1.
Rotterdam Centraal station
–
Rotterdam Centraal is the main railway station of the city Rotterdam in the Netherlands. The station received an average of 110,000 passengers daily in 2007, the current station building, located at Station Square, was officially opened in March 2014. Delftse Poort station was damaged by bombing in the Rotterdam Blitz. The new Centraal station was rebuilt just westwards of the site and its original building was designed by architect Sybold van Ravesteyn and was completed on 13 March 1957, officially opening on 21 May. Maas station had closed in 1953 and trains from Utrecht were diverted to Centraal station via the new Rotterdam Noord station, however, the Hofpleinlijn continued to bypass the station. Hofplein station was closed in 2010 after the Hofpleinlijn was redirected through a tunnel. On 9 February 1968 Princess Beatrix opened the first metro line in the Netherlands at Centraal station, the line connected the station to the south of Rotterdam and is now known as Line D. The first subway station had a platform with two tracks. On 28 September 2009, a new and more spacious underground station opened next to the old one. The new station has two platforms with three tracks. The mainline station nowadays has seven platforms with thirteen platform tracks. There are three tracks without platform, in 2007, it was used by approximately 110,000 passengers a day. The 1957 station building was closed in 2007 and demolished the next year - making it the first major railway station in the Netherlands to be taken down to make way for a new one. The new station was completed and opened in 2014, furthermore, the existing station, especially the passenger tunnel, also became too small to handle the growing number of passengers. Traveller numbers were projected to be 320,000 per day in 2025, to cope with this increase, a new station was necessary. On 16 May 2006 Mayor Ivo Opstelten revealed a work of Onno Poiesz consisting of the word EXIT, the final closure of the outdated station took place on September 2,2007, in the presence of Mayor Opstelten, to allow for the demolition of the station. Between 16 January 2008 and the end of March 2008 the station was completely demolished, passengers then, for years, had to use amenities housed in a temporary shelter, a smurf-blue building complex on Conrad Street on the northeast corner of the Groothandelsgebouw. The bicycle tunnel served as a passenger tunnel
2.
Netherlands
–
The Netherlands, also informally known as Holland is the main constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. It is a densely populated country located in Western Europe with three territories in the Caribbean. The European part of the Netherlands borders Germany to the east, Belgium to the south, and the North Sea to the northwest, sharing borders with Belgium, the United Kingdom. The three largest cities in the Netherlands are Amsterdam, Rotterdam and The Hague, Amsterdam is the countrys capital, while The Hague holds the Dutch seat of parliament and government. The port of Rotterdam is the worlds largest port outside East-Asia, the name Holland is used informally to refer to the whole of the country of the Netherlands. Netherlands literally means lower countries, influenced by its low land and flat geography, most of the areas below sea level are artificial. Since the late 16th century, large areas have been reclaimed from the sea and lakes, with a population density of 412 people per km2 –507 if water is excluded – the Netherlands is classified as a very densely populated country. Only Bangladesh, South Korea, and Taiwan have both a population and higher population density. Nevertheless, the Netherlands is the worlds second-largest exporter of food and agricultural products and this is partly due to the fertility of the soil and the mild climate. In 2001, it became the worlds first country to legalise same-sex marriage, the Netherlands is a founding member of the EU, Eurozone, G-10, NATO, OECD and WTO, as well as being a part of the Schengen Area and the trilateral Benelux Union. The first four are situated in The Hague, as is the EUs criminal intelligence agency Europol and this has led to the city being dubbed the worlds legal capital. The country also ranks second highest in the worlds 2016 Press Freedom Index, the Netherlands has a market-based mixed economy, ranking 17th of 177 countries according to the Index of Economic Freedom. It had the thirteenth-highest per capita income in the world in 2013 according to the International Monetary Fund, in 2013, the United Nations World Happiness Report ranked the Netherlands as the seventh-happiest country in the world, reflecting its high quality of life. The Netherlands also ranks joint second highest in the Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index, the region called Low Countries and the country of the Netherlands have the same toponymy. Place names with Neder, Nieder, Nether and Nedre and Bas or Inferior are in use in all over Europe. They are sometimes used in a relation to a higher ground that consecutively is indicated as Upper, Boven, Oben. In the case of the Low Countries / the Netherlands the geographical location of the region has been more or less downstream. The geographical location of the region, however, changed over time tremendously
3.
Track (rail transport)
–
The track on a railway or railroad, also known as the permanent way, is the structure consisting of the rails, fasteners, railroad ties and ballast, plus the underlying subgrade. It enables trains to move by providing a surface for their wheels to roll upon. For clarity it is referred to as railway track or railroad track. Tracks where electric trains or electric trams run are equipped with a system such as an overhead electrical power line or an additional electrified rail. The term permanent way also refers to the track in addition to structures such as fences etc. Most railroads with heavy traffic use continuously welded rails supported by sleepers attached via baseplates that spread the load, a plastic or rubber pad is usually placed between the rail and the tieplate where concrete sleepers are used. The rail is held down to the sleeper with resilient fastenings. For much of the 20th century, rail track used softwood timber sleepers and jointed rails, jointed rails were used at first because contemporary technology did not offer any alternative. The joints also needed to be lubricated, and wear at the mating surfaces needed to be rectified by shimming. For this reason jointed track is not financially appropriate for heavily operated railroads, timber sleepers are of many available timbers, and are often treated with creosote, copper-chrome-arsenic, or other wood preservative. Pre-stressed concrete sleepers are used where timber is scarce and where tonnage or speeds are high. Steel is used in some applications, the track ballast is customarily crushed stone, and the purpose of this is to support the sleepers and allow some adjustment of their position, while allowing free drainage. A disadvantage of traditional track structures is the demand for maintenance, particularly surfacing and lining to restore the desired track geometry. Weakness of the subgrade and drainage deficiencies also lead to maintenance costs. This can be overcome by using ballastless track, in its simplest form this consists of a continuous slab of concrete with the rails supported directly on its upper surface. There are a number of systems, and variations include a continuous reinforced concrete slab. Many permutations of design have been put forward, however, ballastless track has a high initial cost, and in the case of existing railroads the upgrade to such requires closure of the route for a long period. Its whole-life cost can be lower because of the reduction in maintenance, some rubber-tyred metros use ballastless tracks
4.
Train station
–
A train station, railway station, railroad station, or depot is a railway facility where trains regularly stop to load or unload passengers or freight. It generally consists of at least one platform and a station building providing such ancillary services as ticket sales. If a station is on a line, it often has a passing loop to facilitate traffic movements. The smallest stations are most often referred to as stops or, in parts of the world. Stations may be at level, underground, or elevated. Connections may be available to intersecting rail lines or other modes such as buses. In British usage, the station is commonly understood to mean a railway station unless otherwise qualified. In the United States, the most common term in contemporary usage is train station, Railway station and railroad station are less frequent. Outside North America, a depot is place where buses, trains, or other vehicles are housed and maintained and from which they are dispatched for service. The two-storey Mount Clare station in Baltimore, Maryland, which survives as a museum, first saw service as the terminus of the horse-drawn Baltimore. The oldest terminal station in the world was Crown Street railway station in Liverpool, built in 1830, as the first train on the Liverpool-Manchester line left Liverpool, the station is slightly older than the Manchester terminal at Liverpool Road. The station was the first to incorporate a train shed, the station was demolished in 1836 as the Liverpool terminal station moved to Lime Street railway station. Crown Street station was converted to a goods station terminal, the first stations had little in the way of buildings or amenities. The first stations in the modern sense were on the Liverpool and Manchester Railway, manchesters Liverpool Road Station, the second oldest terminal station in the world, is preserved as part of the Museum of Science and Industry in Manchester. It resembles a row of Georgian houses, dual-purpose stations can sometimes still be found today, though in many cases goods facilities are restricted to major stations. In rural and remote communities across Canada and the United States, such stations were known as flag stops or flag stations. Many stations date from the 19th century and reflect the architecture of the time. Countries where railways arrived later may still have such architecture, as later stations often imitated 19th-century styles, various forms of architecture have been used in the construction of stations, from those boasting grand, intricate, Baroque- or Gothic-style edifices, to plainer utilitarian or modernist styles
5.
Metro station
–
A metro station or subway station is a railway station for a rapid transit system, which as a whole is usually called a Metro or Subway. The station provides a means for passengers to purchase tickets, access trains stopping at its platforms, the location of a metro station is carefully planned to provide easy access to important urban facilities such as roads, commercial centers, major buildings and other transport nodes. Most stations are located underground, with entrances/exits leading up to ground or street level, the bulk of the station typically positioned under land reserved for public thoroughfares or parks. This is especially important where the station is serving high-density urban precincts, in other cases, a station may be elevated above a road, or at ground level depending on the level of the train tracks. The physical, visual and economic impact of the station and its operations will be greater, planners will often take metro lines or parts of lines at or above ground where urban density decreases, extending the system further for less cost. Metros are most commonly used in cities, with great populations. Alternatively, a railway land corridor is re-purposed for rapid transit. At street level the logo of the company marks the entrances/exits of the station. Usually, signage shows the name of the station and describes the facilities of the station, often there are several entrances for one station, saving pedestrians from needing to cross a street and reducing crowding. A metro station typically provides ticket vending and ticket validating systems, the station is divided into an unpaid zone connected to the street, and a paid zone connected to the train platforms. The ticket barrier allows passengers with tickets to pass between these zones. The barrier may operated by staff or more typically with automated turnstiles or gates that open when a pass is scanned or detected. Some small metro systems dispense with paid zones and validate tickets with staff in the train carriages, access from the street to ticketing and the train platform is provided by stairs, concourses, escalators, elevators and tunnels. The station will be designed to minimise overcrowding and improve flow, permanent or temporary barriers may be used to manage crowds. Some metro stations have connections to important nearby buildings. Most jurisdictions mandate that people with disabilities must have unassisted use of the station and this is resolved with elevators, taking a number of people from street level to the unpaid ticketing area, and then from the paid area to the platform. In addition, there will be stringent requirements for emergencies, with lighting, emergency exits. Stations are a part of the evacuation route for passengers escaping from a disabled or troubled train
6.
Gorakhpur Junction railway station
–
The North east Gorakhpur Railway Station is located in the city of Gorakhpur in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. It serves as the headquarters of the North Eastern Railway, the station offers Class A railway station facilities. On 6 October 2013, Gorakhpur became the worlds longest railway platform, after inauguration of the remodelled Gorakhpur Yard, the 135-mile metre-gauge Gonda loop, running between Gorakhpur and Gonda, was constructed by the Bengal and North Western Railway between 1886 and 1905. The 79-mile Kaptanganj–Siwan metre-gauge line was opened in 1913, the 25-mile metre-gauge Nautanwa branch line was opened in 1925. Conversion to broad gauge started with the Gorakhpur–Siwan section in 1981, the Gorakhpur–Paniyahwa section was converted in 1991. The Gorakhpur–Gonda loop was converted around 1985, and the Nautanwa branch line at about the same time, the Kaptanganj–Siwan line was converted around 2006. Now Gorakhpur would have three new platforms, at present, Gorakhpur has the worlds longest platform. Gorakhpur is amongst the top hundred booking stations of Indian Railways and it handles over 189 trains daily. This is the route which connects Bihar to Delhi, the route which connect is Banaras route. Some of the railway stations in Uttar Pradesh handling large numbers of passengers are Kanpur Central, Varanasi Junction, Mathura Junction. Gorakhpur Sapt Kranti Express Yogi Adityanath Gorakhpur Cantonment railway station Domingarh railway station Maheshwar Pandey Its model was constructed by sir Bhoopati prasad mishra
7.
