1.
Ilford
–
Ilford is a large cosmopolitan town in East London, England and the administrative headquarters of the London Borough of Redbridge. It is located 9.1 miles north-east of Charing Cross and is one of the metropolitan centres identified in the London Plan. Ilford forms a significant commercial and retail centre surrounded by residential development. It was historically a rural settlement in the county of Essex and its strategic position on the River Roding. Since 1965 it has formed part of Greater London, but it is considered by some to be in Essex because of the postal county. Despite the Royal Mail no longer using official postal counties, Ilford is part of the IG postcode area, though areas to the west of Ilford Hill and the A406 are part of E postcode area instead. Ilford was historically known as Great Ilford to differentiate it from nearby Little Ilford, the name is first recorded in the Domesday Book of 1086 as Ilefort and means ford over the Hyle, an old name for the River Roding that means trickling stream. The only complete skull of a mammoth discovered in the United Kingdom was unearthed in 1860 at the site where Boots the Chemist now stands in the High Road. The skull can now be seen in the Natural History Museum and other animal remains can be seen at Redbridge Museum, Central Library. Redevelopment has destroyed much of the evidence for early Ilford, but the oldest evidence for human occupation is the 1st and this was situated between the Roding and Ilford Lane and is recorded in 18th century plans. Roman finds have also made in the vicinity. A nearby mound called Lavender Mount existed into the 1960s, when it was removed during building work at Howards chemical works, excavation has shown that the latter may have been a 16th-century beacon-mound. Archaeological discoveries are displayed at Redbridge Museum, Ilford straddled the important road from London to Colchester. The Middlesex and Essex Turnpike Trust controlled and maintained the road from 1721, the River Roding was made navigable for barges as far as Ilford Bridge from 1737. Ilford remained largely rural until its expansion in the 19th century and this brought about brickworks, cement works and coal yards to service the new buildings, largely centred on the River Roding. In 1839, a station was opened on the line from Romford to Mile End. The early businesses gave way to new industries, such as making and services such as steam laundries and collar making. A number of businesses have been founded in the town, including the eponymous photographic film
Ilford
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Redbridge Town Hall on Ilford High Road
Ilford
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High Road Ilford with Waterstones bookshop in the foreground on the left and the town hall in the background
Ilford
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Central Library and Museum, Clements Road, Ilford
Ilford
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Ilford railway station
2.
Essex
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Essex /ˈɛsᵻks/ is a county in England immediately north-east of London. It borders the counties of Suffolk and Cambridgeshire to the north, Hertfordshire to the west, Kent across the estuary of the River Thames to the south, the county town is Chelmsford, which is the only city in the county. Essex occupies the part of the old Kingdom of Essex, before this. As well as areas, the county also includes London Stansted Airport, the new towns of Basildon and Harlow, Lakeside Shopping Centre, the port of Tilbury. Originally recorded in AD527, Essex occupied territory to the north of the River Thames, incorporating all of what later became Middlesex and its territory was later restricted to lands east of the River Lea. In changes before the Norman conquest the East Saxons were subsumed into the Kingdom of England and, following the Norman conquest, Essex became a county. During the medieval period, much of the area was designated a Royal forest, including the county in a period to 1204. Gradually, the subject to forest law diminished, but at various times included the forests of Becontree, Chelmsford, Epping, Hatfield, Ongar. County-wide administration Essex County Council was formed in 1889, however County Boroughs of West Ham, Southend-on-Sea and East Ham formed part of the county but were unitary authorities. 12 boroughs and districts provide more localised services such as rubbish and recycling collections, leisure and planning, parish-level administration – changes A few Essex parishes have been transferred to other counties. Before 1889, small areas were transferred to Hertfordshire near Bishops Stortford, Essex became part of the East of England Government Office Region in 1994 and was statistically counted as part of that region from 1999, having previously been part of the South East England region. Two unitary authorities In 1998 the boroughs of Southend-on-Sea and Thurrock were granted autonomy from the county of Essex after successful requests to become unitary authorities. Essex Police covers the county and the two unitary authorities. The county council chamber and main headquarters is at the County Hall in Chelmsford, before 1938 the council regularly met in London near Moorgate, which with significant parts closer to that point and the dominance of railways had been more convenient than any place in the county. It currently has 75 elected councillors, before 1965, the number of councillors reached over 100. The highest point of the county of Essex is Chrishall Common near the village of Langley, close to the Hertfordshire border, the pattern of settlement in the county is diverse. Epping Forest also acts as a barrier to the further spread of London. Part of the southeast of the county, already containing the population centres of Basildon, Southend and Thurrock, is within the Thames Gateway
Essex
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The village of
Finchingfield in north Essex
Essex
Essex
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Skyline of
Southend-on-Sea
Essex
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London Stansted Airport, in the north west of the county
3.
University of Brighton
–
The University of Brighton is a public university based on five campuses in Brighton, Eastbourne and Hastings on the south coast of England. Its roots can be traced back to 1858 when the Brighton School of Art was opened in the Royal Pavilion, the university focuses on professional education, with the majority of degrees awarded also recognised by professional organisations or leading to professional qualifications. Subjects include pharmacy, engineering, computing, mathematics, architecture, geology, nursing, teaching, sport science, journalism, criminology and it has 21,135 students and 2,700 staff. In 1858 the Brighton School of Art opened its doors to its first 110 students and it moved in 1876 to its own building in Grand Parade, with the Prime Minister, William Gladstone, witnessing the laying of the new buildings foundation stone. The Municipal School of Science and Technology opened in Brighton in 1897 with 600 enrolled students, in the 1960s new buildings were constructed in Moulsecoomb for what had become the Brighton College of Technology. In 1970 the School of Art and Brighton College of Technology merged to form Brighton Polytechnic, in 1976 the Brighton College of Education merges with Brighton Polytechnic, giving the polytechnic a campus at Falmer. It had opened in 1909 as the Municipal Day Training College in Richmond Terrace, there was a further merger in 1979, when the East Sussex College of Higher Education merged with the polytechnic, creating a campus in Eastbourne. That institution had opened in London in 1898 as an institution training women and girls in physical education, the polytechnics were granted university status in 1992 and the polytechnic became the University of Brighton under the provisions of the Further and Higher Education Act,1992. In 1994 the Sussex and Kent Institute of Nursing and Midwifery became part of the university, University Centre Hastings is opened in 2004, managed by the University of Brighton. The university has five campuses, three in Brighton, at Falmer, Grand Parade and Moulsecoomb, one in Eastbourne and one in Hastings. In 2015, the University of Brighton gained a first class award in the People & Planets University League table – UK universities ranked by environmental and ethical performance, the Falmer campus is approximately three miles from Brighton city centre. Falmer railway station is adjacent, as is the Falmer Stadium, home to Brighton & Hove Albion FC. Facilities on the Falmer campus include a library, computer rooms, restaurant and cafe/bar, and the Students Union cafe, aka The Hive. Grand Parade campus in Brighton city centre is home to the universitys College of Arts and Humanities, facilities include the specialist humanities, art and design library at St Peters House, computer pool rooms, a media centre, a restaurant and cafe. The School of Art, Design and Media and the School of Humanities are based at Grand Parade, the Moulsecoomb campus is to the north of Brighton city centre. It is the largest of the five campuses with over 8,000 students, facilities include Aldrich library, computer pool rooms, two restaurants and five cafes. In early 2016 construction started on a new advanced engineering building, the University of Brighton and Ricardo UK jointly opened the Sir Harry Ricardo Laboratories on 14 November 2006. The University of Brighton Students Union has its offices in Cockcroft Building
University of Brighton
–
Brighton School of Art opened its doors to more than fifty pupils and was situated in a room off the kitchens of the
Royal Pavilion
University of Brighton
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The Checkland Building at Falmer campus opened in 2009
University of Brighton
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Grand Parade Building, home of the Faculty of Arts
University of Brighton
–
Mithras House
4.
Brighton
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Brighton /ˈbraɪtən/ is a seaside resort on the south coast of England. It is part of the county of East Sussex, within the historic county of Sussex. Archaeological evidence of settlement in the dates back to the Bronze Age, Roman. The ancient settlement of Brighthelmstone was documented in the Domesday Book, Brighton began to attract more visitors following improved road transport to London and becoming a boarding point for boats travelling to France. The town also developed in popularity as a resort for sea bathing as a purported cure for illnesses. Brighton continued to grow as a centre of tourism following the arrival of the railways in 1841. Many of the attractions were built in the Victorian era, including the Grand Hotel, the West Pier. Brighton attracted 7.5 million day visitors in 2015/16 and 4.9 million overnight visitors, Brighton has also been called the UKs hippest city, and the happiest place to live in the UK. Brightons earliest name was Bristelmestune, recorded in the Domesday Book, although more than 40 variations have been documented, Brighthelmstone was the standard rendering between the 14th and 18th centuries. Brighton was originally a shortened form, first seen in 1660, it gradually supplanted the longer name. Brighthelmstone was the official name until 1810, though. The name is of Anglo-Saxon origin, most scholars believe that it derives from Beorthelm + tūn—the homestead of Beorthelm, a common Old English name associated with villages elsewhere in England. The tūn element is common in Sussex, especially on the coast, an alternative etymology taken from the Old English words for stony valley is sometimes given but has less acceptance. Brighthelm gives its name to, among other things, a church, the town was originally split in half by the Wellesbourne, a winterbourne which was culverted and buried in the 18th century. Poet Horace Smith called it The Queen of Watering Places, which is widely used. Novelist William Makepeace Thackeray referred to Doctor Brighton, calling the one of the best of Physicians. London-by-Sea is well-known, reflecting Brightons popularity with Londoners as a resort, a commuter dormitory. The Queen of Slaughtering Places, a pun on Smiths description, the mid 19th-century nickname School Town referred to the remarkable number of boarding, charity and church schools in the town at the time
Brighton
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Brighton in 2008
Brighton
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The Palace Pier, Brighton
Brighton
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Brighton, The Front and the Chain Pier Seen in the Distance, Frederick William Woledge, 1840.
