1.
Isle of Man
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The Isle of Man, also known simply as Mann, is a self-governing crown dependency in the Irish Sea between England and Northern Ireland. The head of state is Queen Elizabeth II, who holds the title of Lord of Mann, the Lord of Mann is represented by a Lieutenant Governor. Foreign relations and defence are the responsibility of the British Government, the island has been inhabited since before 6500 BC. Gaelic cultural influence began in the 5th century and the Manx language, in 627, Edwin of Northumbria conquered the Isle of Man along with most of Mercia. In the 9th century, Norsemen established the Kingdom of the Isles, magnus III, King of Norway, was also known as King of Mann and the Isles between 1099 and 1103. In 1266, the became part of Scotland under the Treaty of Perth. After a period of alternating rule by the kings of Scotland and England, the short form often used in English, Mann, is derived from the Manx Mannin, though sometimes the name is written as Man. The earliest recorded Manx form of the name is Manu or Mana, the Old Irish form of the name is Manau or Mano. Old Welsh records named it as Manaw, also reflected in Manaw Gododdin, the name for an ancient district in north Britain along the lower Firth of Forth. The oldest known reference to the calls it Mona, in Latin, in the 1st century CE, Pliny the Elder records it as Monapia or Monabia. Later Latin references have Mevania or Mænavia, and Eubonia or Eumonia by Irish writers and it is found in the Sagas of Icelanders as Mön. The name is cognate with the Welsh name of the island of Anglesey, Ynys Môn, usually derived from a Celtic word for mountain. The name was at least secondarily associated with that of Manannán mac Lir in Irish mythology, later, a Manannán is recorded as the first king of Mann in a Manx poem. The island was cut off from the islands around 8000 BC. The first residents were hunter gatherers and fishermen, examples of their tools are kept at the Manx Museum. There were also the local Ronaldsway and Bann cultures, during the Bronze Age, burial mounds became smaller. Bodies were put in stone-lined graves with ornamental containers, the Bronze Age burial mounds created long-lasting markers around the countryside. The ancient Romans knew of the island and called it Insula Manavia although it is whether they conquered the island
2.
Ordnance Survey National Grid
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The Ordnance Survey National Grid reference system is a system of geographic grid references used in Great Britain, different from using Latitude and Longitude. It is often called British National Grid, the Ordnance Survey devised the national grid reference system, and it is heavily used in their survey data, and in maps based on those surveys. Grid references are commonly quoted in other publications and data sources. The Universal Transverse Mercator coordinate system is used to provide references for worldwide locations. European-wide agencies also use UTM when mapping locations, or may use the Military Grid Reference System system, the grid is based on the OSGB36 datum, and was introduced after the retriangulation of 1936–1962. It replaced the previously used Cassini Grid which, up to the end of World War Two, had issued only to the military. The Airy ellipsoid is a regional best fit for Britain, more modern mapping tends to use the GRS80 ellipsoid used by the GPS, the British maps adopt a Transverse Mercator projection with an origin at 49° N, 2° W. Over the Airy ellipsoid a straight grid, the National Grid, is placed with a new false origin. This false origin is located south-west of the Isles of Scilly, the distortion created between the OS grid and the projection is countered by a scale factor in the longitude to create two lines of longitude with zero distortion rather than one. Grid north and true north are aligned on the 400 km easting of the grid which is 2° W. 2° 0′ 5″ W. OSGB36 was also used by Admiralty nautical charts until 2000 after which WGS84 has been used, a geodetic transformation between OSGB36 and other terrestrial reference systems can become quite tedious if attempted manually. The most common transformation is called the Helmert datum transformation, which results in a typical 7 m error from true, the definitive transformation from ETRS89 that is published by the OSGB is called the National Grid Transformation OSTN02. This models the detailed distortions in the 1936–1962 retriangulation, and achieves backwards compatibility in grid coordinates to sub-metre accuracy, the difference between the coordinates on different datums varies from place to place. The longitude and latitude positions on OSGB36 are the same as for WGS84 at a point in the Atlantic Ocean well to the west of Great Britain. In Cornwall, the WGS84 longitude lines are about 70 metres east of their OSGB36 equivalents, the smallest datum shift is on the west coast of Scotland and the greatest in Kent. But Great Britain has not shrunk by 100+ metres, a point near Lands End now computes to be 27.6 metres closer to a point near Duncansby Head than it did under OSGB36. For the first letter, the grid is divided into squares of size 500 km by 500 km, there are four of these which contain significant land area within Great Britain, S, T, N and H. The O square contains an area of North Yorkshire, almost all of which lies below mean high tide
3.