India
–
India, officially the Republic of India, is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country, and it is bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the southwest, and the Bay of Bengal on the southeast. It shares land borders with Pakistan to the west, China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the northeast, in the Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives. Indias Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a border with Thailand. The Indian subcontinent was home to the urban Indus Valley Civilisation of the 3rd millennium BCE, in the following millennium, the oldest scriptures associated with Hinduism began to be composed. Social stratification, based on caste, emerged in the first millennium BCE, early political consolidations took place under the Maurya and Gupta empires, the later peninsular Middle Kingdoms influenced cultures as far as southeast Asia. In the medieval era, Judaism, Zoroastrianism, Christianity, and Islam arrived, much of the north fell to the Delhi sultanate, the south was united under the Vijayanagara Empire. The economy expanded in the 17th century in the Mughal empire, in the mid-18th century, the subcontinent came under British East India Company rule, and in the mid-19th under British crown rule. A nationalist movement emerged in the late 19th century, which later, under Mahatma Gandhi, was noted for nonviolent resistance, in 2015, the Indian economy was the worlds seventh largest by nominal GDP and third largest by purchasing power parity. Following market-based economic reforms in 1991, India became one of the major economies and is considered a newly industrialised country. However, it continues to face the challenges of poverty, corruption, malnutrition, a nuclear weapons state and regional power, it has the third largest standing army in the world and ranks sixth in military expenditure among nations. India is a constitutional republic governed under a parliamentary system. It is a pluralistic, multilingual and multi-ethnic society and is home to a diversity of wildlife in a variety of protected habitats. The name India is derived from Indus, which originates from the Old Persian word Hindu, the latter term stems from the Sanskrit word Sindhu, which was the historical local appellation for the Indus River. The ancient Greeks referred to the Indians as Indoi, which translates as The people of the Indus, the geographical term Bharat, which is recognised by the Constitution of India as an official name for the country, is used by many Indian languages in its variations. Scholars believe it to be named after the Vedic tribe of Bharatas in the second millennium B. C. E and it is also traditionally associated with the rule of the legendary emperor Bharata. Gaṇarājya is the Sanskrit/Hindi term for republic dating back to the ancient times, hindustan is a Persian name for India dating back to the 3rd century B. C. E. It was introduced into India by the Mughals and widely used since then and its meaning varied, referring to a region that encompassed northern India and Pakistan or India in its entirety
8.
Railway platform height
–
On a railway, the platform height refers to the height of a railway platform Above Top of Rail. A related term is train floor height which is the height of the floor of the rail vehicle, worldwide, there are a large number of incompatible standards for platform heights and train floor heights. When raised platforms are in use, the width must also be compatible. Differences in platform height can pose a risk for passenger safety, platform ramps, steps, and platform gap fillers together with hazard warnings such as mind the gap are used to reduce risk and enable access. Platform height affects the gauge, and must conform to the structure gauge physical clearance specifications for the system. Tracks which are shared between freight and passenger service must have platforms which do not obstruct either type of railroad car, to reduce station construction costs, many train systems use a low platform, and require passenger cars with internal stairs up to the train floor. Buses, trams, trolleys and railway cars are divided into several typical categories. Trains The majority of systems in Australia use high level platforms with a platform height a small distance below the train floor level. Exception to this include Queensland who have narrow gauge trains and lower platforms, in New South Wales, by 2000, the platform step had been allowed to grow to a maximum of about 300 mm, which was uncomfortably large. For Sydneys 2000 Olympics, new and altered platforms were designed to match the Tangara trains, which are 3,000 mm wide, leaving a gap of about 80 mm. This has become the standard for all subsequent platforms and trains in NSW, the tramway network in Melbourne have some low level platforms and low floor vehicles, but most trams have steps and are boarded from the road. The Gold Coast and Sydney light rail networks have low floor trams and platforms at all stops, chinese platforms are 380 mm,550 mm,760 mm and 1,250 mm. Areas adjacent to broad gauge countries/regions, such as Xinjiang and Inner-Mongolia, platforms on the MTR are 1,250 mm above the rail for the Tung Chung Line and Airport Express, but the height of those on other urban lines is unknown. It seems like all the MTR lines built before the MTR-KCR merger in 2007 have the same specs, platforms on the East Rail Line are 42 in high. Since all the former KCR lines excluding light rail are built to the same specs, iranian platforms are 380 mm,550 mm and 760 mm. Like in China, areas adjacent to broad gauge countries/regions such as the eastern regions such as around Mashhad and Zahedan, north Korean platforms are standardized at 1,250 mm only. In there,1,250 mm is the norm, lower-level platforms are already raised to this height, typical Korail platforms are 550 mm. Older platforms are lower than 500mm, elsewhere, such as Hokkaido and the Tohoku/Hokuriku region of Honshu,920 mm – and even 760 mm platforms are still commonplace
9.
Train
–
A train is a form of rail transport consisting of a series of vehicles that usually runs along a rail track to transport cargo or passengers. Motive power is provided by a locomotive or individual motors in self-propelled multiple units. Although historically steam propulsion dominated, the most common forms are diesel and electric locomotives. Other energy sources include horses, engine or water-driven rope or wire winch, gravity, pneumatics, batteries, the word train comes from the Old French trahiner, from the Latin trahere pull, draw. There are various types of trains that are designed for particular purposes, a train may consist of a combination of one or more locomotives and attached railroad cars, or a self-propelled multiple unit. The first trains were rope-hauled, gravity powered or pulled by horses, from the early 19th century almost all were powered by steam locomotives. A passenger train is one which includes passenger-carrying vehicles which can often be very long, one notable and growing long-distance train category is high-speed rail. In order to much faster operation over 500 km/h, innovative Maglev technology has been researched for years. In most countries, such as the United Kingdom, the distinction between a tramway and a railway is precise and defined in law, a freight train uses freight cars to transport goods or materials. Freight and passengers may be carried in the train in a mixed consist. Rail cars and machinery used for maintenance and repair of tracks, etc. are termed maintenance of way equipment, similarly, dedicated trains may be used to provide support services to stations along a train line, such as garbage or revenue collection. There are various types of trains that are designed for particular purposes, a train can consist of a combination of one or more locomotives and attached railroad cars, or a self-propelled multiple unit. Trains can also be hauled by horses, pulled by a cable, special kinds of trains running on corresponding special railways are atmospheric railways, monorails, high-speed railways, maglev, rubber-tired underground, funicular and cog railways. A passenger train may consist of one or several locomotives and coaches, alternatively, a train may consist entirely of passenger carrying coaches, some or all of which are powered as a multiple unit. In many parts of the world, particularly the Far East and Europe, freight trains are composed of wagons or trucks rather than carriages, though some parcel and mail trains are outwardly more like passenger trains. Trains can also be mixed, comprising both passenger accommodation and freight vehicles, special trains are also used for track maintenance, in some places, this is called maintenance of way. A train with a locomotive attached at each end is described as top and tailed, where a second locomotive is attached temporarily to assist a train up steep banks or grades it is referred to as banking in the UK, or helper service in North America. Recently, many loaded trains in the United States have been made up one or more locomotives in the middle or at the rear of the train
10.
Nederlandse Spoorwegen
–
Nederlandse Spoorwegen or NS is the principal passenger railway operator in the Netherlands. NS provides rail services on the Dutch main rail network, the rail infrastructure is maintained by network manager ProRail, which was split off from NS in 2003. Freight services, formerly operated by NS Cargo, merged with the DB Schenker group in 2000, NS runs 4,800 scheduled domestic trains a day, serving 1.1 million passengers. Also, NS provides international rail services from the Netherlands to other European destinations, the NS was founded in 1938 when the two largest Dutch railway companies, the Hollandsche IJzeren Spoorweg-Maatschappij and the Maatschappij tot Exploitatie van Staatsspoorwegen, formally merged. These two companies had already been intensively cooperating as early as 1917, There were both economic and ideological reasons for the cooperation. As a result of the First World War, the Dutch economy had declined causing HSM, given their national importance, allowing them to slip into bankruptcy was not considered acceptable. While remaining independent companies, HSM and SS improved overall efficiency by cooperatively integrating their operations, the Dutch government further supported HSM and SS by purchasing shares in both firms. In 1938, the government merged the two companies to form the Nederlandse Spoorwegen, in the process, the government bought all remaining shares, yet never nationalized the company. Therefore, NS remained, and still is, a company solely owned by the Dutch government. The NS went on a strike once during the war, in the winter of 1944-45, the NS played a pivotal role in the reconstruction of the country. There was little alternative transport in the country besides the train, while the 1950s were a good time for the company, it started to decline in the 1960s, like most other railways around the world. The NS had been involved in the transport of coal from the mines in Limburg to the remainder of the country, the NS responded with an aggressive strategy named Spoorslag 70. This strategy meant, among other things, that the NS substantially increased the number of trains per hour, however, it was quite clear that this would never return the company to profitability. Nevertheless, the company was declared to be of national importance, in the early 1990s, the government started to question the subsidies given to the NS. Not only were there questions regarding the way the NS spent the subsidies, the government decided on the verzelfstandiging of the NS. The idea was not only rail transport was economically viable. There were two external circumstances which allowed for this to happen, secondly, the old CEO of the NS, Leo Ploeger, retired, which allowed the government to name a new CEO which would execute the governments plans. The new CEO was Rob den Besten, the plans entailed that the government would remain responsible for the rail infrastructure, while the NS would provide the transport on a commercial basis
11.
DB Regio
–
DB Regio AG is a subsidiary of Deutsche Bahn which operates short and medium distance commuter train services in Germany. Unlike its long-distance counterpart DB Fernverkehr, DB Regio does not operate trains on its own account, services are ordered and paid for by the Bundesländer or their Landkreise. Some states have awarded long-term contracts to DB Regio, ÖstgötaTrafiken has given DB Regio Sverige a contract to operate local trains for 10 years from December 12,2010. Since Deutsche Bahns purchase of Arriva in January 2010, DB Regios operations in the United Kingdom are now known as Arriva UK Trains
12.
Enschede
–
Enschede, also known as Eanske in the local dialect of Twents, is a municipality and a city in the eastern Netherlands in the province of Overijssel and in the Twente region. Enschede lies in the part of Overijssel and is the easternmost city of more than 100,000 inhabitants in the Netherlands. The city lies a few kilometres from Germany, which borders the municipality, in the west, Hengelo is the first important place and at the eastern side, Gronau plays that role. More than a few small rivers flow through or surround the city, Enschede contains five official city districts. Although the former airport is derelict and plans to revive the place are canceled in 2012. The early history of Enschede is largely unknown, but a settlement existed around the Old Marketplace in early medieval times. The name of settlement is mentioned as Anescede or Enscede meaning either near the border or near the Es and sported a church, a marketplace. Enschede was granted city rights around 1300 which were confirmed in 1325 by Bishop Jan III van Diest, because a stone wall was too expensive, Enschede had a system of ditches, palisades and hedges instead, which is still reflected in the street-names Noorderhagen and Zuiderhagen. The city plan of this era is still recognisable in the street-pattern, the city was spared destruction in 1597 at its capture during the Eighty Years War when after a short siege, the Spanish garrison surrendered the city and the defences were razed. One such factory to have produced textiles in the late 19th century is the Hardick & Seckel Factory, the industrialisation stimulated a large increase in population, which by 1894 had reached an estimated 18,267, nineteenth-century urban growth was at first rather chaotic. The names of the slums are still notorious, although they have long since torn down. In 1907 the laissez faire mentality was dropped and Enschede was the first city in the Netherlands to draw up an official expansion-plan, during the Second World War Enschede was one of the first Dutch cities to be captured by German troops, being the city closest to Germany. Resistance members helped many of the Jews from Enschede to hide on farms in the vicinity, out of approximately 1300 Jews in Enschede,500 were saved, compared to less than 20% in the rest of the Netherlands. Enschede was bombed on several occasions, most notably on October 10,1943, during the first raid the nearby airport was a target of opportunity for the VIII Bomber Command during a raid on rail- and waterways in Münster. 141 people died and many houses were damaged, the latter mission named Enschede as a target of opportunity during Big Week after bombers had been recalled due to adverse weather. In the 1970s the textile production in Enschede came to a halt and this had a profound effect on the populace. Enschede became one of the poorest municipalities in the Netherlands and went bankrupt, large areas of industrial wasteland came to mark the city. With the support of the government, this property was acquired
13.
