1.
Dadasaheb Phalke
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Dhundiraj Govind Phalke, popularly known as Dadasaheb Phalke, was an Indian producer-director-screenwriter, known as the Father of Indian cinema. The Dadasaheb Phalke Award, for contribution to cinema, was instituted in his honour by the Government of India in 1969. The award is one of the most prestigious awards in Indian cinema and is the highest official recognition for film personalities in the country, a postage stamp bearing his face was released by India Post to honour him in 1971. An honorary award from the Dadasaheb Phalke Academy Mumbai was introduced in the year 2001, school of Art, Mumbai in 1885. School in 1890, Phalke went to the Kala Bhavan, Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda in Vadodara and he began his career as a small town photographer in Godhra but had to leave business after the death of his first wife and child in an outbreak of the bubonic plague. He soon met the German magician Carl Hertz, one of the 40 magicians employed by the Lumiere Brothers, soon after, he had the opportunity to work with the Archaeological Survey of India as a draftsman. However, restless with his job and its constraints, he turned to the business of printing and he specialised in lithography and oleograph, and worked for painter Raja Ravi Varma. Phalke later started his own printing press, made his first trip abroad to Germany, to learn about the latest technology, machinery and for art also. Phalke made his first film, Raja Harishchandra, in 1912, it was first shown publicly on 3 May 1913 at Mumbais Coronation Cinema, around one year before, Ramchandra Gopal had recorded on stage a film drama called Pundalik and shown recording at the same theatre. However, the credit for making the first indigenous Indian feature film is attributed to Dadasaheb Phalke as it is said that Pundalik had British cinematographers. Once again, Phalke proved successful in his new art and proceeded to make silent films, shorts, documentary feature, educational, comic. Film, having proved its viability, soon attracted businessmen who favoured money over aesthetics. He set up a studio and trained technicians, actors but, very soon. In 1920, Phalke resigned from Hindustan Films, made his first announcement of retirement from cinema, lacking his extremely imaginative genius, Hindustan Films ran into deep financial loss, and he was finally persuaded to return. However, Phalke felt constrained by the business and, after directing a few films for the company, the times changed and Phalke fell victim to the emerging technology of sound film. Unable to cope with the talkies, the man who had fathered the Indian film industry became obsolete and his last silent movie Setubandhan was released in 1932 and later released with dubbing. During 1936–38, he produced his last film Gangavataran, before retiring to Nashik, Dadasaheb Phalke, the Father of Indian Cinema. List of Silent films made in India Dadasaheb Phalke at the Internet Movie Database Dadasaheb Phalke @ SPICE Website on Dada Saheb Phalke Film Academy on Dadasaheb Phalke
2.
British India
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Provinces of India, earlier Presidencies of British India and still earlier, Presidency towns, were the administrative divisions of British governance in the subcontinent. Collectively, they were called British India, in one form or other they existed between 1612 and 1947, conventionally divided into three historical periods. During 1612–1757, the East India Company set up factories in several locations, mostly in coastal India and its rivals were the merchant trading companies of Holland and France. By the mid-18th century, three Presidency towns, Madras, Bombay, and Calcutta had grown in size, during the period of Company rule in India, 1757–1858, the Company gradually acquired sovereignty over large parts of India, now called Presidencies. However, it increasingly came under British government oversight, in effect sharing sovereignty with the Crown. At the same time it gradually lost its mercantile privileges, following the Indian Rebellion of 1857, the Companys remaining powers were transferred to the Crown. In the new British Raj, sovereignty extended to a few new regions, increasingly, however, unwieldy presidencies were broken up into Provinces. In 1608, the English East India Company established a settlement at Surat, and it was followed in 1611 by a permanent factory at Machilipatnam on the Coromandel Coast, and in 1612 the company joined other already established European trading companies in Bengal. Company rule in Bengal, however, ended with the Government of India Act 1858 following the events of the Bengal Rebellion of 1857 and these rulers were allowed a measure of internal autonomy in exchange for British suzerainty. British India constituted a significant portion of India both in area and population, in 1910, for example, it covered approximately 54% of the area, in addition, there were Portuguese and French exclaves in India. Independence from British rule was achieved in 1947 with the formation of two nations, the Dominions of India and Pakistan, the latter also including East Bengal, present-day Bangladesh. The term British India also applied to Burma for a time period, starting in 1824, a small part of Burma. This arrangement lasted until 1937, when Burma commenced being administered as a separate British colony, British India did not apply to other countries in the region, such as Sri Lanka, which was a British Crown colony, or the Maldive Islands, which were a British protectorate. It also included the Colony of Aden in the Arabian Peninsula, the original seat of government was at Allahabad, then at Agra from 1834 to 1868. Bombay Presidency, East India Companys headquarters moved from Surat to Bombay in 1687, the East India Company, which was incorporated on 31 December 1600, established trade relations with Indian rulers in Masulipatam on the east coast in 1611 and Surat on the west coast in 1612. The company rented a trading outpost in Madras in 1639, meanwhile, in eastern India, after obtaining permission from the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan to trade with Bengal, the Company established its first factory at Hoogly in 1640. Almost a half-century later, after Emperor Aurengzeb forced the Company out of Hooghly, by the mid-18th century the three principal trading settlements, now called the Madras Presidency, the Bombay Presidency, and the Bengal Presidency were each administered by a Governor. After Robert Clives victory in the Battle of Plassey in 1757, in 1772, the Company also obtained the Nizāmat of Bengal and thereby full sovereignty of the expanded Bengal Presidency
3.
India
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India, officially the Republic of India, is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country, and it is bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the southwest, and the Bay of Bengal on the southeast. It shares land borders with Pakistan to the west, China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the northeast, in the Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives. Indias Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a border with Thailand. The Indian subcontinent was home to the urban Indus Valley Civilisation of the 3rd millennium BCE, in the following millennium, the oldest scriptures associated with Hinduism began to be composed. Social stratification, based on caste, emerged in the first millennium BCE, early political consolidations took place under the Maurya and Gupta empires, the later peninsular Middle Kingdoms influenced cultures as far as southeast Asia. In the medieval era, Judaism, Zoroastrianism, Christianity, and Islam arrived, much of the north fell to the Delhi sultanate, the south was united under the Vijayanagara Empire. The economy expanded in the 17th century in the Mughal empire, in the mid-18th century, the subcontinent came under British East India Company rule, and in the mid-19th under British crown rule. A nationalist movement emerged in the late 19th century, which later, under Mahatma Gandhi, was noted for nonviolent resistance, in 2015, the Indian economy was the worlds seventh largest by nominal GDP and third largest by purchasing power parity. Following market-based economic reforms in 1991, India became one of the major economies and is considered a newly industrialised country. However, it continues to face the challenges of poverty, corruption, malnutrition, a nuclear weapons state and regional power, it has the third largest standing army in the world and ranks sixth in military expenditure among nations. India is a constitutional republic governed under a parliamentary system. It is a pluralistic, multilingual and multi-ethnic society and is home to a diversity of wildlife in a variety of protected habitats. The name India is derived from Indus, which originates from the Old Persian word Hindu, the latter term stems from the Sanskrit word Sindhu, which was the historical local appellation for the Indus River. The ancient Greeks referred to the Indians as Indoi, which translates as The people of the Indus, the geographical term Bharat, which is recognised by the Constitution of India as an official name for the country, is used by many Indian languages in its variations. Scholars believe it to be named after the Vedic tribe of Bharatas in the second millennium B. C. E and it is also traditionally associated with the rule of the legendary emperor Bharata. Gaṇarājya is the Sanskrit/Hindi term for republic dating back to the ancient times, hindustan is a Persian name for India dating back to the 3rd century B. C. E. It was introduced into India by the Mughals and widely used since then and its meaning varied, referring to a region that encompassed northern India and Pakistan or India in its entirety
4.
Silent film
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A silent film is a film with no synchronized recorded sound, especially with no spoken dialogue. The silent film era lasted from 1895 to 1936, in silent films for entertainment, the dialogue is transmitted through muted gestures, mime and title cards which contain a written indication of the plot or key dialogue. During silent films, a pianist, theatre organist, or, in large cities, pianists and organists would either play from sheet music or improvise, an orchestra would play from sheet music. The term silent film is therefore a retronym—that is, a term created to distinguish something retroactively, the early films with sound, starting with The Jazz Singer in 1927, were referred to as talkies, sound films, or talking pictures. A September 2013 report by the United States Library of Congress announced that a total of 70% of American silent feature films are believed to be completely lost, the earliest precursors of film began with image projection through the use of a device known as the magic lantern. This utilized a glass lens, a shutter and a persistent light source, such as a powerful lantern and these slides were originally hand-painted, but still photographs were used later on after the technological advent of photography in the nineteenth century. The invention of a practical photography apparatus preceded cinema by only fifty years, the next significant step towards film creation was the development of an understanding of image movement. Simulations of movement date as far back as to 1828 and only four years after Paul Roget discovered the phenomenon he called Persistence of Vision. This experience was further demonstrated through Rogets introduction of the thaumatrope, the first projected primary proto-movie was made by Eadweard Muybridge between 1877 and 1880. Muybridge set up a row of cameras along a racetrack and timed image exposures to capture the many stages of a horses gallop, the oldest surviving film was created by Louis Le Prince in 1888. It was a film of people walking in Oakwood streets garden. Edison also made a business of selling Kinetograph and Kinetoscope equipment, due to Edisons lack of securing an international patent on his film inventions, similar devices were invented around the world. The Lumière brothers, for example, created the Cinématographe in France, the Cinématographe proved to be a more portable and practical device than both of Edisons as it combined a camera, film processor and projector in one unit. In contrast to Edisons peepshow-style kinetoscope, which one person could watch through a viewer. Their first film, Sortie de lusine Lumière de Lyon, shot in 1894, is considered the first true motion picture, the invention of celluloid film, which was strong and flexible, greatly facilitated the making of motion pictures. This film was 35 mm wide and pulled using four sprocket holes and this doomed the cinematograph, which could only use film with just one sprocket hole. From the very beginnings of film production, the art of motion pictures grew into maturity in the silent era. Silent filmmakers pioneered the art form to the extent that virtually every style, the silent era was also pioneering era from a technical point of view
5.
Marathi language
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Marathi is an Indian language spoken predominantly by the Marathi people of Maharashtra. It is the language and co-official language in the Maharashtra and Goa states of Western India, respectively. There were 73 million speakers in 2001, Marathi ranks 19th in the list of most spoken languages in the world, Marathi has the fourth largest number of native speakers in India, after Hindi, Bengali and Telugu in that order. Marathi has some of the oldest literature of all modern Indo-Aryan languages, the major dialects of Marathi are Standard Marathi and the Varhadi dialect. Malvani Konkani has been influenced by Marathi varieties. Marathi has several features that set it aside from most other Indian languages, Marathi distinguishes inclusive and exclusive forms of we and possesses a three-way gender system that features the neuter in addition to the masculine and the feminine. In its phonology it contrasts apico-alveolar with alveopalatal affricates and, in common with Gujarati, Marathi is primarily spoken in Maharashtra and parts of neighbouring states of Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Goa, union-territories of Daman and Diu and Dadra and Nagar Haveli. The cities of Baroda, Surat, and Ahmedabad, Belgaum, Karwar, Nipani, Indore, Gwalior, Adoni, Hyderabad, Marathi is also spoken by Maharashtrian emigrants worldwide, especially in the United States, United Kingdom, Israel, Mauritius, and Canada. Marathi is the language of Maharashtra and co-official language in the union territories of Daman and Diu and Dadra. In Goa, Konkani is the official language, however. Marathi is included among the languages which stand a part of the Eight Schedule of the Constitution of India, the contemporary grammatical rules described by Maharashtra Sahitya Parishad and endorsed by the Government of Maharashtra are supposed to take precedence in standard written Marathi. Traditions of Marathi Linguistics and the rules give special status to tatsamas. This special status expects the rules for tatsamas to be followed as in Sanskrit and this practice provides Marathi with a large treasure of Sanskrit words to cope with demands of new technical words whenever needed. Jawaharlal Nehru University has announced plans to establish a department for Marathi. Marathi Day is celebrated on 27 February, the birthday of poet Vishnu Vaman Shirwadkar, Indian languages, including Marathi, that belong to the Indo-Aryan language family are derived from early forms of Prakrit. Marathi is one of languages that further descend from Maharashtri Prakrit. Marathi literature began and grew owing to the rise of the Seuna dynasty of Devgiri, further growth and usage of the language was because of two religious sects – the Mahanubhava and Varkari panthans – who adopted Marathi as the medium for preaching their doctrines of devotion. Marathi had attained a place in court life by the time of the Seuna kings
6.
