an igneous rock may once again crystallize. Geologists also study unlithified material which typically comes from more recent deposits and these materials are superficial deposits which lie above the bedrock. Because of this, the study of material is often known as Quaternary geology. This includes the study of sediment and soils, including studies in geomorphology, sedimentology and this theory is supported by several types of observations, including seafloor spreading, and the global distribution of mountain terrain and seismicity. This coupling between rigid plates moving on the surface of the Earth and the mantle is called plate tectonics. The development of plate tectonics provided a basis for many observations of the solid Earth. Long linear regions of geologic features could be explained as plate boundaries, mid-ocean ridges, high regions on the seafloor where hydrothermal vents and volcanoes exist, were explained as divergent boundaries, where two plates move apart. Arcs of volcanoes and earthquakes were explained as convergent boundaries, where one plate subducts under another, transform boundaries, such as the San Andreas Fault system, resulted in widespread powerful earthquakes. Plate tectonics also provided a mechanism for Alfred Wegeners theory of continental drift and they also provided a driving force for crustal deformation, and a new setting for the observations of structural geology
Geology
–
On this diagram, subducting
slabs are in blue, and continental margins and a few plate boundaries are in red. The blue blob in the cutaway section is the seismically imaged
Farallon Plate, which is subducting beneath North America. The remnants of this plate on the Surface of the Earth are the
Juan de Fuca Plate and Explorer plate in the Northwestern USA / Southwestern Canada, and the
Cocos Plate on the west coast of Mexico.
Geology
–
This schematic diagram of the rock cycle shows the relationship between magma and sedimentary, metamorphic, and igneous rock
Geology
Geology
–
Geologic cross-section of
Kittatinny Mountain. This cross-section shows metamorphic rocks, overlain by younger sediments deposited after the metamorphic event. These rock units were later folded and faulted during the uplift of the mountain.
16.
Geophysics
–
Although geophysics was only recognized as a separate discipline in the 19th century, its origins date back to ancient times. The first magnetic compasses were made from lodestones, while more modern magnetic compasses played an important role in the history of navigation, the first seismic instrument was built in 132 BC. Geophysics is applied to societal needs, such as resources, mitigation of natural hazards. Geophysics is a highly interdisciplinary subject, and geophysicists contribute to area of the Earth sciences. To provide an idea of what constitutes geophysics, this section describes phenomena that are studied in physics and how they relate to the Earth. The gravitational pull of the Moon and Sun give rise to two high tides and two low tides every lunar day, or every 24 hours and 50 minutes, therefore, there is a gap of 12 hours and 25 minutes between every high tide and between every low tide. Gravitational forces make rocks press down on rocks, increasing their density as the depth increases. Measurements of gravitational acceleration and gravitational potential at the Earths surface, the surface gravitational field provides information on the dynamics of tectonic plates. The geopotential surface called the geoid is one definition of the shape of the Earth, the geoid would be the global mean sea level if the oceans were in equilibrium and could be extended through the continents. The Earth is cooling, and the heat flow generates the Earths magnetic field through the geodynamo. The main sources of heat are the heat and radioactivity. Some heat is carried up from the bottom of the mantle by mantle plumes, the heat flow at the Earths surface is about 4.2 ×1013 W, and it is a potential source of geothermal energy. Seismic waves are vibrations that travel through the Earths interior or along its surface, the entire Earth can also oscillate in forms that are called normal modes or free oscillations of the Earth. Ground motions from waves or normal modes are measured using seismographs, if the waves come from a localized source such as an earthquake or explosion, measurements at more than one location can be used to locate the source. The locations of earthquakes provide information on plate tectonics and mantle convection, measurements of seismic waves are a source of information on the region that the waves travel through. If the density or composition of the rock changes suddenly, some waves are reflected, reflections can provide information on near-surface structure. Changes in the direction, called refraction, can be used to infer the deep structure of the Earth. Earthquakes pose a risk to humans, understanding their mechanisms, which depend on the type of earthquake, can lead to better estimates of earthquake risk and improvements in earthquake engineering
Geophysics
–
Illustration of the deformations of a block by body waves and surface waves (see
seismic wave).
