1.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
2.
India
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India, officially the Republic of India, is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country, and it is bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the southwest, and the Bay of Bengal on the southeast. It shares land borders with Pakistan to the west, China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the northeast, in the Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives. Indias Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a border with Thailand. The Indian subcontinent was home to the urban Indus Valley Civilisation of the 3rd millennium BCE, in the following millennium, the oldest scriptures associated with Hinduism began to be composed. Social stratification, based on caste, emerged in the first millennium BCE, early political consolidations took place under the Maurya and Gupta empires, the later peninsular Middle Kingdoms influenced cultures as far as southeast Asia. In the medieval era, Judaism, Zoroastrianism, Christianity, and Islam arrived, much of the north fell to the Delhi sultanate, the south was united under the Vijayanagara Empire. The economy expanded in the 17th century in the Mughal empire, in the mid-18th century, the subcontinent came under British East India Company rule, and in the mid-19th under British crown rule. A nationalist movement emerged in the late 19th century, which later, under Mahatma Gandhi, was noted for nonviolent resistance, in 2015, the Indian economy was the worlds seventh largest by nominal GDP and third largest by purchasing power parity. Following market-based economic reforms in 1991, India became one of the major economies and is considered a newly industrialised country. However, it continues to face the challenges of poverty, corruption, malnutrition, a nuclear weapons state and regional power, it has the third largest standing army in the world and ranks sixth in military expenditure among nations. India is a constitutional republic governed under a parliamentary system. It is a pluralistic, multilingual and multi-ethnic society and is home to a diversity of wildlife in a variety of protected habitats. The name India is derived from Indus, which originates from the Old Persian word Hindu, the latter term stems from the Sanskrit word Sindhu, which was the historical local appellation for the Indus River. The ancient Greeks referred to the Indians as Indoi, which translates as The people of the Indus, the geographical term Bharat, which is recognised by the Constitution of India as an official name for the country, is used by many Indian languages in its variations. Scholars believe it to be named after the Vedic tribe of Bharatas in the second millennium B. C. E and it is also traditionally associated with the rule of the legendary emperor Bharata. Gaṇarājya is the Sanskrit/Hindi term for republic dating back to the ancient times, hindustan is a Persian name for India dating back to the 3rd century B. C. E. It was introduced into India by the Mughals and widely used since then and its meaning varied, referring to a region that encompassed northern India and Pakistan or India in its entirety
3.
West Bengal
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West Bengal is an Indian state, located in East India on the Bay of Bengal. It is Indias fourth-most populous state, with over 91 million inhabitants and it has a total area of 34,267 sq mi, making it similar in size to Serbia. A part of the ethno-linguistic Bengal region, it borders Bangladesh in the east and Nepal and it also has borders five Indian states, Odisha, Jharkhand, Bihar, Sikkim and Assam. The state capital is Kolkata, the seventh-largest city in India, the geography of West Bengal includes the Darjeeling Himalayan hill region in its extreme north, the Ganges delta, the Rarh region and the coastal Sundarbans. The main ethnic group are the Bengali people, with Bengali Hindus forming the demographic majority, Ancient Bengal was the site of several major janapadas, including Vanga, Radha, Pundra and Suhma. In the 2nd century BC, the region was conquered by the emperor Ashoka, in the 4th century AD, it was absorbed into the Gupta Empire. From the 13th century onward, the region was ruled by sultans, powerful Hindu states and Baro-Bhuyan landlords. The British East India Company cemented their hold on the following the Battle of Plassey in 1757. Between 1977 and 2011, the state was administered by the worlds longest elected Communist government, a major agricultural producer, West Bengal is the sixth-largest contributor to Indias net domestic product. It is noted for its activities and the presence of cultural and educational institutions. The states cultural heritage, besides varied folk traditions, ranges from stalwarts in literature including Nobel-laureate Rabindranath Tagore to scores of musicians, film-makers and artists. West Bengal is also distinct from most other Indian states in its appreciation and practice of playing football besides cricket. The origin of the name Bengal is unknown, one theory suggests that the word derives from Bang, a Dravidian tribe that settled the region around 1000 BC. The word might have derived from the ancient kingdom of Vanga. Although some early Sanskrit literature mentions the name, the early history is obscure. At the end of British Rule over the Indian subcontinent, the Bengal region was partitioned in 1947 along religious lines into east and west, the east came to be known as East Bengal and the west came to known as West Bengal, which continued as an Indian state. In 2011, the Government of West Bengal proposed a change in the name of the state to Poschimbongo. This is the name of the state, literally meaning western Bengal in the native Bengali language
4.
South 24 Parganas
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South 24 Parganas is a district of West Bengal State, headquartered in Alipore. It is the largest district of West Bengal State by area, on one side it has the urban fringe of Kolkata and on the other, the remote riverine villages in the Sundarbans. It is the sixth most populous district in India, once the capital of Raja Bikramaditya and Maharaja Pratapaditya was at Dhumghat. Later it was transferred to Ishwaripur, Maharaja Pratapaditya declared independence of South Bengal against the Mughal Empire of India. Pratapaditya king of Jessore and one of the bara-bhuiyans of Bengal, Pratapaditya fought against the Mughal imperial army during its inroad into Bengal in the early 17th century. His father Shrihari, a Kayastha, was an officer in the service of daud khan karrani. On the fall of Daud he fled away with the government treasure in his custody and he then set up a kingdom for himself in the marshy land to the extreme south of Khulna district and took the title of Maharaja. Pratapaditya succeeded to the kingship in 1574 and his territories covered the greater part of what is now included in the greater Jessore, Khulna and Barisal districts. He established his capital at Dhumghat, a position at the confluence of the Jamuna. Among the Bengal zamindars Pratapaditya was the first to send his envoy to Islam Khan Chisti with a gift to win the favour of the Mughals. He promised military assistance and personal service in the Mughal campaign against musa khan, Pratapaditya equipped a strong army and a fleet and placed them under expert officers including Feringis, Afghans and Pathans. His eldest son Udayaditya made a big fort at Salka with natural barriers on three sides rendering it almost impregnable, in battle the Jessore fleet gained an initial advantage. But the imperial army cut off the Jessore fleet, made a breach in its ranks and broke its unity, in the melee that followed, the admiral Khwaja Kamal was killed. Udayaditya lost heart and hastily fled to his father, narrowly escaping capture, jamal Khan evacuated the fort and followed Udayaditya. Pratapaditya prepared himself to fight a time from a new base near the confluence of Kagarghat canal. He made a big fort at a point and gathered all his available forces there. The imperialists began the battle by an attack on the Jessore fleet, but their further advance was checked by the heavy cannonade of the Jessore artillery. A sudden attack of the imperialists completely defeated the Jessore fleet and they fell upon the fort with the elephants in front, thereby compelling Pratapaditya to evacuate the fort, the second defeat sealed the fate of Pratapaditya
5.