London Underground
–
The London Underground is a public rapid transit system serving London and some parts of the adjacent counties of Buckinghamshire, Essex and Hertfordshire in the United Kingdom. The network has expanded to 11 lines, and in 2015–16 carried 1.34 billion passengers, the 11 lines collectively handle approximately 4.8 million passengers a day. The system has 270 stations and 250 miles of track, despite its name, only 45% of the system is actually underground in tunnels, with much of the network in the outer environs of London being on the surface. In addition, the Underground does not cover most southern parts of Greater London, the current operator, London Underground Limited, is a wholly owned subsidiary of Transport for London, the statutory corporation responsible for the transport network in Greater London. As of 2015, 92% of operational expenditure is covered by passenger fares, the Travelcard ticket was introduced in 1983 and Oyster, a contactless ticketing system, in 2003. Contactless card payments were introduced in 2014, the LPTB was a prominent patron of art and design, commissioning many new station buildings, posters and public artworks in a modernist style. Other famous London Underground branding includes the roundel and Johnston typeface, to prepare construction, a short test tunnel was built in 1855 in Kibblesworth, a small town with geological properties similar to London. This test tunnel was used for two years in the development of the first underground train, and was later, in 1861, the worlds first underground railway, it opened in January 1863 between Paddington and Farringdon using gas-lit wooden carriages hauled by steam locomotives. It was hailed as a success, carrying 38,000 passengers on the opening day, the Metropolitan District Railway opened in December 1868 from South Kensington to Westminster as part of a plan for an underground inner circle connecting Londons main-line termini. The Metropolitan and District railways completed the Circle line in 1884, built using the cut and this opened in 1890 with electric locomotives that hauled carriages with small opaque windows, nicknamed padded cells. The Waterloo and City Railway opened in 1898, followed by the Central London Railway in 1900, the Metropolitan Railway protested about the change of plan, but after arbitration by the Board of Trade, the DC system was adopted. When the Bakerloo was so named in July 1906, The Railway Magazine called it an undignified gutter title, by 1907 the District and Metropolitan Railways had electrified the underground sections of their lines. In January 1913, the UERL acquired the Central London Railway, the Bakerloo line was extended north to Queens Park to join a new electric line from Euston to Watford, but World War I delayed construction and trains reached Watford Junction in 1917. During air raids in 1915 people used the stations as shelters. An extension of the Central line west to Ealing was also delayed by the war, the Metropolitan promoted housing estates near the railway with the Metro-land brand and nine housing estates were built near stations on the line. Electrification was extended north from Harrow to Rickmansworth, and branches opened from Rickmansworth to Watford in 1925, the Piccadilly line was extended north to Cockfosters and took over District line branches to Harrow and Hounslow. In 1933, most of Londons underground railways, tramway and bus services were merged to form the London Passenger Transport Board, the Waterloo & City Railway, which was by then in the ownership of the main line Southern Railway, remained with its existing owners. In the same year that the London Passenger Transport Board was formed, in the following years, the outlying lines of the former Metropolitan Railway closed, the Brill Tramway in 1935, and the line from Quainton Road to Verney Junction in 1936
14.
District line
–
The District line is a London Underground service that crosses Greater London from east to west. From Upminster, the terminus, the line runs through Central London to Earls Court before dividing into three western branches, to Ealing Broadway, Wimbledon and Richmond. There is a branch that goes from Earls Court to Kensington. A branch also runs north from Earls Court to Edgware Road via Paddington, the track and stations between Barking and Aldgate East are shared with the Hammersmith & City line, and between Tower Hill and Gloucester Road and on the Edgware Road branch with the Circle line. Some of the stations are shared with the Piccadilly line, unlike Londons deep-level tube railways, the railway tunnels are just below the surface, and the trains are of a similar size to those on British main lines. The District line is the busiest of the lines as well the fifth busiest line overall on the London Underground with over 208 million passengers in the year 2011/12. The original Metropolitan District Railway opened in December 1868 from South Kensington to Westminster as part of a plan for an inner circle connecting Londons main-line termini. Services were operated at first using wooden carriages hauled by steam locomotives, electrification was financed by the American Charles Yerkes, and electric services began in 1905. In 1933 the railway was absorbed by the London Passenger Transport Board, in the first half of the 1930s the Piccadilly line took over the Uxbridge and Hounslow branches, although a peak-hour District line service ran on the Hounslow branch until 1964. Kensington has been served by the District line since 1946, the trains carried guards until one-person operation was introduced in 1985. The signalling system is being upgraded, and the current D Stock trains are to be replaced by new 7-car S Stock trains by spring 2017, the Metropolitan District Railway was formed to build and operate part an underground inner circle connecting Londons railway termini. The first line opened in December 1868 from South Kensington to Westminster, by 1871 when the District began operating its own trains, the railway had extended to West Brompton and a terminus at Mansion House. Hammersmith was reached from Earls Court, services were extended to Richmond over the tracks of the London and South Western Railway and branches reached Ealing Broadway, Hounslow, as part of the project that completed the Circle line in October 1884, the District began to serve Whitechapel. Services began running to Upminster in 1902, after a link to the London, electric multiple-units were introduced on other services in 1905, and East Ham became the eastern terminus. Hounslow and Uxbridge were served by 2 or 3-car shuttles from Mill Hill Park, some also served South Acton. Services were extended again to Barking in 1908 and Upminster in 1932, in 1933 Piccadilly trains reached to Hounslow West, the District continuing to run services with an off-peak shuttle from South Acton to Hounslow. Most of the cars on the District line were the 1904–05 B Stock type with wooden bodies. The off-peak District line services on the Hounslow branch were withdrawn on 29 April 1935, following bombing of the West London Line in 1940 the LMS and the Metropolitan line services over the West London Line were both suspended
15.
Piccadilly line
–
The Piccadilly line /ˌpɪkəˈdɪli/ is a line of the London Underground, coloured dark blue on the Tube map. It is the fourth busiest line on the Underground network on the basis of the number of passengers transported per year with 210,000,000. It is mainly a deep-level line, running from the north to the west of London via Zone 1, with a number of surface sections and it is named after the road above it between Hyde Park Corner and Piccadilly Circus. Some of its stations are shared with the District line and some are shared with the Metropolitan line and it is the second longest line on the system, after the Central line, and has the second most stations, after the District line. The GN&SRs and B&PCRs separate routes were linked with a section between Piccadilly Circus and Holborn. A section of the District Railways scheme for a tube line between South Kensington and Earls Court was also added in order to complete the route. When the GNP&BR was formally opened on 15 December 1906, the line ran from the Great Northern Railways station at Finsbury Park to the District Railways station at Hammersmith. On 30 November 1907, the branch from Holborn to the Strand opened. In 1905, plans were made to extend it the distance south under the River Thames to Waterloo. Although built with twin tunnels, single track shuttle operation became the norm on the branch from 1918 on, on 1 July 1910 the GNP&BR and the other UERL-owned tube railways were merged by private Act of Parliament to become the London Electric Railway Company. On 10 December 1928, a rebuilt Piccadilly Circus station was opened, There had been deputations made to Parliament asking for an early extension of the line either towards Tottenham and Edmonton or towards Wood Green and Palmers Green. The early 1930s was a time of recession, and in order to relieve unemployment, government capital was made available, the chief features of the scheme were an extension northwards from Finsbury Park to Cockfosters. However, a Ventilation station, in architectural style to tube stations of the time was provided at the site. There was also opposition from the London and North Eastern Railway to the line. The extension began from Finsbury Park to a point a little south of Arnos Grove, a Parliamentary report of 1919 recommended through running to Richmond and Ealing. By the end of the 1920s the priority had shifted to serving the areas around Hounslow and north, construction of the linking sections started in 1930, and the services opened as follows. To Uxbridge, the District Railway had operated services to Uxbridge since 1910 and this influence can be seen in the bold vertical and horizontal forms, which were combined with the use of traditional materials like brick. Many of these Holden-designed station are listed buildings and this idea was eventually rejected due to the inconvenience to passengers that would have been caused during rebuilding, as well as the costs of the new tunnels
16.
Tram
–
A tram is a rail vehicle which runs on tracks along public urban streets, and also sometimes on a segregated right of way. The lines or networks operated by tramcars are called tramways, Tramways powered by electricity, the most common type historically, were once called electric street railways. However, trams were used in urban areas before the universal adoption of electrification. Tram lines may run between cities and/or towns, and/or partially grade-separated even in the cities. Very occasionally, trams also carry freight, Tram vehicles are usually lighter and shorter than conventional trains and rapid transit trains, but the size of trams is rapidly increasing. Some trams may also run on railway tracks, a tramway may be upgraded to a light rail or a rapid transit line. For all these reasons, the differences between the modes of rail transportation are often indistinct. In the United States, the tram has sometimes been used for rubber-tired trackless trains. Today, most trams use electrical power, usually fed by a pantograph, in some cases by a sliding shoe on a third rail. If necessary, they may have dual power systems — electricity in city streets, trams are now included in the wider term light rail, which also includes segregated systems. The English terms tram and tramway are derived from the Scots word tram, referring respectively to a type of truck used in coal mines and the tracks on which they ran. The word tram probably derived from Middle Flemish trame, a Romanesque word meaning the beam or shaft of a barrow or sledge, the identical word la trame with the meaning crossbeam is also used in the French language. The word Tram-car is attested from 1873, although the terms tram and tramway have been adopted by many languages, they are not used universally in English, North Americans prefer streetcar, trolley, or trolleycar. The term streetcar is first recorded in 1840, and originally referred to horsecars, when electrification came, Americans began to speak of trolleycars or later, trolleys. The troller design frequently fell off the wires, and was replaced by other more reliable devices. The terms trolley pole and trolley wheel both derive from the troller, Modern trams often have an overhead pantograph mechanical linkage to connect to power, abandoning the trolley pole altogether. Conventional diesel tourist buses decorated to look like streetcars are sometimes called trolleys in the US, the term may also apply to an aerial ropeway, e. g. the Roosevelt Island Tramway. Over time, the trolley has fallen into informal use
17.
Melbourne
–
Melbourne is the capital and most populous city of the Australian state of Victoria, and the second-most populous city in Australia and Oceania. The name Melbourne refers to an urban agglomeration spanning 9,900 km2, the metropolis is located on the large natural bay of Port Phillip and expands into the hinterlands towards the Dandenong and Macedon mountain ranges, Mornington Peninsula and Yarra Valley. It has a population of 4,641,636 as of 2016, and its inhabitants are called Melburnians. Founded by free settlers from the British Crown colony of Van Diemens Land on 30 August 1835, in what was then the colony of New South Wales, it was incorporated as a Crown settlement in 1837. It was named Melbourne by the Governor of New South Wales, Sir Richard Bourke, in honour of the British Prime Minister of the day, William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne. It was officially declared a city by Queen Victoria, to whom Lord Melbourne was close, in 1847, during the Victorian gold rush of the 1850s, it was transformed into one of the worlds largest and wealthiest cities. After the federation of Australia in 1901, it served as the interim seat of government until 1927. It is a financial centre in the Asia-Pacific region. It is recognised as a UNESCO City of Literature and a centre for street art, music. It was the host city of the 1956 Summer Olympics and the 2006 Commonwealth Games, the main passenger airport serving the metropolis and the state is Melbourne Airport, the second busiest in Australia. The Port of Melbourne is Australias busiest seaport for containerised and general cargo, Melbourne has an extensive transport network. The main metropolitan train terminus is Flinders Street Station, and the regional train. Melbourne is also home to Australias most extensive network and has the worlds largest urban tram network. Before the arrival of settlers, humans had occupied the area for an estimated 31,000 to 40,000 years. At the time of European settlement, it was inhabited by under 2000 hunter-gatherers from three indigenous tribes, the Wurundjeri, Boonwurrung and Wathaurong. The area was an important meeting place for the clans of the Kulin nation alliance and it would be 30 years before another settlement was attempted. Batman selected a site on the bank of the Yarra River. Batman then returned to Launceston in Tasmania, in early August 1835 a different group of settlers, including John Pascoe Fawkner, left Launceston on the ship Enterprize
18.