Intertitles
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In motion pictures, an intertitle is a piece of filmed, printed text edited into the midst of the photographed action at various points. Intertitles used to convey character dialogue are referred to as dialogue intertitles, film scholar Kamilla Elliott identifies one of the earliest uses of intertitles in the 1901 British film Scrooge, or, Marleys Ghost. The first Academy Awards presentation in 1929 included an award for Best Title Writing that went to Joseph W. Farnham for no specific film, the award was never given again, as intertitles went out of common use due to the introduction of talkies. In modern film, intertitles are used to supply an epigraph, such as a poem, however, they are most commonly used as part of a historical dramas epilogue to explain what happened to the depicted characters and events after the conclusion of the story proper. The development of the soundtrack slowly eliminated their utility as a narrative device, for instance, intertitles were used as a gimmick in Frasier. The BBCs drama Threads uses them to location, date. Law & Order used them to not only the location. Guy Maddin is a filmmaker known for recreating the style of older films. Some locally produced shows, such as quiz bowl game shows, intertitles have had a long history in the area of amateur film as well. The efforts of home movie aficionados to intertitle their works post-production have led to the development of a number of approaches to the challenge. Frequently lacking access to high quality film dubbing and splicing equipment, intertitles may be printed neatly on a piece of paper, a card, or a piece of cardboard and filmed, or they may be formed from adhesive strips and affixed to glass. In the early 1980s, digital recording technology improved to the point where intertitles could be created in born-digital format, several specialty accessories from this period such as Sonys HVT-2100 Titler and cameras such as Matsushitas Quasar VK-743 and Zenith VC-1800 could be used to generate intertitles for home movies. Early 1980s video game consoles and applications catering to the scene were also adapted for the generation. Among these were included the ColecoVision, the Magnavox Odyssey², the Bally Astrocade, acknowledgment Billing Character generator Closing credits Credit Digital on-screen graphic Lower third Opening credits Subtitle Supertitle Title sequence WGA screenwriting credit system
7.
Hindi language
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Hindi, or Modern Standard Hindi is a standardised and Sanskritised register of the Hindustani language. Along with the English language, Hindi written in the Devanagari script, is the language of the Government of India. It is also one of the 22 scheduled languages of the Republic of India, Hindi is the lingua franca of the so-called Hindi belt of India. Outside India, it is a language which is known as Fiji Hindi in Fiji, and is a recognised regional language in Mauritius, Trinidad and Tobago, Guyana. Hindi is the fourth most-spoken first language in the world, after Mandarin, apart from specialized vocabulary, Hindi is mutually intelligible with Standard Urdu, another recognized register of Hindustani. Part XVII of the Indian Constitution deals with Official Language, under Article 343, official language of the Union has been prescribed, which includes Hindi in Devanagari script and English. Gujarat High Court, in 2010, has observed that there was nothing on record to suggest that any provision has been made or order issued declaring Hindi as a language of India. Article 343 of the Indian constitution states The official language of the Union shall be Hindi in Devanagari script, the form of numerals to be used for the official purposes of the Union shall be the international form of Indian numerals. It was envisioned that Hindi would become the working language of the Union Government by 1965. Each may also designate a co-official language, in Uttar Pradesh, for instance, depending on the formation in power. Similarly, Hindi is accorded the status of language in the following Union Territories, Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Chandigarh, Dadra & Nagar Haveli, Daman & Diu. National-language status for Hindi is a long-debated theme, an Indian court clarified that Hindi is not the national language of India because the constitution does not mention it as such. Outside Asia, Hindi is a language in Fiji as per the 1997 Constitution of Fiji. It is spoken by 380,000 people in Fiji, Hindi is also spoken by a large population of Madheshis of Nepal. Hindi is quite easy to understand for some Pakistanis, who speak Urdu, apart from this, Hindi is spoken by the large Indian diaspora which hails from, or has its origin from the Hindi Belt of India. Like other Indo-Aryan languages, Hindi is considered to be a descendant of an early form of Sanskrit, through Sauraseni Prakrit. It has been influenced by Dravidian languages, Turkic languages, Persian, Arabic, Portuguese, Hindi emerged as Apabhramsha, a degenerated form of Prakrit, in the 7th century A. D. By the 10th century A. D. it became stable, Braj Bhasha, Bhojpuri, Awadhi, Khari Boli etc. are the dialects of Hindi
8.
English language
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English /ˈɪŋɡlɪʃ/ is a West Germanic language that was first spoken in early medieval England and is now the global lingua franca. Named after the Angles, one of the Germanic tribes that migrated to England, English is either the official language or one of the official languages in almost 60 sovereign states. It is the third most common language in the world, after Mandarin. It is the most widely learned second language and a language of the United Nations, of the European Union. It is the most widely spoken Germanic language, accounting for at least 70% of speakers of this Indo-European branch, English has developed over the course of more than 1,400 years. The earliest forms of English, a set of Anglo-Frisian dialects brought to Great Britain by Anglo-Saxon settlers in the century, are called Old English. Middle English began in the late 11th century with the Norman conquest of England, Early Modern English began in the late 15th century with the introduction of the printing press to London and the King James Bible, and the start of the Great Vowel Shift. Through the worldwide influence of the British Empire, modern English spread around the world from the 17th to mid-20th centuries, English is an Indo-European language, and belongs to the West Germanic group of the Germanic languages. Most closely related to English are the Frisian languages, and English, Old Saxon and its descendent Low German languages are also closely related, and sometimes Low German, English, and Frisian are grouped together as the Ingvaeonic or North Sea Germanic languages. Modern English descends from Middle English, which in turn descends from Old English, particular dialects of Old and Middle English also developed into a number of other English languages, including Scots and the extinct Fingallian and Forth and Bargy dialects of Ireland. English is classified as a Germanic language because it shares new language features with other Germanic languages such as Dutch, German and these shared innovations show that the languages have descended from a single common ancestor, which linguists call Proto-Germanic. Through Grimms law, the word for foot begins with /f/ in Germanic languages, English is classified as an Anglo-Frisian language because Frisian and English share other features, such as the palatalisation of consonants that were velar consonants in Proto-Germanic. The earliest form of English is called Old English or Anglo-Saxon, in the fifth century, the Anglo-Saxons settled Britain and the Romans withdrew from Britain. England and English are named after the Angles, Old English was divided into four dialects, the Anglian dialects, Mercian and Northumbrian, and the Saxon dialects, Kentish and West Saxon. Through the educational reforms of King Alfred in the century and the influence of the kingdom of Wessex. The epic poem Beowulf is written in West Saxon, and the earliest English poem, Modern English developed mainly from Mercian, but the Scots language developed from Northumbrian. A few short inscriptions from the period of Old English were written using a runic script. By the sixth century, a Latin alphabet was adopted, written with half-uncial letterforms and it included the runic letters wynn ⟨ƿ⟩ and thorn ⟨þ⟩, and the modified Latin letters eth ⟨ð⟩, and ash ⟨æ⟩
9.
Raja
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Raja, is a title for a Monarch or princely ruler in South and Southeast Asia. The female form Rani applies equally to the wife of a Raja, usually as queen consort and occasionally as regent. The title has a history in the Indian subcontinent and South East Asia, being attested from the Rigveda, where a rājan- is a ruler, see for example the dāśarājñá. Sanskrit rājan- is cognate to Latin rēx King, Gaulish rīx, Gaelic rí, etc. originally denoting heads of petty kingdoms and it is believed to be ultimately derived from the Proto-Indo-European *h3rēǵs, a vrddhi formation to the root *h3reǵ- to straighten, to order, to rule. The Sanskrit n-stem is secondary in the title, apparently adapted from the female counterpart rājñī which also has an -n- suffix in related languages. Cognates of the word Raja in other Indo-European languages include English reign, rather common, practically equivalent variants in Rajasthani, Marathi and Hindi, used as equivalent royal style in parts of India include Rana, Rao, Raol, Rawal and rawat and Yuvraj prince heir. Maharaja, or great king, is literally a title for more significant rulers in India, hence during the British raj, precedence was rather determined by the gun salute. Raja රජ means King in Sri Lanka, Rajamanthri is the Prince lineage of Kings generation in Sri Lanka. Rajamanthri title is aristocracy of the Kandiyan Kingdom මහනුවර in Sri Lanka, badan Singh was styled Raja Mahendra and founded the city and state Bharatpur, which his dynasty ruled as Maharajas. Raja Sahib was the style in Bansda until its upgrade from c.1829 to higher counterpart Maharaja Sahib. Raja-i Rajgan was notably the royal style of, the former Rajas of Jind from * until their 1911 upgrade to Maharaja, the former Rajas of Kapurthala from 1861 until their 1911 upgrade to Maharaja. Two consecutive rulers of Patiala, the first of which was originally styled Maharaja, Raja Bahadur, and remained the rulers of Raigarh. as 1763 upgrade from the family title Raja Sar Desai in Maratha state Savantvadi. e. Third prince in line for succession, there were many more Rajas among the feudatory states, such as jagirs. In Pakistan, Raja is still used by Muslim Rajput clans as hereditary titles, Raja is also used as a given name by Hindus and Sikhs. Most notably Raja is used in Hazara division of Pakistan for the descendants of a Turkic dynasty and these Rajas ruled that part of Pakistan for decades and they still possess huge land in Hazara division of Pakistan and actively participate in the politics of the region. In Sinhalese, the title Raja means King of Sri Lanka, Rajamanthri is the Prince lineage of Kings generation especially Rajamanthri is aristocracy of the Kingdom of Kandy in Sri Lanka history. Indonesian has the word raja for king, leaders of local tribes and old Hindu kingdoms had that title before Indonesia became an independent nation. Various traditional princely states in Indonesia still style their ruler Raja, in the Malay language, the word raja also means king
10.
