1.
University of Oklahoma
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The University of Oklahoma is a coeducational public research university located in Norman, Oklahoma. Founded in 1890, it had existed in Oklahoma Territory near Indian Territory for 17 years before the two became the state of Oklahoma, in Fall 2016 the university had 31,250 students enrolled, most located at its main campus in Norman. Employing nearly 3,000 faculty members, the school offers 152 baccalaureate programs,160 masters programs,75 doctorate programs, David Lyle Boren, a former U. S. Senator and Oklahoma Governor, has served as the president since 1994. The school is ranked first among universities in enrollment of National Merit Scholars. Located on its Norman campus are two prominent museums, the Fred Jones Jr, Museum of Art, specializing in French Impressionism and Native American artwork, and the Sam Noble Oklahoma Museum of Natural History, specializing in the natural history of Oklahoma. The school, well known for its programs, has won 7 NCAA Division I National Football Championships. Its baseball team has won 2 NCAA national championships and the softball team won the national championship in 2000,2013. Oklahomas admission into the union in 1907 led to the renaming of the Norman Territorial University as the University of Oklahoma, Norman residents donated 407 acres of land for the university 0.5 miles south of the Norman railroad depot. The universitys first president ordered the planting of trees before the construction of the first campus building because he could not visualize a treeless university seat. Landscaping remains important to the university, the universitys first president, David Ross Boyd, arrived in Norman in August 1892, and the first students enrolled that year. The university established a School of Pharmacy in 1893 because of demand for pharmacists in the territory. Three years later, the university awarded its first degree to a pharmaceutical chemist, the Rock Building in downtown Norman held the initial classes until the universitys first building opened on September 6,1893. On January 6,1903, the only building burned down. Construction began immediately on a new building, as other towns hoped to capitalize by convincing the university to move. President Boyd and the faculty were not dismayed by the loss, mathematics professor Frederick Elder said, What do you need to keep classes going. Two yards of blackboard and a box of chalk, as a response to the fire, English professor Vernon Louis Parrington created a plan for the future development of the campus. Most of the plan was never implemented, but Parringtons suggestion for the core formed the basis for the North Oval
2.
Oklahoma Sooners
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The Oklahoma Sooners feature 19 varsity sports teams, each of which represents the University of Oklahoma, located in Norman. The universitys athletic teams compete in the National Collegiate Athletic Association s Division I, the universitys current athletic director is Joe Castiglione. In 2002, the University of Oklahoma was ranked as the third best college sports program in America by Sports Illustrated. When combined with Blake Griffins John Wooden Award and Sam Bradfords Heisman Trophy, the University of Oklahoma was a charter member of the Southwest Athletic Conference during its formation in 1914. Five years later, in 1919, OU left the SWC, in 1928, this conference split, and OU remained aligned with the teams that formed the Big Six Conference. Over the next 31 years, more schools were added and the conference underwent several name changes, four more universities were added then and the name was changed one more time to its current form, the Big 12 Conference. The Oklahoma Sooners are represented in the following NCAA Division I varsity sports, Oklahoma has scored the most points in Division I-A football history despite the fact they have played over 60 fewer games than the second place school on that list. OU also has the highest winning percentage of any team since the start of the AP poll in 1936. This number is 3rd only to the Notre Dame Fighting Irish, watts, Keith Jackson and Jammal Brown. More than a dozen Sooner players have been inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame, Oklahoma has more Butkus award winners than any other school. Coaches Bennie Owen, Bud Wilkinson, and Barry Switzer have passed through the tunnel for the Sooners. Owen was the first highly successful coach at OU and was an advocate of the forward pass. The playing surface at Oklahomas Gaylord Family Oklahoma Memorial Stadium is popularly known as Owen Field in honor of his long tenure, the record of 47 straight wins is widely regarded as one of the great achievements in sports, and a streak that is unlikely to be broken. Switzer won three championships and forged arguably the fiercest rushing offense ever, the Oklahoma wishbone formation. Though the end of Switzers tenure at Oklahoma was marked by controversy and poor player behavior, during his 16 years as the Sooners head coach, Switzer led his team to 12 conference championships and never lost more than two games in a row. His winning percentage of.837 stands as the fourth-highest in the history of 1-A football, other Hall of Fame coaches whose tenure included stints at the University of Oklahoma are Lawrence Biff Jones and Jim Tatum. The mens basketball team is successful and rose to national prominence since the early 80s with head coach Billy Tubbs. It currently plays in the Lloyd Noble Center, which came to be known as the house Alvan Adams built, while the team has never won a national championship, it ranks second in most tournament wins without a championship behind Illinois
3.
