1.
Eden Project
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The Eden Project is a popular visitor attraction in Cornwall, England. Inside the two biomes are plants that are collected from many diverse climates and environments, the project is located in a reclaimed Kaolinite pit, located 2 km from the town of St Blazey and 5 km from the larger town of St Austell, Cornwall. The complex is dominated by two huge enclosures consisting of adjoining domes that house thousands of plant species, and each enclosure emulates a natural biome, the biomes consist of hundreds of hexagonal and pentagonal, inflated, plastic cells supported by steel frames. The largest of the two biomes simulates a Rainforest environment and the second, a Mediterranean environment, the project was conceived by Tim Smit and designed by architect Nicholas Grimshaw and engineering firm Anthony Hunt and Associates. Land use consultants led the masterplan and landscape design, the project took 2½ years to construct and opened to the public on 17 March 2001. At the bottom of the pit are two covered biomes, The Tropical Biome, covers 1.56 ha and measures 55 m high,100 m wide, and 200 m long. It is used for plants, such as fruiting banana plants, coffee, rubber and giant bamboo. The Mediterranean Biome covers 0.654 ha and measures 35 m high,65 m wide and it houses familiar warm temperate and arid plants such as olives and grape vines and various sculptures. The Outdoor Gardens represent the regions of the world with plants such as tea, lavender, hops, hemp and sunflowers. The covered biomes are constructed from a steel with mostly hexagonal external cladding panels made from the thermoplastic ETFE. Glass was avoided due to its weight and potential dangers, the cladding panels themselves are created from several layers of thin UV-transparent ETFE film, which are sealed around their perimeter and inflated to create a large cushion. The resulting cushion acts as a blanket to the structure. The ETFE material is resistant to most stains, which simply wash off in the rain, if required, cleaning can be performed by abseilers. Although the ETFE is susceptible to punctures, these can be fixed with ETFE tape. The structure is completely self-supporting, with no internal supports, the panels vary in size up to 9 m across, with the largest at the top of the structure. The ETFE technology was supplied and installed by the firm Vector Foiltec, the steel spaceframe and cladding package was designed, supplied and installed by MERO PLC, who also jointly developed the overall scheme geometry with the architect, Nicholas Grimshaw & Partners. The entire build project was managed by McAlpine Joint Venture, the Core is the latest addition to the site and opened in September 2005. Accordingly, the building has taken its inspiration from plants, most noticeable in the form of the timber roof
2.
Farnborough, London
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Farnborough is an area of Greater London within the London Borough of Bromley. It is located south west of Orpington and it is also 13.4 miles southeast of Charing Cross. The village name derives from Fearnbiorginga, meaning village among the ferns on the hill, Old records date from 862 when Ethelbert, King of Wessex, gave away 950 acres at Farnborough. The village was not included in the Domesday Book survey, the village evolved on the main road from London to Hastings which originally ran via Church Road and Old Hill. The George pub existed in the 16th century and was used as a coaching inn, coaches and horses were accommodated later. Farnborough formed a parish in the Ruxley hundred of Kent. In 1840 the parish was included in the Metropolitan Police District and it was part of the Bromley rural sanitary district and went on to form part of the Bromley Rural District from 1894 to 1934. The entire area has formed part of the London Borough of Bromley in Greater London since 1965. The population of the parish was as follows, On 30 March 2008, at about 14,40, five people, two pilots and three passengers, were aboard the aircraft. There were no survivors in the aircraft, but no casualties on the ground, the aircraft had taken off from Biggin Hill, on the way to Pau in south-west France. The aircraft was attempting to return to Biggin Hill when it crashed, amongst those killed were Eurosport commentator and former Touring Car driver David Leslie and ex-Le Mans driver Richard Lloyd. An investigation has been launched by the Air Accidents Investigation Branch, the main feature of Farnborough is Farnborough Village. The Princess Royal University Hospital at Locksbottom, near Farnborough has an accident and emergency department, Farnborough was one of the main filming locations for Footballers Wives. It is also served by the Arriva Kent bus 402 to Bromley, the closest rail link to the area is Orpington station
3.
Croydon
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Croydon is a large town in south London, England,9.5 miles south of Charing Cross. The principal settlement in the London Borough of Croydon, it is one of the largest commercial districts outside Central London, with a shopping district. Its population of 52,104 at the 2011 census includes the wards of Addiscombe, Broad Green, Croydon expanded in the Middle Ages as a market town and a centre for charcoal production, leather tanning and brewing. The Surrey Iron Railway from Croydon to Wandsworth opened in 1803 and was the worlds first public railway, later nineteenth century railway building facilitated Croydons growth as a commuter town for London. By the early 20th century, Croydon was an important industrial area, known for car manufacture, metal working, Croydon was amalgamated into Greater London in 1965. Road traffic is diverted away from a largely pedestrianised town centre, East Croydon is a major hub of the national railway transport system, with frequent fast services to central London, Brighton and the south coast. The town is unique in Greater London for its Tramlink light rail transport system, alternative, although less probable, theories of the names origin have been proposed. According to John Corbett Anderson, The earliest mention of Croydon is in the joint will of Beorhtric and Aelfswth, in this Anglo-Saxon document the name is spelt Crogdaene. Crog was, and still is, the Norse or Danish word for crooked, which is expressed in Anglo-Saxon by crumb, from the Danish came our crook and crooked. This term accurately describes the locality, it is a crooked or winding valley, in reference to the valley runs in an oblique. However, there was no long-term Danish occupation in Surrey, which was part of Wessex, and Danish-derived nomenclature is also highly unlikely. The town lies on the line of the Roman road from London to Portslade, later, in the 5th to 7th centuries, a large pagan Saxon cemetery was situated on what is now Park Lane, although the extent of any associated settlement is unknown. By the late Saxon period Croydon was the hub of an estate belonging to the Archbishops of Canterbury, the church and the archbishops manor house occupied the area still known as Old Town. Croydon appears in Domesday Book as Croindene, held by Archbishop Lanfranc and its Domesday assets were,16 hides and 1 virgate,1 church,1 mill worth 5s,38 ploughs,8 acres of meadow, woodland worth 200 hogs. The church had established in the middle Saxon period, and was probably a minster church. A charter issued by King Coenwulf of Mercia refers to a council that had taken place close to the monasterium of Croydon, an Anglo-Saxon will made in about 960 is witnessed by Elfsies, priest of Croydon, and the church is also mentioned in Domesday Book. The will of John de Croydon, fishmonger, dated 6 December 1347, includes a bequest to the church of S John de Croydon, the church still bears the arms of Archbishop Courtenay and Archbishop Chichele, believed to have been its benefactors. In 1276 Archbishop Robert Kilwardby acquired a charter for a market
4.
Folk music
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Folk music includes both traditional music and the genre that evolved from it during the 20th century folk revival. The term originated in the 19th century, but is applied to music older than that. Some types of music are also called world music. Traditional folk music has been defined in several ways, as music transmitted orally, music with unknown composers and it has been contrasted with commercial and classical styles. Starting in the century, a new form of popular folk music evolved from traditional folk music. This process and period is called the revival and reached a zenith in the 1960s. This form of music is called contemporary folk music or folk revival music to distinguish it from earlier folk forms. Smaller, similar revivals have occurred elsewhere in the world at other times and this type of folk music also includes fusion genres such as folk rock, folk metal, electric folk, and others. Even individual songs may be a blend of the two, a consistent definition of traditional folk music is elusive. The terms folk music, folk song, and folk dance are comparatively recent expressions and they are extensions of the term folklore, which was coined in 1846 by the English antiquarian William Thoms to describe the traditions, customs, and superstitions of the uncultured classes. Traditional folk music also includes most indigenous music, however, despite the assembly of an enormous body of work over some two centuries, there is still no certain definition of what folk music is. Some do not even agree that the term Folk Music should be used, Folk music may tend to have certain characteristics but it cannot clearly be differentiated in purely musical terms. One meaning often given is that of old songs, with no known composers, the fashioning and re-fashioning of the music by the community that give it its folk character. Such definitions depend upon processes rather than abstract musical types, one widely used definition is simply Folk music is what the people sing. For Scholes, as well as for Cecil Sharp and Béla Bartók, Folk music was already. seen as the authentic expression of a way of life now past or about to disappear, particularly in a community uninfluenced by art music and by commercial and printed song. In these terms folk music may be seen as part of a schema comprising four types, primitive or tribal, elite or art, folk. Music in this genre is often called traditional music. Although the term is only descriptive, in some cases people use it as the name of a genre
5.
Warner Bros. Records
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Warner Bros. Records was established on March 19,1958, as the recorded-music division of the American film studio Warner Bros. For most of its existence it was one of a group of labels owned and operated by larger parent corporations. The sequence of companies that controlled Warner Bros. and its allied labels evolved through a series of corporate mergers. Over this period, Warner Bros. Records grew from a minor player in the music industry to become one of the top recording labels in the world. In 2003, these assets were divested by their then owner Time Warner. This independent company traded as the Warner Music Group before being bought by Access Industries in 2011, WMG is the smallest of the three major international music conglomerates and the worlds last publicly traded major music company. Cameron Strang serves as CEO of the company, artists currently signed to Warner Bros. At the end of the silent movie period, Warner Bros, pictures decided to expand into publishing and recording so that it could access low-cost music content for its films. This new group controlled valuable copyrights on standards by George and Ira Gershwin and Jerome Kern, the label signed rising radio and recording stars Bing Crosby, Mills Brothers, and Boswell Sisters. In December 1931, Warner Bros. offloaded Brunswick to the American Record Corporation for a fraction of its former value, in a lease arrangement which did not include Brunswicks pressing plants. Warner Bros. sold Brunswick a second time, this time along with the old Brunswick pressing plants Warner owned, to Decca Records in exchange for a financial interest in Decca. The studio stayed out of the business for more than 25 years. Warner Bros. reëntered the record business in 1958 with the establishment of its own recording division, by this time, the established Hollywood studios were reeling from multiple challenges to their former dominance - the most notable being the introduction of television in the late 1940s. Legal changes also had a impact on their business—lawsuits brought by major stars had effectively overthrown the old studio contract system by the late 1940s. Pictures sold off much of its library in 1948 and, beginning in 1949. Semenenko in particular had a professional interest in the entertainment business. With the record business booming - sales had topped US$500 million by 1958 - Semnenko argued that it was foolish for Warner Bros, another impetus for the labels creation was the brief music career of Warner Bros. actor Tab Hunter. In 1958, the studio signed Hunter as its first artist to its newly formed record division, to establish the label, the company hired former Columbia Records president James B
6.