Harishchandra
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Harishchandra is a legendary Indian king, who appears in several legends in texts such as Aitareya Brahmana, Mahabharata, the Markandeya Purana, and the Devi-Bhagavata Purana. The most famous of these stories is the one mentioned in Markandeya Purana, according to this legend, Harishchandra gave away his kingdom, sold his family and agreed to be a slave – all to fulfill a promise he had made to the sage Vishwamitra. According to a legend mentioned in Aitareya Brahamana, Harishchandra had 100 wives, on advice of the sage Narada, he prayed to the deity Varuna for a son. Varuna granted the boon, in exchange for an assurance that Harishchandra would make a sacrifice to Varuna in the future, as a result of this boon, a son named Rohita was born to the king. After his birth, Varuna came to Harishchandra and demanded that the child be sacrificed to him, the king postponed the sacrifice multiple times citing various reasons, but finally agreed to it when Rohita became an adult. Rohita refused to be sacrificed and escaped to forest, an angry Varuna afflicted Harishchandra with a stomach illness. Rohita intermittently visited his father, but on advice of Indra, later, Rohita managed to substitute himself with Sunahshepa in the human sacrifice. Sunahshepa prayed to the Rigvedic deities, and was saved from the sacrifice, Harishchandras illness was also cured because of Sunahshepas prayers, Sunahshepa was adopted by the sage Vishvamitra. A similar story is narrated in the Ramayana, but the name is Ambarisha instead of Harishchandra. In the Puranas version, Harishchandra is the son of Trishanku, the Vishnu Purana mentions him, but does not describe his life in detail. The Markandeya Purana contains a legend about his life, narrated by wise birds to the sage Jaimini. The Bhagavata Purana mentions him as the father of Sagara and grandfather of Badaka, the Markandeya Purana legend is as follows, King Harischandra lived in the Treta Yuga. He was an honest, noble and just king and his subjects enjoyed prosperity and peace. He had a queen named Shaivya and a son named Rohitashva, once, while on a hunting expedition, he heard the cries of a woman asking for help. Armed with a bow and arrow, he went in the direction of the sound, the sound was an illusion created by Vighnaraja, the lord of the obstacles. Vighnaraja was trying to disturb the tapasya of the sage Vishwamitra, when he saw Harishchandra, he entered the kings body and started abusing Vishwamitra. This disturbed Vishwamitras tapasya, and destroyed all the knowledge that the sage had acquired during this tapasya, when Harishchandra came to his senses, he realized that the sage was extremely angry with him, and apologized. He promised to any of the sages desires to get rid of his guilt
11.
Ramayana
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The Ramayana is an ancient Indian epic poem which narrates the struggle of the divine prince Rama to rescue his wife Sita from the demon king Ravana. Along with the Mahabharata, it forms the Sanskrit Itihasa, the Ramayana is one of the largest ancient epics in world literature. It consists of nearly 24,000 verses, divided into seven Kandas, in Hindu tradition, it is considered to be the adi-kavya. It depicts the duties of relationships, portraying characters like the ideal father, the ideal servant, the ideal brother, the ideal wife. The Ramayana was an important influence on later Sanskrit poetry and Hindu life, like the Mahabharata, the Ramayana is not just a story, it presents the teachings of ancient Hindu sages in narrative allegory, interspersing philosophical and ethical elements. The name Ramayana is a compound of the name Rāma and ayana. According to Hindu tradition—and according to the Ramayana itself—the epic belongs to the genre of itihasa like Mahabharata, the definition of itihāsa is a narrative of past events which includes teachings on the goals of human life. According to Hindu tradition, Ramayana takes place during a period of known as Treta Yuga. In its extant form, Valmikis Ramayana is a poem of some 24,000 verses. The text survives in several thousand partial and complete manuscripts, the oldest of which is a manuscript found in Nepal. A Times of India report dated 18 December 2015 informs about discovery of a 6th-century manuscript of the Ramayana at the Asiatic Society library, the Ramayana text has several regional renderings, recensions and subrecensions. Goldman differentiates two major regional recensions, the northern and the southern, scholar Romesh Chunder Dutt writes that the Ramayana, like the Mahabharata, is a growth of centuries, but the main story is more distinctly the creation of one mind. There has been discussion as to whether the first and the last chapters of Valmikis Ramayana were composed by the original author. Most Hindus still believe they are parts of the book, in spite of some style differences. Some cultural evidence, such as the presence of sati in Mahabharata but not in the body of Ramayana. By tradition, the text belongs to the Treta Yuga, second of the four eons of Hindu chronology, Rama is said to have been born in the Treta yuga to king Dasharatha in the Ikshvaku dynasty. The names of the characters are all known in late Vedic literature, however, nowhere in the surviving Vedic poetry is there a story similar to the Ramayana of Valmiki. Also, in the epic Mahabharata, there is a version of Ramayana known as Ramopakhyana and this version is depicted as a narration to Yudhishthira
12.
Marathi people
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Their language, Marathi, is part of the group of Indo-Aryan languages. The community came to prominence in 1674 when Maratha warriors under Shivaji Maharaj established the Maratha Empire, during ancient period around 230 BC Maharashtra came under the rule of the Satavahana dynasty which ruled the region for 400 years. The greatest ruler of the Satavahana Dynasty was Gautami putra Satakarni, the Vakataka dynasty ruled Maharashtra from the 3rd century to the 5th century. The Rashtra kuta Dynasty ruled Maharashtra from the 8th to the 10th century, the Arab traveler Sulaiman called the ruler of the Rashtrakuta Dynasty as one of the 4 great kings of the world. From the early 11th century to the 12th century the Deccan Plateau was dominated by the Western Chalukya Empire, the Seuna dynasty, also known as the Yadav dynasty ruled Maharashtra from the 13th century to the 14th century. The Yadavas were defeated by the Khiljis in 1321, in the mid-17th century, Shivaji Maharaj founded the Maratha Empire by conquering the Desh and the Konkan region from the Adilshahi, and re-establish Hindavi Swaraj. The Marathas are credited to an extent for ending the Mughal rule in India. After Shivajis death, the Mughals, who had lost significant ground to the Marathas under Shivaji, the war against the Mughals was then led by the Sambhajis younger brother and successor Rajaram Chhatrapati. Upon Rajarams death in 1700, his widow Tarabai took command of Maratha forces, in 1707, upon the death of Aurangzeb, the War of 27 years between the much weakened Mughals and Marathas came to an end. The empire was expanded by many chieftains including Peshwa Bajirao Ballal I and his descendants, the Shindes, Gaekwad, Pawar, Bhonsale of Nagpur, the empire at its peak stretched from Tamil Nadu in the south, to Peshawar in the north, and Bengal in the east. Pune under the Peshwa became the seat with envoys, ambassadors. However, after the Third battle of Panipat in which the Marathas were defeated by Ahmed Shah Abdali, due to the efforts of Mahadji Shinde, it remained a confederacy until the British East India Company defeated Peshwa Bajirao II. Nevertheless, several Maratha states remained as vassals of the British until 1947 when they acceded to the Dominion of India, the Marathas also developed a potent Navy circa 1660s, which at its peak, dominated the territorial waters of the western coast of India from Mumbai to Savantwadi. It would engage in attacking the British, Portuguese, Dutch, the Maratha Navy dominated till around the 1730s, was in a state of decline by the 1770s, and ceased to exist by 1818. Areas that correspond to present day Maharashtra were under direct or indirect British rule, first under the East India company and then under British crown from 1858. Marathi people during this era resided in the Bombay presidency, Berar, Central provinces, Hyderabad state, significant Marathi population also resided in Maratha princely states far from Maharashtra such as Baroda, Gwalior, Indore, and Tanjore. British rule over more than a century saw changes that were seen in all spheres, social, economic. The majority of Marathi people are Hindus, minorities by religion include Muslims, Buddhists, Jains, Christians and Jews
13.
Raja Ravi Varma
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Raja Ravi Varma was a celebrated Indian painter and artist. He is considered among the greatest painters in the history of Indian art for a number of aesthetic, firstly, his works are held to be among the best examples of the fusion of European techniques with a purely Indian sensibility. While continuing the tradition and aesthetics of Indian art, his paintings employed the latest European academic art techniques of the day. Secondly, he was notable for making affordable lithographs of his paintings available to the public, indeed, his lithographs increased the involvement of common people with fine arts and defined artistic tastes among common people for several decades. Raja Ravi Varma was closely related to the family of Travancore of present day Kerala state in India. Raja Ravi Varma was born M. R. Ry, the title Raja was conferred as a personal title by the Viceroy and Governor-General of India. Ravi Varma was the son of Ezhumavil Neelakanthan Bhattatiripad and Umayamba Thampurratti and his mother, Uma Ambabayi Thampuratty, belonged to the baronial family which ruled the Kilimanoor feudal estate within the kingdom of Travancore. She was a poet and writer of talent, whose work Parvati Swayamvaram was published by Varma after her death. Ravi Varmas father, Ezhumavil Neelakanthan Bhattatiripad, was a scholar of Sanskrit, Ravi Varma had three siblings, a sister named Mangala Bayi, and two brothers named Goda Varma and Raja Varma. The last-named was also a painter and worked closely with Ravi Varma all his life, in 1866, at the age of 18, Varma was married to 12-year-old Bhageerthi Bayi of the royal house of Mavelikkara, another major fief of Travancore kingdom. Notably, the house of Mavellikara was a branch of the Royal House of Travancore, Bhageerthi was the youngest of three sisters, and both of her elder sisters had been adopted into the royal family of Travancore in 1857, in order to carry on the lineage. They were known as the Senior and Junior Rani of Attingal, therefore, Ravi Varmas connection to the royal family became very close due to his marriage with Bhageerthi. Indeed, his children would be royal by birth, the marriage, which was arranged by their parents in the proper Indian manner, was harmonious and successful. The couple were blessed with five children, being two sons and three daughters and their elder son, Kerala Varma was of an excessively spiritual temperament. He never married and eventually renounced the world, leaving home for good in 1912, the younger son, Rama Varma, inherited his fathers artistic talent and studied at the JJ School of Arts, Mumbai. He was married to Gowri Kunjamma, sister of Dewan PGN Unnithan and it was however Ravi Varmas daughters who were singled out by destiny for greatness, although not in the field of art, and not personally but through their daughters. The three daughters of Ravi Varma and Bhageerthi Bayi were Mahaprabha Amma, Uma Amma and Cheria Kochamma, in 1900 CE, the Royal House of Travancore once again faced a succession crisis. Bhageerthis two elder sisters, who had adopted in order to carry forward the lineage, had failed to produce the desired heirs
14.