Brighton
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Photochrom of Brighton aquarium, 1890–1900
5.
Cyprus College of Art
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The Cyprus College of Art is an artists studio group, located in the village of Lempa on the west coast of Cyprus. It was founded in 1969 by the artist Stass Paraskos, the current director is the Cyprus-based artist Margaret Paraskos, the Cyprus College of Art was founded in 1969 by the Cypriot painter Stass Paraskos, and is one of the oldest art institutions on the Mediterranean island of Cyprus. In the past it has housed at different locations. In 2002 the College acquired premises in the city of Limassol, run alongside the studios in Lempa, and this was separated from the Cyprus College of Art in 2014, and now operates as an independent organisation. However, in the early 1970s the college planned to launch the first postgraduate fine art programme in Cyprus, but this was delayed by the Turkish invasion in 1974, in 1985 Stass Paraskos was joined by his daughter, Margaret Paraskos, running the College. With the acquisition of premises in Limassol in 2002 the College launched several undergraduate fine art programmes. This included foundation, adult education and degree courses in painting, sculpture, photography, from this time the site at Lempa concentrated on postgraduate programmes, and that at Larnaca on foundation and undergraduate programmes. Both sites were used to house visiting artists from around the world. The foundation of the College in 1969 was highly unusual, in this discussion it was suggested Paraskos organise a summer trip for the art students and tutors to Cyprus. Agreeing to do this, Paraskos started an event, which attracted students from other British art schools. These are all constructed from found materials and cement, in 2005, the International Manifesta Organisation, based in the Netherlands announced that the art festival Manifesta 6 would be held in Cyprus in 2006. The Cyprus College of Art was initially enthusiastic about the prospect of an art fair in Cyprus, publishing a supporting article in the College newsletter. However a perceived unwillingness by the Manifesta organisers to engage with the College, the economic crisis that hit Cyprus in 2013 had a major detrimental effect on the finances of the College, resulting in falling student recruitment. Following the death of Stass Paraskos, his daughter Margaret became director of the Cyprus College of Art, Stass Paraskos ISBN 978-0-9544523-5-3 John Cornall Earth Wisdom – Cypriot Connections in British Art in London Magazine 1996 General Information Cargo Collective
Cyprus College of Art
–
The former Cyprus College of Art building in the centre of
Larnaca.
6.
Lempa, Cyprus
–
Lempa is a village in Cyprus located approximately 4 km north of the town of Paphos. It is sometimes written as Lemba, which is closer to the correct pronunciation. Neighboring villages are Empa, Kissonerga and Chlorakas, the village is located on top of an escarpment overlooking the Mediterranean Sea, and is set in one of the most fertile parts of Cyprus. The area produces citrus, olives, tomatoes and market-garden vegetables, the village is one of the most ancient in Cyprus, and since 1976 has been the site of ongoing archaeological excavations by the School of Archaeology at the University of Edinburgh. Lempa is believed to have been first settled in the Chalcolithic Period, in 1958, after the intercommunal fights, the majority of Lempa villagers had to flee to Afania Village. And in 1959 the Lempa villagers has returned their houses right before the British Colonial Government agreed to establish Cyprus Republic. In more recent times, Lempa was until 1963 a Turkish village and it was then resettled by displaced Greek Cypriots from the north. In 1981, Lempa became home to the Cyprus College of Art, under the leadership of the Cypriot artist Stass Paraskos, the College renovated the former school building for use as artists studios. The first artist to use the building was the British painter Euan Uglow, following the College a number of other artists have moved into the village which has since become an internationally known artists colony. As a consequence of the artists, archaeologists and art college in Lempa the Government of Cyprus announced in 2008 that the village was to major funding to become a Cultural Village. This project would see improvements to the facilities of both the site and college, and new facilities for visitors to Lempa. However this has proven controversial as to date the Cypriot government has not started on the development
Lempa, Cyprus
–
Chalcolithic cruciform figurines found in Lemba. These are made from
picrolite and on display in Gallery 1 of the
Cyprus Museum.
7.
Slade School of Fine Art
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The UCL Slade School of Fine Art is the art school of University College London and is based in London, United Kingdom. It is world-renowned and is ranked as the UKs top art. The school is organised as a department of UCLs Faculty of Arts, distinguished past teachers include Henry Tonks, Wilson Steer, Randolph Schwabe, William Coldstream, Andrew Forge, Lucian Freud, Phyllida Barlow, John Hilliard, Bruce McLean, Alfred Gerrard. Edward Allington is currently a Professor of Fine Art and Head of Graduate Sculpture, two of its most important periods were immediately before, and immediately after, the turn of the twentieth century, described by Henry Tonks as its two crises of brilliance. R. W. The Slade Centre for Electronic Media in Fine Art was opened in 1995, the centre provides opportunities for research into electronic media and fine art with the goal of contributing to debate on national and international levels. The Slade had previously been home to Malcolm Hughess Computer and Experimental Department in the 1970s, in 1997 SCEMFA presented Collision, a public lecture series by artists, writers, and curators working with interactivity, telematics, and digital works. Throughout 1998, SCEMFA collaborated with Channel 4 UK to organise Cached, funded by the Arts Council, this series investigated the conceptual and practical issues of producing art for the internet through a series of artists presentations. Works by students and staff of the Slade School of Fine Art form the basis of the UCL Art museum today, in a 2008 survey conducted by The Sunday Times the Slade recorded perfect scores
Slade School of Fine Art
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Students at the Slade in 1905
8.
London
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London /ˈlʌndən/ is the capital and most populous city of England and the United Kingdom. Standing on the River Thames in the south east of the island of Great Britain and it was founded by the Romans, who named it Londinium. Londons ancient core, the City of London, largely retains its 1. 12-square-mile medieval boundaries. London is a global city in the arts, commerce, education, entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcare, media, professional services, research and development, tourism. It is crowned as the worlds largest financial centre and has the fifth- or sixth-largest metropolitan area GDP in the world, London is a world cultural capital. It is the worlds most-visited city as measured by international arrivals and has the worlds largest city airport system measured by passenger traffic, London is the worlds leading investment destination, hosting more international retailers and ultra high-net-worth individuals than any other city. Londons universities form the largest concentration of education institutes in Europe. In 2012, London became the first city to have hosted the modern Summer Olympic Games three times, London has a diverse range of people and cultures, and more than 300 languages are spoken in the region. Its estimated mid-2015 municipal population was 8,673,713, the largest of any city in the European Union, Londons urban area is the second most populous in the EU, after Paris, with 9,787,426 inhabitants at the 2011 census. The citys metropolitan area is the most populous in the EU with 13,879,757 inhabitants, the city-region therefore has a similar land area and population to that of the New York metropolitan area. London was the worlds most populous city from around 1831 to 1925, Other famous landmarks include Buckingham Palace, the London Eye, Piccadilly Circus, St Pauls Cathedral, Tower Bridge, Trafalgar Square, and The Shard. The London Underground is the oldest underground railway network in the world, the etymology of London is uncertain. It is an ancient name, found in sources from the 2nd century and it is recorded c.121 as Londinium, which points to Romano-British origin, and hand-written Roman tablets recovered in the city originating from AD 65/70-80 include the word Londinio. The earliest attempted explanation, now disregarded, is attributed to Geoffrey of Monmouth in Historia Regum Britanniae and this had it that the name originated from a supposed King Lud, who had allegedly taken over the city and named it Kaerlud. From 1898, it was accepted that the name was of Celtic origin and meant place belonging to a man called *Londinos. The ultimate difficulty lies in reconciling the Latin form Londinium with the modern Welsh Llundain, which should demand a form *lōndinion, from earlier *loundiniom. The possibility cannot be ruled out that the Welsh name was borrowed back in from English at a later date, and thus cannot be used as a basis from which to reconstruct the original name. Until 1889, the name London officially applied only to the City of London, two recent discoveries indicate probable very early settlements near the Thames in the London area
London
–
Palace of Westminster,
Buckingham Palace and
Central London skyline
London
London
London
–
The name London may derive from the
River Thames
9.