Castle Communications
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Castle Communications was a British independent record label and home video distributor founded in 1983 by Terry Shand, Cliff Dane, and Jon Beecher. Its video imprint was called Castle Vision, Castle Communications was acquired by the American music distributor Alliance Entertainment in 1994 and in 2000 it was absorbed into Sanctuary Records Group. The label dissolved when Sanctuary became a subsidiary of Universal Music Group in 2007 and its catalogue of masters is now owned by BMG Rights Management, with global distribution handled by Warner Music Group. It purchased a number of catalogues, including Pye, Piccadilly, Bradleys, Bronze, Black Sabbath, Sugar Hill, Transatlantic, Beserkley, All Platinum. They possessed most of the Transatlantic and Trailer catalogue and they have also diversified to reissue several early albums by the Fall as well as Pink Years and Blue Years albums by Tangerine Dream, and compilations by Nurse with Wound and Current 93. They have also released a compilation featuring songs by Canadian rock band. In the 1980s they were notable for releasing heavy metal compilations albums under the series name Metal Killers. The first signing to the Raw Power label was the NWOBHM act Hells Belles, releasing their debut album, after several years, the Raw Power imprint was retired with the alleged waning of heavy metals popularity in the UK. Castle Vision was Castle Communications home video distributor arm and it released many videotapes, including TUGS, The Raggy Dolls, Tumbledown Farm, Alvin and the Chipmunks, Youve Been Framed. The Men of our Time series, a documentary called Falklands War, The Untold Story, The Fugitive, Harrys Game and more
7.
Fairport Convention
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Fairport Convention are an English folk rock and electric folk band. Formed in 1967, they are regarded as a key group in the English folk rock movement. Since 1979, they have hosted the Cropredy Festival, which is the largest such event in England. Individually and collectively the members of Fairport Convention have received awards recognising their contribution to music. As of 2017, they continue to record and tour, bassist Ashley Hutchings met guitarist Simon Nicol in North London in 1966 when they both played in the Ethnic Shuffle Orchestra. They soon added a female singer, Judy Dyble, which gave them a distinctive sound among the many London bands of the period, Fairport Convention were soon playing regularly at underground venues such as UFO and The Electric Garden, which later became the Middle Earth club. After only a few months, they caught the attention of manager Joe Boyd who secured them a contract with Polydor Records, Boyd suggested they augment the line-up with another male vocalist. Singer Iain Matthews joined the band and their first album, Fairport Convention, was recorded in late 1967, at this early stage Fairport looked to North American folk and folk rock acts such as Joni Mitchell, Bob Dylan, and The Byrds for material and inspiration. Fairport Convention played alongside Jefferson Airplane at the First Isle of Wight Festival,1968, after disappointing album sales they signed a new contract with Island Records. Before their next recording Judy Dyble was replaced by the band with Sandy Denny and these recordings marked the growth of much greater musicality and song-writing ability among the band. The first of these featured the Thompson-penned Meet on the Ledge, during the recording of Unhalfbricking, Matthews left after having sung on only one song, eventually to form Matthews Southern Comfort. He was not replaced, the male members covered his vocal parts. The album featured a guest appearance by Birmingham folk fiddler Dave Swarbrick on a recording of A Sailors Life and these two albums began to gain the band wider recognition. Radio DJ John Peel championed their music, playing their albums on his influential BBC shows, Peel also recorded a number of sessions which were later released as the album Heyday. They enjoyed some success when they entered the singles charts with Si Tu Dois Partir. The record just missed the top twenty, but secured the band a slot on Top of the Pops, in 1969 four members of the band, one uncredited and three with pseudonyms, featured as backing musicians on the album Love Chronicles by Scottish folk artist Al Stewart. On 12 May 1969, on the way home from a gig at Mothers, martin Lamble, aged only nineteen, and Jeannie Franklyn, Richard Thompsons girlfriend, were killed. The rest of the band suffered injuries of varying severity, however, they reconvened with Dave Mattacks taking over drumming duties and Dave Swarbrick, having made contribution to Unhalfbricking, now joined as a full member
8.
Billy Connolly
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William Billy Connolly, CBE is a Scottish comedian, musician, presenter and actor. He is sometimes known, especially in his native Scotland, by the nickname The Big Yin, in the early 1970s, he made the transition from folk- singer with a comedic persona to fully fledged comedian. Best known to many as a comedian, he appears in several lists of the greatest comedians ever. Connollys paternal grandfather, whom, like his grandmother, he never met, was an Irish immigrant who left Ireland when he was ten years old. His great-great-great and great-great grandfathers were from Connemara, Connollys mothers family came from the west coast of Scotland. His maternal grandparents moved inland to Finnieston Street, Glasgow, in the early 1900s and his maternal great-great-great-grandfather, John OBrien, fought at the Siege of Lucknow during the Indian Rebellion of 1857. He was wounded during the siege by a severe gunshot to the left shoulder. He married a local 13-year-old Indian girl called Matilda and they had four children and settled in Bangalore after his military service. Connolly was born at 69 Dover Street, on the linoleum, three floors up at six oclock in the evening, in Anderston, Glasgow, to William and this section of Dover Street, between Breadalbane and Claremont Streets, was demolished in the 1970s. Connolly refers to this in his 1983 song I Wish I Was in Glasgow with the lines I would take you there and show you but theyve pulled the building down and They bulldozed it all to make a road. The flat had only two rooms, a room, with a recess where the children slept, and another room for their parents. The family bathed in the sink, and there was no hot water. In 1946, when he was four years old, Connollys mother abandoned her children while their father was serving as an engineer in the Royal Air Force in Burma. Ive never felt abandoned by her, Connolly explained in 2009 and my father was in Burma, fighting a bloody war. The Germans were dropping all kinds of crap on the town and we lived at the docks, so thats where all the bombs were happening. She was a teenager, with two kids, in a slum, a guy comes along and says, I love you. Given the choice, I think Id have gone with him and it looks as though it might all end next Wednesday, from where youre standing. I dont have an ounce of feelings that she abandoned me, Connolly and his older sister, Florence, were cared for by two aunts, Margaret and Mona Connolly, his fathers sisters, in their cramped tenement in Stewartville Street, Partick
9.
Acoustic guitar
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An acoustic guitar is a guitar that produces sound acoustically—by transmitting the vibration of the strings to the air—as opposed to relying on electronic amplification. The sound waves from the strings of an acoustic guitar resonate through the guitars body and this typically involves the use of a sound board and a sound box to strengthen the vibrations of the strings. The main source of sound in a guitar is the string. The string vibrates at a frequency and also creates many harmonics at various different frequencies. The frequencies produced can depend on string length, mass, gitterns, a small plucked guitar were the first small guitar-like instruments created during the Middle Ages with a round back like that of a lute. Modern guitar shaped instruments were not seen until the Renaissance era where the body, the earliest string instruments that related to the guitar and its structure where broadly known as the vihuelas within Spanish musical culture. Vihuelas where string instruments that were seen in the 16th century during the Renaissance. Later, Spanish writers distinguished these instruments into 2 categories of vihuelas, the vihuela de arco was an instrument that mimicked the violin, and the vihuela de penola was played with a plectrum or by hand. When it was played by hand it was known as the vihuela de mano, vihuela de mano shared extreme similarities with the Renaissance guitar as it used hand movement at the sound hole or sound chamber of the instrument to create music. The real production of guitars kicked off in France where the popularity, the production became so large that early famous creators such as Gaspard Duyffooprucgars instruments were being sold as copies by other guitar makers in Lyon. Benoist Lejeune, a maker, offered and sold guitar copies of Duyffoprucgars instruments and was later imprisoned for using his mark and work. During this time, the production was increasing tremendously but it was not until Robert and Claude Denis appeared overproducing the early Renaissance guitar in Paris, as father and son, Robert and Claude produced hundreds of guitars that increased the popularity of the instrument greatly. Because of them and the great many guitar inventors of this time, by 1790 only six-course vihuela guitars were being created and had become the main type and model of guitar used in Spain. Most of the older 5-course guitars where still in use but were also being modified to a six-coursed acoustical guitar, by the 19th century, coursed strings where evolved into 6 single-stringed instruments much like that of the guitar today. It had evolved into the modern look except for size, retaining a smaller frame, the acoustic guitars soundboard, or top, also has a strong effect on the loudness of the guitar. No amplification actually occurs in this process, because no energy is added to increase the loudness of the sound. All the energy is provided by the plucking of the string, but without a soundboard, the string would just cut through the air without actually moving it much. The soundboard increases the surface of the area in a process called mechanical impedance matching
10.
The Wind in the Willows
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The Wind in the Willows is a childrens novel by Kenneth Grahame, first published in 1908. Alternately slow moving and fast paced, it focuses on four anthropomorphised animals in a version of Edwardian England. The novel is notable for its mixture of mysticism, adventure, morality and camaraderie, in 1908, Grahame retired from his position as secretary of the Bank of England. The novel was in its 31st printing when playwright A. A. Milne adapted part of it for the stage as Toad of Toad Hall in 1929, almost a century later, it was adapted again for the stage as a musical by Julian Fellowes. In 2003, The Wind in the Willows was listed at number 16 in the BBCs survey The Big Read, Kenneth Grahame was born on 8 March 1859 in Edinburgh. When he was 5, his mother died from fever, and his father, who had a drinking problem, gave the care of his four children over to their grandmother. At Christmas 1865 the chimney of the collapsed and the children moved to Fern Hill Cottage in Cranbourne. During his early years at St. Grahame married Elspeth Thomson in 1899, they had one child. With the arrival of spring and fine weather outside, the good-natured Mole loses patience with spring cleaning and he flees his underground home, emerging to take in the air and ends up at the river, which he has never seen before. Here he meets Rat, who at time of year spends all his days in, on. Rat takes Mole for a ride in his rowing boat and they get along well and spend many more days boating, with Rat teaching Mole the ways of the river. One summer day, Rat and Mole disembark near the grand Toad Hall, Toad is rich, jovial, friendly and kind-hearted, but aimless and conceited, he regularly becomes obsessed with current fads, only to abandon them abruptly. Having recently given up boating, Toads current craze is his horse-drawn caravan and he persuades the reluctant Rat and willing Mole to join him on a trip. Toad soon tires of the realities of life, and sleeps in the following day to avoid chores. Later that day, a passing motorcar scares the horse, causing the caravan to overturn into a ditch, Rat threatens to have the law on the car driver, while Mole calms the horse, but Toads craze for caravan travel is immediately replaced by an obsession with motorcars. Nevertheless, on a winters day, while the seasonally somnolent Rat dozes, Mole impulsively goes to the Wild Wood to explore. He gets lost in the woods, sees many evil faces among the woods less-welcoming denizens, succumbs to fright and panic and hides, trying to stay warm, among the sheltering roots of a tree. Attempting to find their way home, Rat and Mole quite literally stumble across Badgers home—Mole barks his shin on the boot scraper on Badgers doorstep
11.