Vishwamitra
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Brahmarshi Vishvamitra is one of the most venerated rishis or sages of ancient India. He is also credited as the author of most of Mandala 3 of the Rigveda, the Puranas mention that only 24 rishis since antiquity have understood the whole meaning of—and thus wielded the whole power of—Gayatri Mantra. Vishvamitra is supposed to be the first, and Yajnavalkya the last, the story of Vishvamitra is narrated in the Balakanda of Valmiki Ramayana. Mahabharata adds that Vishvamitras relationship with Menaka resulted in a daughter, Shakuntala, Vishvamitra was a king in ancient India, also called Kaushika. Vishwamitra was originally the Chandravanshi King of Kanyakubja and he was a valiant warrior and the great-grandson of a great king named Kusha. Valmiki Ramayana, prose 51 of Bala Kanda, starts with the story of Vishvamitra, There was a king named Kusha, one who is highly renowned by the name Gaadhi was the son of Kushanabha and Gaadhis son is this great-saint of great resplendence, Vishvamitra. Vishvamitra ruled the earth and this great-resplendent king ruled the kingdom for many thousands of years and his story also appears in various Puranas, however, with variations from Ramayana. Vishnu Purana and Harivamsha chapter 27 of Mahabharata narrates the birth of Vishvamitra, according to Vishnu Purana, Kushanabha married a damsel of Purukutsa dynasty and had a son by name Gaadhi, who had a daughter named Satyavati. Satyavati was married to an old Brahmin known as Ruchika who was foremost among the race of Bhrigu, Ruchika desired a son having the qualities of a Brahmin and so he gave Satyavati a sacrificial offering which he had prepared to achieve this objective. He also gave Satyavatis mother another charu to make her conceive a son with the character of a Kshatriya at her request, but Satyavatis mother privately asked Satyavati to exchange her charu with her. Vishwamitra is a Sanskrit word, meaning friend of the world, on one of his exploits, King Kaushika and his soldiers took rest in the hermitage of sage Vashista. The whole army was well-fed and taken care of by the sage, the king doubted the possibility and expressed his surprise to the sage as to how he was able to take care of the whole arrangements. Vashista replied, O king, this feast that you have partaken with your kinsmen, has provided by my calf Nandini. You must know that she is daughter of Indras cow Kamadhenu and she provides me with everything I need. Kaushika was surprised and he planned to attain the cow by all means and he expressed a desire to the sage for obtaining Nandini from him. Vashista politely refused to give the cow to king, Vashista was not be tempted by the offer of untold wealth that was made by Kaushika for the cow, which can readily yield all the riches in the world. The king grew exceedingly angry and he insulted Brahmarishi with harsh words and he also ordered his soldiers to seize the cow and drive it to his kingdom. Nandini was daughter of Kamadhenu and hence she forcefully protested against the soldiers, Vashishta saved the cow by destroying all of the kings army with his superhuman powers
15.
Anna Salunke
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Anna Hari Salunke, also known as A. Salunke and Annasaheb Saluke, was an Indian actor who performed female roles in early Indian cinema and also a cinematographer. In 1917, Salunke became the first to play a role in Indian cinema. Salunke portrayed the heroine in Raja Harishchandra, the first full-length Indian feature film and he played the role of Queen Taramati, the consort of king Harishchandra, whose tale is told in Hindu mythology. Salunke worked as a cook or waiter in a restaurant on Grant Road, Mumbai, frequented by Dhundiraj Govind Phalke, Phalke could not find a woman who agreed to act in the film, even prostitutes and dancing girls refused. Phalke saw Salunke, who had a figure and slender hands. While Salunke was working for a salary of 10 rupees, Phalke offered him 15. Salunke also acted in Phalkes Lanka Dahan, played in the Hindu epic Ramayana, Salunke played the first double role in Indian cinema, by playing both the male role of the hero Rama and the female role of his wife Sita, the heroine. However, Salunke had developed a muscular physique, by then. Salunke also acted in Satyanarayan directed by V. S and he was also the cinematographer on both films. Later, Salunke abandoned his career and fully concentrated on cinematography. Besides Nirantar and Phalke, he worked with G. V, sane and Ganpat G. Shinde as directors. Last of his films as cinematographer were in 1931, Salunke, during his film career spanning 18 years from 1913 to 1931, acted in various films including five in the female role, most of them were on Hindu mythological themes. He was also a cinematographer in a few films
16.
Hindu mythology
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As such, it is a subset of mainstream Indian and Nepali culture. The roots of mythology that evolved from classical Hinduism come from the times of the Vedic civilization, the four Vedas, notably the hymns of the Rigveda, contain allusions to many themes. The characters, philosophy and stories make up ancient Vedic myths are indelibly linked with Hindu beliefs. The Vedas are four in number, namely RigVeda, YajurVeda, SamaVeda, in the period of Classical Sanskrit, much material is preserved in the Sanskrit epics. Besides mythology proper, the voluminous epics also provide a range of information about ancient Nepali and Indian society, philosophy, culture, religion. The two great Hindu Epics, the Ramayana and the Mahabharata tell the story of two incarnations of Vishnu. These two works are known as Itihasa, the epics Mahabharata and Ramayana serve as both religious scriptures and a rich source of philosophy and morality. The most famous of these chapters is the Bhagavad Gita in the Mahabharata, in which Lord Krishna explains the concepts of duty and these stories are deeply embedded in Hindu philosophy and serve as parables and sources of devotion for Hindus. The Mahabharata is the worlds longest epic in verse, running to more than 2,000,000 lines, the epics themselves are set in different Yugas, or periods of time. The Ramayana, written by the Maharshi Valmiki, describes the life and times of Lord Rama, the Mahabharata, describing the life and times of the Pandavas, occurs in the Dvapara Yuga, a period associated with Lord Krishna. In total, there are 4 Yugas and these are the Satya or Krita Yuga, the Treta Yuga, the Dvapara Yuga, and the Kali Yuga. The avatara concept, however, belongs to the Puranic times, the Puranas deal with stories that are old and do not appear in the epics. They contain legends and stories about the origins of the world, and the lives and adventures of a variety of gods, goddesses, heroes, heroines. They contain traditions related to ancient kings, seers, incarnations of God and legends about holy places, the Bhagavata Purana is probably the most read and popular of the Puranas. It chronicles the legends of the god Vishnu and his avatars on earth, the act of creation was thought of in more than one manner. One of the oldest cosmogonic myth in the Rigveda had come into existence as a cosmic egg, the Purusha Sukta narrates that all things were made out of the mangled limbs of Purusha, a magnified non-natural man, who was sacrificed by the gods. In the Puranas, Vishnu, in the shape of a boar, plunged into the cosmic waters, the Shatapatha Brahmana says that in the beginning, Prajapati, the first creator or father of all, was alone in the world. He differentiated himself into two beings, husband and wife, the wife, regarding union with her producer as incest, fled from his embraces assuming various animal disguises
17.
Dhundiraj Govind Phalke
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Dhundiraj Govind Phalke, popularly known as Dadasaheb Phalke, was an Indian producer-director-screenwriter, known as the Father of Indian cinema. The Dadasaheb Phalke Award, for contribution to cinema, was instituted in his honour by the Government of India in 1969. The award is one of the most prestigious awards in Indian cinema and is the highest official recognition for film personalities in the country, a postage stamp bearing his face was released by India Post to honour him in 1971. An honorary award from the Dadasaheb Phalke Academy Mumbai was introduced in the year 2001, school of Art, Mumbai in 1885. School in 1890, Phalke went to the Kala Bhavan, Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda in Vadodara and he began his career as a small town photographer in Godhra but had to leave business after the death of his first wife and child in an outbreak of the bubonic plague. He soon met the German magician Carl Hertz, one of the 40 magicians employed by the Lumiere Brothers, soon after, he had the opportunity to work with the Archaeological Survey of India as a draftsman. However, restless with his job and its constraints, he turned to the business of printing and he specialised in lithography and oleograph, and worked for painter Raja Ravi Varma. Phalke later started his own printing press, made his first trip abroad to Germany, to learn about the latest technology, machinery and for art also. Phalke made his first film, Raja Harishchandra, in 1912, it was first shown publicly on 3 May 1913 at Mumbais Coronation Cinema, around one year before, Ramchandra Gopal had recorded on stage a film drama called Pundalik and shown recording at the same theatre. However, the credit for making the first indigenous Indian feature film is attributed to Dadasaheb Phalke as it is said that Pundalik had British cinematographers. Once again, Phalke proved successful in his new art and proceeded to make silent films, shorts, documentary feature, educational, comic. Film, having proved its viability, soon attracted businessmen who favoured money over aesthetics. He set up a studio and trained technicians, actors but, very soon. In 1920, Phalke resigned from Hindustan Films, made his first announcement of retirement from cinema, lacking his extremely imaginative genius, Hindustan Films ran into deep financial loss, and he was finally persuaded to return. However, Phalke felt constrained by the business and, after directing a few films for the company, the times changed and Phalke fell victim to the emerging technology of sound film. Unable to cope with the talkies, the man who had fathered the Indian film industry became obsolete and his last silent movie Setubandhan was released in 1932 and later released with dubbing. During 1936–38, he produced his last film Gangavataran, before retiring to Nashik, Dadasaheb Phalke, the Father of Indian Cinema. List of Silent films made in India Dadasaheb Phalke at the Internet Movie Database Dadasaheb Phalke @ SPICE Website on Dada Saheb Phalke Film Academy on Dadasaheb Phalke
18.
Raja Ravi Verma
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Raja Ravi Varma was a celebrated Indian painter and artist. He is considered among the greatest painters in the history of Indian art for a number of aesthetic, firstly, his works are held to be among the best examples of the fusion of European techniques with a purely Indian sensibility. While continuing the tradition and aesthetics of Indian art, his paintings employed the latest European academic art techniques of the day. Secondly, he was notable for making affordable lithographs of his paintings available to the public, indeed, his lithographs increased the involvement of common people with fine arts and defined artistic tastes among common people for several decades. Raja Ravi Varma was closely related to the family of Travancore of present day Kerala state in India. Raja Ravi Varma was born M. R. Ry, the title Raja was conferred as a personal title by the Viceroy and Governor-General of India. Ravi Varma was the son of Ezhumavil Neelakanthan Bhattatiripad and Umayamba Thampurratti and his mother, Uma Ambabayi Thampuratty, belonged to the baronial family which ruled the Kilimanoor feudal estate within the kingdom of Travancore. She was a poet and writer of talent, whose work Parvati Swayamvaram was published by Varma after her death. Ravi Varmas father, Ezhumavil Neelakanthan Bhattatiripad, was a scholar of Sanskrit, Ravi Varma had three siblings, a sister named Mangala Bayi, and two brothers named Goda Varma and Raja Varma. The last-named was also a painter and worked closely with Ravi Varma all his life, in 1866, at the age of 18, Varma was married to 12-year-old Bhageerthi Bayi of the royal house of Mavelikkara, another major fief of Travancore kingdom. Notably, the house of Mavellikara was a branch of the Royal House of Travancore, Bhageerthi was the youngest of three sisters, and both of her elder sisters had been adopted into the royal family of Travancore in 1857, in order to carry on the lineage. They were known as the Senior and Junior Rani of Attingal, therefore, Ravi Varmas connection to the royal family became very close due to his marriage with Bhageerthi. Indeed, his children would be royal by birth, the marriage, which was arranged by their parents in the proper Indian manner, was harmonious and successful. The couple were blessed with five children, being two sons and three daughters and their elder son, Kerala Varma was of an excessively spiritual temperament. He never married and eventually renounced the world, leaving home for good in 1912, the younger son, Rama Varma, inherited his fathers artistic talent and studied at the JJ School of Arts, Mumbai. He was married to Gowri Kunjamma, sister of Dewan PGN Unnithan and it was however Ravi Varmas daughters who were singled out by destiny for greatness, although not in the field of art, and not personally but through their daughters. The three daughters of Ravi Varma and Bhageerthi Bayi were Mahaprabha Amma, Uma Amma and Cheria Kochamma, in 1900 CE, the Royal House of Travancore once again faced a succession crisis. Bhageerthis two elder sisters, who had adopted in order to carry forward the lineage, had failed to produce the desired heirs
19.
Nautch
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In North India, Nautch is one of several styles of popular dance, performed by girls known as Nautch girls. The word Nautch is a version of नाच, a word found in Hindi and Urdu. A simple and literal translation of Nautch is dance or dancing, the culture of the performing art of Nautch rose to prominence during the later period of Mughal Empire, and the British East India Company Rule. Some references use the terms Nautch and Nautch girls to describe Devadasis who used to perform ritual, however, there is not much similarity between the Devadasis and the Nautch girls. In 1917, attributing the adjective to a woman in India would suggest her entrancing skill, tempting style, dance bar Devadasi Helen Indian folk dances Tawaif The Nautch Girl Nautch Girls of India, Dancers, Singers, Playmates by Pran Nevile Media related to Nautch at Wikimedia Commons
20.