Toronto
–
Toronto is the most populous city in Canada and the provincial capital of Ontario. With a population of 2,731,571, it is the fourth most populous city in North America after Mexico City, New York City, and Los Angeles. A global city, Toronto is a centre of business, finance, arts, and culture. Aboriginal peoples have inhabited the area now known as Toronto for thousands of years, the city itself is situated on the southern terminus of an ancient Aboriginal trail leading north to Lake Simcoe, used by the Wyandot, Iroquois, and the Mississauga. Permanent European settlement began in the 1790s, after the broadly disputed Toronto Purchase of 1787, the British established the town of York, and later designated it as the capital of Upper Canada. During the War of 1812, the town was the site of the Battle of York, York was renamed and incorporated as the city of Toronto in 1834, and became the capital of the province of Ontario during the Canadian Confederation in 1867. The city proper has since expanded past its original borders through amalgamation with surrounding municipalities at various times in its history to its current area of 630.2 km2. While the majority of Torontonians speak English as their primary language, Toronto is a prominent centre for music, theatre, motion picture production, and television production, and is home to the headquarters of Canadas major national broadcast networks and media outlets. Toronto is known for its skyscrapers and high-rise buildings, in particular the tallest free-standing structure in the Western Hemisphere. The name Toronto is likely derived from the Iroquois word tkaronto and this refers to the northern end of what is now Lake Simcoe, where the Huron had planted tree saplings to corral fish. A portage route from Lake Ontario to Lake Huron running through this point, in the 1660s, the Iroquois established two villages within what is today Toronto, Ganatsekwyagon on the banks of the Rouge River and Teiaiagonon the banks of the Humber River. By 1701, the Mississauga had displaced the Iroquois, who abandoned the Toronto area at the end of the Beaver Wars, French traders founded Fort Rouillé on the current Exhibition grounds in 1750, but abandoned it in 1759. During the American Revolutionary War, the region saw an influx of British settlers as United Empire Loyalists fled for the British-controlled lands north of Lake Ontario, the new province of Upper Canada was in the process of creation and needed a capital. Dorchester intended the location to be named Toronto, in 1793, Governor John Graves Simcoe established the town of York on the Toronto Purchase lands, instead naming it after Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany. Simcoe decided to move the Upper Canada capital from Newark to York, the York garrison was constructed at the entrance of the towns natural harbour, sheltered by a long sandbar peninsula. The towns settlement formed at the end of the harbour behind the peninsula, near the present-day intersection of Parliament Street. In 1813, as part of the War of 1812, the Battle of York ended in the towns capture, the surrender of the town was negotiated by John Strachan. US soldiers destroyed much of the garrison and set fire to the parliament buildings during their five-day occupation, the sacking of York was a primary motivation for the Burning of Washington by British troops later in the war
19.
Rapid transit
–
Rapid transit, also known as heavy rail, metro, subway, tube, or underground, is a type of high-capacity public transport generally found in urban areas. The stations typically have high platforms, without steps inside the trains and they are typically integrated with other public transport and often operated by the same public transport authorities. However, some transit systems have at-grade intersections between a rapid transit line and a road or between two rapid transit lines. It is unchallenged in its ability to transport large numbers of people quickly over short distances with little use of land, variations of rapid transit include people movers, small-scale light metro, and the commuter rail hybrid S-Bahn. The worlds first rapid-transit system was the partially underground Metropolitan Railway which opened as a railway in 1863. In 1868, New York opened the elevated West Side and Yonkers Patent Railway, china has the largest number of rapid transit systems in the world. The worlds longest single-operator rapid transit system by length is the Shanghai Metro. The worlds largest single rapid transit service provider by both length of revenue track (665 miles and number of stations is the New York City Subway. The busiest rapid transit systems in the world by annual ridership are the Tokyo subway system, the Seoul Metropolitan Subway, the Moscow Metro, the Beijing Subway, Metro is the most common term for underground rapid transit systems used by non-native English speakers. One of these terms may apply to a system, even if a large part of the network runs at ground level. In Scotland, however, the Glasgow Subway underground rapid transit system is known as the Subway, in the US, underground mass transit systems are primarily known as subways, whereas the term metro is a shortened reference to a metropolitan area. In that vein, Chicagos commuter rail system, serving the area, is called Metra. Exceptions in naming rapid transit systems are Washington DCs subway system the Washington Metro, Los Angeles Metro Rail, and the Miami Metrorail, the opening of Londons steam-hauled Metropolitan Railway in 1863 marked the beginning of rapid transit. Initial experiences with steam engines, despite ventilation, were unpleasant, experiments with pneumatic railways failed in their extended adoption by cities. Electric traction was more efficient, faster and cleaner than steam, in 1890 the City & South London Railway was the first electric-traction rapid transit railway, which was also fully underground. Both railways were merged into London Underground. The 1893 Liverpool Overhead Railway was designed to use electric traction from the outset, budapest in Hungary and Glasgow, Chicago and New York all converted or purpose-designed and built electric rail services. Advancements in technology have allowed new automated services, hybrid solutions have also evolved, such as tram-train and premetro, which incorporate some of the features of rapid transit systems
20.
Light rail
–
Light rail, light rail transit or fast tram is urban public transport using rolling stock similar to a tramway, but operating at a higher capacity, and often on an exclusive right-of-way. A few light rail networks tend to have closer to rapid transit or even commuter rail. Other light rail networks are tram-like in nature and partially operate on streets, Light rail systems are found throughout the world, on all inhabited continents. They have been popular in recent years due to their lower capital costs. The term light rail was coined in 1972 by the U. S, Urban Mass Transportation Administration to describe new streetcar transformations that were taking place in Europe and the United States. In Germany the term Stadtbahn was used to describe the concept, and many in UMTA wanted to adopt the direct translation, however, UMTA finally adopted the term light rail instead. Light in this context is used in the sense of intended for light loads and fast movement, the infrastructure investment is also usually lighter than would be found for a heavy rail system. The Transportation Research Board defined light rail in 1977 as a mode of urban transportation utilizing predominantly reserved, electrically propelled rail vehicles operate singly or in trains. LRT provides a range of passenger capabilities and performance characteristics at moderate costs. Light rail is a generic international English phrase for these types of rail systems, the use of the generic term light rail avoids some serious incompatibilities between British and American English. The word trolley is used as a synonym for streetcar in the United States. A further difference arose because, while Britain abandoned all of its trams except Blackpool after World War II, when these cities upgraded to new technology, they called it light rail to differentiate it from their existing streetcars since some continued to operate both the old and new systems. Conventional rail technologies including high-speed, freight, commuter/regional, and metro/subway/elevated urban transit systems are considered heavy rail, people movers and personal rapid transit are even lighter, at least in terms of capacity. Monorail is a technology that has been more successful in specialized services than in a commuter transit role. Due to varying definitions, it is hard to distinguish between what is called light rail, and other forms of urban and commuter rail, a system described as light rail in one city may be considered to be a streetcar or tram system in another. Conversely, some lines that are called light rail are in very similar to rapid transit, in recent years. Some light rail systems, such as Sprinter, bear little similarity to urban rail, in the United States, light rail has become a catch-all term to describe a wide variety of passenger rail systems. There is a significant difference in cost between these different classes of light rail transit, tram-like systems are often less expensive than metro-like systems by a factor of two or more
21.
Amstelveen
–
Amstelveen is a municipality in the Netherlands, in the province of North Holland. It is a part of the metropolitan area of Amsterdam. The name Amstelveen comes from Amstel, a river, and veen, meaning fen, peat. KLM has its headquarters in Amstelveen, in addition Amstelveen has the international headquarters of one of the Big Four auditors, KPMG. During the French occupation between 1810 and 1814, it was the capital of a canton in the French department Zuyderzée and it is technically a large dorp, because it was never walled. The Thijssepark, was the first heempark in the Netherlands and is one of sixteen heemparks or heemgroen in Amstelveen, designed by landscape architect C. P. Broerse, following the ideas of the great Dutch naturalist and conservationist Jac. P. Thijsse, it was developed between 1940 and 1972 and covers an area of 5 hectares, and is situated just south of the Amsterdamse Bos. Amstelveen was chosen as an unlikely host of a match in the 1999 Cricket World Cup, south Africa played Kenya in the match. Former Dutch prime minister Jan Peter Balkenende started his career as member of the council for Amstelveen. As a result of the vicinity of Schiphol, and its links to Amsterdam, Amstelveen has grown, in the early 20th century Amstelveen was a small rural village. The turf industry had collapsed, so the revenues of it were gone, the village was somewhat isolated, because no major rail and waterway were connected. The main source of income was farming with some arable. In 1852 the Haarlemmermeer polder was reclaimed and the Fort at the Schiphol was created as a defense for the capital Amsterdam, forts were in those days more often named after rivers. Fort at the Schiphol was a ditch between Aalsmeer and Amstelveen, and named after a piece of land from Amstelveen. Fort Schiphol, became an airport in 1916. Four years later Schiphol became a civilian airport, Schiphol Fort was demolished in 1934. The demolition was necessary for the construction of the road from Amstelveen to Schiphol. The development of Schiphol attracted many people, many of whom settled in Amstelveen, the headquarters of KLM was established there
22.
RijnGouweLijn
–
However, the new section may use bus rapid transit instead. From 2003 to 2009 light rail vehicles have operated on the Gouda–Alphen aan den Rijn railway, as of 2013, only NS stock is used on the railway. This shared track is from Gouda through Alphen aan den Rijn to Leiden, the existing heavy rail track will be adapted and seven additional stops will be added. For Leiden, the plan was to have new track through the centre at street level, the province of South Holland is in favour of this, but based on a referendum in March 2007 among the Leiden population, the municipality is against it. The province has threatened to force the municipality to accept a trajectory through Leiden, following that, the municipality agreed to accept the RGL through the city. The province and municipality have now agreed that this will be the route through Hooigracht and Langegracht, the proposed line passes through Leiden Centraal railway station and then uses the new tracks to Katwijk with a branch to Noordwijk. The light-rail vehicles used are of the Flexity Swift model, produced by Bombardier Transportation in Vienna, the LRVs were originally meant for SL in Stockholm, Sweden. They are used in the railway service between Gouda and Alphen aan den Rijn in the beginning. From 2003 to 2009 there was test traffic with light vehicles on the heavy rail track from Gouda to Alphen aan den Rijn. The RGL is divided into two subprojects, RGL-East and RGL-West, the completion of both sections is planned for late 2015. Completion is dependent on support from the national government. The decision came about in the autumn of 2009, state Secretary of Transport Tineke Huizinga indicated that the line to Katwijk will cost €45,000,000. The line to Noordwijk will be served by buses in the meantime, long before there was light rail, some of the tracks had tram traffic. In the 1960s, Leiden had the Blue and Yellow Tram lines, in the 1960s, 70s and 80s there were often put forward plans for the tram to return to the previous sections of the Blue and Yellow Tram. The first ideas for the RGL were presented in the early 90s by Leeuwenburgh Baldwin, the tram system was initially intended to be a much larger set light rail network, with branches to Leiderdorp, the district Ridderfeld in Alphen and Schiphol. There are also suggestions of linking the RGL to Randstadrail, for example by establishing the trajectory of Leiden - Zoetermeer and/or Leiden - Leidschendam-Voorburg via Voorschoten, none of the ideas have been implemented yet. People soon began to oppose the RGL, Tram traffic was seen as a hazard for cyclists and pedestrians. There was also criticism of the construction cost of the project
23.