Douglas, Isle of Man
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Douglas is the capital and largest town of the Isle of Man, with a population of 27,938. It is located at the mouth of the River Douglas, the River Douglas forms part of the towns harbour and main commercial port. Douglas was a settlement until it grew rapidly as a result of links with the English port of Liverpool in the 18th century. The town is the Islands main hub for business, finance, legal services, shipping, transport, shopping, the annual Isle of Man TT motorcycle races start and finish in Douglas. In the absence of any data, the origins of the town may be revealed by analysis of the original street. Scholars agree that the name of the town derives from Early Celtic Duboglassio meaning black river and these may be references to the site of the later Nunnery, a little upstream from the port. This suggests that the origins of the nucleus were as a non-urban port. Current speculation links the buildings with the Irish Sea Herring fishery. Other forms of trade grew, and following the Revestment Act 1765, Douglas began to reap the benefits of trans-Atlantic trade. Legitimate merchants who rose to prominence over the period included the Murreys, the Moores, the towns later prosperity was facilitated by the low cost of living, and the favourable legal status enjoyed by English debtors and half-pay officers. The initial growth and development of the town owed much to its natural harbour, over the 18th century, the towns population rose from about 800 in 1710 to nearly 2,500 in 1784. Throughout the 19th century, the towns demographics followed the trends as the United Kingdom. The number of visitors grew from the early 19th century, and from around 1870 onwards. But there were increasingly unsanitary conditions, and poor quality housing, the open sewage, middens, and smell from the harbour at low tide all contributed to the towns uncleanliness. Douglas in the first half of the 19th century often suffered from the destitution of its population and the many epidemics, in particular cholera. However, an Act passed later that decade, which did not include opt-out clauses, was accepted, and in 1860, Douglas elected its first town council, which was predominantly middle class in its makeup. The Town Commissioners could tackle the problems with greater efficiency. The Commissioners also designed to alter the anachronistic architecture of Douglas, built during the era of fishing and trading, the proportion of the Manx population living in Douglas was also expanding, with 35% living there by 1891
4.
Captain of the Parish
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The Captain of the Parish is an official in each parish in the Isle of Man—formerly the title was Captain of the Parish Militia, but it is now only a titular honour. Historically the Captain of the Parish was authorised to raise his own militia in his parish and had the duty to light beacons informing the parish of an invasion, a Captain of the Parish is referred to by the prenominal title Captain. A person may hold the Captaincy of more than one parish at any one time, the title is held until death, unless it is removed for bad conduct, which has not occurred for many centuries. Although Onchan and Michael are now Districts for local authority purposes, the equivalent title for towns is Captain of the Town, however this title is no longer used
5.
Local government in the Isle of Man
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Local government in the Isle of Man was formerly based on six sheadings, which were divided into seventeen parishes. The sheadings are now significant only as, the districts of the Coroners, the origins of the term sheading are unclear. There are three possibilities, from the Norse word skeid – meaning ship-assembly, with each sheading providing men for a warship. From a Celtic word meaning sixth part – with the sheadings having been a 14th-century Scottish introduction, from the Middle English word for an administrative division, scheding – with the sheadings having been introduced following English rule in the late 14th century. The parishes have ecclesiastical roots, and are thought to have introduced to the island in the 11th century from Scotland. Parish boundaries broadly followed physical features such as rivers and watersheds, for example, a mill and its croft, located on the west bank of a river, could be included in the adjoining parish east of the river by a loop in the boundary. However, the Act was not adopted by any of the towns, the boundaries of the town districts have been extended over time to incorporate new developments. In 1989 the office of alderman was abolished, leaving the council composed of the mayor, the 18 councillors are elected from 6 wards, each for a four-year term expiring on 1 May 2012,2016, and so on. The mayor is elected annually by the councillors, usually from their own number, although there are no longer any aldermen, the corporations legal title is unchanged. As its name implies, it is a corporate. The Public Health Act 1884 permitted the creation of elected sanitary authorities for sanitary districts, Port Erin was the only sanitary district so defined. The Local Government Act 1886 provided for elected boards of Village Commissioners, the existing sanitary authority of Port Erin became a board of Commissioners. Port St Mary was created a district in 1890, Laxey and Onchan in 1895. In 1986 the existing district and parish district of Onchan were merged to form a local government district of Onchan under a single body of Commissioners. In 1989 the village district and parish district of Michael were similarly merged, the new districts are village districts. As noted above, Onchan and Michael parish districts have since amalgamated with the corresponding village districts. In 2016 the village district of Laxey and the districts of Lonan. In 1938 the Local Government Board was empowered to create a board consisting of members of two or more local authorities to exercise specified functions of those authorities
6.