Harishchandrachi Factory
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Harishchandrachi Factory is the directorial debut of Paresh Mokashi who won the Best Director award at Pune International Film Festival, where the film was shown. The film is the story about the beginning of the Indian film industry, set in 1913, as the family struggle to survive Phalke decides to make his own silent motion picture with the support of his family. He travels to England to learn about the new medium and, after he returns, brings together a team of actors, through all the hard work, the movie becomes a hit — marking the beginning of one of the worlds biggest film industries. One of the feats in this film is that it is entirely shot in the style of the movies made in Dadasaheb Phalkes days. There was no camera movement possible in those days - actors and actresses would move in and out of view, with the exception of a couple of zooming in shots, almost the entire movie is made without the camera moving. Many of the camera angles appear to be contrived - until this particular feat is kept in mind, the zoom shots are also not done smoothly - there is a mildly perceptible hand shake, to indicate the experiments that Phalke himself could have conducted. Anand Modak, a known music director of Marathi Film Industry. This was the first Marathi film in which musicians played the instruments. The film was released in India on 29 January 2010
21.
Dadasaheb Torne
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Ramchandra Gopal Dadasaheb Torne was the first Indian director and producer to make a feature film in India, that film was named Shree Pundalik. This historic record is established by an advertisement in The Times of India published on 25 May 1912. He is considered the Father of Indian cinema, although Torne made his first film, Shree pundalik just under a year before Dhundiraj Govind Dadasaheb Phalke made his, it is the latter who is regarded as the father of Indian cinema. The distinction may lie with the fact that, unlike Phalke, moreover, Tornes Pundalik was 1,500 long, about 1,200 shorter than Phalkes Raja Harischandra, which ran for about 40 minutes. Ramchandra Gopal Torne was born on 13 April 1890 in Malwan village on the western Indian Konkan coast near Mumbai, following his fathers death, the young boy and his mother were asked to leave the house by his uncle and they were forced to live in poverty. At the age of 10 or 11, and with four years of formal education behind him, Torne dropped out of school. Once there, he was employed by the Cotton Green Electrical Company and this is where he got in touch with the Shripad theater company. He was quite impressed by the plays conducted by this company as well as the new foreign films which were being released in Mumbai, as a young man of 21-22, he got interested in making his own movie. With another friend and financier, Mr. Chitre, he managed to import raw film and movie camera from abroad and this first Indian feature film was released on 18 May 1912 in Mumbais Coronation movie theater. Almost one year after this movie was released, Dadasaheb Phalke released the second Indian feature film Raja Harischandra in the theater on 3 May 1913. Pundalik continued to run in the movie theatre in Mumbai for about two weeks. Pundalik was in shooting of a play in film-mode. The camera used to be fixed on one platform and was a very heavy opto-mechanical-electrical instrument, so only one angle movie recording was possible. There was no concept of editing or close-up shots, etc, after watching the recorded movie, Dadasaheb was not happy with the overall performance and the effect it was giving. He decided to record it in parts and then join the film together and this is the job now professionally done by the film editor and is an important job in the movie industry today. Many effects will be if the editor does not do his job properly. For example, in a standard recorded fight scene, there are at least 36 shots shown in the span of 30 seconds, Dadasaheb was an original director, special effects person, editor, sound recordist and a master of many other techniques now commonly used in modern movie-making. Dadasaheb Torne was working in Greaves Cotton company when this movie was released, the company transferred him to Karachi
22.
Shree Pundalik
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Shree Pundalik, which was released on 18 May 1912 at the Coronation Cinematograph, Girgaum, Mumbai, is recognised as the first feature-length Indian film. Shree Pundalik was produced and directed by Dadasaheb Torne alias Rama Chandra Gopal, Pundalik was a silent film without dialogue. Torne and his colleagues Nanasaheb Chitre and Ramrao Kirtikar wrote the shooting script, shree Pundalik was sent overseas for processing by Dadasaheb Torne. Tornes Pundalik was about 1,500 feet or about 22 minutes long, the film had a shooting script, was shot with a camera, and its negatives were sent to London for processing. Positives were produced and finally released at Coronation Cinematograph, Girgaum, the film ran for two weeks. Detractors argue that Dadasaheb Phalke’s Raja Harishchandra, which was released nearly a year later, is deserving of the title of the first Indian film. Arnab Jan Deka published a paper with the title Bharatiya Chalachitrar Janak Bhatawdekar aru Torne in the daily newspaper Dainik Asam on 27 October 1996. Shree Pundalik celebrated its centennial on 18 May 2012
23.
British people
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British people, or Britons, are the citizens of the United Kingdom, British Overseas Territories, and Crown dependencies, and their descendants. British nationality law governs modern British citizenship and nationality, which can be acquired, for instance, although early assertions of being British date from the Late Middle Ages, the creation of the united Kingdom of Great Britain in 1707 triggered a sense of British national identity. The notion of Britishness was forged during the Napoleonic Wars between Britain and the First French Empire, and developed further during the Victorian era, because of longstanding ethno-sectarian divisions, British identity in Northern Ireland is controversial, but it is held with strong conviction by unionists. Modern Britons are descended mainly from the ethnic groups that settled in the British Isles in and before the 11th century, Prehistoric, Celtic, Roman, Anglo-Saxon, Norse. The British are a diverse, multi-national and multicultural society, with regional accents, expressions. Although none of his own writings remain, writers during the time of the Roman Empire made much reference to them, the group included Ireland, which was referred to as Ierne inhabited by the different race of Hiberni, and Britain as insula Albionum, island of the Albions. The term Pritani may have reached Pytheas from the Gauls, who used it as their term for the inhabitants of the islands. Greek and Roman writers, in the 1st century BC and the 1st century AD, name the inhabitants of Great Britain and Ireland as the Priteni, the origin of the Latin word Britanni. It has been suggested that name derives from a Gaulish description translated as people of the forms. By 50 BC Greek geographers were using equivalents of Prettanikē as a name for the British Isles. However, the term Britannia persisted as the Latin name for the island, during the Middle Ages, and particularly in the Tudor period, the term British was used to refer to the Welsh people and Cornish people. At that time, it was the held belief that these were the remaining descendants of the ancient Britons. This notion was supported by such as the Historia Regum Britanniae. Wales and Cornwall, and north, i. e. Cumbria, Strathclyde and this legendary Celtic history of Great Britain is known as the Matter of Britain. The indigenous people of the British Isles have a combination of Celtic, Norse, Anglo-Saxon, oppenheimer continues that the majority of the people of the British Isles share genetic commonalities with the Basques, ranging from highs of 90% in Wales to lows of 66% in East Anglia. Oppenheimers opinion is that. by far the majority of male gene types in the British Isles derive from Iberia, ranging from a low of 59% in Fakenham, Norfolk to highs of 96% in Llangefni, north Wales. The English had been unified under a single state in 937 by King Athelstan of Wessex after the Battle of Brunanburh. However, historian Simon Schama suggested that it was Edward I of England who was responsible for provoking the peoples of Britain into an awareness of their nationhood in the 13th century
24.
Film stock
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Film stock is an analog medium that is used for recording motion pictures or animation. It is a strip or sheet of transparent plastic film base coated on one side with an emulsion containing microscopically small light-sensitive silver halide crystals. The sizes and other characteristics of the crystals determine the sensitivity, contrast, the emulsion will gradually darken if left exposed to light, but the process is too slow and incomplete to be of any practical use. Instead, a short exposure to the image formed by a camera lens is used to produce only a very slight chemical change. This creates an invisible latent image in the emulsion, which can be developed into a visible photograph. In addition to light, all films are sensitive to X-rays. Most are at least slightly sensitive to ultraviolet light. Some special-purpose films are sensitive into the region of the spectrum. In black-and-white photographic film there is one layer of silver salts. When the exposed grains are developed, the salts are converted to metallic silver. Color film has at least three sensitive layers, dyes, which adsorb to the surface of the silver salts, make the crystals sensitive to different colors. Typically the blue-sensitive layer is on top, followed by the green, during development, the exposed silver salts are converted to metallic silver, just as with black-and-white film. Because the by-products are created in direct proportion to the amount of exposure and development, following development, the silver is converted back to silver salts in the bleach step. It is removed from the film in the fix step, fixing leaves behind only the formed color dyes, which combine to make up the colored visible image. Later color films, like Kodacolor II, have as many as 12 emulsion layers, early motion picture experiments in the 1880s were performed using a fragile paper roll film, with which it was difficult to view a single, continuously moving image without a complex apparatus. The first transparent and flexible film base material was celluloid, which was discovered and refined for use by John Carbutt, Hannibal Goodwin. Eastman Kodak made celluloid film commercially available in 1889, Thomas Henry Blair, the stock had a frosted base to facilitate easier viewing by transmitted light. By November 1891 William Dickson, at Edisons laboratory, was using Blairs stock for Kinetoscope experiments, Blairs company supplied film to Edison for five years
25.
Grant Road
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Grant Road is a locality in South Mumbai. Grant Road railway station serves this area, Grant Road along with Tardeo and Mumbai Central have been a neighbourhood of Mumbai City dominated by the Jains, Hindus and the Parsi & Irani Zoroastrians. It is considered as the place of ancestral roots of the originating Zoroastrians of the city mainly being the areas of Balaram Street and it has 4 Fire temples and The Cama Baug is an important place for the Wedding Ceremonies and other functions of the Parsis of Mumbai. Grant Road is the station on the Western local line preceded by Churchgate, Marine Lines, Charni Road. Most slow trains halt at this station, which is useful for people who want to reach Opera House, Nana Chowk, Lamington Road, the Gilder Tank is one of the oldest tanks in the city originating the roots of Yazdani, Cooper and the Gilder Families of Mumbai. The Hurkissundas Hospital is in redevelopment and is one of the most important, the Grant Road Skywalk is the latest and the most iconic addition to the skywalks of Mumbai due to its round architecture. Grant Road is also for its Irani Cafes like the BMerwan, the Sheetal Store on Malauna Shaukatali Road is the one of the oldest surviving saree store in this area
26.