Bay platform
–
In the United Kingdom and in Australia, a bay platform is a dead-end railway platform at a railway station that has through lines. It is normal for bay platforms to be shorter than their associated through platforms, bay and island platforms are so named because they resemble the geographic features of the same name. Chicagos CTA OHare Airport Station features a bay platform with one track on the bay, the Hoboken and 33 St Stations on the PATH train line have bay platforms. Ferry Avenue on the PATCO Speedline also has a bay platform, however, in the New York City Subway, such platforms are thought of as side or island platforms connected at the ends, rather than bay platforms. Trains which use a bay platform have to reverse direction and depart in the direction from which they arrived, dock platforms are similar to bay platforms but are generally shorter and used to unload freight
24.
Side platform
–
A side platform is a platform positioned to the side of a pair of tracks at a railway station, tram stop, or transitway. Dual side platform stations, one for direction of travel, is the basic station design used for double-track railway lines. Side platforms may result in a wider overall footprint for the station compared with a platform where a single width of platform can be shared by riders using either track. In some stations, the two platforms are connected by a footbridge running above and over the tracks. While a pair of platforms is often provided on a dual-track line. Where the station is close to a crossing the platforms may either be on the same side of the crossing road or alternatively may be staggered in one of two ways. With the near-side platforms configuration, each platform appears before the intersection, in some situations a single side platform can be served by multiple vehicles simultaneously with a scissors crossing provided to allow access mid-way along its length. Normally, the facilities of the station are located on the Up platform with the other platform accessed from a footbridge. However, in cases the stations main buildings are located on whichever side faces the town or village the station serves. Larger stations may have two platforms with several island platforms in between. Some are in a Spanish solution format, with two platforms and an island platform in between, serving two tracks
25.
Split platform
–
A split platform is a station that has a platform for each track, split onto two or more levels. This configuration allows a narrower station plan horizontally, at the expense of a vertical elevation, because sets of tracks. On the London Underground, to minimise the risk of subsidence, if a road was too narrow to allow the construction of side-by-side tunnels, they would be aligned one above the other, so that a number of stations have platforms at different levels. Split platforms are also at downtown Oakland, California on BARTs 12th and 19th Street, mARTAs Ashby station uses the configuration to separate the eastbound and westbound platforms. A similar configuration was once planned for downtown San Francisco stations, in the New York City Subway, Nostrand Avenue and Kingston Avenue stations on the IRT Eastern Parkway Line have two tracks on each level, with each of the two levels serving trains in one direction. Further north on the Eastern Parkway line, Borough Hall also has split platforms, also, stations on the IND Eighth Avenue Line have split stacked platforms between 59th Street – Columbus Circle] and Cathedral Parkway – 110th Street due to the proximity of the line to Central Park. In other stations like Fulton Street, Borough Hall, and Fifth Avenue / 53rd Street, one notable station, Wilson Avenue on the BMT Canarsie Line, has one elevated platform and one at-grade platform, due to the narrowness of the lines right-of-way. They are also found on Vancouvers SkyTrain, at the stations in the Dunsmuir Tunnel, milan Metro SantAgostino on line M2 is similar, and also all the stations between Crocetta and Turati on line M3. On Munich Marienplatz Station the Munich S-Bahn are on two levels, where westbound trains depart from the lower level, eastbound trains from the upper level. Below the westbound level there is an interchange to the metro lines U3, in Nuremberg metro network, the station Plärrer has two platforms for cross-platform interchange between lines U1 and U2/U3. The upper platform is used for services, while the lower one is designated for eastbound/inbound trains. In Hanover light-metro network, Kröpcke has three levels, one for blue lines, SW to NE, one for red lines, NW to SE, the red lines level and the yellow lines level are situated directly below each other. An interchange between red and yellow lines is possible at Aegidientorplatz where the platforms are situated the same way like Nürnberg Plärrer. Eastbound/outbound trains use the platform, westbound/inbound trains use the upper one. On Vienna U-Bahn line U3, the stations Neubaugasse, Zieglergasse, Herrengasse, Stephansplatz, trains towards Ottakring use the lower platform, trains towards Simmering the upper one. In Stephansplatz the line U1 crosses below these platforms, promenade Station in Singapore has split side platforms. Charlevoix De LÉglise Kennedy Town Station Sheung Wan Station Wan Chai Station Causeway Bay Station Sai Wan Ho Station Tin Hau Station Tai Wai Station Airport Station Day, John R, Reed, John
26.
Island platform
–
An island platform is a station layout arrangement where a single platform is positioned between two tracks within a railway station, tram stop or transitway interchange. Island platforms are popular on twin-track routes due to pragmatic and cost-effective reasons, an alternative arrangement is to position side platforms on either side of the tracks. The historical use of island platforms depends greatly upon the location, the island platform layout is a popular, cost-effective and practical solution in modern railway systems. Island platforms allow facilities such as escalators, elevators, shops, toilets and this is essential for wheelchair accessible stations. An island platform makes it easier for users and the infirm to change services between tracks. Additionally, an island platform layout eliminates the need to construct a crossover or subway between two platforms, however, island platforms may become overcrowded, especially at busy stations, and this can lead to safety issues such as Clapham Common and Angel on the London Underground. However, for the tracks to diverge around the platform, extra width is required along the right-of-way on each approach to the station. Track centers vary for rail systems throughout the world but are normally 3 to 5 meters, if the island platform is 6 meters wide, the tracks have to slew out by the same distance. While this is not a problem on a new line that is being constructed, in addition, a single island platform makes it quite difficult to have through tracks, which are usually between the local tracks. A common configuration in busy locations on high speed lines is a pair of island platforms, high-speed trains can therefore pass straight through the station, while slow trains pass around the platforms. This arrangement also allows the station to serve as a point where trains can be passed by faster trains. The purpose of this design was to reduce unnecessary passenger congestion at a station with a high volume of passengers. Many of the stations on the Great Central Railway were constructed in this form and this was because the line was planned to connect to a Channel Tunnel. Island platforms are a normal sight on Indian railway stations. Almost all railway stations in India consist of island platforms, in Toronto,29 subway stations use island platforms. A slight disadvantage is that crossovers have to be rather long, in southern New Jersey and Philadelphia, PATCO uses island platforms in all of its 13 stations, to facilitate one-person train operation. Most elevated stations in Singapores Mass Rapid Transit system use island platforms, the exception is Dover MRT Station, which uses side platforms as it is built on an existing rail line. The planned Canberra MRT Station will also use side platforms, as it also be built on an existing rail line
27.
Siding (rail)
–
A siding, in rail terminology, is a low-speed track section distinct from a running line or through route such as a main line or branch line or spur. It may connect to through track or to other sidings at either end, sidings often have lighter rails, meant for lower speed or less heavy traffic, and few, if any, signals. Sidings connected at both ends to a line are commonly known as loops, otherwise they are known as single-ended sidings or dead end sidings. Sidings may be used for marshalling, stabling, storing, loading and unloading vehicles, common sidings store stationary rolling stock, especially for loading and unloading. Industrial sidings go to factories, mines, quarries, wharves, warehouses, such sidings can sometimes be found at stations for public use, in American usage these are referred to as team tracks. Sidings may also hold maintenance of way equipment or other equipment, allowing trains to pass, some sidings have very occasional use, having been built, for example, to service an industry, a railway yard or a stub of a disused railway that has since closed. It is not uncommon for a siding to fall into disrepair. A particular form of siding is the siding or passing loop. This is a section of parallel to a through line. Sidings allow trains travelling in opposite directions to pass, and for fast, sidings are very important for operating efficiency on single track lines, and add to the capacity of other lines. A siding may have lighter rail than the main track, the rail used may not be continuous welded rail but rather joined by angle bars. The railway owner may place less emphasis on the quality of the ties and the ballast used on the siding as compared to that on its main track. A siding may not receive or may not require, the degree of scrutiny and maintenance that the more heavily travelled main track may receive. ”Interestingly. This same naming convention for sidings is followed in the American rules for railroad operation, the General Code of Operating Rules Seventh Edition effective April 1,2015 defines a siding as “A track connected to the main track and used for meeting or passing trains. Location of sidings are shown in the timetable. ”The definition is interesting in that it appears to attach a single purpose to a siding, like their Canadian counterparts, there also is no assigned number of main track switch connections in this definition of a siding. The employee time table for these Canadian railroads also uses the single word “Siding” to describe this section of track, a designated siding in the railroad’s employee timetable is shown with a siding capacity which is its usable length as measured in feet. Typically the track centre for a siding or any track adjacent to the track is a standard distance to allow the safe passage of trains including trains that may be handling dimensional shipments. At the two ends of the siding, that distance is compromised as the siding joins the main track, as such the railway will display an appropriate stopping point on both the main track and the siding track to ensure the safe passage of both trains
28.
Bridge
–
A bridge is a structure built to span physical obstacles without closing the way underneath such as a body of water, valley, or road, for the purpose of providing passage over the obstacle. There are many different designs that each serve a particular purpose, the Oxford English Dictionary traces the origin of the word bridge to an Old English word brycg, of the same meaning. The word can be traced back to Proto-Indo-European *bʰrēw-. The word for the game of the same name has a different origin. The first bridges made by humans were probably spans of cut wooden logs or planks and eventually stones, using a simple support, some early Americans used trees or bamboo poles to cross small caverns or wells to get from one place to another. Dating to the Greek Bronze Age, it is one of the oldest arch bridges still in existence, several intact arched stone bridges from the Hellenistic era can be found in the Peloponnese. The greatest bridge builders of antiquity were the ancient Romans, the Romans built arch bridges and aqueducts that could stand in conditions that would damage or destroy earlier designs. An example is the Alcántara Bridge, built over the river Tagus, the Romans also used cement, which reduced the variation of strength found in natural stone. One type of cement, called pozzolana, consisted of water, lime, sand, brick and mortar bridges were built after the Roman era, as the technology for cement was lost. In India, the Arthashastra treatise by Kautilya mentions the construction of dams, a Mauryan bridge near Girnar was surveyed by James Princep. The bridge was swept away during a flood, and later repaired by Puspagupta, the use of stronger bridges using plaited bamboo and iron chain was visible in India by about the 4th century. A number of bridges, both for military and commercial purposes, were constructed by the Mughal administration in India and this bridge is also historically significant as it is the worlds oldest open-spandrel stone segmental arch bridge. European segmental arch bridges date back to at least the Alconétar Bridge, rope bridges, a simple type of suspension bridge, were used by the Inca civilization in the Andes mountains of South America, just prior to European colonization in the 16th century. During the 18th century there were innovations in the design of timber bridges by Hans Ulrich Grubenmann, Johannes Grubenmann. The first book on bridge engineering was written by Hubert Gautier in 1716, a major breakthrough in bridge technology came with the erection of the Iron Bridge in Shropshire, England in 1779. It used cast iron for the first time as arches to cross the river Severn, with the Industrial Revolution in the 19th century, truss systems of wrought iron were developed for larger bridges, but iron does not have the tensile strength to support large loads. With the advent of steel, which has a tensile strength, much larger bridges were built. In 1927 welding pioneer Stefan Bryła designed the first welded bridge in the world
29.
