1.
Atal Bihari Vajpayee
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Atal Bihari Vajpayee is an Indian politician who was the 10th Prime Minister of India, first for 13 days in 1996 and then from 1998 to 2004. A leader of the Bharatiya Janata Party, he is the first Prime Minister from outside the Indian National Congress party to serve a full five-year term, a parliamentarian for over four decades, Vajpayee was elected to the Lok Sabha ten times, and twice to the Rajya Sabha. He also served as the Member of Parliament for Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, until 2009, Vajpayee was one amongst the founder members of erstwhile Bharatiya Jana Sangh, which he had also headed. He was also the Minister of External Affairs in the cabinet of Morarji Desai, when Janata government collapsed, Vajpayee restarted the Jana Sangh as the Bharatiya Janata Party in 1980. On 25 December 2014 the office of President of India announced the Bharat Ratna award, Indias highest civilian honour, in a special gesture, the President of India conferred Bharat Ratna to Atal Bihari Vajpayee in his residence on 27 March 2015. His birthday,25 December, was declared Good Governance Day, Vajpayee was born to Krishna Devi and Krishna Bihari Vajpayee on 25 December 1924 in Gwalior. His grandfather, Pandit Shyam Lal Vajpayee, had migrated to Morena and his father, Krishna Bihari Vajpayee, was a poet and a schoolmaster in his hometown. Vajpayee studied from the Government Higher secondary school, Gorkhi, Bara, Vajpayee attended Gwaliors Victoria College and graduated with distinction in Hindi, English and Sanskrit. He completed his post-graduation with an M. A. in Political Science from Dayanand Anglo-Vedic College, Kanpur and his activism started with Arya Kumar Sabha of Gwalior, the youth wing of the Arya Samaj, of which he became the General Secretary in 1944. He also joined the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh as a swayamsevak in 1939, influenced by Babasaheb Apte, he attended the Officers Training Camp of the RSS during 1940-44 and became a full-time worker in 1947, technically a pracharak. He gave up studying law due to the partition riots and he was sent as a vistarak to Uttar Pradesh and quickly began working for the newspapers of Deendayal Upadhyaya, Rashtradharma, Panchjanya and the dailies Swadesh and Veer Arjun. Vajpayee never married and has remained a bachelor his entire life, in 1951, he was seconded by the RSS, along with Deendayal Upadhyaya, to work for the newly formed Bharatiya Jana Sangh, a Hindu right-wing political party associated with the RSS. He was appointed as a secretary of the party in charge of the Northern region. He soon became a follower and aide of party leader Syama Prasad Mookerjee, in 1954, Vajpayee was with Mookerjee when he went on a fast-unto-death in Kashmir to protest against perceived inferior treatment of non-Kashmiri Indian visitors to the state. Mookerjee died in prison during this strike, in 1957, Vajpayee lost to Raja Mahendra Pratap in Mathura for the Lok Sabha, the lower house of Indias Parliament, but was elected from Balrampur. There, his skills so impressed Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru that he predicted that Vajpayee would someday become Indias Prime Minister. By virtue of his oratorical and organizational skills, he became the face of the Jana Sangh, after the death of Deendayal Upadhyaya, the mantle of the leadership of Jana Sangh fell on the shoulders of a young Vajpayee. He became the president of the Jana Sangh in 1968 and, along with Nanaji Deshmukh, Balraj Madhok and L. K. Advani
2.