Installation art
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Installation art is an artistic genre of three-dimensional works that often are site-specific and designed to transform the perception of a space. Generally, the term is applied to spaces, whereas exterior interventions are often called public art, land art or intervention art, however. Installation art can be temporary or permanent. Installation artworks have been constructed in exhibition spaces such as museums and galleries, as well as public, many installations are site-specific in that they are designed to exist only in the space for which they were created, appealing to qualities evident in a three-dimensional immersive medium. Artistic collectives such as the Exhibition Lab at New Yorks American Museum of Natural History created environments to showcase the natural world in as realistic a medium as possible, likewise, Walt Disney Imagineering employed a similar philosophy when designing the multiple immersive spaces for Disneyland in 1955. Since its acceptance as a discipline, a number of institutions focusing on Installation art were created. These included the Mattress Factory, Pittsburgh, the Museum of Installation in London, the intention of the artist is paramount in much later installation art whose roots lie in the conceptual art of the 1960s. This again is a departure from traditional sculpture which places its focus on form, early non-Western installation art includes events staged by the Gutai group in Japan starting in 1954, which influenced American installation pioneers like Allan Kaprow. Wolf Vostell shows his installation 6 TV Dé-coll/age in 1963 at the Smolin Gallery in New York, Installation as nomenclature for a specific form of art came into use fairly recently, its first use as documented by the Oxford English Dictionary was in 1969. It was coined in this context, in reference to a form of art that had existed since prehistory but was not regarded as a discrete category until the mid-twentieth century. Allan Kaprow used the term Environment in 1958 to describe his transformed indoor spaces, out of the sensory stuff of ordinary life. In Art and Objecthood, Michael Fried derisively labels art that acknowledges the viewer as theatrical, here installation art bestows an unprecedented importance on the observers inclusion in that which he observes. Ultimately, the things a viewer can be assured of when experiencing the work are his own thoughts and preconceptions. All else may be molded by the artists hands, the central importance of the subjective point of view when experiencing installation art, points toward a disregard for traditional Platonic image theory. In effect, the entire installation adopts the character of the simulacrum or flawed statue, Installation art operates fully within the realm of sensory perception, in a sense installing the viewer into an artificial system with an appeal to his subjective perception as its ultimate goal. Interactive installation is a sub-category of installation art, an interactive installation frequently involves the audience acting on the work of art or the piece responding to users activity. With the improvement of technology over the years, artists are able to explore outside of the boundaries that were never able to be explored by artists in the past. The media used are more experimental and bold, they are also usually cross media and may involve sensors, by using virtual reality as a medium, immersive virtual reality art is probably the most deeply interactive form of art
Installation art
–
Rachel Whiteread, Embankment at
Tate Modern, London
Installation art
–
A golf ball of enormous proportions alongside the antennas at an altitude of 5000 meters above sea level.
Installation art
–
Allan McCollum. The Shapes Project, 2005/06
Installation art
–
Guardians of Time,
Manfred Kielnhofer,
Festival of Lights (Berlin) French Cathedral, Berlin, Velotaxi 2011
10.
Young British Artists
–
The Young British Artists, or YBAs—also referred to as Brit artists and Britart—is the name given to a loose group of visual artists who first began to exhibit together in London, in 1988. Many of the artists graduated from the BA Fine Art course at Goldsmiths and they are noted for shock tactics, use of throwaway materials, wild-living, and an attitude both oppositional and entrepreneurial. They achieved considerable media coverage and dominated British art during the 1990s—international survey shows in the mid-1990s included Brilliant. many of the artists were initially supported and collected by Charles Saatchi. Leading artists of the group include Damien Hirst and Tracey Emin, the first use of the term young British artists was by Michael Corris in ArtForum, May 1992, although Saatchi entitled his exhibition as Young British Artists I already in March 1992. The acronym term YBA was not coined until 1996 and it has become a historic term, as most of the YBAs were born in the mid-1960s. The core of the later-to-be YBAs graduated from the Goldsmiths BA Fine Art degree course in the classes of 1987–90, liam Gillick, Fiona Rae, Steve Park and Sarah Lucas, were graduates in the class of 1987. A group of sixteen Goldsmiths students took part in an exhibition of art, called Freeze, of which Damien Hirst became the main organiser. Commercial galleries had shown a lack of interest in the project, and it was held in a cheap non-art space, the event resonated with the Acid House warehouse rave scene prevalent at the time, but did not achieve any major press exposure. One of its effects was to set an example of artist-as-curator—in the mid-1990s artist-run exhibition spaces and galleries became a feature of the London arts scene. In liaison with Hirst, Carl Freedman and Billee Sellman then curated two influential warehouse shows in 1990, Modern Medicine and Gambler, in a Bermondsey former factory they designated Building One, to stage Modern Medicine they raised £1,000 sponsorships from artworld figures including Charles Saatchi. Freedman has spoken openly about the self-fulfilling prophecy these sponsors helped to create, in 1990, Henry Bond and Sarah Lucas organised the East Country Yard Show in a disused warehouse in London Docklands which was installed over four floors and 16, 000m2 of exhibition space. They were far superior, for instance, to any of the art shows that have been staged by the Liverpool Tate in its own multi-million-pound dockland site. Established alternative spaces such as City Racing at the Oval in London, there was much embryonic activity in the Hoxton/Shoreditch area of East London focused on Joshua Compstons gallery. In 1991, the Serpentine Gallery presented a survey of group of artists with the exhibition Broken English. In 1992, Charles Saatchi staged a series of exhibitions of Young British Art, a second wave of Young British Artists appeared in 1992–1993 through exhibitions such as New Contemporaries, New British Summertime and Minky Manky. This included Douglas Gordon, Christine Borland, Fiona Banner, Tracey Emin, Tacita Dean, Georgina Starr and Jane, One exhibition which included several of the YBA artists was the 1995 quin-annual British Art Show. The spread of interest improved the market for contemporary British art magazines through increased advertising, One of the visitors to Freeze was Charles Saatchi, a major contemporary art collector and co-founder of Saatchi and Saatchi, the London advertising agency. Saatchi became not only Hirsts main collector, but also the sponsor for other YBAs–a fact openly acknowledged by Gavin Turk
Young British Artists
–
Mat Collishaw Bullet Hole which was on display in the
Freeze exhibition.
Young British Artists
–
Goldsmiths College, Millard Building, in Camberwell, where many of the YBAs met on the BA Fine Art, in the late 1980s
Young British Artists
–
Sarah Lucas's photo The Artist Eating a Banana 1990.
Young British Artists
–
The Physical Impossibility of Death in the Mind of Someone Living by
Damien Hirst (1991). An iconic work of the YBA art scene.
11.
Turner Prize
–
The Turner Prize, named after the English painter J. M. W. Turner, is an annual prize presented to a British visual artist under the age of 50. Awarding the prize is organised by the Tate gallery and staged at Tate Britain, since its beginnings in 1984 it has become the UKs most publicised art award. As of 2004, the award was established at £40,000. There have been different sponsors, including Channel 4 television and Gordons Gin, a prominent event in British culture, the prize has been awarded by various distinguished celebrities, in 2006 this was Yoko Ono, and in 2012 it was presented by Jude Law. The prize was named after Turner because while he is now considered one of the countrys greatest artist, while he was active his work was controversial. While he is now looked at as a traditionalist, his new approach to landscape painting changed the course of art history, each year after the announcement of the four nominees and during the build-up to the announcement of the winner, the Prize receives intense attention from the media. Much of this attention is critical and the question is often asked, artists are chosen based upon a showing of their work that they have staged in the preceding year. Nominations for the prize are invited from the public, although this was considered to have negligible effect—a suspicion confirmed in 2006 by Lynn Barber. The exhibition remains on view until January, the prize is officially not judged on the Tate show, however, but on the earlier exhibition for which the artist was nominated. The exhibition and prize rely on commercial sponsorship, by 1987, money for the prize was provided by Drexel Burnham Lambert, its withdrawal after its demise led to the cancellation of the prize for 1990. Channel 4, an independent television channel, stepped in for 1991, doubling the money to £20,000. In 2004, they were replaced as sponsors by Gordons Gin, doubling the money to £40,000, with £5,000 going to each of the shortlisted artists. Tate Director Sir Nicholas Serota has been the Chair of the jury since his tenure at the Tate, there are conflicting reports as to how much personal sway he has over the proceedings. Most of the artists nominated for the prize selection become known to the public for the first time as a consequence. Some have talked of the difficulty of the media exposure. Sale prices of the winners have generally increased, Chris Ofili, Anish Kapoor and Jeremy Deller later became trustees of the Tate. Some artists, notably Sarah Lucas, have declined the invitation to be nominated, the first Turner Prize was awarded to Malcolm Morley, an English artist living in the United States. Other nominees included sculptor Richard Deacon, graphic-styled collaborative duo Gilbert & George, abstract painter Howard Hodgkin, Howard Hodgkin is awarded the Turner Prize for A Small Thing But My Own
Turner Prize
–
Tate Britain: a venue for the Turner Prize.
Turner Prize
–
Tracey Emin, debate controversy in 1997, nominee in 1999.
Turner Prize
–
Wolfgang Tillmans, winner in 2000
Turner Prize
–
First
Stuckist demonstration, 2000
12.