Level crossing
–
A level crossing, or grade crossing, is an intersection where a railway line crosses a road or path at the same level, as opposed to the railway line crossing over or under using a bridge or tunnel. The term also applies when a rail line with separate right-of-way or reserved track crosses a road in the same fashion. Other names include railway crossing, road through railroad, railroad crossing, early level crossings had a flagman in a nearby booth who would, on the approach of a train, wave a red flag or lantern to stop all traffic and clear the tracks. Manual or electrical closable gates that barricaded the roadway were later introduced, intended to be a barrier against intrusion of any road traffic onto the railway. In the early days of the railways much road traffic was horsedrawn or included livestock, when opened to allow road users to cross the tracks, the gates were swung across the width of the railway, preventing any pedestrians or animals getting onto the tracks. The first US patent for such crossing gates was awarded on 27 August 1867, to J. Nason and J. F. Wilson, later, as motor vehicles appeared, this type of barrier became less effective, while the need for a barrier to livestock diminished dramatically. Many countries therefore replaced the fully gated crossings with weaker but more-visible barriers, Railroad trains have a much larger mass relative to their braking capability, and thus a far longer braking distance than road vehicles. In general, trains do not stop at level crossings but rely on vehicles, Level crossings constitute a significant safety concern internationally. On average, each year 400 people are killed in the European Union, collisions can occur with vehicles as well as pedestrians, pedestrian collisions are more likely to result in a fatality. Among pedestrians, young people, older people and males are considered to be high risk users, fewer collisions take place at level crossings with active warning systems. Modern radar sensor systems can detect if level crossings are free of obstructions as trains approach and these improve safety by not lowering crossing barriers that may trap vehicles or pedestrians on the tracks, while signalling trains to brake until the obstruction clears. At railway stations, a level crossing is sometimes provided to allow passengers to reach other platforms in the absence of an underpass or bridge. Level crossings in Thailand, and Malaysia are largely manually operated, a significant number of crossings are without barriers. But there are some that are used on the line between Port Klang - Westport. However, it seems like only the crossing near Port Klang Komuter Station has the barrier. Speed up campaigns have largely eliminated many crossings on heavily used main lines though some still do exist. Most at-grade crossings in China are for smaller industrial spur and access lines which may or may not have crossing gates, chinas level crossing barriers are the fastest in the world. Most of Hong Kongs railway network is either underground or on elevated viaducts, however, level crossings continue to exist on the MTR Light Rail network, and one such level crossing was the site of a level crossing accident in 1994
30.
Spanish solution
–
If there are three platforms with two tracks, generally the center platform will be a shared exit platform, as there is no benefit in segregating arriving passengers. At most locations doors for exit open a few seconds before those for entry, the principle was first used in 1895 at the King William Street tube station in London, but came into wide use on the Barcelona Metro in the 1930s. On people movers at airports there are dedicated platforms for boarding and alighting. This can have the advantage of preventing travellers heading in the wrong direction when alighting. The same principle is used on ferries, monorails, and cable cars, fairground rides such as roller coasters, lifts. At a terminal station where trains are bi-directional it is advantageous for the platform to be for boarding. This permits a train to enter on either track and remain in the station until it is ready to begin the next trip. Sé on the São Paulo Metro is a recent example, Line 1 Blue uses this model at stations like Sé, a busy station due to Line 3 integration, and Line 3 - Red uses this at Sé, Republic, Itaquera, Barra Funda, and Luz. In Hong Kong, the former KCRC reconstructed the platforms at the checkpoint terminus, Lo Wu Station, when the train stops, the doors on the island platform open and all passengers get off. Then the doors close and the doors on the platform open. In France, the principle is applied at the Line B platforms at Jean Jaurès on the Toulouse Metro, Peoples Republic of China Gongyuanqian and Xilang on the Guangzhou Metro. In Shanghai, the southbound Line 8 platform at Peoples Square, chengdu Metro Tianfu Square Line 1 platforms. First platform of Kurla railway station, first platform of Dombivli railway station. Changi Airport Skytrain terminus at every terminal between separation between Public and Transit Area between Terminal 2 and Terminal 3, choa Chu Kang LRT is the first station in Singapore to have an Island Platform upgraded to a Spanish solution platform. The main platform is still for boarding while the platforms are only for exits. Thailand Chachoengsao Junction on SRT Eastern Line, israel All 6 stations of the Carmelit underground funicular in Haifa. Schottenring, on Vienna U-Bahn line U2 at the platform of line U4, then, line U2 was extended to Stadion, Aspernstraße and Seestadt Aspern. Stuttgart Stadtbahn, Pragsattel, Mineralbäder Greece Omonoia, Irini and Neo Faliro in Athens Metro Line 1, italy Cologno Nord, a terminus station of the Milan M2 metro
31.
Cardiff Central railway station
–
Cardiff Central railway station is a major railway station on the South Wales Main Line in Cardiff, United Kingdom and one of two hubs of the citys urban rail network. Cardiff Central is a Grade II listed building managed by Arriva Trains Wales and it is an interchange between the rest of South and West Wales, and other major British cities. Arriva Trains Wales operate services to West Wales, Holyhead, Crewe and Manchester, in the early 1840s the South Wales Railway was trying to find a suitable site for a railway station, but the area that is now Cardiff Central railway station was prone to flooding. It was Isambard Kingdom Brunels solution to divert the River Taff to the west, the initial part of the South Wales Railway between Chepstow and Swansea through Cardiff was opened on 18 June 1850, with all trains operated by the Great Western Railway under a lease agreement. The Great Western Railway has its full name carved onto the façade, as a result of representations by the GWR, a nearby working-class district, Temperance Town, was cleared during the late 1930s in order to improve the outlook of the rebuilt station. The formerly separate Cardiff Riverside suburban station of 1893 was integrated into the station in 1940. Initially named Cardiff, the station was renamed Cardiff General in July 1924, the station, its entrances and platforms, are Grade II listed. There are two entrances to the station, the northern main entrance leads to the main concourse and is on Central Square, the plaza that accommodates Cardiff Central bus station, a multi-storey car park and two main city centre taxi ranks. Three main city centre landmarks are visible here, the Millennium Stadium, Stadium House. The southern entrance is at the rear of the station on Tresillian Way, accessed from St. Mary Street, the railway lines are above the stations concourses. A valid ticket is required to pass through a barrier and gain access to the platforms, the station has the only First Class waiting room in Wales. Outside, an NCP pay-and-display car park provides 248 spaces, British Transport Police maintains a presence at Cardiff Central. In December 2009, the force announced a pilot scheme to arm officers at the station, as well as in London and Manchester. Cardiff Central has eight platforms, numbered 0,1,2, there is no longer, despite signage, a Platform 5, this was a west-facing bay platform situated between Platforms 3 and 4. Platforms 3 and 4 are divided into A and B sections and are capable of holding two local trains or a single HST train, other platforms can be used by more than one train, but are not sectioned. Platform 6 is used by Valley Lines trains to the north and east of Cardiff, every train from Platform 6 calls at Cardiff Queen Street. Valley Line trains from Cardiff Queen Street call at Platform 7 and 8 and continue to north-west Cardiff, some of these trains were operated by Class 67 and Class 57 locomotives with four Mk2 coaches for a time. Platform 4a/4b Arriva Trains Wales, Fishguard Harbour, Swansea via Bridgend, Port Talbot Parkway and Neath Maesteg via Pontyclun and Bridgend, usually Class 158 or Class 150 Sprinter units from Cheltenham Spa
32.
Haymarket railway station
–
Haymarket railway station is the second largest railway station in Edinburgh, Scotland, after Waverley railway station. It is a commuter and long-distance destination, located near the city centre. Trains from the station much of Scotland, including Fife and Glasgow, as well as suburban lines to the east. It is the seventh busiest railway station in Scotland, in 2011, in conjunction with the Airdrie to Bathgate project, the north tunnel was also electrified. The station has four platforms and, since December 2006. As a general rule, trains to and from stations across the Forth Bridge use Platforms 1 and 2, with trains to and from Glasgow, the bay platform was built for services terminating at Haymarket while major engineering works were taking place at Waverley station. The station was listed amongst the most congested on the Scottish railway network due to increases in passenger numbers. The installation of lifts was scheduled to be completed by December 2010. A new concourse, and other improvements to the capacity of the station as part of the Edinburgh to Glasgow Improvement Programme, were completed in December 2013. Haymarket TMD, a service and maintenance depot, is located 0.6 miles west of the station, on the side of the railway. On 28 July 1924, a train overran signals and was in collision with another at the station. The railway station is served by Edinburgh Trams service, which began operating in May 2014, media related to Haymarket railway station at Wikimedia Commons
33.
London King's Cross railway station
–
Kings Cross railway station, also known as London Kings Cross, is a central London railway terminus on the northern edge of the city. It is one of the busiest railway stations in the United Kingdom, the station was opened in 1852 by the Great Northern Railway in the Kings Cross area to accommodate the East Coast Main Line. It quickly grew to cater for services and was expanded several times in the 19th century. It came under ownership of the London and North Eastern Railway as part of the Big Four grouping in 1923, who introduced famous services such as the Flying Scotsman and Mallard. The station complex was redeveloped in the 1970s, simplifying the layout and providing electric suburban services, in the late 20th century, the area around the station became known for its seedy and downmarket character, and was used as a backdrop for several films as a result. Adjacent to Kings Cross station is St. Pancras International, the London terminus for Eurostar services to continental Europe, beneath both main line stations is Kings Cross St. Pancras on the London Underground, and combined they form one of the countrys largest transport hubs. The Kings Cross fire at the station in 1987 led to improved fire safety standards across the London rail network. The station is located on the London Inner Ring Road at the end of Euston Road, next to the junction with Pentonville Road, Grays Inn Road. To the west, at the side of Pancras Road, is St Pancras railway station. Several London bus routes, including 10,30,59,73,91,205,390,476 pass in front of or at the side of the station, Kings Cross is spelled both with and without an apostrophe. Kings Cross is used in signage at the Network Rail and London Underground stations, on the tube map and it has been used on official maps from Underground companies since 1951 – the apostrophe was used on them only very rarely before then. Kings Cross is used in the National Rail timetable database and other National Rail railway pages, Kings X, Kings + and London KX are abbreviations used in space-limited contexts. The National Rail station code is KGX, the area of Kings Cross was previously a village known as Battle Bridge which was an ancient crossing of the River Fleet, originally known as Broad Ford, later Bradford Bridge. The river flowed along what is now the west side of Pancras Road until it was rerouted underground in 1825, the name Battle Bridge is linked to tradition that this was the site of a major battle between the Romans and the British Iceni tribe led by Boudica. According to folklore, Kings Cross is the site of Boudicas final battle, platforms 9 and 10 have been suggested as possible sites. Boudicas ghost is also reported to haunt passages under the station, Kings Cross station was built in 1851–1852 as the London hub of the Great Northern Railway and terminus of the East Coast main line. It replaced a station next to Maiden Lane that had been quickly constructed with the lines arrival in London in 1850. The station took its name from the area of London, named after a monument to King George IV that was demolished in 1845
34.
Stockport railway station
–
The Manchester and Birmingham Railway, opened from Manchester to Stockport in 1840, was only 5.5 miles long at the time and ran into a temporary station at each end. Stockports stood at the end of the uncompleted Stockport viaduct, a temporary station which was later renamed as Heaton Norris. After the viaducts completion, the M&BR decided to build a new station at the end of the viaduct. The decision was prompted by complaints that the station was a long way from the industrial parts of town. The station was opened on the current site on 15 February 1843, by 1844, it had become the principal station and the one at the north end of the viaduct eventually closed in 1959. After operation by the London and North Western Railway, it part of the London Midland and Scottish Railway. In 1948 British Railways ran the system, the lines into the station were electrified at 25 kV AC, using overhead wires, under the British Railways 1955 Modernisation Plan. However not all the lines were electrified. The station is high above the valley of the River Mersey in which Stockport lies and is linked to both central Stockport and Edgeley by a pedestrian underpass, some improvements to the station have begun with changes to the signs to make them clearer. Stockport Interchange is a tram stop in Stockport, Greater Manchester. The proposed tram extension was proposed in 2004 but dropped on cost ground and it was revived after it was announced that the plans were revived as a new plans were revived to extend the line to Stockport. The plans would interchange with the current railway station and would be the terminus of the line, an extension to the line from East Didsbury to Stockport was planned in 2004, and GMPTE applied for powers to build it. However, the process came to a halt when the big bang extension was stopped, the proposed extension would have reused some of the former railway alignment. In these plans, the line would have terminated at Stockport bus station, trains running north-west all serve Manchester Piccadilly, with some continuing to Manchester Oxford Road and beyond to Liverpool, Preston, Blackpool, Wigan, Southport and Barrow-in-Furness. South-east from Stockport, express services run to Sheffield and onwards to Cleethorpes, Nottingham and Norwich with local services running to Hazel Grove, the two southern routes are via Cheadle Hulme. Many trains to Birmingham continue to destinations in the south of England such as Bournemouth via Reading, the Mid-Cheshire Line runs westerly through Altrincham, Knutsford, Northwich and Chester. The main concourse was opened in September 2004, as part of a development including a new platform and this platform had been dubbed by many as the white elephant because it was hardly ever used and the new track which was installed was rusting. However, at the beginning of March 2008 platform 0 came into operation mid-timetable, a pedestrian subway leads to the two older island platforms, which include a buffet and newsagent
35.