American football
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The offense must advance at least ten yards in four downs, or plays, or else they turn over the football to the opposing team, if they succeed, they are given a new set of four downs. Points are primarily scored by advancing the ball into the teams end zone for a touchdown or kicking the ball through the opponents goalposts for a field goal. The team with the most points at the end of a game wins, American football evolved in the United States, originating from the sports of association football and rugby football. The first game of American football was played on November 6,1869, during the latter half of the 1870s, colleges playing association football switched to the Rugby Union code, which allowed carrying the ball. American football as a whole is the most popular sport in the United States, Professional football and college football are the most popular forms of the game, with the other major levels being high school and youth football. As of 2012, nearly 1.1 million high school athletes and 70,000 college athletes play the sport in the United States annually, almost all of them men, in the United States, American football is referred to as football. The term football was established in the rulebook for the 1876 college football season. The terms gridiron or American football are favored in English-speaking countries where other codes of football are popular, such as the United Kingdom, Ireland, New Zealand, American football evolved from the sports of association football and rugby football. What is considered to be the first American football game was played on November 6,1869 between Rutgers and Princeton, two college teams, the game was played between two teams of 25 players each and used a round ball that could not be picked up or carried. It could, however, be kicked or batted with the feet, hands, head or sides, Rutgers won the game 6 goals to 4. Collegiate play continued for years in which matches were played using the rules of the host school. Representatives of Yale, Columbia, Princeton and Rutgers met on October 19,1873 to create a set of rules for all schools to adhere to. Teams were set at 20 players each, and fields of 400 by 250 feet were specified, Harvard abstained from the conference, as they favored a rugby-style game that allowed running with the ball. An 1875 Harvard-Yale game played under rugby-style rules was observed by two impressed Princeton athletes and these players introduced the sport to Princeton, a feat the Professional Football Researchers Association compared to selling refrigerators to Eskimos. Princeton, Harvard, Yale and Columbia then agreed to play using a form of rugby union rules with a modified scoring system. These schools formed the Intercollegiate Football Association, although Yale did not join until 1879, the introduction of the snap resulted in unexpected consequences. Prior to the snap, the strategy had been to punt if a scrum resulted in bad field position, however, a group of Princeton players realized that, as the snap was uncontested, they now could hold the ball indefinitely to prevent their opponent from scoring. In 1881, both teams in a game between Yale-Princeton used this strategy to maintain their undefeated records, each team held the ball, gaining no ground, for an entire half, resulting in a 0-0 tie
4.