Bombay Presidency
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The Bombay Presidency, also known as Bombay and Sind from 1843 to 1936 and the Bombay Province, was an administrative subdivision of British India. The English East India Company transferred its Western India headquarters from Surat, its first colony in that region, the Presidency was brought under British Parliament control along with other parts of British India through Pitts India Act. Aden was annexed in 1839, while Sind was annexed by the Company in 1843 after defeating the Talpur dynasty in the Battle of Hyderabad and it was made a part of the Bombay Presidency. The districts and provinces of the presidency were directly under British rule, while the administration of the native or princely states was in the hands of local rulers. The presidency, however, managed the defence of princely states, the Bombay Presidency along with the Bengal Presidency and Madras Presidency were the three major centres of British power. In 1661 Bombay was ceded to the Kingdom of England as part of the dowry of the infanta Catherine of Braganza on her marriage to King Charles II, as English trade in Bombay increased, Surat began its relative decline. In 1687, Bombay was made the headquarters of all the East India Companys possessions in India, however, in 1753 the governor of Bombay became subordinate to that of Calcutta. During the 18th century, the Hindu Maratha Empire expanded rapidly, claiming Konkan, in western Gujarat, including Kathiawar and Kutch, the loosening of Mughal control allowed numerous local rulers to create virtually independent states. The British annexed Surat in 1800, British territory was enlarged in the Second Anglo-Maratha War which ended in 1803. The East India Company received the districts of Bharuch, Kaira, etc. in 1803 the Bombay Presidency included only Salsette, the islands of the harbour, Surat and Bankot, but between this date and 1827 the framework of the presidency took shape. The Gujarat districts were taken over by the Bombay government in 1805, in 1858, under the terms of Queens Proclamation issued by Queen Victoria, the Bombay Presidency, along with the rest of British India, came under the direct rule of the British crown. Henry Bartle Frere was the first Governor appointed by the Crown, under Sir Bartle Frere agricultural prosperity reached its highest point, as a result of the American Civil War and the consequent enormous demand for Indian cotton in Europe. The money thus poured into the country produced an epidemic of speculation known as the Share Mania, which ended in a commercial crisis, but the peasantry gained on the whole more than they lost, and the trade of Bombay was not permanently injured. However, the important portfolios like finance, police and irrigation were reserved with members of the Governors Executive Council, in 1932, Aden was separated from Bombay and made a separate province, and Sindh became a separate province on 1 April 1936. The Government of India Act 1935 made the Bombay Presidency into a regular province and it enlarged the elected provincial legislature and expanded provincial autonomy vis a vis the central government. In the 1937 elections, the Indian National Congress won the elections in Bombay, the Cooper ministry did not last long and a Congress ministry under B. G. Kher was sworn in. Council of Ministers in Khers Cabinet, In 1939, all of the Congress ministries in British Indian provinces resigned and Bombay was placed under the Governors rule. After the end of World War II, the Indian National Congress re-entered politics, the Bombay Presidency became the Bombay State when India was granted independence on 15 August 1947 and Kher continued as the Chief Minister of the state, serving until 1952
3.
Presidencies and provinces of British India
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Provinces of India, earlier Presidencies of British India and still earlier, Presidency towns, were the administrative divisions of British governance in the subcontinent. Collectively, they were called British India, in one form or other they existed between 1612 and 1947, conventionally divided into three historical periods. During 1612–1757, the East India Company set up factories in several locations, mostly in coastal India and its rivals were the merchant trading companies of Holland and France. By the mid-18th century, three Presidency towns, Madras, Bombay, and Calcutta had grown in size, during the period of Company rule in India, 1757–1858, the Company gradually acquired sovereignty over large parts of India, now called Presidencies. However, it increasingly came under British government oversight, in effect sharing sovereignty with the Crown. At the same time it gradually lost its mercantile privileges, following the Indian Rebellion of 1857, the Companys remaining powers were transferred to the Crown. In the new British Raj, sovereignty extended to a few new regions, increasingly, however, unwieldy presidencies were broken up into Provinces. In 1608, the English East India Company established a settlement at Surat, and it was followed in 1611 by a permanent factory at Machilipatnam on the Coromandel Coast, and in 1612 the company joined other already established European trading companies in Bengal. Company rule in Bengal, however, ended with the Government of India Act 1858 following the events of the Bengal Rebellion of 1857 and these rulers were allowed a measure of internal autonomy in exchange for British suzerainty. British India constituted a significant portion of India both in area and population, in 1910, for example, it covered approximately 54% of the area, in addition, there were Portuguese and French exclaves in India. Independence from British rule was achieved in 1947 with the formation of two nations, the Dominions of India and Pakistan, the latter also including East Bengal, present-day Bangladesh. The term British India also applied to Burma for a time period, starting in 1824, a small part of Burma. This arrangement lasted until 1937, when Burma commenced being administered as a separate British colony, British India did not apply to other countries in the region, such as Sri Lanka, which was a British Crown colony, or the Maldive Islands, which were a British protectorate. It also included the Colony of Aden in the Arabian Peninsula, the original seat of government was at Allahabad, then at Agra from 1834 to 1868. Bombay Presidency, East India Companys headquarters moved from Surat to Bombay in 1687, the East India Company, which was incorporated on 31 December 1600, established trade relations with Indian rulers in Masulipatam on the east coast in 1611 and Surat on the west coast in 1612. The company rented a trading outpost in Madras in 1639, meanwhile, in eastern India, after obtaining permission from the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan to trade with Bengal, the Company established its first factory at Hoogly in 1640. Almost a half-century later, after Emperor Aurengzeb forced the Company out of Hooghly, by the mid-18th century the three principal trading settlements, now called the Madras Presidency, the Bombay Presidency, and the Bengal Presidency were each administered by a Governor. After Robert Clives victory in the Battle of Plassey in 1757, in 1772, the Company also obtained the Nizāmat of Bengal and thereby full sovereignty of the expanded Bengal Presidency
4.