ITV (TV network)
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ITV is a commercial TV network in the United Kingdom. Since the passing of the Broadcasting Act 1990 its legal name has been Channel 3, to distinguish it from the analogue channels at the time, namely BBC1, BBC2. ITV is a network of channels that operate regional television services as well as sharing programmes between each other to be displayed on the entire network. In recent years, several of companies have merged so currently the fifteen franchises are in the hands of two companies. With the exception of Northern Ireland, the ITV brand is the used by ITV plc for the Channel 3 service in these areas. In Northern Ireland, ITV plc uses the brand name UTV, STV Group plc, uses the STV brand for its two franchises of central and northern Scotland. The origins of ITV lie in the passing of the Television Act 1954, the act created the Independent Television Authority to heavily regulate the industry and to award franchises. The first six franchises were awarded in 1954 for London, the Midlands, the first ITV network to launch was Londons Associated-Rediffusion on 22 September 1955, with the Midlands and North services launching in February 1956 and May 1956 respectively. Following these launches, the ITA awarded more franchises until the country was covered by fourteen regional stations. Following the 1993 changes, ITV as a network began to consolidate with several companies doing so to save money by ceasing the duplication of services present when they were all separate companies. The ITV Network is not owned or operated by one company, since 2016 the fifteen licences are held by two companies, with the majority held by ITV Broadcasting Limited, part of ITV plc. The network is regulated by the media regulator Ofcom who is responsible for awarding the broadcast licences, the last major review of the Channel 3 franchises was in 1991, with all operators licences having been renewed between 1999 and 2002 and again from 2014 without a further contest. However, due to amalgamation of several of companies since the creation of ITV Network Limited. Approved by Ofcom, this results in ITV plc commissioning and funding the network schedule, all licensees have the right to opt out of network programming, however many do not due to pressures from the parent company or because of limited resources. The network also needs to produce accessible output containing subtitles, signing, in exchange for this programming, the ITV network is available on all platforms free to air and can be found at the top of the EPG of all providers. Since the launch of the platform in 1998, all of the ITV licensees have received gifted capacity on the terrestrial television platform. At present, the companies are able to broadcast additional channels and all choose to broadcast the ITV plc owned ITV2, ITV3, ITV4 and CITV in their region. UTV and STV previously broadcast their own services – UTV2 in Northern Ireland and S2 in central and northern Scotland – until 2002, the broadcasters all make use of the Digital 3&4 multiplex, shared with Channel 4
12.
Blues
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Blues is a genre and musical form originated by African Americans in the Deep South of the United States around the end of the 19th century. The genre developed from roots in African musical traditions, African-American work songs, spirituals, Blues incorporated spirituals, work songs, field hollers, shouts, chants, and rhymed simple narrative ballads. Blue notes, usually thirds or fifths flattened in pitch, are also a part of the sound. Blues shuffles or walking bass reinforce the trance-like rhythm and form a repetitive effect known as the groove, Blues as a genre is also characterized by its lyrics, bass lines, and instrumentation. Early traditional blues verses consisted of a single line repeated four times, Early blues frequently took the form of a loose narrative, often relating the troubles experienced in African-American society. Many elements, such as the format and the use of blue notes. The origins of the blues are closely related to the religious music of the Afro-American community. The first appearance of the blues is often dated to after the ending of slavery and, later and it is associated with the newly acquired freedom of the former slaves. Chroniclers began to report about blues music at the dawn of the 20th century, the first publication of blues sheet music was in 1908. Blues has since evolved from unaccompanied vocal music and oral traditions of slaves into a variety of styles and subgenres. Blues subgenres include country blues, such as Delta blues and Piedmont blues, as well as urban blues styles such as Chicago blues, World War II marked the transition from acoustic to electric blues and the progressive opening of blues music to a wider audience, especially white listeners. In the 1960s and 1970s, a form called blues rock evolved. The term blues may have come from blue devils, meaning melancholy and sadness, the phrase blue devils may also have been derived from Britain in the 1600s, when the term referred to the intense visual hallucinations that can accompany severe alcohol withdrawal. As time went on, the phrase lost the reference to devils, by the 1800s in the United States, the term blues was associated with drinking alcohol, a meaning which survives in the phrase blue law, which prohibits the sale of alcohol on Sunday. Though the use of the phrase in African-American music may be older, it has been attested to in print since 1912, in lyrics the phrase is often used to describe a depressed mood. The lyrics of traditional blues verses probably often consisted of a single line repeated four times. Two of the first published songs, Dallas Blues and Saint Louis Blues, were 12-bar blues with the AAB lyric structure. Handy wrote that he adopted this convention to avoid the monotony of lines repeated three times, the lines are often sung following a pattern closer to rhythmic talk than to a melody
13.
Blind Blake
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Arthur Blind Blake was an American blues and ragtime singer and guitarist. He is known for numerous recordings he made for Paramount Records between 1926 and 1932, little else is known about his life. Little is known of Blakes life, promotional materials from Paramount Records indicate he was born blind and give his birthplace as Jacksonville, Florida, and it seems that he lived there during various periods. He seems to have had relatives in Patterson, Georgia, some authors have written that in one recording he slipped into a Geechee or Gullah dialect, suggesting a connection with the Sea Islands. Blind Willie McTell indicated that Blakes real name was Arthur Phelps, in 2011 a group of researchers led by Alex van der Tuuk published various documents regarding Blakes life and death in the journal Blues & Rhythm. One of these documents is his 1934 death certificate, which states he was born in 1896 in Newport News, Virginia, to Winter, nothing else is known of Blake until the 1920s, when he emerged as a recording musician. Blake recorded about 80 tracks for Paramount Records from 1926 to 1932 and he was one of the most accomplished guitarists of his genre and played a diverse range of material. He is best known for his guitar playing, which was comparable in sound. He seems to have lived in Jacksonville and to have gone to Chicago for his sessions, at one point having an apartment at 31st Street. According to van der Tuuk et al. he apparently returned to Florida for the winter, in the 1930s he was reported to be playing in front of a Jacksonville hotel. Blake married Beatrice McGee around 1931, in the following year he made his final recording at the Paramount headquarters, in Grafton, Wisconsin, just before the label went out of business. For decades nothing was known of him after this point, and it was rumored that he met with a violent death, Reverend Gary Davis heard he had been hit by a streetcar in 1934. The research of van der Tuuk et al. suggests that Blake stayed in Wisconsin, living in Milwaukees Brewers Hill neighborhood and he seems not to have found work as a musician. In April 1933 he was hospitalized with pneumonia and never fully recovered, on December 1,1934, after three weeks of decline, Beatrice Blake summoned an ambulance. He suffered a hemorrhage and died on the way to the hospital. The cause of death was listed as pulmonary tuberculosis and he was buried in Glen Oaks Cemetery, in Glendale, Wisconsin. Blakes first recordings were made in 1926, and his records sold well and his first solo record was Early Morning Blues, with West Coast Blues on the B-side. Both are considered excellent examples of his guitar style and were prototypes for the burgeoning Piedmont blues
14.
Robert Johnson
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Robert Leroy Johnson was an American blues singer-songwriter and musician. His landmark recordings in 1936 and 1937 display a combination of singing, guitar skills, Johnsons shadowy and poorly documented life and death at age 27 have given rise to much legend. One Faustian myth says that he sold his soul to the devil at a crossroads of Mississippi highways to achieve success. As an itinerant performer who played mostly on street corners, in juke joints, after the reissue of his recordings in 1961, on the LP King of the Delta Blues Singers, his work reached a wider audience. Johnson is now recognized as a master of the blues, particularly of the Mississippi Delta blues style and he is credited by many rock musicians as an important influence, the blues and rock musician Eric Clapton has called Johnson the most important blues singer that ever lived. Johnson was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in its first induction ceremony, in 1986, as an influence on rock. In 2010, David Fricke ranked Johnson fifth in Rolling Stone magazines 100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time, Johnson was born in Hazlehurst, Mississippi, possibly on May 8,1911, to Julia Major Dodds and Noah Johnson. Julia was married to Charles Dodds, a prosperous landowner and furniture maker. Charles Dodds had been forced by a mob to leave Hazlehurst following a dispute with white landowners. Julia left Hazlehurst with baby Robert but after two years sent the boy to Memphis to live with her husband, who had changed his name to Charles Spencer, about 1919, Robert rejoined his mother in the Mississippi Delta area around Tunica and Robinsonville, Mississippi. Julias new husband, known as Dusty Willis, was 24 years her junior, Robert was remembered by some residents as Little Robert Dusty, but he was registered at Tunicas Indian Creek School as Robert Spencer. In the 1920 census he is listed as Robert Spencer, living in Lucas, Arkansas, with Will, Robert was at school in 1924 and 1927. The quality of his signature on his marriage suggests that he was relatively well educated for a boy of his background. A school friend, Willie Coffee, who was interviewed and filmed in later life, recalled that as a youth Robert was already noted for playing the harmonica and jaw harp. Coffee recalled that Robert was absent for long periods, which suggests that he may have been living and studying in Memphis. After school, Robert adopted the surname of his natural father and she died in childbirth shortly after. Surviving relatives of Virginia told the blues researcher Robert Mack McCormick that this was a punishment for Roberts decision to sing secular songs. McCormick believed that Johnson himself accepted the phrase as a description of his resolve to abandon the life of a husband
15.
Blind Willie McTell
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Blind Willie McTell was a Piedmont blues and ragtime singer and guitarist. He played with a fluid, syncopated fingerstyle guitar technique, common among many exponents of Piedmont blues, unlike his contemporaries, he came to use twelve-string guitars exclusively. McTell was also a slide guitarist, unusual among ragtime bluesmen. His vocal style, a smooth and often laid-back tenor, differed greatly from many of the voices of Delta bluesmen such as Charley Patton. McTell performed in musical styles, including blues, ragtime, religious music. McTell was born in Thomson, Georgia and he learned to play the guitar in his early teens. He soon became a performer in several Georgia cities, including Atlanta and Augusta. He never produced a hit record, but he had a prolific recording career with different labels. In 1940, he was recorded by the folklorist John A. Lomax and he was active in the 1940s and 1950s, playing on the streets of Atlanta, often with his longtime associate Curley Weaver. His last recordings originated during a session recorded by an Atlanta record store owner in 1956. McTell died three years later, having suffered for years from diabetes and alcoholism, despite his lack of commercial success, he was one of the few blues musicians of his generation who continued to actively play and record during the 1940s and 1950s. He did not live to see the American folk music revival, other artists influenced by McTell include Taj Mahal, Alvin Youngblood Hart, Ralph McTell, Chris Smither, Jack White, and the White Stripes. He was born William Samuel McTier in Thomson, Georgia, most sources give the date of his birth as 1898, but researchers Bob Eagle and Eric LeBlanc suggest 1903, on the basis of his entry in the 1910 census. McTell was born blind in one eye and lost his vision by late childhood. His family background was rich in music, both of his parents and an uncle played the guitar and he was related to the bluesman and gospel pioneer Thomas A. Dorsey. McTells father left the family when Willie was young, after his mother died, in the 1920s, he left his hometown and became an itinerant musician, or songster. He began his career in 1927 for Victor Records in Atlanta. McTell married Ruth Kate Williams, now known as Kate McTell
16.