Paddle (spanking)
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A spanking paddle is an implement used to strike a person on the buttocks. The act of spanking a person with a paddle is known as paddling, a paddling may be for punishment, or as an initiation or hazing ritual. A paddle has two parts, a handle and a blade, most paddles are designed to be held with one hand, but a giant paddle may be designed to be held with two hands. The blade is typically 3 to 4 inches wide, 1/4-inch thick, in the great majority of cases, the paddle is aimed at the recipients buttocks, rarely, the back of the thighs might also be targeted. Paddles for use in schools are made of wood, or occasionally plastic, paddles used for school punishments may be roughly hewn from commonly available wood. Occasionally, paddles may have holes drilled into them, so there is less air drag when the paddle approaches the buttocks, the paddles used for fraternity and sorority initiation ceremonies are often professionally made and engraved with organizational symbols and slogans. The paddle may have been invented for the punishment of slaves as a way of causing intense pain without doing any permanent damage to the recipient. It is not only in former slave states that the paddle has been used in schools and it is not known why or exactly when it became the normal implement for corporal punishment in US schools. There are however instances of paddling using similar implements with individuals who were not slaves, paddling was mainly used in many parts of the United States as a means to discipline misbehaving school students. Paddling has also used in some homes to punish children. The results of a household survey indicate that paddling is a discipline technique that 10% of parents are very likely to use. The percentage of parents who say that they are likely to paddle increases to 12% when involving teenagers. The paddle is the almost invariable implement in US schools that allow corporal punishment for student misconduct. Some paddles have traditionally had holes bored in them for aerodynamic effect, paddling typically causes a slight reddening of the skin but in some cases can cause bruises that are visible for approximately two weeks. Whether or not particular bruises constitute evidence of injury or abuse or child maltreatment depends on individual circumstances. There have been cases in the past when paddling was administered incorrectly or excessively. Partly in order to avoid danger, in the majority of U. S. schools, paddling is more strictly regulated than in the past. It is usually a requirement that a witness be present
5.
Shaving
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Shaving is the removal of hair, by using a razor or any other kind of bladed implement, to slice it down—to the level of the skin or otherwise. Shaving is most commonly practiced by men to remove their hair and by women to remove their leg. A man is called if he has had his beard entirely removed. Both men and women shave their chest hair, abdominal hair, leg hair, underarm hair, pubic hair. Head shaving is much more common among men and it is often associated with religious practice, the armed forces and some competitive sports such as swimming, running and extreme sports. The shaving of hair is also sometimes done by cancer patients when their treatment may result in partial hair loss. Before the advent of razors, hair was removed using two shells to pull the hair out or using water and a sharp tool. Around 3000 BC when copper tools were developed, copper razors were invented, the idea of an aesthetic approach to personal hygiene may have begun at this time, though Egyptian priests may have practiced something similar to this earlier. Alexander the Great strongly promoted shaving during his reign in the 4th century BC because he believed it looked tidier, in some Native American tribes, at the time of contact with British colonists, it was customary for men and women to remove all bodily hair using these methods. Shaving can be done with a razor or safety razor or an electric razor or beard trimmer. The removal of a full beard often requires the use of scissors or an electric trimmer to reduce the mass of hair, there are two types of manual razors, straight razor and safety razors. Safety razors are further subdivided into double-edged razors, single edge, injector razors, cartridge razors, double-edge razors are named so because the blade that they use has two sharp edges on opposite sides of the blade. Before wet shaving, the area to be shaved is usually doused in warm to hot water by showering or bathing or covered for several minutes with a hot wet towel to soften the skin and hair. A lathering or lubricating agent such as cream, shaving soap, gel, lubricating and moisturizing the skin to be shaved helps to prevent a painful razor burn. Many razor cartridges include a strip, made of polyethylene glycol. It also lifts and softens the hairs, causing them to swell and this enhances the cutting action and sometimes permits cutting the hairs slightly below the surface of the skin. Additionally, during shaving, the lather indicates areas that have not been addressed, when soap is used, it is generally applied with a shaving brush, which has long, soft bristles. It is worked up into a usable lather by the brush, either against the face, in a mug, bowl, scuttle
6.