Kolkata
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Kolkata /koʊlˈkɑːtɑː/ is the capital of the Indian state of West Bengal. In 2011, the city had a population of 4.5 million, while the population of the city and its suburbs was 14.1 million, making it the third-most populous metropolitan area in India. Recent estimates of Kolkata Metropolitan Areas economy have ranged from $60 to $150 billion making it third most-productive metropolitan area in India, after Mumbai, in the late 17th century, the three villages that predated Calcutta were ruled by the Nawab of Bengal under Mughal suzerainty. After the Nawab granted the East India Company a trading licence in 1690, Nawab Siraj ud-Daulah occupied Calcutta in 1756, and the East India Company retook it the following year. In 1793 the East India company was enough to abolish Nizamat. Calcutta was the centre for the Indian independence movement, it remains a hotbed of contemporary state politics, following Indian independence in 1947, Kolkata, which was once the centre of modern Indian education, science, culture, and politics, suffered several decades of economic stagnation. Many people from Kolkata—among them several Nobel laureates—have contributed to the arts, the sciences, Kolkata culture features idiosyncrasies that include distinctively close-knit neighbourhoods and freestyle intellectual exchanges. Though home to major cricketing venues and franchises, Kolkata differs from other Indian cities by giving importance to association football, there are several explanations about the etymology of this name, The term Kolikata is thought to be a variation of Kalikkhetrô, meaning Field of Kali. Similarly, it can be a variation of Kalikshetra, alternatively, the name may have been derived from the Bengali term kilkila, or flat area. The name may have its origin in the words khal meaning canal, followed by kaṭa, according to another theory, the area specialised in the production of quicklime or koli chun and coir or kata, hence, it was called Kolikata. The discovery and archaeological study of Chandraketugarh,35 kilometres north of Kolkata, Kolkatas recorded history began in 1690 with the arrival of the English East India Company, which was consolidating its trade business in Bengal. The area occupied by the city encompassed three villages, Kalikata, Gobindapur, and Sutanuti. Kalikata was a village, Sutanuti was a riverside weavers village. They were part of an estate belonging to the Mughal emperor and these rights were transferred to the East India Company in 1698. In 1712, the British completed the construction of Fort William, facing frequent skirmishes with French forces, the British began to upgrade their fortifications in 1756. The Nawab of Bengal, Siraj ud-Daulah, condemned the militarisation and his warning went unheeded, and the Nawab attacked, he captured Fort William which led to the killings of several East India company officials in the Black Hole of Calcutta. A force of Company soldiers and British troops led by Robert Clive recaptured the city the following year, declared a presidency city, Calcutta became the headquarters of the East India Company by 1772. In 1793, ruling power of the Nawabs were abolished and East India company took control of the city
6.
Metropolitan area
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As social, economic and political institutions have changed, metropolitan areas have become key economic and political regions. The Greater São Paulo is a term for one of the multiple definitions the large metropolitan area located in the São Paulo state in Brazil. A metropolitan area combines an urban agglomeration with zones not necessarily urban in character and these outlying zones are sometimes known as a commuter belt, and may extend well beyond the urban zone, to other political entities. For example, El Monte, California is considered part of the Los Angeles metro area in the United States, in practice, the parameters of metropolitan areas, in both official and unofficial usage, are not consistent. Population figures given for one area can vary by millions. A polycentric metropolitan area is one not connected by continuous development or conurbation, in defining a metropolitan area, it is sufficient that a city or cities form a nucleus that other areas have a high degree of integration with. The Australian Bureau of Statistics defines statistical divisions as areas under the influence of one or more major towns or a major city. However, this definition has become obsolete with the conurbation of several statistical divisions into a larger metropolitan areas. In Brazil, metropolitan areas are called metropolitan regions, each State defines its own legislation for the creation, definition and organization of a metropolitan region. The creation of a region is not intended for any statistical purpose, although the Brazilian Institute of Geography. Their main purpose is to allow for a management of public policies of common interest to all cities involved. They dont have political, electoral or jurisdictional power whatsoever, so living in a metropolitan region do not elect representatives for them. Statistics Canada defines a metropolitan area as an area consisting of one or more adjacent municipalities situated around a major urban core. To form a CMA, the area must have a population of at least 100,000. To be included in the CMA, adjacent municipalities must have a degree of integration with the core. As of the Canada 2011 Census, there were 33 CMAs in Canada, including six with a population over one million—Toronto, Montreal, Vancouver, Ottawa, Calgary and Edmonton. In Denmark the only area is Greater Copenhagen, consisting of the Capital Region of Denmark along with the neighboring regions Region Zealand. Greater Copenhagen has an population of 1.25 million people
7.
Bengali language
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Bengali, also known by its endonym Bangla, is an Indo-Aryan language spoken in South Asia. With over 210 million speakers, Bengali is the seventh most spoken language in the world. Dominant in the last group was Persian, which was also the source of some grammatical forms, more recent studies suggest that the use of native and foreign words has been increasing, mainly because of the preference of Bengali speakers for the colloquial style. Today, Bengali is the language spoken in Bangladesh and the second most spoken language in India. Both the national anthems of Bangladesh and India were composed in Bengali, in 1952, the Bengali Language Movement successfully pushed for the languages official status in the Dominion of Pakistan. In 1999, UNESCO recognized 21 February as International Mother Language Day in recognition of the movement in East Pakistan. Language is an important element of Bengali identity and binds together a diverse region. Sanskrit was spoken in Bengal since the first millennium BCE, during the Gupta Empire, Bengal was a hub of Sanskrit literature. The Middle Indo-Aryan dialects were spoken in Bengal in the first millennium when the region was a part of the Magadha Realm and these dialects were called Magadhi Prakrit. They eventually evolved into Ardha Magadhi, Ardha Magadhi began to give way to what are called Apabhraṃśa languages at the end of the first millennium. Along with other Eastern Indo-Aryan languages, Bengali evolved circa 1000–1200 AD from Sanskrit, for example, Ardhamagadhi is believed to have evolved into Abahatta around the 6th century, which competed with the ancestor of Bengali for some time. Proto-Bengali was the language of the Pala Empire and the Sena dynasty, during the medieval period, Middle Bengali was characterized by the elision of word-final অ ô, the spread of compound verbs and Arabic and Persian influences. Bengali was a court language of the Sultanate of Bengal. Muslim rulers promoted the development of Bengali as part of efforts to Islamize. Bengali became the most spoken language in the Sultanate. This period saw borrowing of Perso-Arabic terms into Bengali vocabulary, major texts of Middle Bengali include Chandidas Shreekrishna Kirtana. The modern literary form of Bengali was developed during the 19th and early 20th centuries based on the dialect spoken in the Nadia region, a west-central Bengali dialect. Bengali presents a case of diglossia, with the literary
8.