Hammersmith
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Hammersmith is a district in west London, located in the London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham. It is bordered by Shepherds Bush to the north, Kensington to the east, Chiswick to the west and it is linked by Hammersmith Bridge to Barnes in the southwest. The area is one of west Londons key commercial and employment centres and it is a major transport hub for west London, with two London Underground stations and a bus station at Hammersmith Broadway. In the early 1660s, Hammersmiths first parish church, which later became St Pauls, was built by Sir Nicholas Crispe who ran the brickworks in Hammersmith and it contained a monument to Crispe as well as a bronze bust of King Charles I by Hubert Le Sueur. In 1696 Sir Samuel Morland was buried there, the church was completely rebuilt in 1883, but the monument and bust were transferred to the new church. The Hammersmith Suspension Bridge, designed by William Tierney Clark, was built across the Thames in 1827, in 1984–1985 the bridge received structural support, and between 1997 and 2000 the bridge underwent major strengthening work. In 1745, two Scots, James Lee and Lewis Kennedy, established the Vineyard Nursery, over six acres devoted to landscaping plants, during the next hundred and fifty years the nursery introduced many new plants to England, including fuchsia and the standard rose tree. Major industrial sites included the Osram lamp factory at Brook Green, during both World Wars, Waring & Gillows furniture factory, in Cambridge Grove, became the site of aircraft manufacture. Hammersmith is located at the confluence of a key arterial route out of central London with several local feeder roads and a bridge over the Thames. The focal point of the district is the centre located at this confluence, which houses a shopping centre, bus station, an Underground station. Stretching about 750m westwards from this centre is King Street, Hammersmiths main shopping street. Named after John King, Bishop of London, it contains a shopping centre, many small shops, the Town Hall, the Lyric Theatre, a cinema. King Street is supplemented by other shops along Shepherds Bush Road to the north, Hammersmiths office activity takes place mainly to the eastern side of its centre, along Hammersmith Road and in the Ark, an office complex to the south of the flyover which traverses the area. There are two NHS hospitals in Hammersmith - Charing Cross Hospital to the south on Fulham Palace Road, Charing Cross Hospital is a large multi-disciplinary hospital with accident & emergency and teaching departments run by the Imperial College School of Medicine. The Ark office building, designed by British architect Ralph Erskine, Hammersmith Bridge Road Surgery was designed by Guy Greenfield. 22 St Peters Square the former Royal Chiswick Laundry and Island Records HQ converted to architects studios and it has a Hammersmith Society Conservation award plaque and has been included in tours in Architecture Week. Riverside Studios is a cinema, performance space, bar and cafe, riverside Studios was formerly BBC studios used for TV productions. The Lyric Hammersmith Theatre is just off King Street, Hammersmith Apollo concert hall and theatre is just south of the gyratory
17.
World War II
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World War II, also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although related conflicts began earlier. It involved the vast majority of the worlds countries—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing alliances, the Allies and the Axis. It was the most widespread war in history, and directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries. Marked by mass deaths of civilians, including the Holocaust and the bombing of industrial and population centres. These made World War II the deadliest conflict in human history, from late 1939 to early 1941, in a series of campaigns and treaties, Germany conquered or controlled much of continental Europe, and formed the Axis alliance with Italy and Japan. Under the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union partitioned and annexed territories of their European neighbours, Poland, Finland, Romania and the Baltic states. In December 1941, Japan attacked the United States and European colonies in the Pacific Ocean, and quickly conquered much of the Western Pacific. The Axis advance halted in 1942 when Japan lost the critical Battle of Midway, near Hawaii, in 1944, the Western Allies invaded German-occupied France, while the Soviet Union regained all of its territorial losses and invaded Germany and its allies. During 1944 and 1945 the Japanese suffered major reverses in mainland Asia in South Central China and Burma, while the Allies crippled the Japanese Navy, thus ended the war in Asia, cementing the total victory of the Allies. World War II altered the political alignment and social structure of the world, the United Nations was established to foster international co-operation and prevent future conflicts. The victorious great powers—the United States, the Soviet Union, China, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union and the United States emerged as rival superpowers, setting the stage for the Cold War, which lasted for the next 46 years. Meanwhile, the influence of European great powers waned, while the decolonisation of Asia, most countries whose industries had been damaged moved towards economic recovery. Political integration, especially in Europe, emerged as an effort to end pre-war enmities, the start of the war in Europe is generally held to be 1 September 1939, beginning with the German invasion of Poland, Britain and France declared war on Germany two days later. The dates for the beginning of war in the Pacific include the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War on 7 July 1937, or even the Japanese invasion of Manchuria on 19 September 1931. Others follow the British historian A. J. P. Taylor, who held that the Sino-Japanese War and war in Europe and its colonies occurred simultaneously and this article uses the conventional dating. Other starting dates sometimes used for World War II include the Italian invasion of Abyssinia on 3 October 1935. The British historian Antony Beevor views the beginning of World War II as the Battles of Khalkhin Gol fought between Japan and the forces of Mongolia and the Soviet Union from May to September 1939, the exact date of the wars end is also not universally agreed upon. It was generally accepted at the time that the war ended with the armistice of 14 August 1945, rather than the formal surrender of Japan
18.
Banbury
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It had a population of 46,853 at the 2011 census. Banbury is a significant commercial and retail centre for the surrounding area, Banburys main industries are car components, electrical goods, plastics, food processing, and printing. Banbury is home to the worlds largest coffee-processing facility, built in 1964, the town is famed for Banbury cakes – similar to Eccles cakes but oval in shape. The name Banbury derives from Banna, a Saxon chieftain said to have built a stockade there in the 6th century, the name appears as Banesberie in Domesday Book. Another known spelling was Banesebury in Medieval times, during excavations for the construction of an office building in Hennef Way in 2002, the remains of a British Iron Age settlement with circular buildings dating back to 200 BC were found. The site contained around 150 pieces of pottery and stone, later there was a Roman villa at nearby Wykham Park. The area was settled by the Saxons around the late 5th century, in about 556 Banbury was the scene of a battle between the local Anglo-Saxons of Cynric and Ceawlin, and the local Romano-British. It was a centre for Anglo-Saxon settlement by the mid-6th century. Banbury developed in the Anglo-Saxon period under Danish influence, starting in the late 6th century and it was assessed at 50 hides in the Domesday survey and was then held by the Bishop of Lincoln. The Saxons built Banbury on the west bank of the River Cherwell, on the opposite bank they built Grimsbury, which was part of Northamptonshire but was incorporated into Banbury in 1889. Neithrop was one of the oldest areas in Banbury, having first been recorded as a hamlet in the 13th century and it was formally incorporated into the borough of Banbury in 1889. It continued through what is now Banburys High Street and towards the Fosse Way at Stow-on-the-Wold, Banburys mediæval prosperity was based on wool. Banbury Castle was built from 1135 by Alexander, Bishop of Lincoln, and survived into the Civil War, due to its proximity to Oxford, the Kings capital, Banbury was at one stage a Royalist town, but the inhabitants were known to be strongly Puritan. The castle was demolished after the war, the town was pro-Parliamentarian, but the castle was manned by a Royalist garrison who supported King Charles I. In 1645 during the Civil War, Parliamentary troops were billeted in nearby Hanwell for nine weeks, the opening of the Oxford Canal from Hawkesbury Junction to Banbury on 30 March 1778 gave the town a cheap and reliable supply of Warwickshire coal. In 1787 the Oxford Canal was extended southwards, finally opening to Oxford on 1 January 1790, the canals main boat yard was the original outlay of todays Tooleys Boatyard. Peoples Park was set up as a park in 1890 and opened in 1910. The land south of the Foscote Private Hospital in Calthorpe and Easington Farm were mostly farmland until the early 1960s as shown by the Ordnance Survey maps of 1964,1955 and 1947
19.
Ralph Vaughan Williams
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Ralph Vaughan Williams OM was an English composer. His works include operas, ballets, chamber music, secular and religious pieces and orchestral compositions including nine symphonies. Strongly influenced by Tudor music and English folk-song, his output marked a break in British music from its German-dominated style of the 19th century. Vaughan Williams was born to a family with strong moral views. Throughout his life he sought to be of service to his fellow citizens and he wrote many works for amateur and student performance. He was musically a late developer, not finding his voice until his late thirties. Vaughan Williams is among the best-known British symphonists, noted for his wide range of moods, from stormy and impassioned to tranquil. Among the most familiar of his concert works are Fantasia on a Theme by Thomas Tallis. His vocal works include hymns, folk-song arrangements and large-scale choral pieces and he wrote eight works for stage performance between 1919 and 1951. Although none of his operas became popular repertoire pieces, his ballet Job, Two episodes made notably deep impressions in Vaughan Williamss personal life. The First World War, in which he served in the army, had an emotional effect. Twenty years later, though in his sixties and devotedly married, he was reinvigorated by an affair with a much younger woman. He went on composing through his seventies and eighties, producing his last symphony months before his death at the age of eighty-five. His works have continued to be a staple of the British concert repertoire, Vaughan Williams was born at Down Ampney, Gloucestershire, the third child and younger son of the vicar, the Reverend Arthur Vaughan Williams and his wife, Margaret, née Wedgwood. His paternal forebears were of mixed English and Welsh descent, many of them went into the law or the Church, the judges Sir Edward and Sir Roland Vaughan Williams were respectively Arthurs father and brother. Margaret Vaughan Williams was a great-granddaughter of Josiah Wedgwood and niece of Charles Darwin, Arthur Vaughan Williams died suddenly in February 1875, and his widow took the children to live in her family home, Leith Hill Place, Wotton, Surrey. The children were under the care of a nurse, Sara Wager, such views were consistent with the progressive-minded tradition of both sides of the family. When the young Vaughan Williams asked his mother about Darwins controversial book On the Origin of Species, she answered, great Uncle Charles thinks it took longer, but we need not worry about it, for it is equally wonderful either way
20.