Govinda (actor)
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Govind Arun Kumar Ahuja, known mononymously as Govinda, is an Indian film actor, comedian and former politician known for his work in Hindi films. Known for his skills, Govinda has received twelve Filmfare Award nominations, a Filmfare Special Award, a Filmfare Award for Best Comedian. The actor was a member of the Parliament of India from 2004 to 2009. Govindas first film was 1986s Ilzaam, in June 1999, He was voted the tenth-greatest star of stage or screen in a BBC News Online poll. During the 1980s, Govindas films spanned genres and included family, drama, action and he started out as an action hero in the 80s and reinvented himself as a comedy hero in 90s. At one time, Amitabh co-starred with him on his comeback to rejuvenate his market when his films failed miserably. He was recognised the decade as a comic actor after playing a mischievous young NCC cadet in the 1992 romance Shola Aur Shabnam. Govinda had lead roles in commercially successful comedy films, including Aankhen, Raja Babu. 1, Hero No.1 and Haseena Maan Jaayegi and he received a Filmfare Best Comedian Award for Haseena Maan Jayegi and a Filmfare Special Award for Saajan Chale Sasural. Govinda has played roles in several movies, including Jaan Se Pyaara, Aankhen, Bade Miyan Chote Miyan. He played six roles in Hadh Kar Di Aapne, Raju, after a number of box-office flops in the 2000s, his later commercial successes included Bhagam Bhag, Partner, Life Partner etc. In 2015 Govinda became a judge on Zee TVs dance-based reality show, Dance India Dance Super Mom Season 2, the show received the highest TRP of any reality-show opening episode. Govinda was elected the member of parliament for the Mumbai North constituency of Maharashtra, India in the 14th Lok Sabha elections in 2004. Govinda was born on 21 December 1963 to former actor Arun Kumar Ahuja and singer-actress Nirmala Devi into a family with Punjabi, Arun is best known for Mehboob Khans Aurat. He produced one film, and became ill shortly afterwards. The family, living in a bungalow on Mumbais Carter Road, the youngest of six children, he was given the pet name Chi Chi, meaning little finger in Punjabi, the language spoken at home. After Govinda received a Bachelor of Commerce degree, his father suggested a career in film, around this time, Govinda saw the film Disco Dancer, afterwards, he practised for hours and circulated a promotional VHS cassette. He was offered jobs in a commercial and an Allwyn ad. His first lead role was in Tan-Badan, directed by his uncle Anand, Govinda began shooting for his next film, Love 86, in June 1985
5.
Virar
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Virar is a city in Maharashtra, India, part of the Mumbai Metropolitan Region. Virar is also a part of Vasai-Virar Municipal Corporation in Palghar district of Maharashtra state in Konkan division, Virar railway station is the northern-most railway station on the Western Line of Mumbai Suburban Railway. Real Estate has been booming in Virar because of its tourism and because of big players like Rustomjee, HDIL. People from many places have migrated & have started making a living here, the climate of the city is tropical. The name Virar, as believe, actually comes from the God Ekavira. Just as Tunga Parvat becomes Tunga-ar, similarly Vira becomes Vira-ar, there is a huge tank here dedicated to Eka veera Devi called Viraar Tirtha, i. e. Eka- Viraa Tirtha. Even today, on the west banks of Viraar Tirtha, one finds a stone about three feet long and nine inches broad. Below that is a group of figures of the Yoginis of Ekaveera Devi. Nearby one can find a stone with a roughly cut cow and calf, moving ahead near the foot of a knoll of rock are two cow’s feet roughly cut in rock. As of 2011 India census, Virar had a population of 1,221,233. of which male and female are 649,535 and 571,698 respectively. Virar has an literacy rate of 91. 95%, higher than the national average of 59. 5%. Over a period of time Virar has become a suburb with approximately 70% population being Marathi speaking and the rest a mix of other communities, mainly the Catholics. 70% of the population is below 30 years, the slow and gradual adoption of the cosmopolitan nature of the city is the result of migration from the Mumbai mainland to this part due to ever increasing cost of the real estate property. The citys public system is managed by the education ministry of the Government of Maharashtra. Hence the syllabus is under the state pattern devised by the Maharashtra State Board of Secondary, there are also other private schools who offer syllabus under Central Board of Secondary Education and Indian Certificate of Secondary Education guidelines besides the state pattern. One can get graduate and post graduate degrees in Arts, Commerce, Commerce, Management studies, despite being in close proximity to the ever busy lifestyle of Mumbai, Virar manages to be a well known tourist place for many reasons. It is famous throughout the country for its temple of Goddess Jivdani which is located around 1375 steps above the ground level. People from far places come to take the blessings of the Goddess
6.
Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh
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The RSS is one of the principal organizations of the Sangh Parivar group. Founded on 27 September 1925, the organisation is the worlds largest voluntary missionary organization, the initial impetus was to provide character training through Hindu discipline and to unite the Hindu community to form a Hindu Rashtra. The organisation carries the ideal of upholding Indian culture and civilizational values and it drew initial inspiration from European right-wing groups during World War II. RSS was founded in 1925 by Keshav Baliram Hedgewar, a doctor in the city of Nagpur and he had been charged with sedition in 1921 by the British Administration and was imprisoned for one year. Hedgewar was educated by his elder brother and he then decided to study medicine in Calcutta, West Bengal. He was sent there by B. S. Moonje in 1910 to pursue his medical studies, there he lived with Shyam Sundar Chakravarthy and learned the techniques of fighting from secret revolutionary organisations like the Anushilan Samiti and Jugantar in Bengal. He is said to have joined Anushilan Samiti and he had contacts with revolutionaries like Ram Prasad Bismil. Previously he was involved in type of revolutionary activities, a fact disclosed by writers such as viz. C. P. Bhishikar, M. S. Golwalkar, K. S. Sudarshan. After completing his studies and graduating, he returned to Nagpur, in his memoirs, the third chief of RSS, Balasahab Deoras narrates an incident when Hedgewar saved him and others from following the path of Bhagat Singh and his comrades. Later he left the organisations in the year 1925 and formed the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh. The RSS first met in 1925 just after two months of Kakori train robbery in a ground of Nagpur with 5-6 persons on Vijaya Dashami. After the formation of the RSS, Hedgewar kept the organisation away from having any direct affiliation to any of the political organisations then fighting British rule, but Hedgewar and his team of volunteers, took part in the Indian National Congress, led movements against the British rule. Hedgewar was arrested in the Jungle Satyagraha agitation in 1931 and served a term in prison. During World War II RSS leaders openly admired Adolf Hitler, Madhav Sadashiv Golwalkar, who became the supreme leader of the RSS after Hedgewar, drew inspiration from Adolf Hitlers ideology of race purity. RSS leaders were supportive of the Jewish State of Israel, including Savarkar himself, Golwalkar admired Jews for maintaining their religion, culture and language. The RSS, which portrays itself as a movement, stayed away from the Indian independence movement. It also rejected Gandhis willingness to cooperate with the Muslims, after founding the organisation, K. B. Hedgewar started the tradition of keeping the RSS away from the Indian Independence movement. Any political activity that could be construed as being anti-British was carefully avoided, according to the RSS biographer C. P. Bhishikar, Hedgewar only talked about Hindu organisation avoiding any direct comment on the Government
7.