Vehicle registration plate
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A vehicle registration plate, also known as a number plate or a license plate, is metal or plastic plate attached to a motor vehicle or trailer for official identification purposes. The registration identifier is a numeric or alphanumeric ID that uniquely identifies the owner within the issuing regions database. The first two letters indicate the state to which the vehicle is registered, the next two digit numbers are the sequential number of a district. Due to heavy volume of vehicle registration, the numbers were given to the RTO offices of registration as well, the third part indicates the year of registration of the vehicle and is a 4 digit number unique to each plate. In some countries, the identifier is unique within the entire country, whether the identifier is associated with a vehicle or a person also varies by issuing agency. In the vast majority of jurisdictions, the government holds a monopoly on the manufacturing of vehicle registration plates for that jurisdiction. Thus, it is illegal for private citizens to make and affix their own plates. Alternately, the government will merely assign plate numbers, and it is the owners responsibility to find an approved private supplier to make a plate with that number. In some jurisdictions, plates will be assigned to that particular vehicle for its lifetime. If the vehicle is destroyed or exported to a different country. Other jurisdictions follow a policy, meaning that when a vehicle is sold the seller removes the current plate from the vehicle. Buyers must either obtain new plates or attach plates they already hold, as well as register their vehicles under the buyers name, a person who sells a car and then purchases a new one can apply to have the old plates put onto the new car. One who sells a car and does not buy a new one may, depending on the laws involved, have to turn the old plates in or destroy them. Some jurisdictions permit the registration of the vehicle with personal plates, in some jurisdictions, plates require periodic replacement, often associated with a design change of the plate itself. Vehicle owners may or may not have the option to keep their original plate number, alternately, or additionally, vehicle owners have to replace a small decal on the plate or use a decal on the windshield to indicate the expiration date of the vehicle registration. Plates are usually fixed directly to a vehicle or to a frame that is fixed to the vehicle. Sometimes, the plate frames contain advertisements inserted by the service centre or the dealership from which the vehicle was purchased. Vehicle owners can also purchase customized frames to replace the original frames, in some jurisdictions licence plate frames are illegal
9.
States and union territories of India
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India is a federal union comprising twenty-nine states and seven union territories. The states and union territories are further subdivided into districts and further into smaller administrative divisions, the Constitution of India distributes the sovereign executive and legislative powers exercisable with respect to the territory of any State between the Union and that State. The Indian subcontinent has been ruled by different ethnic groups throughout its history. Between 1947 and 1950, the territories of the states were politically integrated into the Indian Union. The new Constitution of India, which came into force on 26 January 1950, the new republic was also declared to be a Union of States. The nine Part A states were Assam, Bihar, Bombay, Madhya Pradesh, Madras, Orissa, Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, and West Bengal. The eight Part B states were former princely states or groups of states, governed by a rajpramukh, who was usually the ruler of a constituent state. The rajpramukh was appointed by the President of India, the Part B states were Hyderabad, Jammu and Kashmir, Madhya Bharat, Mysore, Patiala and East Punjab States Union, Rajasthan, Saurashtra, and Travancore-Cochin. The ten Part C states included both the former chief commissioners provinces and some states, and each was governed by a chief commissioner appointed by the President of India. The Part C states were Ajmer, Bhopal, Bilaspur, Coorg, Delhi, Himachal Pradesh, Cutch, Manipur, Tripura, the only Part D state was the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, which were administered by a lieutenant governor appointed by the central government. The Union Territory of Puducherry was created in 1954 comprising the previous French enclaves of Pondichéry, Karaikal, Yanam, Andhra State was created on 1 October 1953 from the Telugu-speaking northern districts of Madras State. The States Reorganisation Act of 1956 reorganised the states based on linguistic lines resulting in the creation of the new states, as a result of this act, Madras State retained its name with Kanyakumari district added to from Travancore-Cochin. Andhra Pradesh was created with the merger of Andhra State with the Telugu-speaking districts of Hyderabad State in 1956, kerala was created with the merger of Malabar district and the Kasaragod taluk of South Canara districts of Madras State with Travancore-Cochin. The Laccadive Islands which were divided between South Canara and Malabar districts of Madras State were united and organised into the territory of Lakshadweep. Bombay State was enlarged by the addition of Saurashtra State and Kutch State, Rajasthan and Punjab gained territories from Ajmer and Patiala and East Punjab States Union respectively and certain territories of Bihar was transferred to West Bengal. Bombay State was split into the states of Gujarat and Maharashtra on 1 May 1960 by the Bombay Reorganisation Act. Nagaland was formed on 1 December 1963, the Punjab Reorganisation Act of 1966 resulted in the creation of Haryana on 1 November and the transfer of the northern districts of Punjab to Himachal Pradesh. The act also designated Chandigarh as a territory and the shared capital of Punjab
10.
Bansdroni
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Bansdroni is a locality in South Kolkata. Bansdroni used to be a port during the 17th century when the Adi Ganga was the flow of the Ganges into the sea Bay of Bengal. It was the gateway to a vast hinterland in South 24 Parganas, Bansdroni takes its name from Bangsho Dron meaning a bamboo forest. The area is mainly an area, with nearly every building a residential one. The Usha Fan Factory is located here, vidyasagar Park Lane is an important locality here. Now, Bansdroni houses important retail stores like Reliance Digital, Spencers, LG Shoppe, Max Fashions, Cafe Coffee Day, Bata, Khadims, Elite, Leather Line and this area verges the Bansdroni & Netaji Nagar Police Stations. Rifle Club, Jaysree, Dinesh Nagar, Congress Nagar, Ananda Pally, Subodh Garden, Postal Park, reputable fresh vegetable, fruits & fishes market / bazaar are also found here. The place is connected to the city with the Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose Road linking Naktala and Garia in the south-east, the Kolkata Metro touches Bansdroni at the Masterda Surya Sen Metro Station. Bansdroni is close to Garia, Naktala and Tollygunge all on the main Netaji Subhash Road, the Shiva Temple holds prominent place here. There is also a church named Queen of Peace Church
11.
Barisha, India
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Barisha is a residential locality of Kolkata, West Bengal, India. Historically, it is one of the oldest boroughs in Kolkata and it was the abode of the great Sabarna Roy Choudhury family. Barisha is known today for being the home of the Indian Cricket idol Sourav Ganguly and it is one of the major educational and cultural hubs of the metropolis. Barisha is situated in the southwest of Kolkata about 10 kilometres from the city centre Esplanade, although originally a separate village, it is now under the Kolkata Municipal Corporation and is spread over four wards, the 123,124,125 and 126. The area starts from Vivekananda Womens College in the north and is spread to Thakurpukur in the south, the Diamond Harbour Road and the James Long Sarani runs through the heart of Barisha. The origin of the name is a matter of research, according to the sources of the Sabarna Roy Choudhury Paribar Parishad three theories have been put forward. Laksmikanta Roy Choudhury got the Jaigirdari of huge area of lands in CE1608 from Man Singha and it was then that the place of Barisha came under his dominion. He started a durga puja here in CE1610, which is at present the oldest durga puja of Bengal, also in total, eight durga pujas are being held in the family at present. The descendants of Laksmikanta Roy Choudhury later on started living here from the year CE1716 and carried on developmental works and since then it is the biggest settlement of the Sabarna family. The family also established other pujas like Chandi puja, Jagatdhatri puja etc. and also founded a number of temples like the Annapurna Temple, Radhakanto temple. The Barisha Rathayatra Utsav started in 1719 is one of the oldest in the city and is quite famous. Sabarna Prithivi There is also a Lord Jagannath Temple at Sakherbazar, Barisha is also renowned for the Durga pujas. The six Durga Pujas of the Sabarna Roy Choudhury family are world-famous, the other pujas of the Sabarna family at Barisha are those of Baro Bari, Mejobari, Kalikingkar Bhawan, Benaki Bari, and Majher Bari. Sabarna Prithivi Chowrasta is the gateway to Barisha. It is a four-point crossing that takes you to Behala in the north, Tollygunge to the East, Shakuntala Park to the west, Chowrasta is also synonymous to be celebrated neighborhood of Sourav Ganguly, his residence is merely a few metres away from the 4-point crossing. This market was founded by Tarini Charan Roy Choudhury of the Sabarna Roy Choudhury family, visitors should be careful while negotiating the crossing, for its highly crowded during peak hours. Sabarna Sangrahashala is the museum of the Sabarna family. It is located at Baro Bari and this museum is a great attraction to the visitors who want to know about the family and about the history of Kolkata. The museum is also a research center and it has been developed by Sabarna Roy Choudhury Paribar Parishad. The cricket centre was run by Sourav Gangulys father Chandi Ganguly
12.