Girgaon
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Girgaon, also spelt formerly Girgaum, is an area in southern Mumbai in Maharashtra, India. The culture in Girgaon is diverse and varied, like most areas of cosmopolitan Mumbai, residents span diverse languages, religions, traditions, festivals, and attire. Girgaon occupies prime real estate due to increasing demand just because of its prominent location in South Mumbai. The Sanskrit term Giri stands for hills, whereas the Sanskrit word gram denotes a village, thus, Girgaon means a village at the foothill of mountains. A birds eye view from the top of Malabar Hill will justify this etymological finding, Khetwadi, originally an area with a sparse population living off agriculture and plantations, developed in the mid-19th century with the widening of Parel road and the Girgaon road. In 1839, Grant Road was completed, leading to migration of a number of people into this area. Girgaon got its own station much later at Charni Road which was opened in the year 1867, today it has become a hub for diamond traders and wholesalers of almost all the traditional businesses. There are a number of temples in this area. The most well-known is Thakurdwar, built by the ascetic Atmaram Baba, the Kalbadevi temple, dedicated to Kali, was moved to its present site from its original location in Mahim during the rule of the Gujrati sultans. The Dadi Seth Agiary was built in 1783, the Hormusji Wadia Fire temple in 1839, each area of Girgaon follows its own customs. Communities like the Marathi-speakers, Gujarati, Konkani, Jains, Marwaris, Christians and they celebrate different festivals, follow different customs for birth, marriage, death, and other important events. This is also the area in which Ganesh Chaturthi is celebrated in great style, the area is filled with crowds when the Ganesh Visarjan is carried out. It is not only about Ganesh Chaturthi, Girgaon also celebrates other festivals with equal zest whether Diwali, Gokulashtami or Makar Sankranti. Girgaon is further subdivided in small neighborhoods locally called as wadis, there are many such wadis in Girgaon namely - Vaidyawadi Bhatwadi, Jitekar wadi, Gaiwadi, Kandewadi, Bhutachi wadi, Urankar wadi, Fanas waadi, Pimpal wadi etc. One of these- Khotachi wadi is very famous for its Portuguese style wooden architecture and it is mainly inhabited by Catholics and Maharashtrian Hindus. These houses are now largely being pulled down to make way for sky scrapers, nevertheless, foreign tourists still throng these narrow lanes of Khotachi wadi as it is one of the very few heritage villages remaining within south Mumbai. Heritage walks are conducted here by locals and history lovers. Largely, Girgaon also includes the areas around it, like Sikka Nagar, some parts of Khetwadi, Prarthana Samaj, Opera House, C. P. tank
27.
Girgaum
–
Girgaon, also spelt formerly Girgaum, is an area in southern Mumbai in Maharashtra, India. The culture in Girgaon is diverse and varied, like most areas of cosmopolitan Mumbai, residents span diverse languages, religions, traditions, festivals, and attire. Girgaon occupies prime real estate due to increasing demand just because of its prominent location in South Mumbai. The Sanskrit term Giri stands for hills, whereas the Sanskrit word gram denotes a village, thus, Girgaon means a village at the foothill of mountains. A birds eye view from the top of Malabar Hill will justify this etymological finding, Khetwadi, originally an area with a sparse population living off agriculture and plantations, developed in the mid-19th century with the widening of Parel road and the Girgaon road. In 1839, Grant Road was completed, leading to migration of a number of people into this area. Girgaon got its own station much later at Charni Road which was opened in the year 1867, today it has become a hub for diamond traders and wholesalers of almost all the traditional businesses. There are a number of temples in this area. The most well-known is Thakurdwar, built by the ascetic Atmaram Baba, the Kalbadevi temple, dedicated to Kali, was moved to its present site from its original location in Mahim during the rule of the Gujrati sultans. The Dadi Seth Agiary was built in 1783, the Hormusji Wadia Fire temple in 1839, each area of Girgaon follows its own customs. Communities like the Marathi-speakers, Gujarati, Konkani, Jains, Marwaris, Christians and they celebrate different festivals, follow different customs for birth, marriage, death, and other important events. This is also the area in which Ganesh Chaturthi is celebrated in great style, the area is filled with crowds when the Ganesh Visarjan is carried out. It is not only about Ganesh Chaturthi, Girgaon also celebrates other festivals with equal zest whether Diwali, Gokulashtami or Makar Sankranti. Girgaon is further subdivided in small neighborhoods locally called as wadis, there are many such wadis in Girgaon namely - Vaidyawadi Bhatwadi, Jitekar wadi, Gaiwadi, Kandewadi, Bhutachi wadi, Urankar wadi, Fanas waadi, Pimpal wadi etc. One of these- Khotachi wadi is very famous for its Portuguese style wooden architecture and it is mainly inhabited by Catholics and Maharashtrian Hindus. These houses are now largely being pulled down to make way for sky scrapers, nevertheless, foreign tourists still throng these narrow lanes of Khotachi wadi as it is one of the very few heritage villages remaining within south Mumbai. Heritage walks are conducted here by locals and history lovers. Largely, Girgaon also includes the areas around it, like Sikka Nagar, some parts of Khetwadi, Prarthana Samaj, Opera House, C. P. tank
28.
Mumbai
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Mumbai is the capital city of the Indian state of Maharashtra. It is the most populous city in India and the ninth most populous agglomeration in the world, Mumbai lies on the west coast of India and has a deep natural harbour. In 2008, Mumbai was named a world city. It is also the wealthiest city in India, and has the highest GDP of any city in South, West, Mumbai has the highest number of billionaires and millionaires among all cities in India. The seven islands that came to constitute Mumbai were home to communities of fishing colonies, during the mid-18th century, Bombay was reshaped by the Hornby Vellard project, which undertook reclamation of the area between the seven islands from the sea. Along with construction of roads and railways, the reclamation project, completed in 1845. Bombay in the 19th century was characterised by economic and educational development, during the early 20th century it became a strong base for the Indian independence movement. Upon Indias independence in 1947 the city was incorporated into Bombay State, in 1960, following the Samyukta Maharashtra movement, a new state of Maharashtra was created with Bombay as the capital. Mumbai is the financial, commercial and entertainment capital of India and it is also home to some of Indias premier scientific and nuclear institutes like BARC, NPCL, IREL, TIFR, AERB, AECI, and the Department of Atomic Energy. The city also houses Indias Hindi and Marathi film and television industry, Mumbais business opportunities, as well as its potential to offer a higher standard of living, attract migrants from all over India, making the city a melting pot of many communities and cultures. The oldest known names for the city are Kakamuchee and Galajunkja, in 1508, Portuguese writer Gaspar Correia used the name Bombaim, in his Lendas da Índia. This name possibly originated as the Old Portuguese phrase bom baim, meaning good little bay, in 1516, Portuguese explorer Duarte Barbosa used the name Tana-Maiambu, Tana appears to refer to the adjoining town of Thane and Maiambu to Mumbadevi. Other variations recorded in the 16th and the 17th centuries include, Mombayn, Bombay, Bombain, Bombaym, Monbaym, Mombaim, Mombaym, Bambaye, Bombaiim, Bombeye, Boon Bay, and Bon Bahia. After the English gained possession of the city in the 17th century, Ali Muhammad Khan, imperial diwan or revenue minister of the Gujarat province, in the Mirat-i-Ahmedi referred to the city as Manbai. By the late 20th century, the city was referred to as Mumbai or Mambai in the Indian statewise official languages of Marathi, Konkani, Gujarati, Kannada and Sindhi, the Government of India officially changed the English name to Mumbai in November 1995. According to Slate magazine, they argued that Bombay was a corrupted English version of Mumbai, Slate also said The push to rename Bombay was part of a larger movement to strengthen Marathi identity in the Maharashtra region. A resident of Mumbai is called mumbaikar in the Marathi language, the term has been in use for quite some time but it gained popularity after the official name change to Mumbai. Mumbai is built on what was once an archipelago of seven islands, Bombay Island, Parel, Mazagaon, Mahim, Colaba, Worli and it is not exactly known when these islands were first inhabited
29.
National Film Archive of India
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The National Film Archive of India was established as a media unit of the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting in February 1964. With headquarters at Pune, Maharashtra, NFAI has three offices at Bangalore, Calcutta and Thiruvananthapuram. Developed from scratch by P. K. Nair, NFAIs activities relating to dissemination of culture are manifold. Its Distribution Library has about 25 active members throughout the country and it has over 10,000 films, over 10,000 books, over 10,000 film scripts, and over 50,000 photographs. At the International level, NFAI supplied several Indian classics for major screening programmes, prakash Magdum is the present director of the NFAI
30.
Marathi Cinema
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Marathi cinema refers to Indian films produced in Marathi, the language of the state of Maharashtra, India. Based in old Mumbai, it is the oldest and one of the film industries of India. The first Marathi talkie film, Ayodhyecha Raja, was released in 1932, although the industry is much smaller than the large market driven Hindi cinema based in Mumbai, Marathi cinema is tax free, and is experiencing growth in recent years. Raja Harishchandra, directed by Dadasaheb Phalke, was a Marathi film, now known as Indias first full-length feature, the Dadasaheb Phalke Award is Indias highest award in cinema given annually by the Government of India for lifetime contribution to Indian cinema. Marathi cinema is the oldest form of Indian cinema, the first Marathi movie released in India was Shree Pundalik by Dadasaheb Torne on 18 May 1912 at Coronation Cinematograph, Mumbai. Dadasaheb Phalke is known as the first pioneer and founder of cinema in pre-Independence India, kolhapur in Western Maharashtra was another centre of active film production in the twenties. Because of his special interest in sets, costumes, design and painting, he chose episodes from Maratha history for interpreting in the new medium, baburao Painter made many silent movies till 1930. However, after a few silent films, the Maharashtra Film Company pulled down its shutters with the advent of sound. Baburao was not particularly keen on the talkies for he believed that they would destroy the culture so painfully evolved over the years. As cinema grew in Union of India, major production houses rose and one of them was again a company owned wholly by Maharashtrians, prabhats Sant Tukaram was the first Indian work to win the Best Film Award at the Venice film festival in 1937. In 1954 at the very first edition of the National Awards, Shyamchi Aai another Marathi film and it was directed by Acharya P K Atre, and it was an adaptation of the eponymous novel by Sane Guruji. The 1960s saw the emergence of directors like Anant Mane who made Marathi films based on the art form Tamasha. Then came directors like Datta Dharmadhikari and Raj Dutt who made traditional family dramas, the early 70s saw the advent of Dada Kondke who captured the audiences with his sense of humour. He went on to create satirical, pun-ridden films often including social and political commentary, by this time Marathi cinema was caught in either the Tamasha genre or tragedies revolving around traditional family dramas on one side and the comedies of Dada Kondke. The 1980s saw two comedy heroes catapult to stardom, Ashok Saraf and Laxmikant Berde, around the mid-80s two young actors donned the directors mantle, Mahesh Kothare and Sachin Pilgaonkar. Pilgaonkar directed Navri Mile Navryala and around the same time Mahesh Kothare directed Dhumdhadaka, pilgaonkars film was a box-office hit while Mahesh Kothares became a mega hit at the box-office, became a trend-setter, and brought young audiences to Marathi cinema. Mahesh Kothare went on to comedy films that became major hits. He made the first Marathi film shot on the anamorphic format — Dhadakebaaz and he brought a number of innovations in the technical quality of Marathi films and was the first to bring Dolby Digital sound to Marathi cinema with Chimni Pakhara
31.