Environmental Justice Foundation
–
It describes itself as a UK-based non-profit organisation working internationally to protect the environment and human rights. EJF makes direct links between the western worlds demands for food and other goods, especially fish, shrimp and cotton. Its work covers five main campaigning areas, Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated fishing, pesticide use, cotton production, shrimp farming, EJF has also campaigned on the issue of the trade in wild animals with NGO partner WildAid. Emphasis is placed on the power of film, both to record evidence of environmental injustice and to create strong campaigning messages. EJF aims to encourage action from key decision-makers in business and politics, along with action from consumers. The Environmental Justice Foundation was founded in London, UK in 2000 and became a Registered Charity in August 2001 by Steve Trent, EJFs creation was a response to the human suffering and environmental degradation that its founders witnessed in their work as environmental campaigners. EJF undertook its first campaign in 2001, defending a communitys fishing rights in Cambodia, as a result of training and documentation programmes, a national network – the Fisheries Action Coalition Team – was founded. The Fisheries Action Coalition Team is a coalition of NGO consisting 12 NGOs and it sends its own reporters to investigate, document and compile reports of environmental and human rights abuses in the Global South. It also works on the ground to train local groups in effective investigative and reporting techniques to publicise abuses in their area. EJFs work often takes it into partnership with other NGOs, national governments and international bodies, businesses, nobel Prize-winner Harold Pinter, CH, CBE was an EJF Patron from 2003 to 2008. EJF campaigns directly at policy-makers including the European Commission, Parliament, in January 2011 EJF presented a petition of 10,000 signatures to the UN in 2011 calling for a Global Record on Fishing Vessels. One of EJFs first programs was its campaign for national and ultimately a global ban on the manufacture, categorized by the United States Environmental Protection Agency as a ‘highly hazardous substance, endosulfan has been compared to DDT in its potential for environmental harm. Endosulfan is readily absorbed by humans via the stomach, lungs, during its investigations, EJF has documented in a series of reports of acute medical symptoms linked to endosulfan among farmers and local populations. These symptoms include headache, nausea, breathing problems, renal problems, loss of consciousness, in its reports EJF has expressed concern that, like DDT, endosulfan is persistent in the environment, where it is harmful to mammals, fish, bees, birds and other wildlife. Endosulfan use has led to the pollution and abandonment of land and it has been shown to bioaccumulate and travel long distances through air. In 2009 the Stockholm Conventions Scientific Committee acknowledged endosulfan as being a persistent organic pollutant, EJF began documenting the use of endosulfan in Cambodia in 2002 and published a report called Death in Small Doses in 2003. Labelling inadequacies where endosulfan was being imported to Cambodia from Vietnam, as part of EJFs work in Cambodia in 2002, the charity worked with Cambodian farmers to promote sustainable agriculture and educate them about risks of hazardous pesticides. A short briefing entitled End of the Road for Endosulfan was used to convince the Cambodian Environment Minister to ban endosulfan in the country and this briefing was later cited in the European Unions 2008 proposal to include endosulfan in the Annexes of the Stockholm Convention
Environmental Justice Foundation
–
Environmental Justice Foundation
13.
Order of the British Empire
–
There is also the related British Empire Medal, whose recipients are affiliated with, but not members of, the order. Recommendations for appointments to the Order of the British Empire were at first made on the nomination of the United Kingdom, the self-governing Dominions of the Empire, nominations continue today from Commonwealth countries that participate in recommending British honours. Most members are citizens of the United Kingdom or the Commonwealth realms that use the Imperial system of honours and awards. Honorary knighthoods are appointed to citizens of nations where the Queen is not head of state, occasionally, honorary appointees are, incorrectly, referred to as Sir or Dame – Bill Gates or Bob Geldof, for example. In particular, King George V wished to create an Order to honour many thousands of those who had served in a variety of non-combatant roles during the First World War, when first established, the Order had only one division. However, in 1918, soon after its foundation, it was divided into Military. The Orders motto is For God and the Empire, at the foundation of the Order, the Medal of the Order of the British Empire was instituted, to serve as a lower award granting recipients affiliation but not membership. In 1922, this was renamed the British Empire Medal, in addition, the BEM is awarded by the Cook Islands and by some other Commonwealth nations. The British monarch is Sovereign of the Order, and appoints all members of the Order. The next most senior member is the Grand Master, of whom there have been three, Prince Edward, the Prince of Wales, Queen Mary, and the current Grand Master, the Duke of Edinburgh. The Order is limited to 300 Knights and Dames Grand Cross,845 Knights and Dames Commander, and 8,960 Commanders. There are no limits applied to the number of members of the fourth and fifth classes. Foreign recipients, as members, do not contribute to the numbers restricted to the Order as full members do. Though men can be knighted separately from an order of chivalry, women cannot, and so the rank of Knight/Dame Commander of the Order is the lowest rank of damehood, and second-lowest of knighthood. Because of this, Dame Commander is awarded in circumstances in which a man would be created a Knight Bachelor, for example, by convention, female judges of the High Court of Justice are created Dames Commander after appointment, while male judges become Knights Bachelor. The Order has six officials, the Prelate, the Dean, the Secretary, the Registrar, the King of Arms, the Bishop of London, a senior bishop in the Church of England, serves as the Orders Prelate. The Dean of St Pauls is ex officio the Dean of the Order, the Orders King of Arms is not a member of the College of Arms, as are many other heraldic officers. From time to time, individuals are appointed to a higher grade within the Order, thereby ceasing usage of the junior post-nominal letters
Order of the British Empire
–
Most Excellent Order of the British Empire
Order of the British Empire
–
MBE as awarded in 1918
Order of the British Empire
–
Close up of an MBE from 1945 showing the "For God and the Empire"
Order of the British Empire
–
Lieutenant General Sir
Robert Fulton, KBE
14.
Casting
–
Casting is a manufacturing process in which a liquid material is usually poured into a mold, which contains a hollow cavity of the desired shape, and then allowed to solidify. The solidified part is known as a casting, which is ejected or broken out of the mold to complete the process. Casting materials are usually metals or various cold setting materials that cure after mixing two or more together, examples are epoxy, concrete, plaster and clay. Casting is most often used for making complex shapes that would be difficult or uneconomical to make by other methods. The oldest surviving casting is a frog from 3200 BC. In metalworking, metal is heated until it becomes liquid and is poured into a mold. The mold is a cavity that includes the desired shape. The mold and the metal are then cooled until the metal solidifies, the solidified part is then recovered from the mold. Subsequent operations remove excess material caused by the casting process, when casting plaster or concrete, the material surface is flat and lacks transparency. Often topical treatments are applied to the surface, for example, painting and etching can be used in a way that give the appearance of metal or stone. Alternatively, the material is altered in its initial casting process, by casting concrete, rather than plaster, it is possible to create sculptures, fountains, or seating for outdoor use. A simulation of high-quality marble may be made using certain chemically-set plastic resins with powdered stone added for coloration, raw castings often contain irregularities caused by seams and imperfections in the molds, as well as access ports for pouring material into the molds. The process of cutting, grinding, shaving or sanding away these unwanted bits is called fettling, simulation accurately describes a cast component’s quality up-front before production starts. The casting rigging can be designed with respect to the component properties. This has benefits beyond a reduction in sampling, as the precise layout of the complete casting system also leads to energy, material. The software supports the user in component design, the determination of melting practice and casting methoding through to pattern and mold making, heat treatment and this saves costs along the entire casting manufacturing route. Since the late 80s, commercial programs are available which make it possible for foundries to gain new insight into what is happening inside the mold or die during the casting process
Casting
–
Molten metal prior to casting
Casting
–
Casting iron in a sand mold
Casting
–
Judenplatz Holocaust Memorial (Nameless Library), by
Rachel Whiteread. Concrete cast of books on library shelves turned inside out.
15.
Royal Academy
–
The Royal Academy of Arts is an art institution based in Burlington House on Piccadilly in London. The Royal Academy of Arts was founded through an act of King George III on 10 December 1768 with a mission to promote the arts of design in Britain through education and exhibition. Supporters wanted to foster a national school of art and to encourage appreciation, fashionable taste in 18th-century Britain was based on continental and traditional art forms, providing contemporary British artists little opportunity to sell their works. From 1746 the Foundling Hospital, through the efforts of William Hogarth, the success of this venture led to the formation of the Society of Artists of Great Britain and the Free Society of Artists. Both these groups were primarily exhibiting societies, their success was marred by internal factions among the artists. The combined vision of education and exhibition to establish a school of art set the Royal Academy apart from the other exhibiting societies. It provided the foundation upon which the Royal Academy came to dominate the art scene of the 18th and 19th centuries, supplanting the earlier art societies. Sir William Chambers, a prominent architect, used his connections with George III to gain royal patronage and financial support of the Academy, the painter Joshua Reynolds was made its first president. Francis Milner Newton was elected the first secretary, a post he held for two decades until his resignation in 1788, the instrument of foundation, signed by George III on 10 December 1768, named 34 founder members and allowed for a total membership of 40. William Hoare and Johann Zoffany were added to this list later by the King and are known as nominated members, among the founder members were two women, a father and daughter, and two sets of brothers. The Royal Academy was initially housed in cramped quarters in Pall Mall, although in 1771 it was given temporary accommodation for its library and schools in Old Somerset House, then a royal palace. In 1780 it was installed in purpose-built apartments in the first completed wing of New Somerset House, located in the Strand and designed by Chambers, the Academy moved in 1837 to Trafalgar Square, where it occupied the east wing of the recently completed National Gallery. These premises soon proved too small to house both institutions, in 1868,100 years after the Academys foundation, it moved to Burlington House, Piccadilly, where it remains. Burlington House is owned by the British Government, and used rent-free by the Royal Academy, the first Royal Academy exhibition of contemporary art, open to all artists, opened on 25 April 1769 and ran until 27 May 1769. 136 works of art were shown and this exhibition, now known as the Royal Academy Summer Exhibition, has been staged annually without interruption to the present day. In 1870 the Academy expanded its programme to include a temporary annual loan exhibition of Old Masters. The range and frequency of these exhibitions have grown enormously since that time. Britains first public lectures on art were staged by the Royal Academy, led by Reynolds, the first president, a program included lectures by Dr. William Hunter, John Flaxman, James Barry, Sir John Soane, and J. M. W. Turner
Royal Academy
–
Royal Academy of Arts
Royal Academy
–
Satiric drawing of Sir William Chambers, one of the founders, trying to slay the 8-headed hydra of the Incorporated Society of Artists
Royal Academy
–
Study for
Henry Singleton 's painting The Royal Academicians assembled in their council chamber to adjudge the Medals to the successful students in Painting, Sculpture, Architecture and Drawing, which hangs in the Royal Academy. Ca. 1793.