Geophysics
–
Age of the sea floor. Much of the dating information comes from magnetic anomalies.
Geophysics
–
Replica of
Zhang Heng 's seismoscope, possibly the first contribution to
seismology.
17.
Great Yarmouth
–
Great Yarmouth, often known to locals as Yarmouth, is a coastal town in Norfolk, England. It is located at the mouth of the River Yare,20 miles east of Norwich, the town has been a seaside resort since 1760, and is the gateway from the Norfolk Broads to the North Sea. The discovery of oil in the North Sea in the 1960s led to an oil rig supply industry. More recently, the development of energy sources, especially offshore wind power, has created further opportunities for support services. A wind farm of 30 generators is within sight of the town on the Scroby Sands, the town has a beach and two piers. The town itself is on a 3. 1-mile spit sandwiched between the North Sea and River Yare and its well-known features include the historic rows and the main tourist sector on the seafront. The area is linked to Gorleston, Cobholm and Southtown by Haven Bridge and to the A47 and A149 by the Breydon Bridge. The urban area that makes up the town of Great Yarmouth has an area of 8.3 sq mi and it is the main town in the larger Borough of Great Yarmouth. The ONS identify a Great Yarmouth Urban Area, which has a population of 68,317, including the sub-areas of Caister-on-Sea, the wider borough of Great Yarmouth has a population of around 92,500, increasing to 97,277 at the 2011 census. Great Yarmouth lies near the site of the Roman fort camp of Gariannonum at the mouth of the River Yare and its situation having attracted fishermen from the Cinque Ports, a permanent settlement was made, and the town numbered 70 burgesses before the Norman Conquest. Henry I placed it under the rule of a reeve, in 1101 the Church of St Nicholas was founded by Herbert de Losinga, the first Bishop of Norwich, and consecrated in 1119. This was to be the first of several priories founded in what was a trading centre of considerable importance. In 1208, King John granted a charter to Great Yarmouth, a hospital was founded in Yarmouth in the reign of Edward I by Thomas Fastolfe. In 1551, a school founded and the great hall of the old hospital was appropriated to its use. The school was closed from 1757 to 1860, was re-established by the charity trustees, in 1552 Edward VI granted a charter of admiralty jurisdiction, later confirmed and extended by James I. In 1668 Charles II incorporated Little Yarmouth in the borough by a charter which with one brief exception remained in force until 1703, in 1673 during the Third Anglo-Dutch War the Zealand Expedition was assembled in the town. In 1797, during the French Revolutionary Wars, the town was the supply base for the North Sea Fleet. The fleet collected at the roadstead, from whence it sailed to the decisive Battle of Camperdown against the Dutch fleet, again in 1807, during the Napoleonic Wars, the fleet collected at and sailed from the roadstead to the Battle of Copenhagen
Great Yarmouth
–
Great Yarmouth Town Hall, Hall Quay (opened: 1883; architect: J.B. Pearce)
Great Yarmouth
–
Regent Road
Great Yarmouth
–
The 133-foot-tall
Britannia Monument, built in 1817.
Great Yarmouth
–
Britannia Pier in 1930.
18.