Alam Ara
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Alam Ara is a 1931 Indian Bollywood Hindi/Urdu film directed by Ardeshir Irani. It was the first Indian sound film, Irani recognised the importance that sound would have on the cinema, and raced to complete Alam Ara before several contemporary sound films. Alam Ara debuted at the Majestic Cinema in Mumbai on 14 March 1931, the first Indian talkie was so popular that police aid had to be summoned to control the crowds. The film has long been lost and was not available as far back as 1967 according to the National Film Archive of India, the film is a love story between a prince and a gypsy girl, based on a Parsi play written by Joseph David. David later served as a writer at Iranis film company, the story centres on an imaginary, historical royal family in the kingdom of Kumarpur. The main characters are the king and his two warring wives, Dilbahar and Naubahar and their rivalry escalates when a fakir predicts that Navbahar will bear the kings heir. Dilbahar, in a fit, attempts to have an affair with the chief minister. The affair goes sour and a vengeful Dilbahar imprisons him and exiles his daughter, in exile, Alam Ara is brought up by Gypsies. Upon returning to the palace at Kumarpur, Alam Ara meets, in the end, Adil is released, Dilbahar is punished and the lovers marry. Master Vithal Zubeida as Alam Ara Jillo Both the movie and its music were widely successful, including the hit song De de khuda ke naam per and it was sung by actor Wazir Mohammed Khan who played a fakir in the film. As playback singing had yet to start in Indian cinema, it was recorded live with musical accompaniment of a harmonium, the film marked the beginning of filmi music in the Cinema of India, as noted film director Shyam Benegal said, It was not just a talkie. It was a talking and singing film with more singing and less talking and it had a number of songs and that actually set the template for the kind of films that were made later. In fact, the 1932 film Indrasabha had an overwhelming 71 songs in it, Ardeshir Irani handled the sound recording department, using the Tanar Sound System. It was shot with the Tanar single-system camera, which recorded sound directly onto the film, since there were no soundproof studios available at the time, the shooting was done mostly at night, to avoid daytime noises, with microphones hidden near the actors. The film was inspired by Show Boat, released by Universal Pictures and it was the first and partly depending movie version of Jerome Kerns Broadway musical Show Boat, which was itself adaptated from the 1926 novel of the same name by Edna Ferber. There is no copy of the film today. The National Archives of India says that they do not possess a print and couldnt locate one as far back as 1967. It was incorrectly reported that the last known prints, in Pune’s film archives, were damaged by a fire in 2003 when in fact no copy was ever possessed by the film archive
32.
New York Times
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The New York Times is an American daily newspaper, founded and continuously published in New York City since September 18,1851, by The New York Times Company. The New York Times has won 119 Pulitzer Prizes, more than any other newspaper, the papers print version in 2013 had the second-largest circulation, behind The Wall Street Journal, and the largest circulation among the metropolitan newspapers in the US. The New York Times is ranked 18th in the world by circulation, following industry trends, its weekday circulation had fallen in 2009 to fewer than one million. Nicknamed The Gray Lady, The New York Times has long been regarded within the industry as a newspaper of record. The New York Times international version, formerly the International Herald Tribune, is now called the New York Times International Edition, the papers motto, All the News Thats Fit to Print, appears in the upper left-hand corner of the front page. On Sunday, The New York Times is supplemented by the Sunday Review, The New York Times Book Review, The New York Times Magazine and T, some other early investors of the company were Edwin B. Morgan and Edward B. We do not believe that everything in Society is either right or exactly wrong, —what is good we desire to preserve and improve, —what is evil, to exterminate. In 1852, the started a western division, The Times of California that arrived whenever a mail boat got to California. However, when local California newspapers came into prominence, the effort failed, the newspaper shortened its name to The New-York Times in 1857. It dropped the hyphen in the city name in the 1890s, One of the earliest public controversies it was involved with was the Mortara Affair, the subject of twenty editorials it published alone. At Newspaper Row, across from City Hall, Henry Raymond, owner and editor of The New York Times, averted the rioters with Gatling guns, in 1869, Raymond died, and George Jones took over as publisher. Tweed offered The New York Times five million dollars to not publish the story, in the 1880s, The New York Times transitioned gradually from editorially supporting Republican Party candidates to becoming more politically independent and analytical. In 1884, the paper supported Democrat Grover Cleveland in his first presidential campaign, while this move cost The New York Times readership among its more progressive and Republican readers, the paper eventually regained most of its lost ground within a few years. However, the newspaper was financially crippled by the Panic of 1893, the paper slowly acquired a reputation for even-handedness and accurate modern reporting, especially by the 1890s under the guidance of Ochs. Under Ochs guidance, continuing and expanding upon the Henry Raymond tradition, The New York Times achieved international scope, circulation, in 1910, the first air delivery of The New York Times to Philadelphia began. The New York Times first trans-Atlantic delivery by air to London occurred in 1919 by dirigible, airplane Edition was sent by plane to Chicago so it could be in the hands of Republican convention delegates by evening. In the 1940s, the extended its breadth and reach. The crossword began appearing regularly in 1942, and the section in 1946
33.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
34.
University of Berkeley
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The University of California, Berkeley, is a public research university located in Berkeley, California. In 1960s, UC Berkeley was particularly noted for the Free Speech Movement as well as the Anti-Vietnam War Movement led by its students. S, Department of Energy, and is home to many world-renowned research institutes and organizations including Mathematical Sciences Research Institute and Space Sciences Laboratory. Faculty member J. R. Oppenheimer, the father of the atomic bomb, Lawrence Livermore Lab also discovered or co-discovered six chemical elements. The Academic Ranking of World Universities also ranks the University of California, Berkeley, third in the world overall, in 1866, the private College of California purchased the land comprising the current Berkeley campus. Ten faculty members and almost 40 students made up the new University of California when it opened in Oakland in 1869, billings was a trustee of the College of California and suggested that the college be named in honor of the Anglo-Irish philosopher George Berkeley. In 1870, Henry Durant, the founder of the College of California, with the completion of North and South Halls in 1873, the university relocated to its Berkeley location with 167 male and 22 female students and held its first classes. In 1905, the University Farm was established near Sacramento, ultimately becoming the University of California, by the 1920s, the number of campus buildings had grown substantially, and included twenty structures designed by architect John Galen Howard. Robert Gordon Sproul served as president from 1930 to 1958, by 1942, the American Council on Education ranked UC Berkeley second only to Harvard University in the number of distinguished departments. During World War II, following Glenn Seaborgs then-secret discovery of plutonium, UC Berkeley physics professor J. Robert Oppenheimer was named scientific head of the Manhattan Project in 1942. Along with the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley is now a partner in managing two other labs, Los Alamos National Laboratory and Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, originally, military training was compulsory for male undergraduates, and Berkeley housed an armory for that purpose. In 1917, Berkeleys ROTC program was established, and its School of Military Aeronautics trained future pilots, including Jimmy Doolittle, both Robert McNamara and Frederick C. Weyand graduated from UC Berkeleys ROTC program, earning B. A. degrees in 1937 and 1938, in 1926, future fleet admiral Chester W. Nimitz established the first Naval Reserve Officers Training Corps unit at Berkeley. The Board of Regents ended compulsory military training at Berkeley in 1962, during the McCarthy era in 1949, the Board of Regents adopted an anti-communist loyalty oath. A number of faculty members objected and were dismissed, ten years passed before they were reinstated with back pay, in 1952, the University of California became an entity separate from the Berkeley campus. Each campus was given autonomy and its own Chancellor. Then-president Sproul assumed presidency of the entire University of California system, Berkeley gained a reputation for student activism in the 1960s with the Free Speech Movement of 1964 and opposition to the Vietnam War. In the highly publicized Peoples Park protest in 1969, students and the school conflicted over use of a plot of land, then governor of California Ronald Reagan called the Berkeley campus a haven for communist sympathizers, protesters, and sex deviants. Modern students at Berkeley are less active, with a greater percentage of moderates and conservatives
35.
Rediff.com
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Rediff. com is an Indian news, information, entertainment and shopping web portal, founded in 1996 as Rediff On The NeT. It is headquartered in Mumbai, with offices in Bangalore, New Delhi, according to Alexa, Rediff. com is the No.24 Indian web portal. It has more than 300 employees, most of the visitors to Rediff. com are from India, while the rest come primarily from the US and China. In April 2001, Rediff. com acquired and began offering India Abroad, as of February 2011, it ranked 295 on Alexa. Rediff. com was the domain name registered in India in 1996. However according to the records of Network Solutions, the registrar of Rediff. com, in 2001, Rediff. com was alleged to be in violation of the Securities Act for filing materially false prospectus in relation to an IPO of its American depositary shares. In April 2016, the Company decided to delist from NASDAQ, citing the high cost of reporting requirements, rediffmail – Web based and app-based e-mail which has around 95 million registered usernames. Rediff Shopping – An online and app-based marketplace, headquartered in Mumbai, India, selling mobile phones, shopping, apparel and accessories, valentine gifts and home utility, Rediff News App – On 14 September 2012, Rediff launched its Android App for Rediff News. Rediff iShare – From 10 July 2007, Rediff users were able to upload their videos, music and pictures to the Rediff iShare multimedia platform
36.
Sakal
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Sakal is a Marathi-language daily newspaper by Sakal Media Group with its headquarters in Pune, Maharashtra, India. Sakal is the newspaper of the foundation publication, Sakal Media Group. It ranks among the top 10 language dailies of India and it is Alexas top ranked web-site in Marathi category. Nanasaheb Parulekar was the founder of Sakal and it is published in the cities of Pune, Mumbai, Kolhapur, Sangli, Nashik, Aurangabad, Nanded, Solapur, Nagpur, Satara, Amravati and Jalgaon. The group’s other operations consist of regional newspapers, magazines and Internet publishing and it holds one of the largest Marathi websites, eSakal, which reaches to 300,000 Internet users across the globe Sakal was a classic newspaper of the pre-independence nationalist period. Its idealistic founder, Dr. N. P. alias Nanasaheb Parulekar had been influenced by American newspapers during his years at Columbia University, by introducing Sakal to advance Mahatma Gandhi’s movement for independence, he also showed the path to genuine daily journalism in Marathi. By the 1960s, Sakal appointed full-time correspondents, each with a telephone and it ran training camps for its journalists, promotions and cultural events for its readers and letters to the editor on its front page. Under Nanasaheb Parulekar, the paper maintained strict neutrality and endorsed candidates for local. However, the family of political leader, Sharad Pawar took over Sakal in 1985 using unethical business practices. The Pawar family turned the paper into a limited company in 1989. Parulekar –1 Jan 1932 to 31 Dec 1943 Ramchandra Balawant a. k. a, babasaheb Ghorpade –1 Jan 1944 to 20 Feb 1951 N. B. Under his leadership, group has launched the first and only agriculture daily, the official website states that it is first media company to organize events & exhibitions as well as the first media group to implement 6-sigma processes across the company. Today - Sakal started a separate pull out for local content, a traditional Marathi newspaper, Sakal adopted ‘Today’, an English title of the pullout. In 2006 -2007, ‘Today’ was launched across all major cities of Maharashtra, Pune edition initiated the pull out on 14 August 2006. It opened new avenues for local content as well local advertisers, Garcia Design - It concentrated on multimedia activities and emerged as a Multimedia House. Newspaper designer Mario Garcia redesigned Sakal newspaper in year 2007-2008, the new look of Sakal was flashy, energetic and colorful. The masthead of Sakal changed to blue reverse, Garcia Design was implemented successfully across the Maharashtra. Newzine - In 2010 Sakal adopted Newzine style of presenting the news, Newzine is the newly coined word derived from the News In The Form of Magazine
37.