Oxfordshire
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Oxfordshire is a county in South East England bordering on Warwickshire, Northamptonshire, Buckinghamshire, Berkshire, Wiltshire and Gloucestershire. The county has major education and tourist industries and is noted for the concentration of performance companies and facilities. Oxford University Press is the largest firm among a concentration of print and publishing firms, the main centre of population is the city of Oxford. The highest point is White Horse Hill, in the Vale of White Horse, oxfordshires county flower is the Snakes-head Fritillary. Historically the area has always had some importance, since it contains valuable agricultural land in the centre of the county, largely ignored by the Romans, it was not until the formation of a settlement at Oxford in the eighth century that the area grew in importance. Alfred the Great was born across the Thames in Wantage, Vale of White Horse, the University of Oxford was founded in 1096, though its collegiate structure did not develop until later on. The university in the county town of Oxford grew in importance during the Middle Ages, the area was part of the Cotswolds wool trade from the 13th century, generating much wealth, particularly in the western portions of the county in the Oxfordshire Cotswolds. Morris Motors was founded in Oxford in 1912, bringing industry to an otherwise agricultural county. The importance of agriculture as an employer has declined rapidly in the 20th century though, nonetheless, Oxfordshire remains a very agricultural county by land use, with a lower population than neighbouring Berkshire and Buckinghamshire, which are both smaller. The Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry, the army unit in the area, was based at Cowley Barracks on Bullingdon Green. Conversely, the Caversham area of Reading, now administratively in Berkshire, was part of Oxfordshire as was the parish of Stokenchurch. This is a chart of trend of gross value added of Oxfordshire at current basic prices published by the Office for National Statistics with figures in millions of British Pounds Sterling. Oxfordshire has a comprehensive education system with 23 independent schools and 35 state secondary schools. Only eight schools do not have a form, these are mostly in South Oxfordshire. The county has two universities, the ancient University of Oxford and the modern Oxford Brookes University, both located in Oxford, in addition, Wroxton College, located in Banbury, is affiliated with Fairleigh Dickinson University of New Jersey. The dreaming spires of the buildings of the University of Oxford are among the reasons for Oxford being the sixth most visited city in the United Kingdom for international visitors. Among many notable University buildings are the Sheldonian Theatre, built 1664–68 to the design of Sir Christopher Wren, Blenheim Palace close to Woodstock was built by the great architect John Vanbrugh for John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough, after he had won the battle of Blenheim. The gardens, which can be visited, were designed by the landscape gardener Capability Brown, in the palace, which can also be visited by the public, Sir Winston Churchill was born in 1874
21.
Irish people
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The Irish people are a nation and ethnic group native to the island of Ireland, who share a common Irish ancestry, identity and culture. Ireland has been inhabited for about 9,000 years according to archaeological studies, for most of Irelands recorded history, the Irish have been primarily a Gaelic people. Today, Ireland is made up of the Republic of Ireland, the people of Northern Ireland hold various national identities, including Irish, Northern Irish, British, or some combination thereof. The Irish have their own customs, language, music, dance, sports, cuisine, although Irish was their main language in the past, today the huge majority of Irish people speak English as their first language. Historically, the Irish nation was made up of kin groups or clans, there have been many notable Irish people throughout history. After Irelands conversion to Christianity, Irish missionaries and scholars exerted great influence on Western Europe, the 6th-century Irish monk and missionary Columbanus is regarded as one of the fathers of Europe, followed by saints Cillian and Fergal. The scientist Robert Boyle is considered the father of chemistry, famous Irish writers include Oscar Wilde, W. B. Yeats, George Bernard Shaw, Bram Stoker and James Joyce, notable Irish explorers include Brendan the Navigator, Robert McClure, Ernest Shackleton and Tom Crean. By some accounts, the first European child born in North America had Irish descent on both sides, many presidents of the United States have had some Irish ancestry. The population of Ireland is about 6.3 million, but it is estimated that 50 to 80 million people around the world have Irish forebears, historically, emigration from Ireland has been the result of conflict, famine and economic issues. People of Irish descent are mainly in English-speaking countries, especially the United Kingdom. There are also significant numbers in Argentina, Mexico and New Zealand, the United States has the most people of Irish descent, while in Australia those of Irish descent are a higher percentage of the population than in any other country. Many Icelanders have Irish and Scottish Gaelic forebears, in its summary of their article Who were the Celts. The National Museum Wales notes It is possible that genetic studies of ancient. However, early studies have, so far, tended to produce implausible conclusions from very small numbers of people and using outdated assumptions about linguistics, nineteenth century anthropology studied the physical characteristics of Irish people in minute detail. During the past 10,000 years of inhabitation, Ireland has witnessed some different peoples arrive on its shores, the ancient peoples of Ireland—such as the creators of the Céide Fields and Newgrange—are almost unknown. Neither their languages nor terms they used to describe themselves have survived, as late as the middle centuries of the 1st millennium the inhabitants of Ireland did not appear to have a collective name for themselves. Ireland itself was known by a number of different names, including Banba, Fódla, Ériu by the islanders, Iouerne and Hiverne to the Greeks, other Latin names for people from Ireland in Classic and Mediaeval sources include Attacotti and Gael
22.
Sunday school
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A Sunday school is a Christian educational institution, usually catering to children and other young people. Many Seventh-day Adventists, Seventh Day Baptists, and other sabbatarian communities hold their Sabbath Schools on Saturdays, Sunday schools in England were first set up in the 1780s to provide education to working children. It aimed to teach the reading, writing and cyphering. By 1785,250,000 English children were attending Sunday School, there were 5,000 in Manchester alone. By 1895, the Society for the Establishment and Promotion of Sunday Schools had distributed 91,915 spelling books,24,232 Testaments and 5,360 Bibles. The Sunday School movement was cross-denominational, and through subscription built large buildings that could host public lectures as well as classrooms, in the early days, adults would attend the same classes as the infants, as each were instructed in basic reading. In some towns the Methodists withdrew from the Large Sunday School, the Anglicans set up their own National schools that would act as Sunday Schools and day schools. These schools were the precursors to a system of education. The role of the Sunday Schools changed with the Education Act 1870, in the 1920s they promoted sports. It was common for teams to compete in a Sunday School League and they were social centres hosting amateur dramatics and concert parties. By the 1960s, the term Sunday School could refer to the building, by the 1970s even the largest Sunday School at Stockport had been demolished. Sunday School became the name for many different types of religious education pursued on Sundays by various denominations. The first Sunday school may have opened in 1751 in St Marys Church. Another early start was made by Hannah Ball, a native of High Wycombe in Buckinghamshire, in 18th-century England education was reserved for a minority and was not compulsory. The wealthy educated their children privately at home, with hired governesses or tutors for younger children, boys of that class were often sent away to boarding school, hence these fee-based educational establishments were known, confusingly, as public schools. The town-based middle class may have sent their sons to grammar schools, the children of factory workers and farm labourers received no formal education, and typically worked alongside their parents six days a week, sometimes more than 13 hours a day. In 1781, after prompting from his friend William King who was running a Sunday School in Dursley. In the home of a Mrs Meredith he opened a school on Sunday, using the Bible as their textbook, he taught them to read and write
23.
Hymn tune
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A hymn tune is the melody of a musical composition to which a hymn text is sung. Musically speaking, a hymn is generally understood to have four-part harmony, a fast harmonic rhythm, editors bring extensive knowledge of theology, poetry, and music to the process of compiling a new hymnal. Ideally, a hymn is set out in clear, unambiguous language, although it deals with profound thoughts, a hymn states them so simply and directly that he who runs may read and understand. Simplicity, which is the servant of clarity, is the first characteristic of hymnic expression, when editors choose a text for the planned collection, it may already be paired to a tune that supports its meaning, catches its spirit, and allows for congregational participation. This pairing may be used elsewhere, even recognized, appearing in many other hymnals. However, if a hymn has been linked to a tune the editors think is not the best partner for it, partnerships of texts and tunes can give special attention to the interpretive opportunities in a text by providing artistic support of the message through its musical setting. Often the author of a text has not composed a setting of text or otherwise paired the text to a particular tune. It then becomes the challenge to complement that text with a tune for publication. Where the meter of a text is regular, editors can choose an existing tune of the meter that fits the text, often there is more than just one good possible partner available. If one refers to the hymnals metrical index, more possible tunes may be found, of the same meter, in The Anatomy of Hymnody, Austin C. Lovelace explores the relevance of the meter to a text, a meter of few syllables, perhaps with a trochaic stress pattern, fits best an exhortive or forceful declamation of ideas. A stirring, motivating text will fit this meter well, using a more lyrical meter suggests a more expansive or introspective treatment of ideas. An author may have superb ideas but may have chosen a meter which exhorts when it should be expansive, in such cases the editor is challenged to achieve an overall fit which doesnt distract from the message of the text. Editorial skills are evident in the credits of some hymns. For the well-loved and great hymn, All Creatures of Our God and King and it is wedded to the tune Lasst uns erfreuen, first printed in the Geistliches Kirchengesangbuch, dated 1623, and is presented with a harmonization by Ralph Vaughan Williams, dated 1906. Some texts become associated with several tunes, for different reasons, some tunes set numerous texts. Wareham LM, melody William Knapp, alt. harm, Hymns Ancient and Modern,1875, after James Turle, sets three texts in Hymnal 1982. It has supported more than 20 texts in various hymnals, the practice of naming hymn tunes developed to help identify a particular tune
24.
Derek Bentley case
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Derek William Bentley was an English man who was hanged for the murder of a policeman, which was committed in the course of a burglary attempt. The murder was said at the time to have committed by a friend and accomplice of Bentleys, Christopher Craig, then aged 16. Bentley was convicted as a party to murder, by the English law principle of common purpose, Goddard then sentenced Bentley to death, at the time, no other sentence was possible. Derek Bentley entered Norbury Manor Secondary Modern School in 1944, after failing the eleven-plus examination, in March 1948 Bentley and another boy were arrested for theft. In September 1948, he was sentenced to three years at Kingswood Approved School, near Bristol. Bentley was released from Kingswood school on 28 July 1950, and was a recluse for the rest of the year, in March 1951, Bentley was employed by a furniture removal firm but was forced to leave the job after injuring his back in March 1952. In May 1952, Bentley was taken on by the Croydon Corporation as a dustbin man, two months after that, he was sacked by the Corporation. Derek Bentley had a series of health and developmental problems, when he was fifteen, his parents reported that in a childhood accident he had broken his nose and that he had since had three fits, including one in which they said he nearly died of choking. Kingswood Training School administered diagnostic tests to Bentley during the time of his detention there, in December 1948, his mental age was estimated at 10 years,4 months. He scored 66 on an IQ test in December 1948 and 77 in 1952, Kingswood staff reported him to be lazy, indifferent, voluble and of the wise guy type, which a court described as indifferent, smug, self-satisfied and ready to tell tales. After his arrest in November 1952, further IQ tests were administered to him at Brixton Prison and he was described there as borderline feeble-minded, with a verbal score of 71, a performance IQ of 87 and a full scale IQ of 77. In December 1948, Bentley had a reading age of 4 years,6 months. He was still quite illiterate at the time of his arrest in November 1952, the prison medical officer said he cannot even recognise or write down all the letters of the alphabet. Bentley was examined twice by EEG, a reading on 16 November 1949 indicated he was an epileptic, in February 1952, Bentley underwent a medical examination for national service, where he was judged mentally substandard and unfit for military service. On 2 November 1952, Bentley and a companion, Christopher Craig, attempted to burgle the warehouse of the Barlow & Parker confectionery company at 27-29 Tamworth Road. Craig armed himself with a Colt New Service.455 Webley calibre revolver, Craig also carried a number of undersized rounds for the revolver, some of which he had modified by hand to fit the gun. Bentley carried a knife and a spiked knuckle-duster, both of which Craig had given to Bentley. At around 9. 15pm, a girl in a house across the road spotted Craig and Bentley climbing over the gate
25.