Ayre
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Is one of six sheadings in the Isle of Man and consists of the parishes of Andreas, Bride and Lezayre. The derivation of the word ayre is from Old Norseeyrr, meaning a shingle beach and it refers to a storm beach forming a narrow spit of shingle or sand cutting across the landward and seaward ends of a shallow bay. This may partly cut off a sheltered stretch of water from the sea to form a freshwater loch. This word is still in use for the landform in the Northern Isles of Scotland. In 2016 the constituency was abolished, constituency maps and general election results
7.
Crown dependencies
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The Crown dependencies are the Isle of Man in the Irish Sea and the Bailiwicks of Jersey and Guernsey in the English Channel. Being independently administered jurisdictions, they do not form part of either the United Kingdom or the British Overseas Territories and they are self-governing possessions of the Crown. Internationally, the dependencies are considered territories for which the United Kingdom is responsible rather than as sovereign states, as a result, they are not member states of the Commonwealth of Nations. However, they do have a relationship with the Commonwealth, the European Union and they are not part of the European Union, although they are within the EUs customs area. In each case, the head of government is referred to as a Chief Minister, the Crown is defined differently in each crown dependency. Legislation of the Isle of Man defines the Crown in right of the Isle of Man as being separate from the Crown in right of the United Kingdom and this constitutional concept is also worded as the Crown in right of the Bailiwick of Guernsey. Each Bailiwick is a Crown dependency and each is headed by a Bailiff, each Bailiwick has its own legal and healthcare systems, and their own separate immigration policies, with local status in one Bailiwick having no jurisdiction in the other. The two Bailiwicks exercise bilateral double taxation treaties, since 1961, the Bailiwicks have had separate courts of appeal, but generally the Bailiff of each Bailiwick has been appointed to serve on the panel of appellate judges for the other Bailiwick. The Bailiwick of Guernsey comprises three separate jurisdictions, Guernsey, which also the nearby islands of Herm and Jethou. Sark, which includes the nearby island of Brecqhou. Alderney, including smaller surrounding uninhabited islands, the parliament of Guernsey is the States of Deliberation, the parliament of Sark is called the Chief Pleas, and the parliament of Alderney is called the States of Alderney. The three parliaments together can also approve joint Bailiwick-wide legislation that applies in those parts of the Bailiwick whose parliaments approve it. Guernsey issues its own coins and banknotes, Guernsey banknotes Coins of the Guernsey pound These circulate freely in both Bailiwicks alongside UK coinage and English and Scottish banknotes and they are not legal tender within the UK. There are no parties in any of the parliaments, candidates stand for election as independents. e. 5432 on 2 wheels and on 4 wheels, the Bailiwick of Jersey consists of the island of Jersey and a number of surrounding uninhabited islands. The parliament is the States of Jersey, the first known mention of which is in a document of 1497, Jersey issues its own coins and banknotes, Jersey banknotes Coins of the Jersey pound These circulate freely in both Bailiwicks alongside UK coinage and English and Scottish banknotes. They are not legal tender within the UK but are legal currency backed by deposits at the Bank of England, there are few political parties, as candidates generally stand for election as independents. The Isle of Mans Tynwald claims to be the worlds oldest parliament in continuous existence, candidates often stand for election as independents, rather than being selected by political parties
8.
Postcodes in the United Kingdom
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Postal codes used in the United Kingdom are known as postcodes. They are alphanumeric and were adopted nationally between 11 October 1959 and 1974, having been devised by the GPO, a full postcode is known as a postcode unit and designates an area with a number of addresses or a single major delivery point. For example, the postcode of the University of Roehampton in London is SW15 5PU, the postcode of GCHQ is GL51 0EX, where GL signifies the postal town of Gloucester. The postal town refers to an area and does not relate to a specific town. GL51 is one of the postcodes for the town of Cheltenham which is where GCHQ is located, the London post town covers 40% of Greater London. On inception it was divided into ten districts, EC, WC, N, NE, E, SE, S, SW, W. The S and NE sectors were later abolished and these divisions changed little, usually only changed for operational efficiency. Some older road signs in Hackney still indicate the North East sector/district, following the successful introduction of postal districts in London, the system was extended to other large towns and cities. Liverpool was divided into Eastern, Northern, Southern and Western districts in 1864/65, in 1917 Dublin – then still part of the United Kingdom – was divided into numbered postal districts. These continue in use in a form by An Post. In 1923 Glasgow was divided in a way to London. In January 1932 the Postmaster General approved the designation of some urban areas into numbered districts. In November 1934 the Post Office announced the introduction of numbered districts in every town in the United Kingdom large enough to justify it. Pamphlets were issued to each householder and business in ten areas notifying them of the number of the district in which their premises lay, the pamphlets included a map of the districts, and copies were made available at local head post offices. The public were invited to include the district number in the address at the head of letters. A publicity campaign in the following year encouraged the use of the district numbers, the slogan for the campaign was For speed and certainty always use a postal district number on your letters and notepaper. A poster was fixed to every box in the affected areas bearing the number of the district. Every post office in the district was also to display this information
9.