Royal Academy
–
An early
RA Summer Exhibition at the Academy's original home in
Somerset House
16.
Sensation exhibition
–
A proposed showing at the National Gallery of Australia was cancelled when the gallerys director decided the exhibition was too close to the market. The show generated controversy in London and New York due to the inclusion of images of Myra Hindley and it was criticised by New York mayor Rudolph Giuliani and others for attempting to boost the value of the work by showing it in institutions and public museums. The artworks in Sensation were from the collection of Charles Saatchi, norman Rosenthal, the Royal Academy of Arts exhibitions secretary, helped to stage the 110 works by 42 different artists. Many of the pieces had become famous, or notorious, with the British public, Marc Quinns self-portrait. Others had already achieved prominence in other ways, such as an advertising campaign using an idea from Gillian Wearings photographs. Sensation was the first time that an audience had had the chance to see these works en masse. The Royal Academy posted this disclaimer to visitors on entry, There will be works of art on display in the Sensation exhibition which some people may find distasteful, parents should exercise their judgment in bringing their children to the exhibition. One gallery will not be open to those under the age of 18, around a quarter of the RAs 80 academicians gave a warning that the exhibition was inflammatory. However, the biggest media controversy was over Myra, an image of the murderer Myra Hindley by Marcus Harvey, the Mothers Against Murder and Aggression protest group picketed the show, accompanied by Winnie Johnson, the mother of one of Hindleys victims. They asked for the portrait, which is made up of hundreds of copies of a childs handprint, along with supporters she picketed the shows first day. Despite all the protest the painting remained hanging, windows at Burlington House, the Academys home, were smashed and two demonstrators hurled ink and eggs at the picture as a result, requiring it to be removed and restored. It was put back on display behind Perspex and guarded by security men, books have been written about the murders. Hindley’s image is in the domain, part of our consciousness, an awful part of our recent social history. The show was popular with the general public, attracting over 300,000 visitors during its run. The BBC described it as gory images of dismembered limbs and explicit pornography, Sensation was shown at the Berlin Hamburger Bahnhof museum and proved so popular that it was extended past its original closing date of 28 December 1998. For art critic Nicola Kuhn from Der Tagesspiegel, there was no sensation about Sensation, the New York show was met with instant protest, centring on The Holy Virgin Mary by Chris Ofili, which had not provoked this reaction in London. The figure is surrounded by small collaged images of female genitalia from pornographic magazines. William A. Donohue, President of the Catholic League for Religious and Civil Rights, Giuliani started a lawsuit to evict the museum, and Arnold Lehman, the museum director, filed a federal lawsuit against Giuliani for a breach of the First Amendment
Sensation exhibition
–
Royal Academy, London
Sensation exhibition
–
Myra: 1995 depiction of the child killer
Myra Hindley by the YBA
Marcus Harvey
Sensation exhibition
–
Brooklyn Museum of Art
17.
Resin
–
In polymer chemistry and materials science, resin is a solid or highly viscous substance of plant or synthetic origin that is typically convertible into polymers. They are often mixtures of compounds, principally terpenes. Many plants, particularly woody plants, produce resin in response to injury, the resin acts as a bandage protecting the plant from invading insects and pathogens. Plants secrete resins and rosins for their protective benefits, the resin produced by most plants is composed mainly of terpenes and derivatives. Some resins also contain a proportion of resin acids. The individual components of resin can be separated by fractional distillation, rosins on the other hand are less volatile and consist, inter alia, of diterpenes. Amber is fossil resin from coniferous and other tree species, copal, kauri gum, dammar and other resins may also be found as subfossil deposits. Subfossil copal can be distinguished from genuine fossil amber because it becomes tacky when a drop of a solvent such as acetone or chloroform is placed on it, african copal and the kauri gum of New Zealand are also procured in a semi-fossil condition. Solidified resin from which the volatile terpene components have been removed by distillation is known as rosin, typical rosin is a transparent or translucent mass, with a vitreous fracture and a faintly yellow or brown colour, non-odorous or having only a slight turpentine odor and taste. Rosin is insoluble in water, mostly soluble in alcohol, essential oils, ether and hot fatty oils, and softens and melts under the influence of heat, rosin consists of a complex mixture of different substances including organic acids named the resin acids. These are closely related to the terpenes, and derive from them through partial oxidation, Resin acids can be dissolved in alkalis to form resin soaps, from which the purified resin acids are regenerated by treatment with acids. Examples of resin acids are abietic acid, C20H30O2, plicatic acid contained in cedar, and pimaric acid, C20H30O2, a constituent of galipot resin. Abietic acid can also be extracted from rosin by means of hot alcohol, it crystallizes in leaflets, pimaric acid closely resembles abietic acid into which it passes when distilled in a vacuum, it has been supposed to consist of three isomers. Rosin is obtained from pines and some plants, mostly conifers. Propolis, consisting largely of resins collected from such as poplars and conifers, is used by honey bees to seal gaps in their hives. Shellac and lacquer are examples of insect-derived resins, asphaltite and Utah resin are petroleum bitumens, not a product secreted by plants, although it was ultimately derived from plants. These were highly prized substances, and required as incense in religious rites. The word resin has been applied in the world to nearly any component of a liquid that will set into a hard lacquer or enamel-like finish
Resin
–
Cedar of Lebanon cone showing flecks of resin as used in the
mummification of
Egyptian Pharaohs.
Resin
–
Insect trapped in resin
Resin
–
Extremely viscous resin extruding from the trunk of a mature
Araucaria columnaris.
Resin
–
Resin of a pine
18.
Trafalgar Square
–
Trafalgar Square is a public square in the City of Westminster, Central London, built around the area formerly known as Charing Cross. Its name commemorates the Battle of Trafalgar, a British naval victory in the Napoleonic Wars with France and Spain that took place on 21 October 1805 off the coast of Cape Trafalgar, Spain. The site of Trafalgar Square had been a significant landmark since the 13th century, after George IV moved the mews to Buckingham Palace, the area was redeveloped by John Nash, but progress was slow after his death, and the square did not open until 1844. The 169-foot Nelsons Column at its centre is guarded by four lion statues, a number of commemorative statues and sculptures occupy the square, but the Fourth Plinth, left empty since 1840, has been host to contemporary art since 1999. The square has been used for community gatherings and political demonstrations, including Bloody Sunday, the first Aldermaston March, anti-war protests, a Christmas tree has been donated to the square by Norway since 1947 and is erected for twelve days before and after Christmas Day. The square is a centre of celebrations on New Years Eve. It was well known for its feral pigeons until their removal in the early 21st century, the square contains a large central area with roadways on three sides and a terrace to the north, in front of the National Gallery. The roads around the square part of the A4, a major road running west of the City of London. The square was surrounded by a one-way traffic system, but works completed in 2003 reduced the width of the roads. At the top of the column is a statue of Horatio Nelson who commanded the British Navy at the Battle of Trafalgar, surrounding the square are the National Gallery on the north side and St Martin-in-the-Fields Church to the east. To the south west is The Mall leading towards Buckingham Palace via Admiralty Arch, while Whitehall is to the south, Charing Cross Road passes between the National Gallery and the church. London Undergrounds Charing Cross tube station on the Northern and Bakerloo lines has an exit in the square, other nearby tube stations are Embankment connecting the District, Circle, Northern and Bakerloo lines, and Leicester Square on the Northern and Piccadilly lines. London bus routes 3,6,9,11,12,13,15,23,24,29,53,87,88,91,139,159,176,453 pass through Trafalgar Square. Building work on the side of the square in the late 1950s revealed deposits from the last interglacial. Among the findings were the remains of cave lion, rhinoceros, straight-tusked elephant, the site of Trafalgar Square has been a significant location since the 13th century. During Edward Is reign, the area was the site of the Kings Mews, running north from the original Charing Cross, from the reign of Richard II to that of Henry VII, the mews was at the western end of the Strand. The name Royal Mews comes from the practice of keeping hawks here for moulting, after a fire in 1534, the mews were rebuilt as stables, and remained here until George IV moved them to Buckingham Palace. After 1732, the Kings Mews were divided into the Great Mews and the smaller Green Mews to the north by the Crown Stables and its site is occupied by the National Gallery
Trafalgar Square
–
Trafalgar Square
Trafalgar Square
–
Trafalgar Square, 1908
Trafalgar Square
–
A 360-degree view of Trafalgar Square just over a century later, in 2009
Trafalgar Square
–
A painting by
James Pollard showing the square before the erection of Nelson's Column
19.