Eleven-plus
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The eleven-plus is an examination administered to some students in England and Northern Ireland in their last year of primary education, which governs admission to various types of secondary school. The name derives from the age group for secondary entry, 11–12 years, the eleven-plus was once used throughout England and Wales but is now only used in some counties and boroughs in England. Also known as the transfer test, it is associated with the Tripartite System which was in use from 1944 to 1976. The examination tests a students ability to solve problems using verbal reasoning, the intention was that it should be a general test for intelligence. Introduced in 1944, the examination was used to determine which type of school the student should attend after primary education, a grammar school, the eleven-plus was created by the 1944 Butler Education Act. This established a Tripartite System of education, with an academic, a technical, prevailing educational thought at the time was that testing was an effective way to discover to which strand a child was most suited. The results of the exam would be used to match childrens secondary schools to their abilities, when the system was implemented, technical schools were not available on the scale envisaged. Instead, the Tripartite System came to be characterised by competition for places at the prestigious grammar schools. As such, the took on a particular significance. Rather than allocating according to need or ability, it seen as a question of passing or failing. This led to the exam becoming widely resented by some although strongly supported by others, the structure of the eleven-plus varied over time, and among the different counties which used it. Usually, it consisted of three papers, Arithmetic – A mental arithmetic test, writing – An essay question on a general subject. General Problem Solving – A test of knowledge, assessing the ability to apply logic to simple problems. Some exams have, Non-Verbal Verbal Most children took the eleven-plus in their year of primary school. Originally, the test was voluntary, as of 2009, some 30% of students in Northern Ireland do not sit for it. In Northern Ireland, pupils were awarded grades in the ratios to pupils sitting the exam, A, B1, B2, C1, C2, D. There are 164 remaining grammar schools in parts of England. In counties in which vestiges of the Tripartite System still survive, today it is generally used as an entrance test to a specific group of schools, rather than a blanket exam for all pupils, and is taken voluntarily
26.
John Ruskin College
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John Ruskin College is a sixth form college situated in Addington Village, London, on the A2022, close to the A212 roundabout. The college is accessible by tram via Gravel Hill tram stop and its location was Scarbrook Road, Croydon. Named after John Ruskin, it opened on 12 January 1920, the Lady Edridge School, its sister school for girls opened the same day. Lady Edridge was wife of a Mayor of Croydon and the first Lady Freeman of the Borough and it closed in 1980 and was demolished. In 1935 the school moved to Tamworth Road, and in April 1945 it was granted school status as the John Ruskin Grammar School for Boys. It had been previously the John Ruskin Selective Central School and it moved to Upper Shirley Road, Shirley, in 1955, and was retitled the John Ruskin High School in 1971 before being demolished in 1991. The Upper Shirley Road site surrounded the Shirley Windmill, a 19th-century tower mill, the college should not be confused with John Ruskin Primary School, which is in Southwark, nor the John Ruskin School Technology College in Cumbria, nor Ruskin College, Oxford
27.
Skiffle
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Skiffle is a music genre with jazz, blues, folk and American folk influences, usually using homemade or improvised instruments. The origins of skiffle are obscure but are thought to lie in African-American musical culture in the early 20th century. Skiffle is often said to have developed from New Orleans jazz, improvised jug bands playing blues and jazz were common across the American South in the early decades of the 20th century, even if the term skiffle was not used to describe them. They used instruments such as the washboard, jugs, washtub bass, cigar-box fiddle, musical saw and comb-and-paper kazoos, as well as more instruments, such as acoustic guitar. The origin of the English word skiffle is unknown, however, in the dialect of the west of England to make a skiffle meaning to make a mess of any business is attested from 1873. In early 20th century America the term skiffle was one of many slang phrases for a rent party and it was first recorded in Chicago in the 1920s and may have been brought there as part of the African-American migration to northern industrial cities. The first use of the term on record was in 1925 in the name of Jimmy OBryant, most often it was used to describe country blues music records, which included the compositions Hometown Skiffle and Skiffle Blues by Dan Burley & his Skiffle Boys. It was used by Ma Rainey to describe her repertoire to rural audiences, the term skiffle disappeared from American music in the 1940s. Skiffle was a relatively obscure genre, and it might have largely forgotten if not for its revival in the United Kingdom in the 1950s. British skiffle grew out of the developing post-war British jazz scene, among these bands were Ken Colyers Jazzmen, whose banjo player Donegan also performed skiffle music during intervals. He would sing and play guitar with accompaniment of two members, usually on washboard and tea-chest bass. They played a variety of American folk and blues songs, particularly those derived from the recordings of Lead Belly and these were listed on posters as skiffle breaks, a name suggested by Ken Colyers brother Bill after recalling the Dan Burley Skiffle Group. Soon the breaks were as popular as the traditional jazz, after disagreements in 1954, Colyer left to form a new outfit, and the band became Chris Barbers Jazz Band. Donegans fast-tempo version of Lead Bellys Rock Island Line was a hit in 1956, featuring a washboard. It spent eight months in the Top 20, peaking at No.6 and it was the first debut record to go gold in Britain, selling over a million copies worldwide. It was the success of single and the lack of a need for expensive instruments or high levels of musicianship that set off the British skiffle craze. The craze probably reached its height with the broadcasting of the BBC TV programme Six-Five Special from 1957 and it was the first British youth music programme, using a skiffle song as its title music and showcasing many skiffle acts. It has been estimated that in the late 1950s, there were 30, a large number of British musicians began their careers playing skiffle in this period, and some became leading figures in their respective fields
28.
Rock and roll
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While elements of rock and roll can be heard in blues records from the 1920s and in country records of the 1930s, the genre did not acquire its name until the 1950s. For the purpose of differentiation, this deals with the first definition. The beat is essentially a blues rhythm with an accentuated backbeat, classic rock and roll is usually played with one or two electric guitars, a double bass or string bass or an electric bass guitar, and a drum kit. Beyond simply a style, rock and roll, as seen in movies and on television, influenced lifestyles, fashion, attitudes. In addition, rock and roll may have contributed to the civil rights movement because both African-American and white American teens enjoyed the music and it went on to spawn various genres, often without the initially characteristic backbeat, that are now more commonly called simply rock music or rock. The term rock and roll now has at least two different meanings, both in common usage, the American Heritage Dictionary and the Merriam-Webster Dictionary both define rock and roll as synonymous with rock music. Encyclopædia Britannica, on the hand, regards it as the music that originated in the mid-1950s. In 1934, the song Rock and Roll by the Boswell Sisters appeared in the film Transatlantic Merry-Go-Round, in 1942, Billboard magazine columnist Maurie Orodenker started to use the term rock-and-roll to describe upbeat recordings such as Rock Me by Sister Rosetta Tharpe. By 1943, the Rock and Roll Inn in South Merchantville, in 1951, Cleveland, Ohio disc jockey Alan Freed began playing this music style while popularizing the phrase to describe it. The origins of rock and roll have been debated by commentators. The migration of former slaves and their descendants to major urban centers such as St. The immediate roots of rock and roll lay in the rhythm and blues, then called race music, particularly significant influences were jazz, blues, gospel, country, and folk. The 1940s saw the use of blaring horns, shouted lyrics. In the same period, particularly on the West Coast and in the Midwest, similarly, country boogie and Chicago electric blues supplied many of the elements that would be seen as characteristic of rock and roll. Rock and roll arrived at a time of technological change, soon after the development of the electric guitar, amplifier and microphone. It was the realization that relatively affluent white teenagers were listening to music that led to the development of what was to be defined as rock. Because the development of rock and roll was a process, no single record can be identified as unambiguously the first rock. Other artists with rock and roll hits included Chuck Berry, Bo Diddley, Little Richard, Jerry Lee Lewis
29.
Ukulele
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The ukulele, sometimes abbreviated to uke, is a member of the lute family of instruments, it generally employs four nylon or gut strings or four courses of strings. Some strings may be paired in courses, giving the instrument a total of six or eight strings and it gained great popularity elsewhere in the United States during the early 20th century and from there spread internationally. The tone and volume of the instrument vary with size and construction, ukuleles commonly come in four sizes, soprano, concert, tenor, and baritone. The ukulele is commonly associated with music from Hawaii where the name translates as jumping flea. Legend attributes it to the nickname of the Englishman Edward William Purvis, one of King Kalākauas officers, because of his size, fidgety manner. According to Queen Liliʻuokalani, the last Hawaiian monarch, the means the gift that came here, from the Hawaiian words uku. Three immigrants in particular, Madeiran cabinet makers Manuel Nunes, José do Espírito Santo, one of the most important factors in establishing the ukulele in Hawaiian music and culture was the ardent support and promotion of the instrument by King Kalākaua. A patron of the arts, he incorporated it into performances at royal gatherings,50,000 schoolchildren and adults learned ukulele through the Doane program at its peak. Today, a program created by James Hill and J. Chalmers Doane continues to be a staple of music education in Canada. The ukulele came to Japan in 1929 after Hawaiian-born Yukihiko Haida returned to the country upon his fathers death, Haida and his brother Katsuhiko formed the Moana Glee Club, enjoying rapid success in an environment of growing enthusiasm for Western popular music, particularly Hawaiian and jazz. During World War II, authorities banned most Western music, but fans and players kept it alive in secret, in 1959, Haida founded the Nihon Ukulele Association. Today, Japan is considered a home for Hawaiian musicians. Demand surged in the new century because of its simplicity and portability. The ukulele was popularized for an audience during the Panama Pacific International Exposition. The Hawaiian Pavilion featured a guitar and ukulele ensemble, George E. K. Awai and his Royal Hawaiian Quartet, the popularity of the ensemble with visitors launched a fad for Hawaiian-themed songs among Tin Pan Alley songwriters. The ensemble also introduced both the lap steel guitar and the ukulele into U. S. mainland popular music, where it was taken up by vaudeville performers such as Roy Smeck and Cliff Ukulele Ike Edwards. On April 15,1923 at the Rivoli Theater in New York City, Smeck appeared, playing the ukulele, in Stringed Harmony, a short film made in the DeForest Phonofilm sound-on-film process. On August 6,1926, Smeck appeared playing the ukulele in a short film His Pastimes, made in the Vitaphone sound-on-disc process, the ukulele soon became an icon of the Jazz Age
30.