Narendrapur
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This page is about the neighbourhood. See Ramakrishna Mission Narendrapur for the educational institute, Narendrapur is locality of Rajpur under Sonarpur police station of Baruipur subdivision in South 24 Parganas district in the state of West Bengal, India. It is a part of the covered by Kolkata Metropolitan Development Authority. It is the home of a school and college founded by Ramakrishna Mission. Narendrapur is situated right beside Aadi Ganga, Narendrapur is located at 22°2621 N, 88°2345 E. Narendrapur in 15 km from Sealdah on the Sealdah – Sonarpur section and is part of the Kolkata Suburban Railway system. It is connected by road to Garia and the EM Bypass, narendrapurs road system connecting the region is mediocre, and largely present in the region are auto rickshaws that travel from Garia to Baruipur. There is also the bus services of Barasat-Baruipur,218, Harinavi-Howrah Mini bus, JM2, JM4, C26, AC14, S15G, the nearest railway station is Narendrapur. It is 20 km from railway station. The institute has its services open to all irrespective of caste, creed, started in Pathuriaghata, a North Calcutta neighbourhood immediately after the Bengal famine of 1943, it first served as a home for the poor and orphaned boys. Since its relocation in 1957 to its present site in the suburbs of Calcutta, near Garia. It has more than 2,000 resident students and occupies about 150 acres of land, certain areas of the South 24 Parganas district have been identified as having poor ground water and contamination. Specifically, ground water is affected by arsenic contamination, birds of Narendrapur Butterflies of Narendrapur
13.
Ramakrishna Mission
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Ramakrishna Mission is an Indian religious organization which forms the core of a worldwide spiritual movement known as the Ramakrishna Movement or the Vedanta Movement. The mission is a philanthropic, volunteer organisation founded by Ramakrishnas chief disciple Swami Vivekananda on 1 May 1897, the mission conducts extensive work in health care, disaster relief, rural management, tribal welfare, elementary and higher education and culture. It uses the combined efforts of hundreds of ordered monks and thousands of householder disciples, the mission bases its work on the principles of karma yoga. The mission, which is headquartered near Kolkata at Belur Math in Howrah, West Bengal and it is affiliated with the monastic organisation Ramakrishna Math, with whom it shares members. Also referred to as the Ramakrishna Order, the Math is the monastic organisation. Founded by Ramakrishna in 1886, the Math primarily focuses on spiritual training, the Mission, founded by Vivekananda in 1897, is an humanitarian organisation which carries out medical, relief and educational programs. Both the organisations have headquarters at the Belur Math, the Mission acquired a legal status when it was registered in 1909 under Act XXI of 1860. Its management is vested in a Governing Body, though the Mission with its branches is a distinct legal entity, it is closely related to the Math. The elected trustees of the Math also serve as Missions Governing Body, Vedanta Societies comprise the American arm of the Movement and work more in purely spiritual field rather than social welfare. Ramakrishna Paramahansa, regarded as a 19th-century saint, was the inspirator of the Ramakrishna Order of monks and is regarded as the founder of the Ramakrishna Movement. Ramakrishna was a priest in the Dakshineswar Kali Temple and attracted several monastic, narendranath Dutta, who later became Vivekananda was one of the chief monastic disciples. According to Vrajaprana, shortly before his death in 1886 Ramakrishna gave the ochre cloths to his young disciples, Ramakrishna entrusted the care of these young boys to Vivekananda. After Ramakrishnas death, the disciples of Ramakrishna gathered and practised spiritual disciplines. They took informal monastic vows on a night which to their pleasant surprise turned out to be the Christmas Eve in 1886, after the death of Ramakrishna in 1886, the monastic disciples formed the first Math at Baranagore. Later Vivekananda became a monk and in 1893 he was a delegate at the 1893 Parliament of the Worlds Religions. His speech there, beginning with Sisters and brothers of America became famous, Vivekananda went on lecture tours and held private discourses on Hinduism and spirituality. He also founded the first Vedanta Society in the United States at New York and he returned to India in 1897 and founded the Ramakrishna Mission on 1 May 1897. The same year, famine relief was started at Sargachi by Swami Akhandananda, Swami Brahmananda, a direct disciple of Ramakrishna was appointed as the first president of the Order
14.
Subhas Chandra Bose
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Bose had been a leader of the younger, radical, wing of the Indian National Congress in the late 1920s and 1930s, rising to become Congress President in 1938 and 1939. However, he was ousted from Congress leadership positions in 1939 following differences with Mahatma Gandhi and he was subsequently placed under house arrest by the British before escaping from India in 1940. In November 1941, with German funds, a Free India Centre was set up in Berlin, a 3, 000-strong Free India Legion, comprising Indians captured by Erwin Rommels Afrika Korps, was also formed to aid in a possible future German land invasion of India. By spring 1942, in light of Japanese victories in southeast Asia and changing German priorities, a German invasion of India became untenable, adolf Hitler, during his only meeting with Bose in late May 1942, suggested the same, and offered to arrange for a submarine. During this time Bose also became a father, his wife, or companion, Emilie Schenkl, identifying strongly with the Axis powers, and no longer apologetically, Bose boarded a German submarine in February 1943. In Madagascar, he was transferred to a Japanese submarine from which he disembarked in Japanese-held Sumatra in May 1943, with Japanese support, Bose revamped the Indian National Army, then composed of Indian soldiers of the British Indian army who had been captured in the Battle of Singapore. To these, after Boses arrival, were added enlisting Indian civilians in Malaya, the Japanese had come to support a number of puppet and provisional governments in the captured regions, such as those in Burma, the Philippines and Manchukuo. Before long the Provisional Government of Free India, presided by Bose, was formed in the Japanese-occupied Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Bose had great drive and charisma—creating popular Indian slogans, such as Jai Hind, —and the INA under Bose was a model of diversity by region, ethnicity, religion, however, Bose was regarded by the Japanese as being militarily unskilled, and his military effort was short-lived. In late 1944 and early 1945 the British Indian Army first halted, almost half the Japanese forces and fully half the participating INA contingent were killed. The INA was driven down the Malay Peninsula, and surrendered with the recapture of Singapore and he died from third degree burns received when his plane crashed in Taiwan. Some Indians, however, did not believe that the crash had occurred, with many among them, especially in Bengal, Indian National Congress, the main instrument of Indian nationalism, praised Boses patriotism but distanced itself from his tactics and ideology, especially his collaboration with Fascism. Subhas Chandra Bose was born on 23 January 1897 in Cuttack, Orissa Division, Bengal Province, to Prabhavati Devi and Janakinath Bose and he was the ninth in a family of 14 children. He was admitted to the Protestant European School, like his brothers and sisters and he continued his studies at this school which was run by the Baptist Mission up to 1909 and then shifted to the Ravenshaw Collegiate School. The day Subhas was admitted to school, Beni Madhab Das. After securing the position in the matriculation examination in 1913. His nationalistic temperament came to light when he was expelled for assaulting Professor Oaten for the latters anti-India comments and he later joined the Scottish Church College at the University of Calcutta and passed his B. A. in 1918 in philosophy. Bose left India in 1919 for England with a promise to his father that he would appear in the Indian Civil Services examination and he went to study in Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge and matriculated on 19 November 1919
15.