National Oceanography Centre, Southampton
–
The National Oceanography Centre Southampton is a centre for research, teaching, and technology development in Ocean and Earth science. In 2010 the University and NERC components demerged, and the NERC-managed component became the National Oceanography Centre, the University component “Ocean and Earth Science, National Oceanography Centre Southampton” is part of the Faculty of Natural and Environmental Sciences. It was ranked 30th in the world for Earth and Marine Sciences by the QS World University Rankings in 2014, the centre can trace its origins back to the years immediately after Second World War, when the National Institute of Oceanography was founded. NOCS was officially opened in 1996 as the Southampton Oceanography Centre by Prince Philip, the Centres inaugural director from 1994-99 was John Shepherd, a former Deputy Director of the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food and an Earth system scientist. The National Oceanographic Library holds the UKs most extensive collection of oceanographic literature, OES is ranked 30th in the world for Earth and Marine Sciences by the QS World University Rankings, rising from 47th in 2012 and 38th in 2013. NOCS consists of the University of Southampton’s OES academic unit, together with five NERC research divisions, in addition, NOCS houses teaching facilities for nearly 1000 students. NOCS is the base for the research vessels RRS Discovery. In 2014 the RRS Discovery has been replaced and the new Discovery will remain based at NOCS, for fieldwork and research by university staff and students OES further operates three vessels, including the 19.75 metres catamaran RV Callista and the 12 metres RV Bill Conway. The group operates three fleets of submersibles and autonomous vehicles, comprising Autosub submarines, underwater gliders and remotely operated vehicles, NOCS has multi-use aquarium facilities with a variety of tanks displaying a range of biotopes and habitats, including seagrass beds, rocky shores and rock pool environments. Additionally, NOCS is operating two IPOCAMPs and a number of smaller pressurized tanks for the study of deep-sea organisms, the NOCS Coral Reef Laboratory at NOCS is equipped with a multi-compartment aquarium system that houses a range of corals and other cnidarians. NOCS has a variety of large and small analytical instrumentation, the Magnetism Laboratory is equipped with a MicroMag 3900 Vibrating Sample Magnetometer, an AGICO KLY4S Kappabridge and a 2G Superconducting Rock Magnetometer. The X-Ray Diffraction facility is equipped with a X’Pert pro XRD machine with Cu X-ray tube, for analysis of dissolved organic carbon and total dissolved nitrogen the Southampton-based branch of the NERC NOC is operating a Shimandzu TOV V CPN-TN at NOCS. The Ocean Bottom Instrumentation Consortium based at NOCS provides the academic, the British Ocean Sediment Core Repository located at NOCS and operated by NERC is the central storage facility for sediment cores collected by NERC ships and NERC-funded research. All cores are logged and all data generated from the cores is archived for visualization, four undergraduate programs are offered, in Oceanography, Marine Biology, Geology and Geophysics. The Graduate School of the National Oceanography Centre Southampton offers degree programs at both Master and PhD level, the consortium is funded through NERCs Doctoral Training Partnership initiative. NOCS reaches out to the public interested to learn more about the worlds oceans, marine biology. Activities and events include an annual Ocean and Earth Day, a seminar series of marine life talks. Both OES and National Oceanography Centre have joined Athena SWAN, in July 2008 NOCS achieved ISO14001 certification for its Environmental Management System
National Oceanography Centre, Southampton
National Oceanography Centre, Southampton
–
National Oceanography Centre, Southampton, UK
National Oceanography Centre, Southampton
–
National Oceanography Centre, Southampton at sunset
National Oceanography Centre, Southampton
–
RRS Discovery inbound to Southampton
19.
Gulf Stream
–
The process of western intensification causes the Gulf Stream to be a northward accelerating current off the east coast of North America. At about 40°0′N 30°0′W, it splits in two, with the stream, the North Atlantic Drift, crossing to Northern Europe and the southern stream. The Gulf Stream influences the climate of the east coast of North America from Florida to Newfoundland, and it is part of the North Atlantic Gyre. Its presence has led to the development of strong cyclones of all types, the Gulf Stream is also a significant potential source of renewable power generation. The Gulf Stream may be slowing down as a result of climate change, the Gulf Stream is typically 100 kilometres wide and 800 metres to 1,200 metres deep. The current velocity is fastest near the surface, with the maximum speed typically about 2.5 metres per second. European discovery of the Gulf Stream dates to the 1512 expedition of Juan Ponce de León and its existence was also known to Peter Martyr dAnghiera. Benjamin Franklin became interested in the North Atlantic Ocean circulation patterns, Franklin asked Timothy Folger, his cousin twice removed, a Nantucket Island whaling captain, for an answer. Franklin worked with Folger and other experienced ship captains, learning enough to chart the Gulf Stream and he offered this information to Anthony Todd, secretary of the British Post Office, but it was ignored by British sea captains. Franklins Gulf Stream chart was published in 1770 in England, where it was mostly ignored, subsequent versions were printed in France in 1778 and the U. S. in 1786. The Gulf Stream proper is a current, driven largely by wind stress. The