Beard
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A beard is the collection of hair that grows on the chin and cheeks of humans and some non-human animals. In humans, usually only pubescent or adult males are able to grow beards, from an evolutionary viewpoint the beard is a part of the broader category of androgenic hair. It is a trait from a time when humans had hair on their face. Women with hirsutism, a condition of excessive hairiness, may develop a beard. Throughout the course of history, societal attitudes toward male beards have varied depending on factors such as prevailing cultural-religious traditions. Some religions have considered a full beard to be essential for all males able to grow one. Other cultures, even while not officially mandating it, view a beard as central to a mans virility, exemplifying such virtues as wisdom, strength, sexual prowess and high social status. However, in cultures where facial hair is uncommon, beards may be associated with poor hygiene or a savage, uncivilized, the beard develops during puberty, during the Gluk cycle. Beard growth is linked to stimulation of hair follicles in the area by dihydrotestosterone, various hormones stimulate hair follicles from different areas. DHT, for example, may also promote short-term pogonotrophy, for example, a scientist who chose to remain anonymous spent several weeks on a remote island in comparative isolation. He noticed that his beard growth diminished, but the day before he was due to leave the island it increased again and he studied the effect and concluded that the stimulus for increased beard growth was related to the resumption of sexual activity. However, at that time professional pogonologists, such as R. M, subjects with a greater preponderance of receptors will develop more terminal adult facial hairs. Beard growth rate is also genetic, biologists characterize beards as a secondary sexual characteristic because they are unique to one sex, yet do not play a direct role in reproduction. Charles Darwin first suggested possible evolutionary explanation of beards in his work The Descent of Man, some scholars assert that it is not yet established whether the sexual selection leading to beards is rooted in attractiveness or dominance. A beard can be explained as an indicator of an overall condition. The rate of facial hairiness appears to influence male attractiveness, the presence of a beard makes the male vulnerable in fights, which is costly, so biologists have speculated that there must be other evolutionary benefits that outweigh that drawback. Excess testosterone evidenced by the beard may indicate mild immunosuppression, which may support spermatogenesis, the ancient Semitic civilization situated on the western, coastal part of the Fertile Crescent and centered on the coastline of modern Lebanon gave great attention to the hair and beard. The beard has mostly a strong resemblance to that affected by the Assyrians and it is arranged in three, four, or five rows of small tight curls, and extends from ear to ear around the cheeks and chin
7.
Federal Bureau of Investigation
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The Federal Bureau of Investigation is the domestic intelligence and security service of the United States, which simultaneously serves as the nations prime federal law enforcement agency. Operating under the jurisdiction of the U. S. Department of Justice, Intelligence Community and reports to both the Attorney General and the Director of National Intelligence. A leading U. S. counterterrorism, counterintelligence, and criminal investigative organization, although many of the FBIs functions are unique, its activities in support of national security are comparable to those of the British MI5 and the Russian FSB. At an FBI field office, a senior-level FBI officer concurrently serves as the representative of the Director of National Intelligence. Despite its domestic focus, the FBI also maintains a significant international footprint and these overseas offices exist primarily for the purpose of coordination with foreign security services and do not usually conduct unilateral operations in the host countries. The FBI can and does at times carry out secret activities overseas, just as the CIA has a domestic function. The FBI was established in 1908 as the Bureau of Investigation and its name was changed to the Federal Bureau of Investigation in 1935. The FBI headquarters is the J. Edgar Hoover Building, located in Washington, in the fiscal year 2012, the Bureaus total budget was approximately $8.12 billion. In 1896, the National Bureau of Criminal Identification was founded, the 1901 assassination of President William McKinley created an urgent perception that America was under threat from anarchists. The Departments of Justice and Labor had been keeping records on anarchists for years, the Justice Department had been tasked with the regulation of interstate commerce since 1887, though it lacked the staff to do so. It had made little effort to relieve its staff shortage until the breakage of the Oregon land fraud scandal at approximately the turn of the 20th Century, President Roosevelt instructed Attorney General Charles Bonaparte to organize an autonomous investigative service that would report only to the Attorney General. Bonaparte reached out to other agencies, including the Secret Service, for personnel, on May 27,1908, the Congress forbade this use of Treasury employees by the Justice Department, citing fears that the new agency would serve as a secret police department. Again at Roosevelts urging, Bonaparte moved to organize a formal Bureau of Investigation, the Bureau of Investigation was created on July 26,1908, after the Congress had adjourned for the summer. Attorney General Bonaparte, using Department of Justice expense funds, hired thirty-four people, including veterans of the Secret Service. Its first Chief was Stanley Finch, Bonaparte notified the Congress of these actions in December 1908. The bureaus first official task was visiting and making surveys of the houses of prostitution in preparation for enforcing the White Slave Traffic Act, or Mann Act, in 1932, the bureau was renamed the United States Bureau of Investigation. The following year it was linked to the Bureau of Prohibition, in the same year, its name was officially changed from the Division of Investigation to the present-day Federal Bureau of Investigation, or FBI. J. Edgar Hoover served as Director from 1924 to 1972, a combined 48 years with the BOI, DOI, Hoover was substantially involved in most major cases and projects that the FBI handled during his tenure
8.