Manmohan Singh
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Manmohan Singh is an Indian economist and politician who served as the Prime Minister of India from 2004 to 2014. The first Sikh in office, Singh was also the first prime minister since Jawaharlal Nehru to be re-elected after completing a full five-year term, born in Gah, Singhs family migrated to India during its partition in 1947. After obtaining his doctorate in economics from Oxford, Singh worked for the United Nations during 1966–69 and he subsequently began his bureaucratic career when Lalit Narayan Mishra hired him as an advisor in the Ministry of Foreign Trade. Over the 70s and 80s, Singh held several key posts in the Government of India, such as Chief Economic Advisor, Reserve Bank governor and Planning Commission head. In 1991, as India faced an economic crisis, newly elected Prime Minister P. V. Narasimha Rao surprisingly inducted the apolitical Singh into his cabinet as Finance Minister. Over the next few years, despite opposition, he as a Finance Minister carried out several structural reforms that liberalised Indias economy. Subsequently, Singh served as Leader of the Opposition in the Rajya Sabha during the Atal Bihari Vajpayee government of 1998–2004, in 2004, when the Congress-led United Progressive Alliance came to power, its chairperson Sonia Gandhi unexpectedly relinquished the premiership to Manmohan Singh. In 2008, opposition to a civil nuclear agreement with the United States nearly caused Singhs government to fall after Left Front parties withdrew their support. Although Indias economy grew rapidly under UPA I, its security was threatened by several terrorist incidents, the 2009 general election saw the UPA return with an increased mandate, with Singh retaining the office of Prime Minister. After his term ended in 2014 he opted out from the race to the office of the Prime Minister of India during 2014 Indian general election. Singh was never a member of the Lok Sabha but continues to serve as a member of the Indian Parliament, Singh was born to Gurmukh Singh and Amrit Kaur on 26 September 1932, in Gah, Punjab, British India, into a Sikh family. He lost his mother when he was young and was raised by his paternal grandmother. After the Partition of India, his family migrated to Amritsar, India and he completed his Economics Tripos at University of Cambridge as he was a member of St Johns College in 1957. Joan Robinson was a brilliant teacher, but she sought to awaken the inner conscience of her students in a manner that very few others were able to achieve. She questioned me a deal and made me think the unthinkable. She propounded the left wing interpretation of Keynes, maintaining that the state has to play more of a if you really want to combine development with social equity. Kaldor influenced me more, I found him pragmatic, scintillating, stimulating. Joan Robinson was an admirer of what was going on in China
8.
Sonia Gandhi
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Sonia Gandhi is an Italian-born Indian politician, who has served as President of the Indian National Congress party since 1998. She is the widow of former Prime Minister of India, Rajiv Gandhi who belonged to the Nehru–Gandhi family and she finally agreed to join politics in 1997, in 1998, she was elected President of the Congress party. She has served as the Chairperson of the ruling United Progressive Alliance in the Lok Sabha since 2004, in September 2010, on being re-elected for the fourth time, she became the longest serving president in the 125-year history of the Congress party. Her foreign birth has been a subject of debate and controversy. Also controversial was her friendship with Italian businessman Ottavio Quattrocchi. Although Sonia is the fifth person to be leader of the Congress Party. She spent her adolescence in Orbassano, a town near Turin, being raised in a traditional Roman Catholic family and her father, Stefano Maino, was a building mason, who owned a small construction business in Orbassano. Stefano fought against the Soviet military alongside Hitlers Wehrmacht on the front in World War II, he called himself a loyal supporter of Benito Mussolini. Her mother and two still live around Orbassano. In 1964, she went to study English at the Bell Educational Trusts language school in the city of Cambridge, in 1965 at a Greek restaurant she met Rajiv Gandhi, who was enrolled in Trinity College at the University of Cambridge. Sonia and Rajiv Gandhi married in 1968, in a Hindu ceremony following which she moved into the house of her mother-in-law and then Prime Minister, the couple had two children, Rahul Gandhi and Priyanka Vadra. Despite belonging to the influential Nehru family, Sonia and Rajiv avoided all involvement in politics, Rajiv worked as an airline pilot while Sonia took care of her family. When Indira Gandhi was ousted from office in 1977 in the aftermath of the Indian Emergency, Sonia Gandhis involvement with Indian public life began after the assassination of her mother-in-law and her husbands election as prime minister. As the prime ministers wife she acted as his official hostess, in 1984, she actively campaigned against her husbands sister-in-law Maneka Gandhi who was running against Rajiv in Amethi. At the end of Rajiv Gandhis five years in office, the Bofors scandal broke out, Ottavio Quattrocchi, an Italian business man believed to be involved, was said to be a friend of Sonia Gandhi, having access to the Prime Ministers official residence. The BJP has alleged that she appeared on the voters list in New Delhi prior to obtaining Indian citizenship in April 1983, former senior Congress leader and current President of India Pranab Mukherjee said that she surrendered her Italian passport to the Italian Embassy on 27 April 1983. Italian nationality law did not permit dual nationality until 1992, so, by acquiring Indian citizenship in 1983, she would automatically have lost Italian citizenship. After Rajiv Gandhi was assassinated in 1991 and Sonia Gandhi refused to become Prime Minister, over the next few years, however, the Congress fortunes continued to dwindle and it lost the 1996 elections
9.