Ilford, Essex
–
Ilford is a large cosmopolitan town in East London, England and the administrative headquarters of the London Borough of Redbridge. It is located 9.1 miles north-east of Charing Cross and is one of the metropolitan centres identified in the London Plan. Ilford forms a significant commercial and retail centre surrounded by residential development. It was historically a rural settlement in the county of Essex and its strategic position on the River Roding. Since 1965 it has formed part of Greater London, but it is considered by some to be in Essex because of the postal county. Despite the Royal Mail no longer using official postal counties, Ilford is part of the IG postcode area, though areas to the west of Ilford Hill and the A406 are part of E postcode area instead. Ilford was historically known as Great Ilford to differentiate it from nearby Little Ilford, the name is first recorded in the Domesday Book of 1086 as Ilefort and means ford over the Hyle, an old name for the River Roding that means trickling stream. The only complete skull of a mammoth discovered in the United Kingdom was unearthed in 1860 at the site where Boots the Chemist now stands in the High Road. The skull can now be seen in the Natural History Museum and other animal remains can be seen at Redbridge Museum, Central Library. Redevelopment has destroyed much of the evidence for early Ilford, but the oldest evidence for human occupation is the 1st and this was situated between the Roding and Ilford Lane and is recorded in 18th century plans. Roman finds have also made in the vicinity. A nearby mound called Lavender Mount existed into the 1960s, when it was removed during building work at Howards chemical works, excavation has shown that the latter may have been a 16th-century beacon-mound. Archaeological discoveries are displayed at Redbridge Museum, Ilford straddled the important road from London to Colchester. The Middlesex and Essex Turnpike Trust controlled and maintained the road from 1721, the River Roding was made navigable for barges as far as Ilford Bridge from 1737. Ilford remained largely rural until its expansion in the 19th century and this brought about brickworks, cement works and coal yards to service the new buildings, largely centred on the River Roding. In 1839, a station was opened on the line from Romford to Mile End. The early businesses gave way to new industries, such as making and services such as steam laundries and collar making. A number of businesses have been founded in the town, including the eponymous photographic film
Ilford, Essex
–
Redbridge Town Hall on Ilford High Road
Ilford, Essex
–
High Road Ilford with Waterstones bookshop in the foreground on the left and the town hall in the background
Ilford, Essex
–
Central Library and Museum, Clements Road, Ilford
Ilford, Essex
–
Ilford railway station
20.
Geography
–
Geography is a field of science devoted to the study of the lands, the features, the inhabitants, and the phenomena of Earth. The first person to use the word γεωγραφία was Eratosthenes, Geography is an all-encompassing discipline that seeks an understanding of the Earth and its human and natural complexities—not merely where objects are, but how they have changed and come to be. It is often defined in terms of the two branches of geography and physical geography. Geography has been called the world discipline and the bridge between the human and the physical sciences, Geography is a systematic study of the Earth and its features. Traditionally, geography has been associated with cartography and place names, although many geographers are trained in toponymy and cartology, this is not their main preoccupation. Geographers study the space and the temporal database distribution of phenomena, processes, because space and place affect a variety of topics, such as economics, health, climate, plants and animals, geography is highly interdisciplinary. The interdisciplinary nature of the approach depends on an attentiveness to the relationship between physical and human phenomena and its spatial patterns. Names of places. are not geography. know by heart a whole gazetteer full of them would not, in itself and this is a description of the world—that is Geography. In a word Geography is a Science—a thing not of mere names but of argument and reason, of cause, just as all phenomena exist in time and thus have a history, they also exist in space and have a geography. Geography as a discipline can be split broadly into two main fields, human geography and physical geography. The former largely focuses on the environment and how humans create, view, manage. The latter examines the environment, and how organisms, climate, soil, water. The difference between these led to a third field, environmental geography, which combines physical and human geography. Physical geography focuses on geography as an Earth science and it aims to understand the physical problems and the issues of lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, pedosphere, and global flora and fauna patterns. Physical geography can be divided into broad categories, including, Human geography is a branch of geography that focuses on the study of patterns. It encompasses the human, political, cultural, social, and it requires an understanding of the traditional aspects of physical and human geography, as well as the ways that human societies conceptualize the environment. Integrated geography has emerged as a bridge between the human and the geography, as a result of the increasing specialisation of the two sub-fields. Examples of areas of research in the environmental geography include, emergency management, environmental management, sustainability, geomatics is concerned with the application of computers to the traditional spatial techniques used in cartography and topography
Geography
–
Map of the
Earth
Geography
–
Biogeography
Geography
Geography
21.
Labour Party (UK)
–
The Labour Party is a centre-left political party in the United Kingdom. Labour later served in the coalition from 1940 to 1945. Labour was also in government from 1964 to 1970 under Harold Wilson and from 1974 to 1979, first under Wilson and then James Callaghan. The Labour Party was last in government from 1997 to 2010 under Tony Blair and Gordon Brown, beginning with a majority of 179. Having won 232 seats in the 2015 general election, the party is the Official Opposition in the Parliament of the United Kingdom, the party also organises in Northern Ireland, but does not contest elections to the Northern Ireland Assembly. The Labour Party is a member of the Party of European Socialists and Progressive Alliance. In September 2015, Jeremy Corbyn was elected Leader of the Labour Party, the first Lib–Lab candidate to stand was George Odger in the Southwark by-election of 1870. In addition, several small socialist groups had formed around this time, among these were the Independent Labour Party, the intellectual and largely middle-class Fabian Society, the Marxist Social Democratic Federation and the Scottish Labour Party. In the 1895 general election, the Independent Labour Party put up 28 candidates, Keir Hardie, the leader of the party, believed that to obtain success in parliamentary elections, it would be necessary to join with other left-wing groups. Hardies roots as a lay preacher contributed to an ethos in the party led to the comment by 1950s General Secretary Morgan Phillips that Socialism in Britain owed more to Methodism than Marx. The motion was passed at all stages by the TUC, the meeting was attended by a broad spectrum of working-class and left-wing organisations—trades unions represented about one third of the membership of the TUC delegates. This created an association called the Labour Representation Committee, meant to coordinate attempts to support MPs sponsored by trade unions and it had no single leader, and in the absence of one, the Independent Labour Party nominee Ramsay MacDonald was elected as Secretary. He had the task of keeping the various strands of opinions in the LRC united. The October 1900 Khaki election came too soon for the new party to campaign effectively, only 15 candidatures were sponsored, but two were successful, Keir Hardie in Merthyr Tydfil and Richard Bell in Derby. Support for the LRC was boosted by the 1901 Taff Vale Case, the judgement effectively made strikes illegal since employers could recoup the cost of lost business from the unions. In their first meeting after the election the groups Members of Parliament decided to adopt the name The Labour Party formally, the Fabian Society provided much of the intellectual stimulus for the party. One of the first acts of the new Liberal Government was to reverse the Taff Vale judgement, the Peoples History Museum in Manchester holds the minutes of the first Labour Party meeting in 1906 and has them on display in the Main Galleries. Also within the museum is the Labour History Archive and Study Centre, the governing Liberals were unwilling to repeal this judicial decision with primary legislation
Labour Party (UK)
–
Keir Hardie, one of the Labour Party's founders and its first leader
Labour Party (UK)
–
Labour Party Plaque from Caroone House, 14 Farringdon Street
Labour Party (UK)
–
Ramsay MacDonald: First Labour Prime Minister, 1924 and 1929–31
Labour Party (UK)
–
Aneurin Bevan speaking in October 1952
22.
Identical twins
–
Twins are two offspring produced by the same pregnancy. Twins can be either monozygotic, meaning that they develop from one zygote, in fraternal twins, each twin is fertilized by its own sperm cell. In contrast, a fetus that develops alone in the womb is called a singleton, the human twin birth rate in the United States rose 76% from 1980 through 2009, from 18.9 to 33.3 per 1,000 births. In Central Africa there are 18–30 twin sets per 1,000 live births, in Latin America, South Asia, and Southeast Asia, the lowest rates are found, only 6 to 9 twin sets per 1,000 live births. North America and Europe have intermediate rates of 9 to 16 twin sets per 1,000 live births, Multiple pregnancies are much less likely to carry to full term than single births, with twin pregnancies lasting on average 37 weeks, three weeks less than full term. Women who have a history of fraternal twins have a higher chance of producing fraternal twins themselves. There is no genetic link for identical twinning. Other factors that increase the odds of having fraternal twins include maternal age, fertility drugs and other fertility treatments, nutrition, the vast majority of twins are either dizygotic or monozygotic. Less common variants are discussed further down the article, the rates for singletons vary slightly by country. For example, the sex ratio of birth in the US is 1.05 males/female, while it is 1.07 males/female in Italy. However, males are more susceptible than females to die in utero. Zygosity is the degree of identity in the genome of twins, dizygotic or fraternal twins usually occur when two fertilized eggs are implanted in the uterus wall at the same time. When two eggs are fertilized by two different sperm cells, fraternal twins result. The two eggs, or ova, form two zygotes, hence the terms dizygotic and biovular. Fraternal twins are, essentially, two siblings who happen to be born at the same time, since they arise from two separate eggs fertilized by two separate sperm, just like ordinary siblings. This is the most common type of twin, dizygotic twins, like any other siblings, have an extremely small chance of having the same chromosome profile. Even if they happen to have the same profile, they will always have different genetic material on each chromosome. Like any other siblings, dizygotic twins may look similar, particularly given that they are the same age, however, dizygotic twins may also look very different from each other
Identical twins
–
Marian and Vivian Brown, identical twins, photographed by
Christopher Michel
Identical twins
–
Eight-month-old sororal twins napping
Identical twins
–
Abdominal ultrasonography of monoamniotic twins at a
gestational age of 15 weeks. There is no sign of any membrane between the fetuses. A
coronal plane is shown of the twin at left, and a
sagittal plane of parts of the upper thorax and head is shown of the twin at right.
Identical twins
–
A pair of female
ere ibeji twin figures (early 20th-century) in the permanent collection of
The Children's Museum of Indianapolis.
Yoruba people have the highest twinning rate in the world.
23.