Norman, Oklahoma
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Norman /ˈnɔːrmən/ is a city in the U. S. state of Oklahoma 20 miles south of downtown Oklahoma City in its metropolitan area. The population was 110,925 at the 2010 census, Normans estimated population of 120,284 in 2015 makes it the third-largest city in Oklahoma, and the city serves as the county seat of Cleveland County. Norman was settled during the Land Run of 1889, which opened the former Unassigned Lands of Indian Territory to American pioneer settlement, the city was named in honor of Abner Norman, the areas initial land surveyor, and was formally incorporated on May 13,1891. The university is known for its sporting events by teams under the banner of the nickname Sooners. The university is home to museums, including the Fred Jones Jr. Museum of Art, which contains the largest collection of French Impressionist art ever given to an American university, Norman lies within Tornado Alley, a geographic region where tornadic activity is particularly frequent and intense. The Oklahoma City metropolitan area, including Norman, is the most tornado-prone area in the world, the Storm Prediction Center, a branch of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration is located at the NWC. SPC forecasts severe storm and tornado outbreaks nationwide, additionally, research is conducted at the co-located National Severe Storms Laboratory, which includes field research and operates various experimental weather radars. In 2008, CNNs Money Magazine ranked Norman as the sixth best small city within the United States to live in, the Oklahoma region became part of the United States with the Louisiana Purchase in 1803. Treaties of 1832 and 1833 assigned the area today as Norman to the Creek Nation. Following the Civil War, the Creeks were accused of aiding the Confederacy, in the early 1870s, the federal government undertook a survey of these unassigned lands. Abner Ernest Norman, a 23-year-old surveyor from Kentucky, was hired to oversee part of this project. In 1887, the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway began service to the area, which was later opened to settlement as part of the Land Run of 1889, early settlers decided to keep the name Norman. On April 22,1889, the Land Run saw the founding of Norman, with at least 150 residents spending the night in makeshift campsites, by the next morning a downtown was already being constructed. On December 19,1890, Larsh and Waggoner were successful with the passage of Council Bill 114, the City of Norman was formally incorporated on May 13,1891. The city has continued to grow throughout the decades, the rail lines eventually transitioned to freight during the 1940s as the United States Numbered Highway system developed. The city population reached 11,429 in 1940, in 1941, the University of Oklahoma and Norman city officials established Max Westheimer Field, a university airstrip, and then leased it to the U. S. Navy as a Naval Flight Training Center in 1942. The training center was used for training combat pilots during World War II, a second training center, known as Naval Air Technical Training Center, and a naval hospital were later established to the south
9.