Gravesend railway station
–
Gravesend railway station serves the town of Gravesend in north Kent, train services are operated by Southeastern. The station is 24 miles from London Charing Cross, as of the Christmas period 2013 a major overhaul of the lines and platforms changed the four line, two platform layout into a three line, three platform layout. The first railway to arrive in Gravesend was the Gravesend & Rochester Railway who had purchased the Thames and Medway Canal, the G&RR ran the first train to the then terminus at Gravesend on 10 February 1845. On 30 July 1849 the line was extended to North Kent East Junction on the South Eastern Railway, there was a second Gravesend station opened by SERs rivals, London, Chatham and Dover Railway. It was the end of a branch off the LCDRs main line, journey times were uncompetitive and when the two companies merged in 1899, the branch was soon relegated to a secondary line and closed in 1968. High speed HS1 services to London St Pancras International were introduced in December 2009, the station is now seen as a major interchange for metro and high speed services. There is far greater customer patronage for high speed services to St Pancras from Gravesend in comparison to nearby Ebbsfleet International, where usage is considered modest at best. This might be due to the sizeable London-bound commuter population in and around Gravesham, as opposed to passenger use at Ebbsfleet. The stations track layout was altered in December 2013. This was primarily for extending the current platforms to accommodate 12 coach trains as opposed to the previous 10 coach limit, Platform 1 has been extended and converted to a London facing bay platform and renumbered as Platform 0. A new single face central Platform 1 is located on the site of what was the former up through road, services from Medway and Faversham, including London bound high speed trains use this platform. This new platform has bi directional workings and capability, Platform 2 remained numbered as 2, however, it lost its turnback capability and thus caters solely for coast bound services. Services terminating at Gravesend from London Charing Cross or London Cannon Street stations terminate on Platform 0, the previous historic but narrow central footbridge, has been replaced with a large sheltered bridge with lifts, at the London end of the station and serving all three platforms. In December 2008, the authority for Gravesend, was formally requested by Crossrail. This safeguarding provides for a service extension, from the current south of Thames terminus at Abbey Wood. The Crossrail route extension from Abbey Wood to Gravesend and Hoo Junction, train times and station information for Gravesend railway station from National Rail
36.
Uppsala Central Station
–
Uppsala Central Station is a railway station located at Uppsala in Uppsala Municipality, Sweden. It lies on Ostkustbanan, which runs south to Stockholm and north to Gävle and Sundsvall, there are frequent services to Stockholm, and inter-city services including X2000 expresses connect Uppsala to the north. Many trains, including the local Pendeltåg, also leave the line to connect Uppsala with Stockholm-Arlanda Airport. Next to the station is a hub for Upplands Lokaltrafiks regional coach services, many local bus routes run through or near the station grounds as well, and there is a large area set aside for bicycle parking. From 2005 to 2011, the site is being renovated to build the Resecentrum. Media related to Uppsala central station at Wikimedia Commons
37.
Lidcombe railway station
–
Lidcombe railway station is located on the Main Suburban line, serving the Sydney suburb of Lidcombe. It is served by Sydney Trains T1 Western, T2 South, T3 Bankstown, Lidcombe station opened on 1 November 1858 as Haslams Creek after local landowner, Samuel Haslam. When in 1867 land was set aside for a cemetery nearby, the official name of the station was changed in 1878. By the turn of the century the Necropolis was also called Rookwood, on 11 November 1912, Lidcombe became a junction station, with the opening of a deviation of the Main South line to Regents Park. On 23 April 1999, Platform 0 was opened as part of the Olympic Park line project, as part of this work, the station was refurbished and a second footbridge added at the eastern end. In 2010, a dock platform for terminating City via Bankstown trains was opened. This was built as part of the CityRail Clearways Project which was intended to untangle the various lines, in conjunction with a companion project at Homebush, operation of the Bankstown line was separated from the former Inner West line in October 2013. The changes resulted in the discontinuation of almost all trains to Liverpool via Regents Park prompting a community campaign to reinstate lost services, during times of special events, NSW TrainLink Blue Mountains and Bathurst Bullet services make additional calls at Lidcombe
38.
Bristol Temple Meads railway station
–
Bristol Temple Meads is the oldest and largest railway station in Bristol, England. It is an important transport hub for transport in the city. In addition to the services there are bus services to many parts of the city and surrounding districts. Bristols other main station, Bristol Parkway, is on the northern outskirts of the conurbation. Temple Meads was opened on 31 August 1840 as the terminus of the Great Western Railway from London Paddington,116 miles 31 chains from Paddington. The railway was the first one designed by the British engineer Isambard Kingdom Brunel, soon the station was also used by the Bristol and Exeter Railway, the Bristol and Gloucester Railway, the Bristol Harbour Railway and the Bristol and South Wales Union Railway. To accommodate the number of trains, the station was expanded in the 1870s by Francis Fox. Brunels terminus is no part of the operational station. The historical significance of the station has been noted, and most of the site is Grade I listed, the platforms are numbered 1 to 15 but passenger trains are confined to just eight tracks. Most platforms are numbered separately at each end, with odd numbers at the east end, Platform 2 is not signalled for passenger trains, and there is no platform 14. Temple Meads is managed by Network Rail and the majority of services are operated by the present-day Great Western Railway, other operators are CrossCountry and South West Trains. In the 12 months to March 2014,9.5 million entries, the name Temple Meads derives from the nearby Temple Church, which was gutted by bombing during World War II. The word meads is a derivation of mæd, an Old English variation of mædwe, meadow, as late as 1820 the site was undeveloped pasture outside the boundaries of the old city, some distance from the commercial centre. It lay between the Floating Harbour and the cattle market, which was built in 1830. The original terminus was built in 1839–41 for the Great Western Railway, the first passenger railway in Bristol, and was designed by Isambard Kingdom Brunel and it was built to Brunels 7 ft broad gauge. The station was on a viaduct to raise it above the level of the Floating Harbour and River Avon, the latter being crossed via the grade I listed Avon Bridge. The station was covered by a 200-foot train shed, extended beyond the platforms by 155 feet into a storage area, Train services to Bath commenced on 31 August 1840 and were extended to Paddington on 30 June 1841 following the completion of Box Tunnel. A few weeks before the start of the services to Paddington the Bristol and Exeter Railway had opened, on 14 June 1841, its trains reversing in and out of the GWR station
39.
London Waterloo East railway station
–
Waterloo East, also known as London Waterloo East, is a railway station in central London on the line from Charing Cross through London Bridge towards Kent, in the southeast of England. Although Waterloo East is a through-station, it is classed for ticketing purposes as a central London terminus, services through the station are operated by Southeastern and it is situated within fare zone 1. An elevated walkway across Waterloo Road connects it to the larger Waterloo station, connections with the Undergrounds Bakerloo, Northern and Waterloo & City lines are available at Waterloo tube station. There is no building, the ticket office of the main station serves it. This stratagem is also used for the Thameslink platforms at St. Pancras International and their predecessors at Kings Cross Thameslink, as well as at New Cross. Ticket barriers have been installed at the Sandell Street and Southwark station entrances, the South Eastern Railway opened it as Waterloo Junction in January 1869 to replace Blackfriars Road station which was slightly to the east. The Southern Railway renamed it Waterloo in July 1935 and it took its present name in May 1977, until 1911 a rail connection ran across the concourse of the main station. This saw little service, although H. G. Wellss novel The War of the Worlds describes its use to convey troop trains to the Martian landing site. The bridge which carried the line over Waterloo Road subsequently accommodated the pedestrian walkway between the two stations until replaced by the current high level covered walkway, the old bridge remains and is now used for storage. All up trains run to Charing Cross only, and depart from platforms B and D, all down trains run from platforms A and C. London Buses routes 1,4,26,59,68,76,77,139,168,171,172,176,188,211,243,341,381,507,521, RV1 and X68 and night routes N1, N68, N76, N171, N343 and N381 serve the station. The Quietway 1 cycle route passes underneath the station, train times and station information for London Waterloo East railway station from National Rail
40.
London Waterloo station
–
Waterloo main line station is one of 19 in the country that are managed by Network Rail and the station complex is in fare zone 1. The first railway station on site opened in 1848, the present structure was inaugurated in 1922. Part of the station is a Grade II listed building, with just under 100 million National Rail passenger entries/exits in 2015/16, Waterloo is Britains busiest railway station by patronage. Waterloo railway station alone is the 15th-busiest passenger station in Europe, however, including National Rail interchanges, the Underground station, and Waterloo East, the complex handled a total of 211 million passengers in the 2015/2016 financial year. It is therefore the busiest transport hub in Europe and it has more platforms and a greater floor area than any other station in the UK. The station was the London terminus for Eurostar international trains from 1994 until 2007, the London and South Western Railway opened the station on 11 July 1848 as Waterloo Bridge Station when its main line was extended from Nine Elms. The station, designed by William Tite, was raised above ground on a series of arches. The unfulfilled intention was for a station with services to the City of London. In 1886, it officially became Waterloo Station, reflecting long-standing common usage, the L&SWRs aim throughout much of the 19th century was to extend its main line eastward beyond Waterloo into the City of London. Given this, it was reluctant to construct a grand terminus at Waterloo. However traffic and passenger usage continued to grow and the company expanded the station at regular intervals and this resulted in the station becoming increasingly ramshackle. The original 1848 station became known as the Central Station as other platforms were added, each of these stations-within-a-station had its own booking office, taxi stand and public entrances from the street, as well as often poorly marked and confusing access to the rest of the station. Passengers were, not surprisingly, confused by the layout and by the two adjacent stations called Waterloo, from 1897 there had also been the adjacent Necropolis Company station. This complexity and confusion became the butt of jokes by writers and music hall comics for many years in the late 19th century, by the late 1890s the L&SWR accepted that main-line access to the City was impossible. In 1898, the company opened the Waterloo & City line and this gave the company the direct commuter service it had long desired. Legal powers to carry out the work were granted in 1899 and extensive groundwork and slum clearance were carried out until 1904, the new station was opened in stages, the first five new platforms being opened in 1910. The engineers J. W. Jacomb-Hood and Alfred Weeks Szlumper designed the roof and platforms, construction continued sporadically throughout the First World War, and the new station finally opened in 1922, with 21 platforms and a concourse nearly 800 feet long. The new station included a stained glass window depicting the L&SWRs company crest over the main road entrance
41.