Subhas Chandra Bose
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Bose had been a leader of the younger, radical, wing of the Indian National Congress in the late 1920s and 1930s, rising to become Congress President in 1938 and 1939. However, he was ousted from Congress leadership positions in 1939 following differences with Mahatma Gandhi and he was subsequently placed under house arrest by the British before escaping from India in 1940. In November 1941, with German funds, a Free India Centre was set up in Berlin, a 3, 000-strong Free India Legion, comprising Indians captured by Erwin Rommels Afrika Korps, was also formed to aid in a possible future German land invasion of India. By spring 1942, in light of Japanese victories in southeast Asia and changing German priorities, a German invasion of India became untenable, adolf Hitler, during his only meeting with Bose in late May 1942, suggested the same, and offered to arrange for a submarine. During this time Bose also became a father, his wife, or companion, Emilie Schenkl, identifying strongly with the Axis powers, and no longer apologetically, Bose boarded a German submarine in February 1943. In Madagascar, he was transferred to a Japanese submarine from which he disembarked in Japanese-held Sumatra in May 1943, with Japanese support, Bose revamped the Indian National Army, then composed of Indian soldiers of the British Indian army who had been captured in the Battle of Singapore. To these, after Boses arrival, were added enlisting Indian civilians in Malaya, the Japanese had come to support a number of puppet and provisional governments in the captured regions, such as those in Burma, the Philippines and Manchukuo. Before long the Provisional Government of Free India, presided by Bose, was formed in the Japanese-occupied Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Bose had great drive and charisma—creating popular Indian slogans, such as Jai Hind, —and the INA under Bose was a model of diversity by region, ethnicity, religion, however, Bose was regarded by the Japanese as being militarily unskilled, and his military effort was short-lived. In late 1944 and early 1945 the British Indian Army first halted, almost half the Japanese forces and fully half the participating INA contingent were killed. The INA was driven down the Malay Peninsula, and surrendered with the recapture of Singapore and he died from third degree burns received when his plane crashed in Taiwan. Some Indians, however, did not believe that the crash had occurred, with many among them, especially in Bengal, Indian National Congress, the main instrument of Indian nationalism, praised Boses patriotism but distanced itself from his tactics and ideology, especially his collaboration with Fascism. Subhas Chandra Bose was born on 23 January 1897 in Cuttack, Orissa Division, Bengal Province, to Prabhavati Devi and Janakinath Bose and he was the ninth in a family of 14 children. He was admitted to the Protestant European School, like his brothers and sisters and he continued his studies at this school which was run by the Baptist Mission up to 1909 and then shifted to the Ravenshaw Collegiate School. The day Subhas was admitted to school, Beni Madhab Das. After securing the position in the matriculation examination in 1913. His nationalistic temperament came to light when he was expelled for assaulting Professor Oaten for the latters anti-India comments and he later joined the Scottish Church College at the University of Calcutta and passed his B. A. in 1918 in philosophy. Bose left India in 1919 for England with a promise to his father that he would appear in the Indian Civil Services examination and he went to study in Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge and matriculated on 19 November 1919
10.