North Atlantic Drift, in contrast, is largely thermohaline circulation–driven, in 1958 the oceanographer Henry Stommel noted that very little water from the Gulf of Mexico is actually in the Stream. By carrying warm water northeast across the Atlantic, it makes Western, a river of sea water, called the Atlantic North Equatorial Current, flows westward off the coast of Central Africa. When this current interacts with the northeastern coast of South America, one passes into the Caribbean Sea, while a second, the Antilles Current, flows north and east of the West Indies. These two branches north of the Straits of Florida. The trade winds blow westward in the tropics, and the westerlies blow eastward at mid-latitudes and this wind pattern applies a stress to the subtropical ocean surface with negative curl across the north Atlantic Ocean. The resulting Sverdrup transport is equatorward, the conservation of potential vorticity also causes bends along the Gulf Stream, which occasionally break off due to a shift in the Gulf Streams position, forming separate warm and cold eddies. This overall process, known as western intensification, causes currents on the boundary of an ocean basin, such as the Gulf Stream
Gulf Stream
–
Surface temperature in the western North Atlantic. North America is black and dark blue (cold), the Gulf Stream red (warm). Source:
NASA
Gulf Stream
–
Benjamin Franklin 's map of the Gulf Stream
Gulf Stream
–
Evolution of the Gulf Stream to the west of Ireland continuing as the
North Atlantic Current
Gulf Stream
–
Hurricane Alex formed and moved along the axis of the Gulf Stream in 2004.
20.
British Geological Survey
–
The BGS headquarters are in Keyworth, Nottinghamshire, England, United Kingdom. Its other centres are located in Edinburgh, Wallingford, Cardiff, the current motto of the BGS is, Gateway to the Earth. The Geological Survey was founded in 1835 as the Ordnance Geological Survey and this was the worlds first national geological survey. It remained a branch of the Ordnance Survey for many years, in 1965, it was merged with the Geological Museum and Overseas Geological Surveys, under the name of Institute of Geological Sciences. On 1 January 1984, the institute was renamed the British Geological Survey, the BGS advises the British government on all aspects of geoscience, as well as providing impartial advice on geological matters to the public, academics and industry. The core outputs of the BGS include geological, geophysical, geochemical and hydrogeological maps, descriptions, scientists at the BGS produced the first comprehensive map of African groundwater reserves. One of the key strategic aims for the decade is to complete the transition from 2-D mapping to a 3-D modelling culture. The BGS has a budget of £57M, about half of which comes from the Governments science budget, with the remainder coming from commissioned research from the public
British Geological Survey
–
This article may be expanded with text translated from the corresponding article in German. (July 2012) Click [show] for important translation instructions.
British Geological Survey
–
Logo and wordmark of the British Geological Survey
21.
Fairlie, North Ayrshire
–
Fairlie is a village in North Ayrshire, Scotland. Fairlie sits on the shore of the Firth of Clyde and looks across to the Isle of Arran. It is currently more than a commuter village, with few businesses still running within Fairlie. These include the Village Inn, a station, a deli, a Chinese takeaway. According to the 2001 census, Fairlie counted 1,510 residents, Fairlie House near Gatehead, Ayrshire in East Ayrshire was named after the Fairlie family of Fairlie, it previous name had been Little Dreghorn. King David I of Scotland appointed Sir Richard de Morville, a Norman, thus he became High Constable of Scotland and Lord of Cunninghame, Largs and Lauderdale. It was one of the sons of the Ross family who built the Castle, the family continued to live in the Castle until the 17th century, but by the end of the 19th century the castle was in ruins. It has many similarities to Law Castle, Little Cumbrae Castle, the land to the South of Fairlie Burn, held by the Sempill family, was never held by the Fairlie family and is actually in the Parish of West Kilbride. The Montgomerie family latterly held the estate, the original building of Southannan House or Castle was demolished in the 18th century and the present house was built some time later. To the North of Fairlie are the Kelburn lands, with a fine castle, a David Boyle was honoured in 1703 by being created Viscount Kelburn and Earl of Glasgow. One of the later Earls, in 1850, had a wall round the estate to give work to the poor people of the area. The present Earl has greatly improved and developed the estate and it is now a country centre, open to the public, and attracts many visitors from far and wide. According to ancient records it would appear that Fairlie developed as a village, as it had a good. Weaving also began to help the prosperity of the village as the demand for Paisley shawls increased, the cottages below Fairlie Castle were known as Weavers Row. A bit further North was the row, where the fishermen and ferrymen lived. The remains of the old ferry quay can still be seen and this became known as Knoxs Rocks as Knox White, an old Fairlie worthy, hired boats in this area in the 1920s and 1930s. Still further north was north row, an group of modest dwellings. The families kept pigs and hens, grew fruit and vegetables - the more affluent had a cow - other necessities of life were obtained from peddlers, an occasional visit to Largs especially to Hyndmans market or to Colms Day fair
Fairlie, North Ayrshire
–
Fairlie seafront looking towards Largs
Fairlie, North Ayrshire
–
Fairlie Castle in the 1840s.