Telephone numbers in the United Kingdom
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Telephone numbers in the United Kingdom are administered by the UK governments Office of Communications. For this purpose Ofcom established a telephone numbering plan, known as the National Telephone Numbering Plan, since 28 April 2001, almost all geographic numbers and most non-geographic numbers have 9 or 10 national numbers after the 0 trunk code. All mobile telephone numbers have 10 national numbers after the 0 trunk code, regions with shorter area codes, typically large cities, permit the allocation of more telephone numbers as the local number portion has more digits. Local customer numbers are four to eight figures long, the total number of digits is ten, but in a very few areas the total may be nine digits. The area code is referred to as an STD or a dialling code in the UK. The code allocated to the largest population is for London, the code allocated to the largest area is for all of Northern Ireland. The UK Numbering Plan also applies to three British Crown dependencies—Jersey, Guernsey and the Isle of Man—even though they are not part of the UK itself. Possible number formats for UK telephone numbers are as follows, Number ranges starting 01 can have NSN length as 10 or 9 digits, the 0800 range can have NSN length as 10,9 or 7 digits. The 0845 range can have NSN length as 10 or 7 digits, the 0500 range has NSN length as 9 digits only. There are no numbers in the UK with an NSN length of 8 digits. Geographic telephone numbers in the UK always have nine or ten digits, four-digit area codes have either six-digit subscriber numbers or a mix of five- and six-digit subscriber numbers. Xxxxxx This is the used by most areas. It has an area code and a six digit subscriber number. These area codes were changed by adding a 1 directly after the zero as a part of PhONEday in 1995. Just short of 581 areas use this format, and the area range from 01200 to 01998. A small number of areas also have a few subscriber numbers that have only five digits. That is, almost all area codes now have only six digit local numbers, six of the four-digit area codes are known as mixed areas as they share those four digits with the twelve five-digit area codes. The numbers therefore have only nine digits after the initial zero trunk code and these area codes were changed by adding a 1 directly after the initial zero as a part of PhONEday in 1995
10.
Isle of Man Constabulary
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The Isle of Man Constabulary is the national police service of the Isle of Man, an island of 80,000 inhabitants, situated approximately equidistant from Northern Ireland, Wales, Scotland and England. The force has about 236 officers in its establishment, as the Isle of Man is not a part of the United Kingdom, the Constabulary is responsible to the Minister of Home Affairs of the Isle of Man Government. Nevertheless, the service volunteers itself for inspection by Her Majestys Inspectorate of Constabulary for England, the force is split into five neighbourhood policing teams. Northern NPT covers the North of the island, Ramsey, Andreas, Bride, Ballaugh, Lezayre, Maughold, western NPT covers Patrick, German, Michael, and Peel. Southern NPT covers the airport, Ballasalla, Castletown, Port St Mary, eastern NPT covers Braddan, Laxey, Lonan, and Onchan. Douglas NPT covers the borough of Douglas, each NPT is controlled by an inspector who has established a partnership with the local community to help solve issues affecting the local area. A major event for the force is the annual TT races, the constabularys headquarters are in Douglas. The present Chief Constable is Gary Roberts, in terms of uniform, the force looks very similar to police in the United Kingdom, apart from the custodian helmets worn by male constables and sergeants. White helmets were introduced in 1960 as an alternative to the older black helmets. White helmets were used as an option in other police forces. The white helmet is now year round by officers on foot patrol. Officers on mobile patrol tend to wear peaked caps, officers of the rank of sergeant and above may carry a signalling stick when on foot patrol. This is in effect an additional rank indicator, until very recently constables acting up in the rank of sergeant were referred to as carrying the stick. If the acting was only short term, the stick was often the only indicator of their additional responsibilities, there are usually one superintendent and three chief inspectors, who take responsibility, respectively, for local neighbourhood policing, island-wide policing, and motorsport policing. The last of these covers the TT races and associated motorsports activities
11.