George Formby
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George Formby, OBE, was an English actor, singer-songwriter and comedian who became known to a worldwide audience through his films of the 1930s and 1940s. On stage, screen and record he sang light, comical songs, usually playing the ukulele or banjolele, born in Wigan, Lancashire, he was the son of George Formby Sr, from whom he later took his stage name. After an early career as a boy and jockey, Formby took to the music hall stage after the early death of his father in 1921. His early performances were exclusively from his fathers act, including the same songs, jokes. In 1923 he made two career-changing decisions – he purchased a ukulele, and married Beryl Ingham, a performer who became his manager. She insisted that he appear on stage formally dressed, and introduced the ukulele to his performance, after the war his career declined, although he toured the Commonwealth, and continued to appear in variety and pantomime. His last television appearance was in December 1960, two weeks before the death of Beryl, Formbys biographer, Jeffrey Richards, considers that the actor had been able to embody simultaneously Lancashire, the working classes, the people, and the nation. Formby was considered Britains first properly home-grown screen comedian and he was an influence on future comedians—particularly Charlie Drake and Norman Wisdom—and, culturally, on entertainers such as the Beatles, who referred to him in their music. Since his death Formby has been the subject of five biographies, George Formby was born George Hoy Booth at 3 Westminster Street, Wigan, Lancashire, on 26 May 1904. Booth was a music hall comedian and singer who performed under the name George Formby. One of his characters was that of John Willie, an archetypal Lancashire lad. In 1906 Formby Sr was earning £35 a week at the halls, which rose to £325 a week by 1920. Formby Sr was so popular that Marie Lloyd, the music hall singer and actress. Formby was born blind owing to an obstructive caul, although his sight was restored during a violent coughing fit or sneeze when he was a few months old. Formby Sr sent his son away to work as he was worried Formby would watch him on stage, he was against Formby following in his footsteps, saying one fool in the family is enough. After a year working at Middleham, he was apprenticed to Thomas Scourfield at Epsom, where he ran his first professional races at the age of 10, the film is now considered lost, with the last-known copy having been destroyed in 1940. Later in 1915, and with the closure of the English racing season because of the First World War, later that month he returned to England and raced for Lord Derby at his Newmarket stables. Formby continued as a jockey until 1921, although he never won a race, on 8 February 1921 Formby Sr succumbed to his bronchial condition and died, at the age of 45, he was buried in the Catholic section of Warrington Cemetery
31.
Chord (music)
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A chord, in music, is any harmonic set of pitches consisting of two or more notes that are heard as if sounding simultaneously. In everyday use by musical ensembles such as bands and orchestras, however, the notes of a chord do not have to be played together at the same time, arpeggios and broken chords may, for many practical and theoretical purposes, also constitute chords. Other chords with more than three notes include added tone chords, extended chords and tone clusters, which are used in classical music, jazz. Triads commonly found in the Western classical tradition are major and minor chords, the descriptions major, minor, augmented, and diminished are referred to collectively as chordal quality. Chords are also classified by their root note—for instance, a C major triad consists of the pitch classes C, E. While most chords have at least three notes, power chords, which are used in rock music, particularly in hard rock. An ordered series of chords is called a chord progression, one example of a widely used chord progression in Western traditional music and blues is the 12 bar blues progression, the simplest versions of which include tonic, subdominant and dominant chords. To describe this, Western music theory has developed the practice of numbering chords using Roman numerals which represent the number of steps up from the tonic note of the scale. Common ways of notating or representing chords in Western music include Roman numerals, figured bass, macro symbols, the chords in a song or piece are also given names which refer to their function. The chord built on the first note of a scale is called the tonic chord. The chord built on the note of a major scale is called the subdominant chord. The chord built on the degree of the major scale is called the dominant chord. There are names for the built on every note of the major scale. Chords can be played on instruments, including piano, pipe organ, guitar. Chords can also be performed when multiple musicians play together in an ensemble or when multiple singers sing in a choir. The English word chord derives from Middle English cord, a shortening of accord in the sense of agreement and later. A sequence of chords is known as a progression or harmonic progression. These are frequently used in Western music, a chord progression aims for a definite goal of establishing a tonality founded on a key, root or tonic chord
32.
British Army
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The British Army is the principal land warfare force of the United Kingdom. As of 2017 the British Army comprises just over 80,000 trained Regular, or full-time, personnel and just over 26,500 trained Reserve, or part-time personnel. Therefore, the UK Parliament approves the continued existence of the Army by passing an Armed Forces Act at least once every five years, day to day the Army comes under administration of the Ministry of Defence and is commanded by the Chief of the General Staff. Repeatedly emerging victorious from these decisive wars allowed Britain to influence world events with its policies and establish itself as one of the leading military. In 1660 the English, Scottish and Irish monarchies were restored under Charles II, Charles favoured the foundation of a new army under royal control and began work towards its establishment by August 1660. The Royal Scots Army and the Irish Army were financed by the Parliament of Scotland, the order of seniority of the most senior line regiments in the British Army is based on the order of seniority in the English army. At that time there was only one English regiment of dragoons, after William and Marys accession to the throne, England involved itself in the War of the Grand Alliance, primarily to prevent a French invasion restoring Marys father, James II. Spain, in the two centuries, had been the dominant global power, and the chief threat to Englands early transatlantic ambitions. The territorial ambitions of the French, however, led to the War of the Spanish Succession and the Napoleonic Wars. From the time of the end of the Seven Years War in 1763, Great Britain was the naval power. As had its predecessor, the English Army, the British Army fought the Kingdoms of Spain, France, and the Netherlands for supremacy in North America and the West Indies. With native and provincial assistance, the Army conquered New France in the North American theatre of the Seven Years War, the British Army suffered defeat in the American War of Independence, losing the Thirteen Colonies but holding on to Canada. The British Army was heavily involved in the Napoleonic Wars and served in campaigns across Europe. The war between the British and the First French Empire of Napoleon Bonaparte stretched around the world and at its peak, in 1813, the regular army contained over 250,000 men. A Coalition of Anglo-Dutch and Prussian Armies under the Duke of Wellington, the English had been involved, both politically and militarily, in Ireland since being given the Lordship of Ireland by the Pope in 1171. The campaign of the English republican Protector, Oliver Cromwell, involved uncompromising treatment of the Irish towns that had supported the Royalists during the English Civil War, the English Army stayed in Ireland primarily to suppress numerous Irish revolts and campaigns for independence. Having learnt from their experience in America, the British government sought a political solution, the British Army found itself fighting Irish rebels, both Protestant and Catholic, primarily in Ulster and Leinster in the 1798 rebellion. The Haldane Reforms of 1907 formally created the Territorial Force as the Armys volunteer reserve component by merging and reorganising the Volunteer Force, Militia, Great Britains dominance of the world had been challenged by numerous other powers, in the 20th century, most notably Germany
33.
Institute of technology
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An institute of technology is a type of university which specializes in engineering, technology, Applied Science, and possibly natural sciences. How the terms are used varies from country to country, the English term polytechnic appeared in the early 19th century, from the French École Polytechnique, an engineering school founded in 1794 in Paris. The French term comes from the Greek πολύ meaning many and τεχνικός meaning arts, the oldest German Institute of Technology is the Braunschweig University of Technology. Another exception is the École Polytechnique, which has educated French élites since its foundation in 1794, in some cases, polytechnics or institutes of technology are engineering schools or technical colleges. Famous examples are the Istanbul Technical University, ETH Zurich, İYTE, Delft University of Technology and RWTH Aachen, in countries like Iran, Finland, Malaysia, Portugal, Singapore or the United Kingdom, there is often a significant and confused distinction between polytechnics and universities. In the UK a binary system of higher education emerged consisting of universities, Polytechnics offered university equivalent degrees from bachelors, masters and PhD that were validated and governed at the national level by the independent UK Council for National Academic Awards. In 1992 UK Polytechnics were designated as universities which meant they could award their own degrees, the UKs first polytechnic, the Royal Polytechnic Institution was founded in 1838 in Regent Street, London. A number of polytechnics providing higher education is simply a result of a formal upgrading from their original and historical role as technical education schools. This is mostly the case in countries, where the education system is not controlled by the state. Mentz, Kotze and Van der Merwe argue that all the tools are in place to promote the debate on the place of technology in education in general. The aspects of this debate can follow the lines, To what degree is technology defined as a concept. What is the scope of technology discourse, what is the place and relation of science with technology. How useful is the Mitcham framework in thinking about technology in South Africa, can a measure of cooperation as opposed to competition be achieved amongst higher education institutions. Who ultimately is responsible for training and What is the role of technology in this. The Buenos Aires Institute of Technology is other important recognized institute of technology with renowned, 1970s–1990s During the 1970s to early 1990s, the term was used to describe state owned and funded technical schools that offered both vocational and higher education. They were part of the College of Advanced Education system, in the 1990s most of these merged with existing universities, or formed new ones of their own. These new universities often took the title University of Technology, for marketing rather than legal purposes, AVCC report The most prominent such university in each state founded the Australian Technology Network a few years later. 1990s–today Since the mid-1990s, the term has been applied to some technically minded technical, a recent example is the Melbourne Polytechnic rebranding and repositioning in 2014 from Northern Melbourne Institute of TAFE
34.
GCE Ordinary Level
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The O Level is a subject-based qualification conferred as part of the General Certificate of Education. It was introduced as part of British educational reform alongside the more in-depth and academically rigorous A-level in England, Wales and those three jurisdictions replaced O Levels gradually with General Certificate of Secondary Education and International General Certificate of Secondary Education exams over time. The Scottish equivalent was the O-grade, both CIE and OCR have Cambridge Assessment as their parent organisation. The Cambridge O Level has already been phased out, however, in Bangladesh, the O Level qualification is offered, with examinations conducted by Cambridge International Examinations under the board of British Council. In Brunei, the O Level qualification is offered, with examinations conducted by Cambridge International Examinations, additionally, the Mathematics subject previously offered an exam paper and a syllabus unique to Brunei, but this has since been retired and the regular syllabus used worldwide is offered. This is equivalent to secondary education now, in India, Cambridge International Examinations GCE Ordinary Level qualifications are offered at private and international schools as an alternative to the conventional Indian School Certificate. In Malaysia, the O Level qualification is offered, with examinations conducted by Cambridge International Examinations, in Mauritius, the O Level qualification is awarded as part of the School Certificate, which is awarded upon successful completion of Form V in secondary school. The O Level examinations are conducted by the Mauritius Examinations Syndicate. A number of subjects, including English Language, English Language, History, Mathematics, Mathematics, offer exam papers, additionally, the subject of Art and Design, the offering of which is restricted to a limited geographic region, is available in Mauritius. The GCE O Level qualification is offered in Pakistan by the CIE, O Level qualification has become a replacement for the matriculation qualification offered by the Government boards of education. Due to the costs associated with O Level qualifications, their reach is limited to middle to elite class families. It is common knowledge that the CIE qualification are more rigorous than their alternatives that exist in the country, in 2011, Zohaib Asad achieved grade A in a record 28 O-level examinations when a student of the Beaconhouse School System. In Seychelles, the O Level qualification is offered, with examinations conducted by Cambridge International Examinations, some subjects are unique to Seychelles or have a format, curriculum, or syllabus that is unique to Seychelles. In Singapore, the O Level qualification is offered jointly by Cambridge International Examinations, a number of subjects previously offered exam papers and syllabuses unique to Singapore, but these have since been retired or planned to be phased out. After taking O-levels, some Singapore students go on to GCE Advanced Level exams, the GCE Ordinary Level qualification is offered by the British council of Sri Lanka School. Before, this qualification was offered by Cambridge International Examinations. The GCE Ordinary Level qualification is offered by the Zimbabwe School Examinations Council, before, this qualification was jointly offered by Cambridge International Examinations and the Ministry of Education in Zimbabwe. The O Level qualification was previously awarded in the Caribbean, the O Level qualification was previously awarded in Hong Kong, along with the Hong Kong version of the A Level qualification
35.