Red River Showdown
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The participants are the Oklahoma Sooners football team of the University of Oklahoma and the Texas Longhorns football team of the University of Texas at Austin. The game is played the following the State Fair Classic featuring Prairie View A&M University. The series is one of the rivalries in NCAA football. There are three Red River Shootout trophies exchanged based on the outcome of the game, the best known of these is the Golden Hat, which is a gold ten-gallon hat, formerly of bronze. The trophy is kept by the schools athletic department until the next year. A newer trophy, the Red River Rivalry trophy, has been exchanged between the two student governments since 2003, another annual tradition is the running of game balls by the schools Reserve Officers Training Corps programs. Each schools ROTC program uses a relay running system to run one game all the way from their respective campus to Dallas. Once there, they participate against each other in a scrimmage, with the winner taking home a rivalry trophy. For both teams, the rivalry is bitterly emotional and territorial in nature relating to the two states proximity, past border disputes and economic and cultural differences. The game originated in 1900, while Oklahoma was still a United States territory, until the 2005 meeting, the 100th meeting between the schools, the game was called the Red River Shootout. In 2006, with SBCs merger with AT&T Corporation, the game was renamed the AT&T Red River Rivalry, in 2014, the name changed again and is now the AT&T Red River Showdown. The term Red River Shootout or Red River Showdown is also applied to meetings between the two schools in other than football. During a Q&A session with DeLoss Dodds during the Big 12 restructuring and chaos that ensued thereafter, Dodds stated in an interview, the A&M games been a great game and all of that. But its not something that we have to do, I think the Oklahoma game is something we have to do. Oklahoma and Texas are tied in the post World War II series 34–34–3, since 1936, the first year of the AP Poll, at least one of the teams has come into the game ranked 68 times, including every one of the last 17 meetings. However, in the last 33 meetings, Oklahoma leads the series 18-13-2, in 2005, the The Dallas Morning News asked the 119 Division 1A football coaches to identify the top rivalry game in college football. The Red River Rivalry ranked third, behind only Michigan–Ohio State, the first meeting between Texas and Oklahomas football teams occurred in 1900, before either team had acquired their current nickname. At that time, the Texas team was typically called Varsity, the write-up in the Austin American-Statesman article referred to the game as a practice game
10.
Field goal
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A field goal is a means of scoring in American football and Canadian football. To score a goal the team in possession of the ball must place kick, or drop kick. The vast majority of goals, in both codes, are placed kicked. Drop kicked field goals were common in the days of Gridiron football but are almost never done in modern times. In most leagues, a field goal awards three points. A field goal may also be scored through a fair catch kick, since a field goal is worth only three points, as opposed to a touchdown, which is worth six points, it is usually only attempted in specific situations. The goal structure consists of a crossbar suspended 10 feet above the ground. In American football the goals are centered on each end line, in the first half, there is enough time remaining to execute only one more play. In the second half, there is time remaining to execute only one more play. The game is in overtime, and a FG is the quickest, easiest, even under ideal conditions, the best professional kickers historically had difficulty making kicks longer than 50 yards consistently. If a team not to attempt a field goal on their last down. A punt cannot score any points in American football unless the team touches the ball first and the kicking team recovers it. The longest field goal kick in NFL history is 64 yards, the previous record was 63, originally set by Tom Dempsey and then matched by Jason Elam, Sebastian Janikowski, and David Akers. High school, college and most professional football leagues offer only a three-point field goal, however, NFL Europe encouraged long field goals of 50 yards or more by making those worth four points instead of three, a rule since adopted by the Stars Football League. Similarly, the sport of football sought to repopularize the drop kick by making that worth four points, it failed. The overall field goal percentage during the 2010 NFL season was 82.3, in comparison, Jan Stenerud, one of only two pure kickers in the Pro Football Hall of Fame, had a career field goal percentage of 66.8 from 1967 to 1985. The holder is usually the teams punter or backup quarterback, instead of the regular center, a team may have a dedicated long snapper trained especially to snap the ball on placekick attempts and punts. The holder usually lines up seven to eight yards behind the line of scrimmage, upon receiving the snap, the holder holds the ball against the ground vertically, with the stitches away from the kicker