Vinayak Damodar Savarkar
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Vinayak Damodar Savarkar was an Indian pro-independence activist, lawyer, politician, poet, writer and playwright. He advocated dismantling the system of caste in Hindu culture, Savarkar coined the term Hindutva to create a collective Hindu identity as an imagined nation. His political philosophy had the elements of utilitarianism, rationalism and positivism, humanism and universalism, pragmatism and realism, Savarkar was also an atheist and a staunch rationalist who disapproved of orthodox Hindu belief, dismissing cow worship as superstitious. Savarkar published The Indian War of Independence about the Indian rebellion of 1857 that was banned by British authorities and he was arrested in 1910 for his connections with the revolutionary group India House. While in jail, Savarkar wrote the work describing Hindutva, espousing Hindu nationalism, in 1921, under restrictions after signing a plea for clemency, he was released on the condition that he renounce revolutionary activities. Traveling widely, Savarkar became an orator and writer, advocating Hindu political and social unity. He became a critic of the Indian National Congress and its acceptance of Indias partition. He was accused of the assassination of Indian leader Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, the airport at Port Blair, Andaman and Nicobars capital, has been named Veer Savarkar International Airport. The commemorative blue plaque on India House fixed by the Historic Building and Monuments Commission for England reads Vinayak Damodar Savarkar 1883-1966 Indian patriot and philosopher lived here. In the recent past, the Shiv Sena party has demanded that the Indian Government posthumously confer upon him Indias highest civilian award, the Bharat Ratna. Vinayak Damodar Savarkar was born in the Marathi Chitpavan Brahmin Hindu family of Damodar and Radhabai Savarkar in the village of Bhagur, near the city of Nashik and he had three other siblings namely Ganesh, Narayan, and a sister named Maina. When he was 12, he led students in an attack on his village mosque following Hindu-Muslim riots, stating. After the death of his parents, the eldest sibling Ganesh, known as Babarao, Babarao played a supportive and influential role in Vinayaks teenage life. During this period, Vinayak organised a group called Mitra Mela and encouraged revolutionary. In 1901, Vinayak Savarkar married Yamunabai, daughter of Ramchandra Triambak Chiplunkar, subsequently, in 1902, he enrolled in Fergusson College, in Pune. After completing his degree, nationalist activist Shyamji Krishna Varma helped Vinayak to go to England to study law, Tilak was soon imprisoned for his support of revolutionary activities. After joining Grays Inn law college in London Vinayak took accommodation at India House, organized by expatriate social and political activist Pandit Shyamji, India House was a thriving centre for student political activities. There would be no end to that and our movement must not be limited to being against any particular law, but it must be for acquiring the authority to make laws itself
11.
Bhagat Singh
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Saunders was felled by a single shot from Rajguru, a marksman. He was then several times by Singh, the postmortem report showing eight bullet wounds. Another associate of Singh, Chandra Shekhar Azad, shot dead an Indian police constable, Chanan Singh, Singh was thereafter on the run for many months, and no convictions resulted at the time. Surfacing again in April 1929, he and another associate, Batukeshwar Dutt and they showered leaflets from the gallery on the legislators below, shouted slogans, and then allowed the authorities to arrest them. The arrest, and the publicity, had the effect of bringing to light Singhs complicity in the John Saunders case. Singh was convicted and hanged in March 1931, aged 23, Bhagat Singh became a popular folk hero after his death. In still later years, Singh, an atheist and socialist in life, won admirers in India from among a political spectrum that included both Communists and right-wing Hindu nationalists. Bhagat Singh, a Sandhu Jat, was born in 1907 to Kishan Singh and Vidyavati at Chak No.105 GB, Banga village and his birth coincided with the release of his father and two uncles, Ajit Singh and Swaran Singh, from jail. His family members were Sikhs, some had been active in Indian Independence movements and his ancestral village was Khatkar Kalan, near the town of Banga, India in Nawanshahr district of the Punjab. His grandfather, Arjun Singh followed Swami Dayananda Saraswatis Hindu reformist movement, Arya Samaj and his father and uncles were members of the Ghadar Party, led by Kartar Singh Sarabha and Har Dayal. Ajit Singh was forced into exile due to pending court cases against him while Swaran Singh died at home in Lahore in 1910 following his release from jail, unlike many Sikhs of his age, Singh did not attend the Khalsa High School in Lahore. His grandfather did not approve of the school officials loyalty to the British government and he was enrolled instead in the Dayanand Anglo-Vedic High School, an Arya Samaji institution. In 1919, when he was 12 years old, Singh visited the site of the Jallianwala Bagh massacre hours after thousands of unarmed people gathered at a meeting had been killed. When he was 14 years old, he was among those in his village who welcomed protesters against the killing of a number of unarmed people at Gurudwara Nankana Sahib on 20 February 1921. Singh became disillusioned with Mahatma Gandhis philosophy of non-violence after he called off the non-co-operation movement, Gandhis decision followed the violent murders of policemen by villagers who were reacting to the police killing three villagers in the 1922 Chauri Chaura incident. Singh joined the Young Revolutionary Movement and began to advocate for the violent overthrow of the British Government in India, in 1923, Singh joined the National College in Lahore, where he also participated in extra-curricular activities like the dramatics society. In 1923, he won a competition set by the Punjab Hindi Sahitya Sammelan. Inspired by the Young Italy movement of Giuseppe Mazzini, he founded the Indian nationalist youth organisation Naujawan Bharat Sabha in March 1926 and he also joined the Hindustan Republican Association, which had prominent leaders, such as Chandrashekhar Azad, Ram Prasad Bismil and Shahid Ashfaqallah Khan
Bharatiya Janata Party