County Clare
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County Clare is a county in Ireland, in the Mid-West Region and the province of Munster. Clare County Council is the local authority, the county had a population of 117,196 at the 2011 census. Clare is north-west of the River Shannon covering an area of 3,400 square kilometres. Clare was founded by the noble Luke Fitzgerald, A knight of Internal Audit, Clare is the 7th largest of Irelands 32 traditional counties in area and the 19th largest in terms of population. It is bordered by two counties in Munster and one county in Connacht, County Limerick to the south, County Tipperary to the east, clares nickname is the Banner County. The county is divided into the baronies of Bunratty Lower, Bunratty Upper, Burren, Clonderalaw, Corcomroe, Ibrickan, Inchiquin, Islands, Moyarta, Tulla Lower and these in turn are divided into civil parishes, which are divided into townlands. These divisions are cadastral, defining land boundaries and ownership, rather than administrative, bodies of water define much of the physical boundaries of Clare. To the southeast is the River Shannon, Irelands longest river, the border to the northeast is defined by Lough Derg which is the third largest lake on Ireland. To the west is the Atlantic Ocean, and to the north is Galway Bay, County Clare contains The Burren, a unique karst region, which contains rare flowers and fauna. At the western edge of The Burren, facing the Atlantic Ocean, are the Cliffs of Moher, the highest point in County Clare is Moylussa,532 m, in the Slieve Bernagh range in the east of the county. Clare is one of the richest places for these tombs in Ireland, the most noted one is in The Burren area, it is known as Poulnabrone dolmen which translates to hole of sorrows. The remains of the people inside the tomb have been excavated and dated to 3800 BC, Ptolemy created a map of Ireland in his Geographia with information dating from 100 AD, it is the oldest written account of the island with geographical features. Within his map Ptolemy names the Gaelic tribes inhabiting it and the areas in which they resided and it was renamed Thomond, meaning North Munster and spawned Brian Boru during this period, perhaps the most noted High King of Ireland. From 1118 onwards the Kingdom of Thomond was in place as its own petty kingdom, after the Norman invasion of Ireland, Thomas de Clare established a short-lived Norman lordship of Thomond, extinguished at the Battle of Dysert ODea in 1318 during Edward Bruces invasion. There are two hypotheses for the origins of the county name Clare. One hypothesis is that the name is derived from Thomas_de_Clare, _Lord_of_Thomond who was embroiled in local politics. An alternative hypothesis is that the county name Clare comes from the settlement of Clare whose Irish name Clár refers to a crossing over the River Fergus. In 1543, during the Tudor conquest of Ireland, Murrough OBrien by surrender, Henry Sidney as Lord Deputy of Ireland responded the Desmond Rebellion by creating the presidency of Connaught in 1569 and presidency of Munster in 1570
36.
Beatnik
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Beatnik was a media stereotype prevalent throughout the 1950s to mid-1960s that displayed the more superficial aspects of the Beat Generation literary movement of the 1950s. Elements of the beatnik trope included pseudo-intellectualism, drug use, Kerouac introduced the phrase Beat Generation in 1948, generalizing from his social circle to characterize the underground, anticonformist youth gathering in New York at that time. In 1954, Nolan Miller published his novel, Why I Am So Beat. The adjective beat was introduced to the group by Herbert Huncke, Beat came from underworld slang—the world of hustlers, drug addicts, and petty thieves, where Allen Ginsberg and Kerouac sought inspiration. Beat was slang for beaten down or downtrodden, but to Kerouac and Ginsberg, other adjectives discussed by Holmes and Kerouac were found and furtive. Kerouac felt he had identified a new trend analogous to the influential Lost Generation, wed even heard old 1910 Daddy Hipsters of the streets speak the word that way, with a melancholy sneer. It never meant juvenile delinquents, it meant characters of a special spirituality who didnt gang up but were solitary Bartlebies staring out the dead wall window of our civilization, Kerouac explained what he meant by beat at a Brandeis Forum, Is There A Beat Generation. On November 8,1958, at New Yorks Hunter College Playhouse, panelists for the seminar were Kerouac, James A. Wechsler, Princeton anthropologist Ashley Montagu, and author Kingsley Amis. Wechsler, Montague, and Amis all wore suits, while Kerouac was clad in jeans, ankle boots. Who knows, but that the universe is not one vast sea of compassion actually, Kerouacs address was later published as The Origins of the Beat Generation. The vision of the word Beat as being to mean beatific, people began to call themselves beatniks, beats, jazzniks, bopniks, bugniks and finally I was called the avatar of all this. Suburban couples could have beatnik parties on Saturday nights and drink too much, Kerouac biographer Ann Charters noted that the term Beat was appropriated to become a Madison Avenue marketing tool, The term caught on because it could mean anything. It could even be exploited in the affluent wake of the decade’s extraordinary technological inventions, almost immediately, for example, advertisements by hip record companies in New York used the idea of the Beat Generation to sell their new long playing vinyl records. And most are certain that their readers, or viewers, are of limited ability and must have things explained simply. Thus, the reporters in the media tried to relate something that was new to already preexisting frameworks and images that were only vaguely appropriate in their efforts to explain and simplify. With a variety of oversimplified and conventional formulas at their disposal, they back on the nearest stereotypical approximation of what the phenomenon resembled. And even worse, they did not see it clearly and completely at that, and in this, they were aided and abetted by the Poetic Establishment of the day. The consequence is, that though we may know now that these images do not accurately reflect the reality of the Beat movement
37.
Jack Kerouac
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Jack Kerouac was an American novelist and poet. He is considered a literary iconoclast and, alongside William S. Burroughs and Allen Ginsberg, Kerouac is recognized for his method of spontaneous prose. Thematically, his work covers such as Catholic spirituality, jazz, promiscuity, Buddhism, drugs, poverty. He became a celebrity and, with other beats, a progenitor of the hippie movement. In 1969, aged 47, Kerouac died from bleeding due to long-term alcohol abuse. Since his death, Kerouacs literary prestige has grown, and several previously unseen works have been published, Jack Kerouac was born on March 12,1922 in Lowell, Massachusetts, to French Canadian parents, Léo-Alcide Kéroack and Gabrielle-Ange Lévesque. There is some confusion surrounding his name, partly because of variations on the spelling of Kerouac and his reason for that statement seems to be linked to an old family legend that the Kerouacs had descended from Baron François Louis Alexandre Lebris de Kerouac. Kerouacs baptism certificate lists his name simply as Jean Louis Kirouac, Kerouacs father Leo had been born into a family of potato farmers in the village of Saint-Hubert-de-Rivière-du-Loup, Quebec. Jack also had stories on the etymology of his surname, usually tracing it to Irish, Breton. In one interview he claimed it was from the name of the Cornish language, another version was that the Kerouacs had come to Cornwall from Ireland before the time of Christ and the name meant language of the house. In still another interview he said it was an Irish word for language of the water, Kerouac, derived from Kervoach, is the name of a town in Brittany in Lanmeur, near Morlaix. Jack Kerouac later referred to 34 Beaulieu Street as sad Beaulieu, the Kerouac family was living there in 1926 when Jacks older brother Gerard died of rheumatic fever, aged nine. This deeply affected four-year-old Jack, who would say that Gerard followed him in life as a guardian angel. This is the Gerard of Kerouacs novel Visions of Gerard and he had one other sibling, an older sister named Caroline. Kerouac was referred to as Ti Jean or little John around the house during his childhood, Kerouac spoke French until he learned English at age six, he did not speak English confidently until his late teens. He was a child who was devoted to his mother. She was a devout Catholic, who instilled this deep faith into both her sons, Kerouac would later say that his mother was the only woman he ever loved. After Gerard died, his mother sought solace in her faith, while his father abandoned it, wallowing in drinking, gambling, and smoking
38.
Allen Ginsberg
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Irwin Allen Ginsberg was an American poet of Jewish origin, and one of the leading figures of both the Beat Generation of the 1950s and the counterculture that soon would follow. He was one of many influential American writers of his known as the Beat Generation. Ginsberg is best known for his poem Howl, in which he denounced what he saw as the forces of capitalism. In 1956, Howl was seized by San Francisco police and US Customs. S, Howl reflected Ginsbergs own homosexuality and his relationships with a number of men, including Peter Orlovsky, his lifelong partner. Judge Clayton W. Horn ruled that Howl was not obscene, adding, Ginsberg was a practicing Buddhist who studied Eastern religious disciplines extensively. He lived modestly, buying his clothing in stores and residing in downscale apartments in New York’s East Village. One of his most influential teachers was the Tibetan Buddhist the Venerable Chögyam Trungpa, at Trungpas urging, Ginsberg and poet Anne Waldman started The Jack Kerouac School of Disembodied Poetics there in 1974. Ginsberg took part in decades of non-violent political protest against everything from the Vietnam War to the War on Drugs and his collection The Fall of America shared the annual U. S. National Book Award for Poetry in 1974. In 1979 he received the National Arts Club gold medal and was inducted into the American Academy and Institute of Arts, Ginsberg was a Pulitzer Prize finalist in 1995 for his book Cosmopolitan Greetings, Poems 1986–1992. Ginsberg was born into a Jewish family in Newark, New Jersey, as a young teenager, Ginsberg began to write letters to The New York Times about political issues, such as World War II and workers rights. While in high school, Ginsberg began reading Walt Whitman, inspired by his teachers passionate reading, in 1945, he joined the Merchant Marines to earn money to continue his education at Columbia. Ginsberg has stated that he considered the required freshman seminar to be his favorite course while at Columbia University and its subject was The Great Books and was taught by Lionel Trilling. According to The Poetry Foundation, Ginsberg spent several months in an institution after he pleaded insanity during a hearing. He was allegedly being prosecuted for harboring stolen goods in his dorm room and it was noted that the stolen property was not his, but belonged to an acquaintance. Ginsberg referred to his parents, in a 1985 interview, as old-fashioned delicatessen philosophers and his father Louis Ginsberg was a published poet and a high school teacher. Ginsbergs mother, Naomi Livergant Ginsberg, was affected by an illness that was never properly diagnosed. She was also a member of the Communist Party and took Ginsberg. Ginsberg later said that his mother made up stories that all went something like, The good king rode forth from his castle, saw the suffering workers