Faculty of Arts and Architecture
–
The College of Arts and Humanities in the University of Brighton is a centre of education in the creative arts, architecture, design and humanities. In 2009 it took its new name, replacing the former Faculty of Arts, embracing new subject areas from departments in Literature, Languages, Subject areas offer study across the creative and practice arts, design, architecture, media, cultural critical studies and the humanities. It is also home to significant design and screen archives and hosts the Higher Education Academy Subject Centre for Art Design & Media, Brighton Faculty of Arts and Architecture has supported and educated many key figures in the arts. Turner Prize winners Keith Tyson and Rachel Whiteread studied there, as did artists Alison Lapper, Keith Coventry, Sylvia Sleigh, designer Julien Macdonald, the longer history of the school of art in Brighton includes artists Conrad Heighton Leigh and Helen Chadwick, and poster designer John Bellany. Most of the art schools that had established in Britain by the 1840s and 1850s were linked to local and regional industries. Brighton was not a centre in the most obvious sense but, according to Henry Cole her industries were health, recreation, education. On Monday 17 January 1859 Brighton School of Art opened its doors to more than fifty pupils and was situated in a room off the Royal Pavilion Kitchen provided by the Town Council. New premises for Brighton School of Science and Art were purpose-built in Grand Parade, Brighton, in 1877, in a Romanesque Revival style, with the façade in brick with Bath stone coping and cornices. Princess Louise, Duchess of Argyll, the most artistic of Queen Victoria’s children, and an accomplished sculptor in her own right, was present, as was Victorian art educational tsar, Sir Henry Cole. As a result of new openings for local authorities, a new Municipal School of Science and Technology, designed by F C May and this allowed for an expansion of activities in the School in Grand Parade. At Brighton before World War I, the portfolio of courses at the School of Art included typography, silversmithing, jewellery, leatherwork, woodcarving, embroidery and lace making. Bond complained about the ‘gruesome horror’ of the New England Road railway arch, the work of Brighton School of Art performed well in the international arena. Mural art was a field in which Brighton staff were recognised, bringing together the fine arts. Lawrence Preston’s other mural schemes included his First World War mural at St Luke’s School, Brighton, dorothy Sawyers, another member of staff at the School was also widely known as a muralist who worked on cinema schemes. Following the appointment in 1934 of E A Sallis Benney as its Principal, Brighton School of Art became involved with presenting its own fresh, modern and international profile. Brighton College of Art did not have specific industrial links in the way that was the case with similar organisations in Manchester. Such activities found their applications in the development of the curriculum, brighton’s Education Committee took the view that the Brighton College of Art should be preserved as a specialist institution of art and design. Considerable local anger had been expressed about the possibility of demolishing a Grade II-listed terrace of Regency houses ignoring the advice of the Royal Fine Art Commission, the Art College Basement Club was an important catalyst in the development of live and performing arts at Brighton
Faculty of Arts and Architecture
–
Grand Parade in Snow 2010 University of Brighton Faculty of Arts
Faculty of Arts and Architecture
–
Checkland Building University of Brighton Faculty of Arts at Falmer
24.
Richard Wilson (sculptor)
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Richard Wilson RA is an English sculptor, installation artist and musician. Born in Islington, London, Wilson studied at the London College of Printing, Hornsey College of Art and he was the DAAD resident in Berlin in 1992, Maeda Visiting Artist at the Architectural Association in 1998 and nominated for the Turner Prize in both 1988 and 1989. Wilsons first solo show was 11 Pieces, at the Coracle Press Gallery in London in 1976, since then he has had at least 50 solo exhibitions around the world. He formed the Bow Gamelan Ensemble in 1983 with Anne Bean, Wilsons work is characterised by architectural concerns with volume, illusionary spaces and auditory perception. It is considered to be a work in the genre of site-specific installation art. The same year the temporary installation One Piece at a Time filled the tower of the Tyne Bridge at Newcastle-upon-Tyne. In the 1990s and 21st century, Wilson continued to work on a scale to fulfil his ambitions to tweak or undo or change the interiors of space. In that way unsettle or break peoples preconceptions of space, what they think space might be and it consisted of a portion of a ship being sliced off from the rest and mounted on the river bed. In 2007, Wilson installed Turning the Place Over in a building in Liverpools city centre and it was switched off in 2011. In 2009, Wilsons architectural intervention, Square the Block, was installed on the northwest exterior of LSEs New Academic Building at the corner of Kingsway and Sardinia Street. In 2012 the installation Hang On A Minute Lads, Ive Got a Great Idea recreated the scene of the film The Italian Job on the roof of the De La Warr Pavilion. Wilson was commissioned to create Slipstream, to be installed in the rebuilt Terminal 2 building at Heathrow airport during 2013, in November 2010, he was awarded an Honorary Doctorate by the university. memoryscape. org. uk/
Richard Wilson (sculptor)
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Turning the place over
25.
Slade School of Art
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The UCL Slade School of Fine Art is the art school of University College London and is based in London, United Kingdom. It is world-renowned and is ranked as the UKs top art. The school is organised as a department of UCLs Faculty of Arts, distinguished past teachers include Henry Tonks, Wilson Steer, Randolph Schwabe, William Coldstream, Andrew Forge, Lucian Freud, Phyllida Barlow, John Hilliard, Bruce McLean, Alfred Gerrard. Edward Allington is currently a Professor of Fine Art and Head of Graduate Sculpture, two of its most important periods were immediately before, and immediately after, the turn of the twentieth century, described by Henry Tonks as its two crises of brilliance. R. W. The Slade Centre for Electronic Media in Fine Art was opened in 1995, the centre provides opportunities for research into electronic media and fine art with the goal of contributing to debate on national and international levels. The Slade had previously been home to Malcolm Hughess Computer and Experimental Department in the 1970s, in 1997 SCEMFA presented Collision, a public lecture series by artists, writers, and curators working with interactivity, telematics, and digital works. Throughout 1998, SCEMFA collaborated with Channel 4 UK to organise Cached, funded by the Arts Council, this series investigated the conceptual and practical issues of producing art for the internet through a series of artists presentations. Works by students and staff of the Slade School of Fine Art form the basis of the UCL Art museum today, in a 2008 survey conducted by The Sunday Times the Slade recorded perfect scores
Slade School of Art
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Students at the Slade in 1905
26.
University College, London
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University College London is a public research university in London, England, and a constituent college of the federal University of London. It is the largest postgraduate institution in the UK by enrollment and is regarded as one of the worlds leading research universities. UCL also makes the claims of being the third-oldest university in England. In 1836 UCL became one of the two founding colleges of the University of London, which was granted a charter in the same year. UCL has its campus in the Bloomsbury area of central London, with a number of institutes and teaching hospitals elsewhere in central London. UCL is organised into 11 constituent faculties, within there are over 100 departments, institutes. In 2015/16, UCL had around 38,300 students and 12,000 staff and had an income of £1.36 billion. UCL ranks highly in national and international league tables and its graduates rank among the most employable in the world, UCL academics discovered five of the naturally occurring noble gases, co-discovered hormones, invented the vacuum tube, and made several foundational advances in modern statistics. There are at least 29 Nobel Prize winners and 3 Fields medalists amongst UCLs alumni and current, UCL was founded on 11 February 1826 under the name London University, as an alternative to the Anglican universities of Oxford and Cambridge. London Universitys first Warden was Leonard Horner, who was the first scientist to head a British university and this suggests that while his ideas may have been influential, he himself was less so. In 1827, the Chair of Political Economy at London University was created, with John Ramsay McCulloch as the first incumbent, in 1828 the university became the first in England to offer English as a subject and the teaching of Classics and medicine began. In 1830, London University founded the London University School, which would later become University College School, in 1833, the university appointed Alexander Maconochie, Secretary to the Royal Geographical Society, as the first professor of geography in the UK. In 1834, University College Hospital opened as a hospital for the universitys medical school. In 1836, London University was incorporated by charter under the name University College. The Slade School of Fine Art was founded as part of University College in 1871, in 1878, the University of London gained a supplemental charter making it the first British university to be allowed to award degrees to women. The same year, UCL admitted women to the faculties of Arts and Law and of Science, although women remained barred from the faculties of Engineering and of Medicine. Armstrong College, an institution of Newcastle University, also allowed women to enter from its foundation in 1871. Women were finally admitted to medical studies during the First World War in 1917, in 1898, Sir William Ramsay discovered the elements krypton, neon and xenon whilst professor of chemistry at UCL
University College, London
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The London University as drawn by
Thomas Hosmer Shepherd and published in 1827–1828 (now the
UCL Main Building)
University College, London
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UCL logo since 2005
University College, London
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Henry Tonks ' 1923 mural The Four Founders of UCL
University College, London
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William Ramsay is regarded as the " father of noble gases ".
27.
