Race and ethnicity in Latin America
There is no single system of races or ethnicities that covers all modern Latin America, and usage of labels may vary substantially.
The Three Races or Equality before the Law, ca. 1859, Francisco Laso, Peru
De español é india, produce mestizo "from Spanish man and Indian woman comes mestizo." (Pintura de castas, ca. 1780), Unknown author, Mexico
De negro é india sale lobo "from black man and Indian woman comes 'wolf' (Zambo)." (Pintura de castas, ca. 1780), Unknown author, Mexico
A Redenção de Cam (Redemption of Ham), by Galician painter Modesto Brocos, 1895, Museu Nacional de Belas Artes, Brazil. The painting depicts a black grandmother, mulatta mother, white father and their quadroon child, hence three generations of racial hypergamy through whitening.
La raza cósmica is a Spanish-language book written and published in 1925 by Mexican philosopher, secretary of education, and 1929 presidential candidate José Vasconcelos to express the ideology of a future "fifth race" in the Americas; an agglomeration of all the races in the world with no respect to color or number to erect a new civilization: Universópolis.
La raza cósmica