Zamindar
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A zamindar in the Indian subcontinent was an aristocrat. The term means land owner in Persian, typically hereditary, zamindars held enormous tracts of land and control over their peasants, from whom they reserved the right to collect tax on behalf of imperial courts or for military purposes. Their families carried surnames of lordship, such as Rao, Chowdhury, Khan, Sardar, Malik, Thakur, Wadero, Reddy, Thevar and Naidu. In the 19th and 20th centuries, many wealthy and influential zamindars were bestowed with princely and royal titles such as Maharaja, Raja, during the Mughal Empire, zamindars belonged to the nobility and formed the ruling class. Emperor Akbar granted them mansabs and their domains were treated as jagirs. Under British colonial rule in India, the permanent settlement consolidated what became known as the zamindari system, the British rewarded supportive zamindars by recognizing them as princes. Many of the princely states were pre-colonial zamindar holdings elevated to a greater protocol. However, the British also reduced the holdings of many pre-colonial aristocrats. The system was abolished during land reforms in East Bengal in 1950, India in 1951, the zamindars often played an important role in the regional histories of the subcontinent. The confederation was led by a zamindar-king, Isa Khan, the zamindars were also patrons of the arts. The Tagore family produced Indias first Nobel laureate in literature in 1913, Rabindranath Tagore, the zamindars also promoted neoclassical and Indo-Saracenic architecture. Before Mughal rule in India, the collected and retained revenue from land. The Mughals appointed people to act as tax officers, sending them around the country to oversee collection of revenue, the zamindari system ensured proper collection of taxes in a period when the power and influence of the Mughal emperors were in decline. All categories of zamindars under the Mughals were required to perform certain police, judicial, Zamindars under the Mughals were, in fact, more the public functionaries than revenue collecting agents. Although zamindaris were allowed to be held hereditarily, the holders were not considered to be the proprietors of their estates, the territorial zamindars had judicial powers also. This conferred status with attendant power, which made them the lords of their domains. They held regular courts, called zamindari adalat, the courts gave them not only power and status but some income as well by way of fines, presents and perquisites. The petty zamindars had some share in the dispensation of civil, the Chowdhurys, who were zamindars in most cases, had authority to deal with the complaints of debts, thefts and petty quarrels and to impose paltry fines
16.
Adi Ganga
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Adi Ganga, also known as Gobindapur Creek, Surman’s Nullah and Tolly’s Nullah, was the main flow of the Hooghly River from the 15th to 17th century but has subsequently virtually dried up. The earlier course of the lower Ganges as it flowed through the Bhagirathi channel was somewhat different from what it is in the beginning of the 21st century, at Tribeni, near Bandel, it branched into three streams. The Saraswati flowed in a direction, past Saptagram. The Jamuna flowed in a south-easterly direction, the Hooghly flowed in the middle. The Hooghly glided down to around the place where Kolkata now stands and then flowed through the Adi Ganga, past Kalighat, Baruipur and Magra to the sea. In the 16th century, the waters of the Bhagirathi. The upper Saraswati is a dead or dry river and the Hooghly has abandoned the Adi Ganga channel, the description of Bipradas Piplai tallies to a large extent with Van den Brouck’s map of 1660. This feat is ascribed by some to Nawab Alivardi Khan, others thinks that there was only a tidal creek connecting the Saraswati and the Hooghly, near the point where the Adi Ganga branched off. It is rumoured that the Dutch traders re-sectioned this tidal creek to let seagoing vessels come up the Bhagirathi and it was known earlier as Gobindapur Creek and marked the southern boundary of Gobindapur village. It was excavated by Edward Surman who lead an embassy to Delhi in 1717, the nullah was deepened by Colonel William Tolly in 1773 and connected to the Circular Canal. In 1775, Col. Tolly connected the Adi Ganga to the Vidyadhari, ever since Tolly’s renovation the Adi Ganga remained a navigable river. However, the neglect of waterways in general and other such as population pressure. It ultimately turned into a channel for the south-western part of Kolkata. Ultimately, the Adi Ganga flows into the Bay of Bengal, the Kolkata Metro stretch from Dum Dum to Tollygunge is a totally underground track, except the two terminal stations. A decision was made to extend the southern end of the Metro by 8.5 kilometres to Garia with the extension being an elevated track, the Tollygunj-Garia section runs over elevated track running over and along the Adi Ganga. The railway track is laid over a row of pillars on the bed of Adi Ganga. Five out of the six stations on this new stretch are elevated stations, social activists believe that Metro railway’s construction activity will result in the end of the river. Adi Ganga has recently become the focus of a number of community environmental initiatives, a number of suggestions have been made for the revival of Adi Ganga
17.
Belur Math
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Belūr Maṭh or Belur Mutt is the headquarters of the Ramakrishna Math and Mission, founded by Swami Vivekananda, a chief disciple of Ramakrishna Paramahamsa. It is located on the west bank of Hooghly River, Belur, West Bengal and this temple is the heart of the Ramakrishna Movement. The temple is notable for its architecture that fuses Hindu, Christian, in January 1897, Swami Vivekananda arrived in Colombo with his small group of Western disciples. Two monasteries were founded by him, one at Belur, which became the headquarters of Ramakrishna Mission and these monasteries were meant to receive and train young men who would eventually become sannyasis of the Ramakrishna Mission, and to give them a training for their work. The same year the philanthropic activity was started and relief of the famine was carried out, during his tour in America and Europe, he came across buildings of architectural importance of Modern, Medieval, Gothic and Renaissance styles. It is reported that Vivekananda incorporated these ideas in the design of the Belur Math temple, the massive construction was handled by Martin Burn & Co. The mission proclaims the Belur Math as, A Symphony in Architecture, the campus also houses a Museum containing articles connected with the history of Ramakrishna Math and Mission. Several educational institutions affiliated with the Ramakrishna Mission are situated in the vast campus adjacent to Belur Math, the Belur Math is considered as one of the prime tourist spots near Kolkata and place of pilgrimage by devotees. The ex-president Abdul Kalam regarded Belur Math as a place of heritage, the design of the temple was envisioned by Swami Vivekananda and the architect was Swami Vijnanananda, a direct monastic disciple of Ramakrishna. Sri Ramakrishna Temple was consecrated on 14 January, the Makar Sankranti Day in 1938, the Ramakrishna temple at the Belur Math is designed to celebrate the diversity of Indian Religions and resembles a temple, a mosque, a church if seen from different positions. The architectural style and symbolism from a number of religions have been incorporated into the design of the temple at Belur Math, the temple is considered as a prime example of the importance of material dimension of religion. The main entrance of the temple, has a facade influenced by Buddhist style, the structure which rises over the entrance is modelled on the Hindu temples of South India with their lofty towers. The windows and balconies inside the temple draw upon the Rajput, the central dome is derived from European architecture of the Renaissance period. The ground plan is in the shape of Christian cross, the height of the temple is 112.5 feet and covers a total area of 32,900 sq ft. The temple mainly is built of stone and some portion in the front is of cement. The high entrance of the temple is like a South Indian Gopuram, the three umbrella-like domes on the top built in Rajput-Moghul styles give an idea of thatched roofs of the village Kamarpukur. The circular portion of the entrance is an intermingling of Ajanta style with Hindu architecture and within it, just above seen is a replica of a Shiva lingam. The natmandira, the spacious congregational hall attached to the sanctum, the pillars in a line on its both sides are according to Doric or Greek style and their decorations are according to the Meenakshi Temple at Madurai in Tamil Nadu
18.