Highgate Cemetery
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Highgate Cemetery is a place of burial in north London, England. It is designated Grade I on the Historic England Register of Parks and it is divided into two parts, named the East and West cemetery. There are approximately 170,000 people buried in around 53,000 graves at Highgate Cemetery, Highgate Cemetery is notable both for some of the people buried there as well as for its de facto status as a nature reserve. The cemetery is located on both sides of Swains Lane in Highgate, N6, next to Waterlow Park, the main gate is located just north of Oakshott Avenue. There is another disused gate on Chester Road, the cemetery is in the London Boroughs of Camden, Haringey and Islington. The nearest transport link is Archway tube station, the initial design was by architect and entrepreneur Stephen Geary. On Monday 20 May 1839, Highgate Cemetery was dedicated to St. James by the Right Reverend Charles James Blomfield, fifteen acres were consecrated for the use of the Church of England, and two acres set aside for Dissenters. Rights of burial were sold for either limited period or in perpetuity, the first burial was Elizabeth Jackson of Little Windmill Street, Soho, on 26 May. Highgate, like the others of the Magnificent Seven, soon became a place for burials and was much admired and visited. The Victorian attitude to death and its presentation led to the creation of a wealth of Gothic tombs and it occupies a spectacular south-facing hillside site slightly downhill from the top of the hill of Highgate itself, next to Waterlow Park. In 1854 the area to the east of the area across Swains Lane was bought to form the eastern part of the cemetery. This part is used today for burials, as is the western part. Most of the open unforested area in the new addition still has fairly few graves on it, the cemeterys grounds are full of trees, shrubbery and wildflowers, most of which have been planted and grown without human influence. The grounds are a haven for birds and small animals such as foxes, the Egyptian Avenue and the Circle of Lebanon feature tombs, vaults and winding paths dug into hillsides. For its protection, the oldest section, which holds a collection of Victorian mausoleums and gravestones, plus elaborately carved tombs. The eastern section, which contains a mix of Victorian and modern statuary, the tomb of Karl Marx, the Egyptian Avenue and the Columbarium are Grade I listed buildings. Because of the Karl Marx association a variety of Socialist leaders and thinkers are buried within the cemetery grounds, Highgate Cemetery was featured in the popular media from the 1960s to the late 1980s for its so-called occult past, particularly as being the alleged site of the Highgate Vampire. In 1984 they published Highgate Cemetery, Victorian Valhalla by John Gay, the most famous burial in the East cemetery is arguably that of Karl Marx, whose tomb was the site of attempted bombings on 2 September 1965 and in 1970
Highgate Cemetery
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Highgate Cemetery East (2010)
Highgate Cemetery
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Unknown grave, Highgate Cemetery
Highgate Cemetery
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Circle of Lebanon, West Cemetery
Highgate Cemetery
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Karl Marx grave, East Cemetery
28.
Coffin
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A coffin is a funerary box used for viewing or keeping a corpse, either for burial or cremation. The word took two different paths, cofin in Old French originally meaning basket, became coffin in English, a distinction is often made between coffin and casket, the latter is generally understood to denote a four-sided funerary box, while a coffin is usually six-sided. However, coffins having a side with a curve at the shoulder instead of a join are more commonly used in the United Kingdom. First attested in English in 1380, the word derives from the Old French cofin, from Latin cophinus, which means a basket. The earliest attested form of the word is the Mycenaean Greek ko-pi-na, receptacles for cremated and cremulated human ashes are called urns. A coffin may be buried in the ground directly, placed in a vault or cremated. Alternatively it may be entombed above ground in a mausoleum, a chapel, some countries practice one form almost exclusively, whereas in others it may depend on the individual cemetery. In part of Sumatra, Indonesia, ancestors are revered and bodies were kept in coffins kept alongside the longhouses until a ritual burial could be performed. The dead are also disinterred for rituals, in northern Sulawesi, some dead were kept in above ground sarcophagi called waruga until the practice was banned by the Dutch in the 19th century. The handles and other ornaments that go on the outside of a coffin are called fittings while organising the inside of the coffin with fabric of some kind is known as trimming the coffin, cultures that practice burial have widely different styles of coffin. In Judaism, the coffin must be plain, made of wood and these coffins use wooden pegs instead of nails. All Jews are buried in the same plain cloth shroud from shoulder to knees, regardless of status in life, in China and Japan, coffins made from the scented, decay-resistant wood of cypress, sugi, thuja and incense-cedar are in high demand. Certain Aboriginal Australian groups use intricately decorated tree-bark cylinders sewn with fibre, the cylinder is packed with dried grasses. When a coffin is used to transport a person, it can also be called a pall. Coffins are traditionally made with six sides plus the top and bottom, tapered around the shoulders, another form of four-sided coffin is trapezoidal and is considered a variant of the six-sided hexagonal kind of coffin. Continental Europe at one time favoured the rectangular coffin or casket, although variations exist in size, coffins in the UK are mainly similar to the hexagonal design, but with one-piece sides, curved at the shoulder instead of having a join. In Medieval Japan, round coffins were used, which resembled barrels in shape and were made by coopers. In the case of a death at sea, there have been instances where trunks have been pressed into use as a coffin, coffins usually have handles on the side so they will be easier to carry
Coffin
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A shop window display of coffins at a Funeral Director's offices in
Warsaw,
Poland. These coffins were visible to anyone walking down the street
Coffin
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Recreation of President Abraham Lincoln lying in repose in replicated coffin at the National Museum of Funeral History, Houston TX
Coffin
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The side of an
Ancient Egyptian sarcophagus
Coffin
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plain bespoke stone coffin, c. 7th century
29.
Negative space
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Negative space, in art, is the space around and between the subject of an image. The use of space is a key element of artistic composition. The Japanese word ma is sometimes used for this concept, for example in garden design, in a two-tone, black-and-white image, a subject is normally depicted in black and the space around it is left blank, thereby forming a silhouette of the subject. In graphic design of printed or displayed materials, where communication is the objective. Not only within the typography, but in its placement in relation to the whole and it is the basis of why upper and lower case typography always is more legible than the use of all capital letters. The same judicious use of negative space drives the effectiveness of the entire design, because of the long history of the use of black ink on white paper, white space is the term often used in graphics to identify the same separation. Elements of an image that distract from the subject, or in the case of photography. Negative space may be used to depict a subject in a medium by showing everything around the subject. Use of negative space will produce a silhouette of the subject, most often, negative space is used as a neutral or contrasting background to draw attention to the main subject, which then is referred to as the positive space. The use of negative space, as a balance to positive space. This basic, but often overlooked principle of design, gives the eye a place to rest, the term also is used in other arts. Musicians will describe periods of silence within a piece as negative space. Composition Figure–ground Ma Space White space Negative Space, the Art of Negative Space, An Attempt to Tell a Story Through Illustration. The Art of Negative Space,15 Amazing Examples Negative Space Style Clothing
Negative space
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Rubin's vase is an
optical illusion in which the negative space around the vase forms the silhouettes of two faces in profile, a well-known example of
figure-ground reversal by emphasizing that negative space
30.
Chisenhale Gallery
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Chisenhale Gallery is a non-profit contemporary art gallery based in Londons East End. The organisation focuses on a programme of commissioned exhibitions, offsite projects and events, performances, film screenings, Chisenhale Gallery produces up to five major exhibitions each year. The gallery occupies the ground level of a 1930s veneer factory on Chisenhale Road situated in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets, the gallery is one of Arts Council Englands National Portfolio Organisations. Chisenhale Gallery promotes emerging and under-represented artists while contributing to the pursuit of new directions in their practice, the curatorial remit is to commission new work and support the artists throughout the project from inception to realisation and exhibition. Chisenhale Gallery has been presenting inspiring and challenging new forms of activity since the late 1980s. Interim is a programme which consists of live and performance based projects. Education at Chisenhale Gallery enables access to contemporary art and this programme is a partnership between Arts Council England, Channel 4, the Institute for Contemporary Arts, Chisenhale Gallery, DAZED, Kingston University, New Contemporaries and. For the first year of the programme the gallery is working with two artists, Ayo Akingbade and William Glass, the gallery also represents a resource for the formal education sector. Chisenhale’s Education team facilitates the engagement of schools with contemporary art thorough the explorations of ideas, between 2008 and 2011 Chisenhale Gallery commissioned A Sense of Place, a programme of artistic projects in collaboration with secondary schools local to the gallery. Over the three years the artists involved in the included, Public Works, Simon & Tom Bloor, Harold Offeh, Ruth Ewan. Between 2011 and 2014 the gallery launched Propeller, a Youth Forum formed of people interested in art. Propeller worked with artist Benedict Drew in 2011-2012 and produced an artwork which was exhibited in the gallery. Chisenhale Gallery also partnered with Ikon Gallery, Birmingham for Slow Boat Summer 2012, Offsite is a programme launched in 2010 which includes commissions, residencies, collaborations and touring events all taking place outside the gallery. The strand focuses on working with artists interested in engagement with social and cultural contexts, in 2012 the gallery partnered with Create and launched the Chisenhale Gallery CREATE Residency with Edward Thomasson and Yuri Pattison as artist in residence. The gallery also partnered with Tower Hamlets Parks and Open Spaces Department to deliver the Chisenhale Gallery Victoria Park Residency. Since its initiation Offsite has realised commissions with Yuri Pattison, Travis Elborough, Edward Thomasson, Cathy Haynes, Ruth Ewan, Amalia Pica, Mathew Noel-Tod, Benedict Drew, the Board of Trustees provides guidance and together with senior Chisenhale Gallery staff sets strategic directions for the gallery. Joshua Peck, Niru Ratnam, Adam Reynolds, David Rice, Yinka Shonibare, Jane Sillis, Sally Tallant, Sarah Weir, Jane Wentworth, the project is supported by Catalyst Arts, a match funding grant scheme from Arts Council England, Bloomberg and the Jerwood Charitable Foundation. In 2014 responding to the theme of work and friendship Céline Condorelli presented her work alongside of series of events at Chisenhale Gallery, Studio Voltaire showcased a series of murals by Ella Kruglyanskaya, while Gerry Bibby developed a site-specific installation at The Showroom
Chisenhale Gallery
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Andrew Sabin at the Chisenhale Gallery, London (Supported by the Henry Moore Trust)
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