NDTV
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New Delhi Television Limited is an Indian television media company founded in 1988 by husband and wife Prannoy Roy and Radhika Roy. NDTV is an acronym for the name of the company, New Delhi Television. Channels of NDTV Group are, NDTV 24x7 – 24-hour English news channel, NDTV India – 24-hour Hindi news channel. NDTV Profit – Business news channel, NDTV Good Times – Lifestyle channel. ATN NDTV 24x7 Vikram A Chandra, Consulting Editor Sonia Singh, Editorial Director Ravish Kumar, abhigyan Prakash, Executive Editor of NDTV India. Rahul Narvekar, CEO of Indianroots NDTV Ethnic Retail NDTV organises campaigns through its channels to support education, rural electrification and it was supported by many actors such as Priyanka Chopra, Shah Rukh Khan, Karan Johar. There have been two seasons of Greenathon campaign in 2010 and 2011 resulting in donations of more than 130 million Rupees. It is also sponsored by automaker Toyota, save Our Tiger Campaign, This campaign was launched on 30 January 2010 by Indian telecom company Aircel in partnership with NDTV and WWF-India. The goal was to create awareness among Indians about the rapidly decreasing population in India. The first year of the NDTV campaign culminated in a 12-hour telethon, during the telethon, people appealed to political leaders and the masses to do whatever they could to help safeguard the Indian tiger. As a result of the campaign, several prominent political leaders came on air, during the telethon 19.9 million rupees were raised through donations. Support My School Campaign, On 24 January 2011 NDTV in partnership with Coca-Cola India, CAF, the motive of this telethon was to create awareness on water and sanitation, environment and healthy active living. Indian cricketer Sachin Tendulkar was the ambassador of this campaign. On 18 September 2011 an event was organised to support education in rural India and it was supported by Sachin Tendulkar and Bollywood Actor Sanjay Dutt. The event generated more than 72 million Rupees to fund the needs of more than 140 schools, Fit India Movement, On 16 March 2011 NDTV and Nirmal Lifestyle launched a long-term campaign, Fit India Movement. The purpose of movement is to change the way Indians think about their fitness. The Mission-1 of this movement was Marks for Sports, Marks for Sports, This initiative was launched on 16 March 2011 under the Fit India Movement of NDTV and Nirmal Lifestyle. The goal of is to push for inclusion of sports in the school curriculum, Actor Ranbir Kapoor, Dr. Prannoy Roy, chairman, NDTV and Dharmesh Jain, chairman and managing director of Nirmal Lifestyle launched this initiative in New Delhi
38.
IMDb
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In 1998 it became a subsidiary of Amazon Inc, who were then able to use it as an advertising resource for selling DVDs and videotapes. As of January 2017, IMDb has approximately 4.1 million titles and 7.7 million personalities in its database, the site enables registered users to submit new material and edits to existing entries. Although all data is checked before going live, the system has open to abuse. The site also featured message boards which stimulate regular debates and dialogue among authenticated users, IMDb shutdown the message boards permanently on February 20,2017. Anyone with a connection can read the movie and talent pages of IMDb. A registration process is however, to contribute info to the site. A registered user chooses a name for themselves, and is given a profile page. These badges range from total contributions made, to independent categories such as photos, trivia, bios, if a registered user or visitor happens to be in the entertainment industry, and has an IMDb page, that user/visitor can add photos to that page by enrolling in IMDbPRO. Actors, crew, and industry executives can post their own resume and this fee enrolls them in a membership called IMDbPro. PRO can be accessed by anyone willing to pay the fee, which is $19.99 USD per month, or if paid annually, $149.99, which comes to approximately $12.50 per month USD. Membership enables a user to access the rank order of each industry personality, as well as agent contact information for any actor, producer, director etc. that has an IMDb page. Enrolling in PRO for industry personnel, enables those members the ability to upload a head shot to open their page, as well as the ability to upload hundreds of photos to accompany their page. Anyone can register as a user, and contribute to the site as well as enjoy its content, however those users enrolled in PRO have greater access and privileges. IMDb originated with a Usenet posting by British film fan and computer programmer Col Needham entitled Those Eyes, others with similar interests soon responded with additions or different lists of their own. Needham subsequently started an Actors List, while Dave Knight began a Directors List, and Andy Krieg took over THE LIST from Hank Driskill, which would later be renamed the Actress List. Both lists had been restricted to people who were alive and working, the goal of the participants now was to make the lists as inclusive as possible. By late 1990, the lists included almost 10,000 movies and television series correlated with actors and actresses appearing therein. On October 17,1990, Needham developed and posted a collection of Unix shell scripts which could be used to search the four lists, at the time, it was known as the rec. arts. movies movie database
39.
YouTube
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YouTube is an American video-sharing website headquartered in San Bruno, California. The service was created by three former PayPal employees—Chad Hurley, Steve Chen, and Jawed Karim—in February 2005, Google bought the site in November 2006 for US$1.65 billion, YouTube now operates as one of Googles subsidiaries. Unregistered users can watch videos on the site, while registered users are permitted to upload an unlimited number of videos. Videos deemed potentially offensive are available only to registered users affirming themselves to be at least 18 years old, YouTube earns advertising revenue from Google AdSense, a program which targets ads according to site content and audience. As of February 2017, there are more than 400 hours of content uploaded to YouTube each minute, as of April 2017, the website is ranked as the second most popular site in the world by Alexa Internet, a web traffic analysis company. YouTube was founded by Chad Hurley, Steve Chen, and Jawed Karim, Hurley had studied design at Indiana University of Pennsylvania, and Chen and Karim studied computer science together at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Karim could not easily find video clips of either event online, Hurley and Chen said that the original idea for YouTube was a video version of an online dating service, and had been influenced by the website Hot or Not. YouTube began as a venture capital-funded technology startup, primarily from an $11.5 million investment by Sequoia Capital between November 2005 and April 2006, YouTubes early headquarters were situated above a pizzeria and Japanese restaurant in San Mateo, California. The domain name www. youtube. com was activated on February 14,2005, the first YouTube video, titled Me at the zoo, shows co-founder Jawed Karim at the San Diego Zoo. The video was uploaded on April 23,2005, and can still be viewed on the site, YouTube offered the public a beta test of the site in May 2005. The first video to reach one million views was a Nike advertisement featuring Ronaldinho in November 2005. Following a $3.5 million investment from Sequoia Capital in November, the site grew rapidly, and in July 2006 the company announced that more than 65,000 new videos were being uploaded every day, and that the site was receiving 100 million video views per day. The site has 800 million unique users a month and it is estimated that in 2007 YouTube consumed as much bandwidth as the entire Internet in 2000. The choice of the name www. youtube. com led to problems for a similarly named website, the sites owner, Universal Tube & Rollform Equipment, filed a lawsuit against YouTube in November 2006 after being regularly overloaded by people looking for YouTube. Universal Tube has since changed the name of its website to www. utubeonline. com, in October 2006, Google Inc. announced that it had acquired YouTube for $1.65 billion in Google stock, and the deal was finalized on November 13,2006. In March 2010, YouTube began free streaming of certain content, according to YouTube, this was the first worldwide free online broadcast of a major sporting event. On March 31,2010, the YouTube website launched a new design, with the aim of simplifying the interface, Google product manager Shiva Rajaraman commented, We really felt like we needed to step back and remove the clutter. In May 2010, YouTube videos were watched more than two times per day
40.
Indian cinema
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The cinema of India consists of films produced across India. Cinema as a medium has gained popularity in the country. Indian films have come to be followed throughout South Asia. Dadasaheb Phalke is known as the father of Indian cinema, the Dadasaheb Phalke Award, for lifetime contribution to cinema, was instituted in his honour, by the Government of India in 1969, and is the most prestigious and coveted award in Indian cinema. In the 20th century, Indian cinema, along with the Hollywood and Chinese film industries, as of 2013, in terms of annual film output, India ranks first, followed by Nollywood, Hollywood and China. In 2012, India produced 1,602 feature films, the Indian film industry reached overall revenues of $1.86 billion in 2011. This is projected to rise to $3 billion in 2016, in 2015, India had a total box office of US$1.6 billion, the fourth largest in the world outside North America. Enhanced technology paved the way for upgrading from established norms of delivering product. Visual effects based, super hero science fiction, and epic films like Enthiran, Baahubali, Indian cinema found markets in over 90 countries where films from India are screened. The Indian government extended film delegations to countries such as the United States of America. The provision of 100% foreign direct investment has made the Indian film market attractive for foreign enterprises such as 20th Century Fox, Sony Pictures, Walt Disney Pictures, tax incentives to multiplexes have aided the multiplex boom in India. By 2003 as many as 30 film production companies had been listed in the National Stock Exchange of India, the South Indian film industry defines the four film cultures of South India as a single entity. They are the Tamil, the Telugu, the Malayalam and the Kannada industries, although developed independently over a long period, gross exchange of film performers and technicians as well as globalisation helped to shape this new identity. Music in Indian cinema is another substantial revenue generator with the music rights alone accounting for 4–5% of the net revenues generated by a film in India. Following the screening of the Lumière moving pictures in London, cinema became a sensation across Europe, in the next year a film presentation by one Professor Stevenson featured a stage show at Calcuttas Star Theatre. With Stevensons encouragement and camera Hiralal Sen, an Indian photographer, made a film of scenes from that show, the Wrestlers by H. S. Bhatavdekar showing a wrestling match at the Hanging Gardens in Bombay was the first film ever to be shot by an Indian. It was also the first Indian documentary film, the first Indian film released in India was Shree Pundalik a silent film in Marathi by Dadasaheb Torne on 18 May 1912 at Coronation Cinematograph, Bombay. The female roles in the film were played by male actors, the film marked a historic benchmark in the film industry in India
41.
Mohini Bhasmasur
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Mohini Bhasmasur is a 1913 Indian mythological film directed by Dhundiraj Govind Phalke and starring Kamlabai Gokhale and Durgabai Kamat. It is Indias and Phalkes second full-length film, Mohini Bhasmasur is the first Indian film to have actresses, in Raja Harischandra, males played female roles. The plot of the film revolves round the theme of the Hindu mythological story of Mohini and Bhasmasur, the god Shiva grants Bhasmasura the power to turn anyone into ashes by touching their head. The demon decides to try the power on Shiva himself, the god Vishnu, witnessing the unfortunate turn of events, transforms into the seductress Mohini and enchants Bhasmasura. Bhasmasura asks her to marry him, Mohini agrees, but only on the condition that Bhasmasura follows her move for move in a dance. In the course of the dance, she places her hand on her head, Bhasmasura mimics the action, and in turn, reduces himself to ashes. The film was of 32,554 feet length, Mohini Bhasmasur was the first Indian film in which actresses were used. Kamlabai Gokhale, then called as Kamla Kamat, a Marathi stage actress, was cast as the heroine Mohini, kamala was only 13 years old at the time. However, in an era where women in performing arts were compared to prostitutes, soon after, Mohini Bhasmasur was screened for the first time in November 1913. A one-minute short comedy film Pithache Panje was released as an attraction with the film. Phalke produced four films in succession under the banner Production Company including Mohini Bhasmasur, Savitri Satyavan, Satyavadi Raja Harishchandra and his wife Saraswati Phalke was the woman behind the scene who was the manager and technical assistant to her husband in film making. Phalke was inspired into film making after he watched the movie Life of Christ in 1910 and this led him to London for training in filmography under Cecil Hepworth of Walton Studios, in 1912. He had bought the camera Willamson make for his film production, in creating the mythological themes for his films, Phalke was influenced by Raja Ravi Varma, the famous king and painter of mythological themes. He also introduced the screen play format for the film and rehearsed his actors before recording the scenes, departing from declamatory style of Sanskrit drama, Phalke used nataka dividing the screenplay into acts. Most of Mohini Bhasmasur was shot in the open countryside, Phalkes first three films were created in eight months together without a film studio, by hand-driven machines and using a crew who had no prior film experience. All three films were successful and Phalke was able to pay off his debts, which he had acquired to make the films. They were shown by Phalke in London, in 1914, kamala who was a stage actress performed the first dance number in the role of a heroine in Indian cinema. In the dance item, she played the role of Mohini enticing Bhasmasura, Phalke was the choreographer of the dance item and he had been inspired by Hindu temple sculptures, Buddhist murals in the Ajanta Caves, devadasi tradition and dancing from the Tamasha folk form
British India (today part of India)
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