Principal photography
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Principal photography is the phase of film production in which the movie is filmed, with actors on set and cameras rolling, as distinct from pre-production and post-production. Its start generally marks a point of no return for the financiers, feature films usually have insurance in place by the time principal photography begins. The death of a star before completing all planned takes. For example, sets are notoriously flammable, and most older studios feature water towers for that reason, furthermore, professional-quality movie cameras are normally rented as needed, and most camera houses will not allow rentals of their equipment without proof of insurance. Once a film concludes principal photography, it is said to have wrapped, in these circumstances, additional material may have to be shot. If the material has already been shot once, or is substantial, the process is referred to as a re-shoot, learning materials related to Filmmaking at Wikiversity Media related to Filmmaking at Wikimedia Commons
19.
Satyajit Ray
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Satyajit Ray was an Indian Bengali filmmaker, widely regarded as one of the greatest filmmakers of the 20th century. Ray was born in the city of Calcutta into a Bengali family prominent in the world of arts, Ray directed 36 films, including feature films, documentaries and shorts. He was also a writer, publisher, illustrator, calligrapher, music composer, graphic designer. He authored several short stories and novels, primarily aimed at children, Feluda, the sleuth, and Professor Shonku, the scientist in his science fiction stories, are popular fictional characters created by him. He was awarded a degree by Oxford University. Rays first film, Pather Panchali, won international prizes. This film, along with Aparajito, and Apur Sansar form The Apu Trilogy, Ray did the scripting, casting, scoring, and editing, and designed his own credit titles and publicity material. The Government of India honored him with the Bharat Ratna, its highest civilian award, Satyajit Rays ancestry can be traced back for at least ten generations. He also set up a press by the name of U. Ray and Sons, which formed a backdrop to Satyajits life. Sukumar Ray, Upendrakishores son and father of Satyajit, was a pioneering Bengali writer of nonsense rhyme and childrens literature, an illustrator, Ray was born to Sukumar and Suprabha Ray in Calcutta. Sukumar Ray died when Satyajit was barely three, and the family survived on Suprabha Rays meager income, in 1940, his mother insisted that he study at the Visva-Bharati University at Santiniketan, founded by Rabindranath Tagore. Ray was reluctant due to his love of Calcutta, and the low opinion of the life at Santiniketan His mothers persuasion. In Santiniketan, Ray came to appreciate Oriental art and he later admitted that he learned much from the famous painters Nandalal Bose and Benode Behari Mukherjee. Later he produced a film, The Inner Eye, about Mukherjee. His visits to Ajanta, Ellora and Elephanta stimulated his admiration for Indian art, in 1943, Ray started work at D. J. Keymer, a British-run advertising agency, as a junior visualiser, although he liked visual design and he was mostly treated well, there was tension between the British and Indian employees of the firm. The British were better paid, and Ray felt that the clients were generally stupid, later, Ray also worked for Signet Press, a new publishing house started by D. K. Gupta
20.
Pather Panchali
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Pather Panchali is a 1955 Indian Bengali-language drama film directed by Satyajit Ray and produced by the Government of West Bengal. It is based on Bibhutibhushan Bandyopadhyays 1929 Bengali novel of the name and is Rays directorial debut. It features Subir Banerjee, Kanu Banerjee, Karuna Banerjee, Uma Dasgupta, the first film in the Apu trilogy, Pather Panchali depicts the childhood of the protagonist Apu and his elder sister Durga and the harsh village life of their poor family. Production was interrupted because of funding problems and it took three years for the film to be completed. The film was mainly on location, had a limited budget, featured mostly amateur actors. The sitar player Ravi Shankar composed the soundtrack and score using classical Indian ragas. Subrata Mitra was in charge of the cinematography while editing was handled by Dulal Dutta, following its premiere on 3 May 1955 during an exhibition at New Yorks Museum of Modern Art, Pather Panchali was released in Calcutta later the same year to an enthusiastic reception. A special screening was attended by the Chief Minister of West Bengal, Critics have praised its realism, humanity, and soul-stirring qualities while others have called its slow pace a drawback, and some have condemned it for romanticising poverty. The tale of Apus life is continued in the two subsequent installments of Rays trilogy, Aparajito and Apur Sansar. Pather Panchali is described as a point in Indian cinema, as it was among the films that pioneered the Parallel Cinema movement. It is often featured in lists of the greatest films ever made, in Nischindipur, rural Bengal, in the 1910s, Harihar Roy earns a meagre living as a pujari, but dreams of a better career as a poet and playwright. His wife Sarbajaya takes care of their children, Durga and Apu, because of their limited resources, Sarbajaya resents having to share her home with the old and helpless cripple Indir. At times, Sarbajayas taunts become offensive, forcing Indir to take refuge in the home of another relative. Durga is fond of Indir and often gives her fruit she has stolen from a wealthy neighbours orchard, One day, the neighbours wife accuses Durga of stealing a bead necklace and blames Sarbajaya for encouraging her tendency to steal. As the elder sibling, Durga cares for Apu with motherly affection, every evening they are delighted by the sound of a distant trains whistle. One day, they run away from home to catch a glimpse of the train, unable to earn a good living in the village, Harihar travels to the city to seek a better job. He promises Sarbajaya that he return with money to repair their dilapidated house. During his absence, the family sinks deeper into poverty, Sarbajaya grows increasingly lonely and bitter
21.
Goopy Gyne Bagha Byne
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Goopy Gyne Bagha Byne is a 1969 Indian Bengali fantasy adventure comedy film directed by Satyajit Ray and based on a story by his grandfather Upendra Kishore Roychowdhury. The film was based on the characters Goopy Gyne and Bagha Byne, who made their first appearance in the Sandesh magazine in 1915, with illustrations by Rays grandfather Upendrakishore Ray Chowdhury. In 1961, after revival of Sandesh, Ray began contemplating the idea of making a film based on that story and this was matched by Rays own desire to make a movie, which unlike his previous movies, would cater to children. Plus this would give him an opportunity to lace the story with music and dancing. Ray managed to convince producers to finance the movie, even though it was clear from the beginning that the film would cost a lot of money. The movie released to critical and commercial reception, which held the record for longest continuous run of a Bengali-language movie in Bengal. It won the Best Feature Film and Best Direction awards at the 16th National Film Awards, Raja Sen called it to be the most innovative movie to have ever come out of India. Phil Hall said that the movie comes as a delightful surprise – Ray, it appears, not only possessed a sense of humor. The story revolves around Gopinath Gyne, the son of a poor Kayastha grocer Kanu Kyne from a village called Amloki, Goopy wants to become a singer but has a hoarse voice. Persuaded by village elders to sing for the king, he does so and is out of Amloki on a donkey for waking the king with his terrible singing. Exiled into a forest, he meets Bagha, another exile from nearby Hortuki sent to the forest - in Baghas case, due to playing a drum badly. They start singing and drumming, initially to scare off a roaming tiger and they travel to Shundi, where a benevolent king appoints them court musicians. However the king of Halla is planning to attack Shundi, after being poisoned with magic potion that makes him evil, Goopy and Bagha travel to Halla in an attempt at preventing the attack, but are captured instead. Since they have now lost their slippers, they cant escape by magic and they arrive singing and drumming when the soldiers are about to launch their attack, capturing the king of Halla, who is returned to Shundi. The two brothers are reunited and Goopy and Bagha marry the daughters of the two kings, around 1967, Ray started toying with the idea of creating a film based on extra terrestrial creatures on earth, and wrote a screenplay to that effect. Marlon Brando and Peter Sellers were supposed to star in roles in the movie. However, things did not turn out well between him and Columbia Pictures, and the project was shelved, unable to make a fantasy movie in Hollywood, Ray decided that he will make one in India instead. He intended to reach an audience with this movie, prompted in part by the lukewarm box office performance of his previous movies Kapurush, Mahapurush
22.