Fairlie, North Ayrshire
–
Fairlie in the 1840s.
Fairlie, North Ayrshire
–
Lookout and sea wall
22.
Scotland
–
Scotland is a country that is part of the United Kingdom and covers the northern third of the island of Great Britain. It shares a border with England to the south, and is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, with the North Sea to the east. In addition to the mainland, the country is made up of more than 790 islands, including the Northern Isles, the Kingdom of Scotland emerged as an independent sovereign state in the Early Middle Ages and continued to exist until 1707. By inheritance in 1603, James VI, King of Scots, became King of England and King of Ireland, Scotland subsequently entered into a political union with the Kingdom of England on 1 May 1707 to create the new Kingdom of Great Britain. The union also created a new Parliament of Great Britain, which succeeded both the Parliament of Scotland and the Parliament of England. Within Scotland, the monarchy of the United Kingdom has continued to use a variety of styles, titles, the legal system within Scotland has also remained separate from those of England and Wales and Northern Ireland, Scotland constitutes a distinct jurisdiction in both public and private law. Glasgow, Scotlands largest city, was one of the worlds leading industrial cities. Other major urban areas are Aberdeen and Dundee, Scottish waters consist of a large sector of the North Atlantic and the North Sea, containing the largest oil reserves in the European Union. This has given Aberdeen, the third-largest city in Scotland, the title of Europes oil capital, following a referendum in 1997, a Scottish Parliament was re-established, in the form of a devolved unicameral legislature comprising 129 members, having authority over many areas of domestic policy. Scotland is represented in the UK Parliament by 59 MPs and in the European Parliament by 6 MEPs, Scotland is also a member nation of the British–Irish Council, and the British–Irish Parliamentary Assembly. Scotland comes from Scoti, the Latin name for the Gaels, the Late Latin word Scotia was initially used to refer to Ireland. By the 11th century at the latest, Scotia was being used to refer to Scotland north of the River Forth, alongside Albania or Albany, the use of the words Scots and Scotland to encompass all of what is now Scotland became common in the Late Middle Ages. Repeated glaciations, which covered the land mass of modern Scotland. It is believed the first post-glacial groups of hunter-gatherers arrived in Scotland around 12,800 years ago, the groups of settlers began building the first known permanent houses on Scottish soil around 9,500 years ago, and the first villages around 6,000 years ago. The well-preserved village of Skara Brae on the mainland of Orkney dates from this period and it contains the remains of an early Bronze Age ruler laid out on white quartz pebbles and birch bark. It was also discovered for the first time that early Bronze Age people placed flowers in their graves, in the winter of 1850, a severe storm hit Scotland, causing widespread damage and over 200 deaths. In the Bay of Skaill, the storm stripped the earth from a large irregular knoll, when the storm cleared, local villagers found the outline of a village, consisting of a number of small houses without roofs. William Watt of Skaill, the laird, began an amateur excavation of the site, but after uncovering four houses
Scotland
–
Edinburgh Castle. Human habitation of the site is dated back as far as the 9th century BC, although the nature of this early settlement is unclear.
Scotland
–
Flag
Scotland
–
The class I
Pictish stone at
Aberlemno known as Aberlemno 1 or the Serpent Stone.
Scotland
–
The
Wallace Monument commemorates
William Wallace, the 13th-century Scottish hero.
United Kingdom
United Kingdom