Gare de Lyon
–
Paris-Gare de Lyon is one of the six large mainline railway station termini in Paris, France. It handles about 90,000,000 passengers every year, making it the third busiest station of France and it is the northern terminus of the Paris–Marseille railway. It is named after the city of Lyon, a stop for many long-distance trains departing here, the station is located in the XIIe arrondissement, on the north bank of the river Seine, in the east of Paris. The station is served by high-speed TGV trains to south and eastern France, Switzerland, Germany, Italy, the station also hosts regional trains and the RER and also by the Gare de Lyon metro station. There are a further 4 platforms for the RER underneath the main lines, the station was built for the World Exposition of 1900. On multiple levels, it is considered an example of the architecture of its time. Most notable is the clock tower atop one corner of the station, similar in style to the clock tower of the United Kingdom Houses of Parliament. The station houses the Le Train Bleu restaurant, which has served drinks and meals to travellers, on 27 June 1988, in the Gare de Lyon train accident, a runaway train crashed into a stationary rush-hour train, killing 56 people and injuring a further 55. From Gare de Lyon train services depart to major French cities such as, Lyon, Marseille, Nice, Montpellier, Perpignan, Dijon, Besançon, Mulhouse, Grenoble and a number of destinations in the Alps. International services operate to Italy, Turin, Milan and Venice, Switzerland, Geneva, Zurich, Bern, Interlaken, Lausanne and Brig, Germany Freiburg im Breisgau and Spain, Barcelona. For the Gare de lEst, either walk to nearby Quai de la Rapée Métro station for Line 5, or take Line 1 from Lyon north to Bastille station and this is also another way to reach the Gare du Nord. For Gare Saint-Lazare, take Métro Line 14, for Gare Montparnasse, catch a 91 bus, which goes there directly. Or take the Métro Line 14 to Châtelet and then change for Line 4 to Montparnasse-Bienvenüe, for Gare dAusterlitz the 5-10mn walk south across Pont Charles de Gaulle or Pont dAusterlitz is quickest. The station has appeared in the films,1972, Travels with My Aunt, directed by George Cukor 2005, The Mystery of the Blue Train
42.
Waiting room
–
A waiting room is a building, or more commonly a part of a building or a room, where people sit or stand until the event or appointment which they are waiting for begins. There are two types of waiting room, one is where individuals leave for appointments one at a time, or in small groups, for instance at a doctors office, a hospital triage area or outside a school headmasters office. The other is where people leave en masse such as those at railway stations, bus stations and these two examples also highlight the difference between waiting rooms where one is asked to wait and waiting rooms one can enter at will. People in private waiting rooms are queued up based on methods in different types of waiting rooms. In hospital emergency room waiting areas, patients are triaged by a nurse, in Canada, where there is publicly-provided health care, controversy has arisen when some important people or celebrities have jumped the line. In some government offices, such as vehicle registration offices or social assistance services, there is a first-come. The clients are then seen in the order of their number, in car repair businesses, clients typically wait until their vehicle is repaired, the service manager can only give an estimate of the approximate waiting time. In restaurants, customers may also be able to jump the line by giving a large gratuity or bribe to the maitre dhotel or head waiter, one combination restaurant/store is the US Cracker Barrel chain. Some restaurants ask customers who are waiting for a table to sit in the bar or its licensed lounge area. Waiting rooms may be staffed or unstaffed, in doctors or dentists waiting rooms, the patients may be able to make additional appointments, pay for appointments, or deal with other administrative tasks with the receptionist or administrator. The plexiglass barrier and the system help to protect the receptionists from aggressive or potentially violent clients. It is not uncommon to find vending machines in public waiting rooms or newspapers, some waiting rooms have a television or music. Some airports and railway stations have special waiting rooms, often called lounges and these will generally be less crowded and will have superior seating and better facilities. Waiting rooms for high-end services may provide complimentary drinks and snacks, the films Brief Encounter and The Terminal use waiting rooms as sets for a large part of their duration. They are used elsewhere in the arts to symbolize waiting in the sense, to symbolize transitions in life and for scenes depicting emptiness. A serial killer is on the prowl, targeting the passengers of the waiting room, creating intense fear among them
43.
Bench (furniture)
–
A bench is a long seat on which multiple people may sit at the same time. Benches are typically made of wood, but may also be made of metal, stone, many benches have arm and back rests, some have no back rest and can be sat on from either side. In American public areas, benches are often donated by persons or associations, benches are used both outdoors and indoors. Often benches are simply named for the place they are used, park benches are set as seating places within public parks, and vary in the number of people they can seat. Garden benches are similar to park benches, but are longer and offer more sitting places. Picnic tables, or catering buffet tables have long benches as well as a table and these tables may have table legs which are collapsible, in order to expedite transport and storage. Scenic benches are situated to provide a means of enjoying the contemplation of a beautiful landscape. Perch benches are situated in high traffic areas to enable people to take a quick break. A storage bench is a combination of sitting space and a storage box, a form is a backless bench that was used for seating in dining rooms, school rooms and law courts. Various types of benches are designed for and/or named after specific uses, such as, church pews inside places of worship. A bench seat is a seat installed in automobiles, featuring a continuous pad running the full width of the cabin. The bench in a courtroom, behind which the judge is seated, benches come in a variety of different materials, but there are some venue standards that account for use, durability, and maintenance patterns. Aluminum, Aluminum benches are often found in outdoor, sideline settings at recreational venues like sports fields or courts, the material affords for a lightweight, corrosive-free bench, so it is a portable and economical option for indoor or outdoor settings. Concrete, Concrete benches are very heavy and are a more permanent furnishing and they are often installed in facilities that are not expected to change or transition often, if at all, such as military bases, state parks and official buildings. Concrete is very durable, so it is appropriate for any climate, Concrete can be composed of many different materials to afford benches different accents, depending on what it is composed of. Fiberglass, Fiberglass is a material so fiberglass benches can come in a variety of designs. The material is great for indoor or outdoor use because it will not corrode or rust, is low maintenance. Common places where fiberglass benches are installed include food courts, restaurants, powder-coated steel, Powder coated steel benches are often found lining entryways for different venues, like retail centers, medical facilities and country clubs
44.
Lighting
–
Lighting or illumination is the deliberate use of light to achieve a practical or aesthetic effect. Lighting includes the use of artificial light sources like lamps and light fixtures, as well as natural illumination by capturing daylight. Daylighting is sometimes used as the source of light during daytime in buildings. This can save energy in place of using lighting, which represents a major component of energy consumption in buildings. Proper lighting can enhance performance, improve the appearance of an area. Indoor lighting is accomplished using light fixtures, and is a key part of interior design. Lighting can also be a component of landscape projects. With the discovery of fire, the earliest form of lighting used to illuminate an area were campfires or torches. As early as 400,000 BCE, fire was kindled in the caves of Peking Man, prehistoric people used primitive oil lamps to illuminate surroundings. These lamps were made from naturally occurring materials such as rocks, shells, horns and stones, were filled with grease, lamps typically used animal or vegetable fats as fuel. Hundreds of these lamps have been found in the Lascaux caves in modern-day France, oily animals were also used as lamps after being threaded with a wick. Fireflies have been used as lighting sources, candles and glass and pottery lamps were also invented. Chandeliers were a form of light fixture. A major reduction in the cost of lighting occurred with the discovery of whale oil, in 1849, Dr. Abraham Gesner, a Canadian geologist, devised a method where kerosene could be distilled from petroleum. Earlier coal-gas methods had been used for lighting since the 1820s, gesners kerosene was cheap, easy to produce, could be burned in existing lamps, and did not produce an offensive odor as did most whale oil. It could be stored indefinitely unlike whale oil, which would eventually spoil, the American petroleum boom began in the 1850s. By the end of the decade there were 30 kerosene plants operating in the United States, the cheaper, more efficient fuel began to drive whale oil out of the market. John D. Rockefeller was most responsible for the success of kerosene
45.
Drinking fountain
–
A drinking fountain, also called a water fountain or bubbler, is a fountain designed to provide drinking water. It consists of a basin with either continuously running water or a tap, the drinker bends down to the stream of water and swallows water directly from the stream. Modern indoor drinking fountains may incorporate filters to remove impurities from the water, Drinking fountains are usually found in public places, like schools, rest areas, libraries, and grocery stores. Many jurisdictions require drinking fountains to be accessible, and to include an additional unit of a lower height for children. The design that this replaced often had one spout atop a refrigeration unit, use of the words water fountain and drinking fountain vary across regional dialects of English. In mid-19th century London, water provision from private companies was generally inadequate for the rapidly growing population and was often contaminated. Legislation in the mid nineteenth century formed the Metropolitan Commission of Sewers, made water filtration compulsory, in this context, the public drinking fountain movement began. It built the first public baths and public drinking fountains, in London, the Metropolitan Free Drinking Fountain Association was established in 1859. The first fountain was built on Holborn Hill on the railings of the church of St Sepulchre-without-Newgate on Snow Hill, paid for by Samuel Gurney, the fountain became immediately popular, used by 7,000 people a day. In the next six years 85 fountains were built, with much of the funding coming directly from the association, the movement soon became associated with the temperance movement as they provided a substitute for alcohol and were purposely positioned outside public houses. In the United States, drinking fountains were built beginning in 1889 by the then-small Kohler Water Works in Kohler, Wisconsin, a company already established as a faucet producer. The original Bubbler shot water one inch straight into the air, creating a texture. Several years later the Bubbler adopted the more sanitary arc projection, at the start of the 20th century, it was discovered that the original vertical design was related to the spread of many contagious diseases. In recent studies, it has found that some drinking fountains have been contaminated with pathogens such as bacteria. In one study, a commonly known to cause diarrhea in young children known as the rotavirus has been found on drinking fountains in child day care facilities. Due to cases in the past where children have fallen ill due to coliform bacteria poisoning, the vertical spout design is now illegal in most US jurisdictions. Some governments even require water spouts to be as long as four inches to meet health standards and it is also recommended for young children to allow drinking fountains to run before drinking, as the water may also be contaminated with lead. This is especially common in buildings with obsolete plumbing
46.
Waste
–
Waste and wastes are unwanted or unusable materials. Waste is any substance which is discarded after use, or it is worthless, defective. Examples include municipal solid waste, hazardous waste, wastewater, radioactive waste, according to the Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal of 1989, Art. 2, Wastes are substance or objects, which are disposed of or are intended to be disposed of or are required to be disposed of by the provisions of national law. Wastes may be generated during the extraction of raw materials, the processing of raw materials into intermediate and final products, the consumption of final products, residuals recycled or reused at the place of generation are excluded. Under the Waste Framework Directive 2008/98/EC, Art,3, the European Union defines waste as an object the holder discards, intends to discard or is required to discard. For a more structural description of the Waste Directive, see the European Commissions summary and it is most commonly measured by size or weight, and there is a stark difference between the two. For example, organic waste is much heavier when it is wet, on a global scale it is difficult to report waste because countries have different definitions of waste and what falls into waste categories, as well as different ways of reporting. Based on incomplete reports from its parties, the Basel Convention estimated 338 million tonnes of waste was generated in 2001, for the same year, OECD estimated 4 billion tonnes from its member countries. Toxic waste materials can contaminate surface water, groundwater, soil, and air which causes problems for humans, other species. Waste treatment and disposal produces significant green house gas emissions, notably methane, Waste management is a significant environmental justice issue. Many of the environmental burdens cited above are often borne by marginalized groups, such as racial minorities, women. NIMBY is the opposition of residents to a proposal for a new development because it is close to them, however, the need for expansion and siting of waste treatment and disposal facilities is increasing worldwide. Environmental policies such as pay as you throw can reduce the cost of management, Waste recovery can curb economic costs because it avoids extracting raw materials and often cuts transportation costs. Economic assessment of municipal waste management systems – case studies using a combination of life-cycle assessment, the location of waste treatment and disposal facilities often reduces property values due to noise, dust, pollution, unsightliness, and negative stigma. The informal waste sector consists mostly of waste pickers who scavenge for metals, glass, plastic, textiles, and other materials and then trade them for a profit. This sector can significantly alter or reduce waste in a system, but other negative economic effects come with the disease, poverty, exploitation. Resource recovery is the retrieval of recyclable waste, which was intended for disposal and it is the processing of recyclables to extract or recover materials and resources, or convert to energy