Diamond Harbour
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Diamond Harbour is in the southern suburbs of Kolkata, on the eastern banks of the Hooghly River quite near where the river meets the Bay of Bengal. This small town is a weekend tourist spot located in South 24 Parganas district. Earlier known as Hajipur, this place was named Diamond Harbour by the British although currently there are no piers or jetties at this location. It used to be considered a safe resting spot for oceangoing ships, after the Rupnarayan River joins the Hughli, the river bends south and widens out to a form a huge expanse of water. A little further down, the Haldi river joins it, in earlier days Diamond Harbour used to be a stronghold of Portuguese pirates. The ruins of the fort of Chingrikhali can still be seen and it is believed to be linked with the Portuguese but some opine that the East India Company built it before they could establish themselves in Kolkata. There is an old lighthouse nearby, Diamond Harbour municipality was established in 1982. As per 2011 Census of India Diamond Harbour had a population of 41,802. Population below 6 years was 3,688, the total number of literates in Diamond Harbour was 32,753. As of 2001 India census, Diamond Harbour had a population of 37,238, males constitute 51% of the population and females 49%. Diamond Harbour has an literacy rate of 72%, higher than the national average of 59. 5%, male literacy is 77% and. In Diamond Harbour, 10% of the population is under 6 years of age and this small town with a picturesque setting is the gateway to the south-western part of the district leading to such places as Gangasagar, Kakdwip, Namkhana and Bakkhali. Gangasagar is a Hindu pilgrimage site where Hindus perform ablutions to wash away their sins, Bakkhali is gaining in popularity as a beach resort. There is a five star hotel with a magnificent panoramic view of the river at Raichak, jetties at Diamond Harbour, Raichak and Nurpur provide steamer service to the other bank of the wide river estuary. There are few places like Village Bolshiddhis Shiv Temple i. e.3 km away from Diamond Harbour Town. Sarisha hat is famous and nice joint for weekend grocery and Ramakrishna Vidya Mandir, the area being in the proximity of the Bay of Bengal, there is scope for development of ports and shipping activity. The special economic zone at Falta is one of the eight zones of the Government of India. The Government of West Bengal proposes to construct a port at Kulpi with facilities for handling containers
23.
E.M. Bypass
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The Eastern Metropolitan Bypass, or simply E. M. Bypass, is a major road on the east side of Kolkata that connects Bidhannagar on the northeast to southern parts of Kolkata. It was designed like a bypass or beltway on the side of Kolkata to lessen the perennial traffic congestion on the entire stretch of Gariahat Road. Subsequent to the construction of road, several connectors have been built to connect Gariahat Road to the EM Bypass to deviate traffic away from the Gariahat Road. This, along with moving significant parts of public and private offices to Bidhannagar is deemed necessary to maintain the growth of Kolkata. Plans are currently underway to extend the road to the Falta Export Processing Zone at Falta on the Hooghly River, a number of connectors or connecting roads link the bypass to major hubs of the city all along its route. From north to south, these are Maniktala connector connecting Maniktala market Beleghata connector connecting Sealdah railway station J B S Haldane Avenue connecting the Park Circus area, the former can be taken to commute to Howrah, which is a prime transport hub of the metropolis. The connector meets the bypass at a junction where a major landmark, the latter connects to Gariahat, a prime market and shopping area of the city. It meets the bypass at the Ruby Hospital, landmarks and institutions like these dot both the sides of the bypass, and have become the sign of the newly resurgent Kolkata economy. The Gateway Hotels & Resorts is on the Bypass, the Acropolis mall cum commercial building is coming up on this major connector. The Ruby crossing is known as the New Dalhousie of kolkata. Some prominent flyovers facilitate quicker flow of traffic along the bypass, one is Chingrighata flyover connecting Salt Lake, Sector V and Rajarhat. In January 2011, the Ultadanga flyover connecting VIP road was opened for public and this flyover bypasses the traffic-dense Ultadanga crossing for a quicker access to the airport from south through VIP Road. The Bypass is undergoing an expansion, under the JnNURM. The road, presently with four lanes, is being expanded to eight lanes of traffic, of which four are to be reservlaces. Moreover, there are concerns regarding the drainage and this, added with the construction of the overhead Metro Railway lines and a number of flyovers has taken its toll on the road, which is even more evident during monsoon. However, repairs work is done in parts, although service roads and this poses problems for commuters, often causing traffic snarls. A long flyover is being constructed near Parama Island which will run along the Park Circus Connector, however, the flyover will virtually help in making a seamless, no signal traffic corridor from EM Bypass to Alipore. The flyover is stated to be connected with the existing AJC Bose Road Flyover, construction of another connector from Padmapukur, Baruipur to Kamalgazi, Rajpur Sonarpur is in full swing. E. M Bypass has seen a real estate surge and is one of the most sought after areas in Kolkata
24.
Government of West Bengal
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It consists of an executive, led by the Governor of West Bengal, a judiciary and a legislative. Like other states in India, the head of state of West Bengal is the Governor and his or her post is largely ceremonial. The Chief Minister is the head of government and is vested with most of the executive powers, Kolkata is the capital of West Bengal, and houses the Vidhan Sabha and the secretariat. The Calcutta High Court is located in Kolkata, which has jurisdiction over the whole of West Bengal, the present Legislative Assembly of West Bengal is unicameral, consisting of 295 Member of the Legislative Assembly including one nominated from the Anglo-Indian community. Its term is 5 years, unless sooner dissolved, the strength of this council was gradually increased by subsequent acts. Under the Indian Councils Act of 1892, the strength of the council was increased to 20 members out of which seven members were to be elected. After the Indian Councils Act of 1909 the number raised to 50 members, archived from the original on 2006-08-18. Council of Ministers in West Bengal,2016
25.
Garia
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Garia is a neighbourhood in south Kolkata, India and home to Netaji Subhash Engineering College. It is bounded by Jadavpur to the north, Bansdroni/Tollygunge to the north-west, Santoshpur to the north-east, Narendrapur/Sonarpur to the south, the southern part of the Eastern Metropolitan Bypass runs through the heart of the region. Garia is one of the oldest settlements around the region, and is located on the Tollys Nullah connecting Kolkata to the Vidhyadhari River to the east and it was primarily a peaceful residential neighbourhood before. The partition of India changed the fabric of the area. Overnight refugees came and settled down in the lands and country houses of the rich landowners of Kolkata in Garia. Garia became another refugee settlement along with Jadavpur and Tollygunge in the fringes of the city. Slowly, after the initial upheaval, development of the area started, but again another change was coming to the region. With the expansion of Kolkata to the east and the south during the 1990s, Garia was the southern end of the Eastern Metropolitan Bypass, the next Chowringhee of Kolkata. Already home to two bus terminus, Garia became the transport and commercial hub for the region. First settlements were on the north of the point of N. S. C. Bose road, Garia main road & Raja Subodh Chandra Mullick road. This locality is now home to some of the finest upcoming apartment complexes in the city, Hiland Park, Avanis Victoria Greens, Westwind, Orbit City, Sugam Park, Sherwood Estate and Bengal Ambujas Upohar are the most famous apartment complexes in Garia. Metro railway has added a new feather in terms of communication which connects Central & North Kolkata to save time & have a comfortable journey, New Garia is a fast-growing neighbourhood in the eastern part of Garia. The terminal metro station of Kolkata metro in the south is located here, chak Garia, also known as Chakgaria, is a posh neighbourhood in the eastern part of Garia. It is dotted with highrises like Hiland Park and Bengal Ambuja Upohar, baishnabghata-Patuli Township is a township located in the northern part of Garia. Baishnabghata-Patuli Township is a World Bank–funded project on the EM Bypass, currently, it is one of the most promising parts of south Kolkata. Mahamayatala is a known place in Garia. Even one of the most renowned posh localities in Garia, there are many residential apartments or complex, diagnostic centers, shops, bars etc. all required stuffs for living. Mahamayatala is known for its famous Maa Mahamaya Temple and this is a residential place between Mahamayatala and Hindustan More
26.
Kolkata Metro
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The network currently consists of one operational line of 27.22 km from Noapara to Kavi Subhash with five other lines in various phases of construction. The Kolkata Metro was the first metro railway in India, opening for services from 1984. On 29 December 2010, Metro Railway, Kolkata became the 17th zone of the Indian Railways, there are 300 metro services daily carrying over 650,000 passengers making it the second busiest metro system in India. After independence in 1947, the problem of Kolkata drew the attention of city planners. It was soon realized something had to be done quickly in order to cope with the situation. Dr. Bidhan Chandra Roy, the then Chief Minister of West Bengal, first conceived in 1949, a survey was done by a team of French experts, but nothing concrete came of this. With a view to finding solutions to alleviate the suffering of commuters. The MTP, with help of Soviet specialists and East German engineers, prepared a plan to provide five rapid-transit lines for the city of Kolkata. However, only three were selected for construction.45 km, and the work on this project was sanctioned on 1 June 1972. The foundation stone of the project was laid by Indira Gandhi, the Prime Minister of India, on 29 December 1972, B. A. Ghani Khan Choudhury - often against the prevailing socio-political stance of his contemporaries in the West Bengal government. The first metro was driven by Tapan Kumar Nath and Sanjoy Sil, the service was quickly followed by commuter services on another 2.15 km stretch in the north between Dum Dum and Belgachhia on 12 November 1984. The commuter service was extended up to Tollygunge on 29 April 1986 covering a distance of 4.24 km making the service available over a distance of 9.79 km. However, the services on the section were suspended with effect from 26 October 1992. After a gap of more than eight years, the 1.62 km Belgachhia-Shyambazaar section, another 0.71 km stretch from Esplanade to Chandni Chowk was commissioned shortly afterwards, on 2 October 1994. The Shyambazaar-Shobhabazar-Girish Park and Chandni Chowk-Central sections were opened on 19 February 1995, services on the entire stretch of the Metro were introduced from 27 September 1995 by bridging the vital gap of 1.80 km in the middle. The latest extension constructed was the 2.59 km elevated corridor from Dum Dum to Noapara on 10 July 2013, the state government has also prepared a detailed project report on a proposed extension of East West Metro from Howrah Maidan to Santragachhi. Rites, the agency for the 10 km East-West Metro extension project from Howrah Maidan to Santragachhi bus terminus, is set to start work on the corridor early in 2017. In 2010, the Railway Ministry announced plans for the construction of five new metro lines, commuters of Line 1 will be able to interchange trains going towards the Airport via Line 4
27.
Digha
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Digha is a seaside resort town in the state of West Bengal, India. It lies in Purba Medinipur district and at the end of the Bay of Bengal. It has a low gradient with a sand beach. It is the most popular sea resort in West Bengal, originally, there was a place called Beerkul, where Digha lies today. This name was referred in Warren Hastingss letters as Brighton of the East, an English businessman John Frank Snaith started living here in 1923 and his writings provided a good exposure to this place. He convinced West Bengal Chief Minister Bidhan Chandra Roy to develop this place to be a beach resort, an old Church is well famous in Digha, which can be seen near the Old Digha Main gate this place is also known as Alankarpur Digha. Digha is located at 21. 68°N87. 55°E /21.68,87.55 and it has an average elevation of 6 metres. Digha is connected to Kolkata/Howrah by a highway and a rail-link via Tamluk, Digha police station has jurisdiction over part of Ramnagar I CD Block. It covers an area of 3,153 km2 with a population of 35,054 and it is located in old Digha. Digha Mohana Coastal police station is located in Digha, there are mainly three seasons in Digha, namely summer, monsoon and winter. Summer starts in April and continues to till June with a temperature of 37 °C. Although cold wind from sea keeps the weather pleasant in this time, next comes monsoon in July and lasts till the end of September. Digha generally experiences an average rainfall with high humidity in the monsoon season, winter sets in October and lasts till February with a temperature range from 24-3 °C. July to March is considered as the best time to visit Digha as weather stays most pleasant in these times, there is frequent bus service to Digha from Dharmatala bus stand of Kolkata, Burdwan, Bolpur, Siliguri, Asansol. Kirnahar, Baharampur and many parts of West Bengal. Buses are available from Howrah as well, a connection has made from Sealdah to Digha where a private bus arrives at 8,30 am throughout the week. It takes the shortest route from Sealdah connecting S. N Banerjee road, Taltala, Wellington, Dhramtalla to Howrah station, in 2004, train services have started for Digha railway station. There is one DMU service from Santragachi railway station and there are three new trains from Howrah Station too, dighas old beach is not as wide as it used to be due to heavy soil erosion
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Garia railway station
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Garia is one of the railway stations of the Sealdah-Sonarpur section of the Kolkata Suburban Railway. It is 13 km from Sealdah Station and you can reach here by train from Sealdah South section except the trains for Budge Budge. Garia Railway station has two attached to each other in between the up and down railway track. Coming from Sealdah direction platform is on the hand side. There is a counter and two sheds for passengers with a pay and use toilet. Bus stand is situated at the direction, the way to bus stand is through the ticket counter. The nearest Metro rail stations are Shahid Khudiram & Kavi Subhash and it is approximately ten minutes walk from the Garia railway station. Auto, bus and rickshaws are available to reach the Shahid Khudiram metro station and Kavi Subhash metro station. B. D
India