Fire services in the United Kingdom
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The fire services in the United Kingdom operate under separate legislative and administrative arrangements in England and Wales, Northern Ireland, and Scotland. Emergency cover is provided by over fifty fire and rescue services, many FRS were previously known as brigades or county fire services, but almost all now use the standard terminology. They are distinct from and governed by an authority, which is the legislative, public and administrative body. Fire authorities in England and Wales, and therefore fire and rescue services, Scotland and Northern Ireland have centralised fire and rescue services, and so their authorities are effectively committees of the devolved parliaments. The total budget for services in 2014-15 was £2.9 billion. The devolved government in Scotland has an agency, HMFSI Scotland. This Act provided for centralised co-ordination of fire brigades in Great Britain,1947, Fire Services Act 1947 This Act transferred the functions of the National Fire Service to local authorities. Now repealed entirely in England and Wales by Schedule 2 of the Fire,1959, Fire Services Act 1959 This Act amended the 1947 Act, it dealt with pensions, staffing arrangements and provision of services by other authorities. It was repealed in England and Wales along with the 1947 Act,1999, Greater London Authority Act 1999 This act was necessary to allow for the formation of the Greater London Authority and in turn the London Fire and Emergency Planning Authority. In 2002, there was a series of fire strikes. In December 2002, the Independent Review of the Fire Service was published with the action still ongoing. Bains report ultimately led to a change in the relating to firefighting. 2002, Independent Review of the Fire Service published 2004, Fire and Rescue Services Act 2004, generally only applying to England and it came into force on 1 October 2006. The DfCLG has published a set of guides for non-domestic premises,2006, The Government of Wales Act 2006 gave the National Assembly for Wales powers to pass laws on Fire, promotion of fire safety otherwise than by prohibition or regulation. But does not prevent future legislation being passed by the UK government which applies to two or more constituent countries, There are further plans to modernise the fire service according to the Local Government Association. The fire service in England and Wales is scrutinised by a House of Commons select committee, in June 2006, the fire and rescue service select committee, under the auspices of the Communities and Local Government Committee, published its latest report. For example, where FRSs were historically inspected by HMFSI, much of this work is now carried out by the National Audit Office, Fire Control On 8 February 2010 the House of Commons Communities and Local Government Select Committee heard evidence on the Fire Control project. Called to give evidence were Cllr Brian Coleman and Cllr James Pearson from the Local Government Association, also giving evidence Matt Wrack from the Fire Brigades Union and John Bonney Chief Fire Officers Association
12.
Isle of Man Fire and Rescue Service
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The service operates under the Department of Home Affairs. The Isle of Man received its first two engines from England in October 1803. These were independently operated by a company, and were horse-drawn. In the late nineteenth century legislation was introduced permitting town commissioners to establish local fire brigades, the Peel commissioners did so in 1884, followed by Port Erin in 1903 and Laxey in 1920. Some larger settlements, such as Ramsey and Douglas, had entered into arrangements with the military or with the privately owned insurance company fire brigades. The outbreak of war brought calls for a fire brigade. These fire areas are the same today, the service is headed by a Chief Fire Officer, and has a rank structure based on that of the United Kingdom. This service cooperates closely with the Isle of Man Fire and Rescue Service, for joint operational purposes, and for the assigning of radio call signs to appliances, the airport fire station is known as station 9. Isle of Man Ambulance Service Isle of Man Civil Defence Corps Isle of Man Coastguard Isle of Man Constabulary Isle of Man Fire and Rescue Service http, //www. gov. im/dha/fire/ http, //www. iomfire. com/
13.
House of Keys constituencies
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The constituencies used for the 1986,1991,1996,2001,2006 and 2011 General Elections for the House of Keys were, Garff and Ayre became one seat constituencies, having previously each had two seats. Onchan constituency was created, having been part of Middle constituency. Middle constituency was created from the parishes of Marown and Braddan, Malew and Santon constituency was created from the parishes of Malew, and Santon. Ramsey gained a seat to become a two seat constituency. The constituencies are not currently known that were used for the 1924,1929,1934,1946,1951,1956,1962,1966,1971,1976,1981 General Elections and these were used for the 1903,1908,1913 and 1919 General Elections. The original constituencies were altered by the Redistribution Act 1893 to the following, These were used for the 1867,1875, and 1881 General Elections
14.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
15.
Pier
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A pier is a raised structure in a body of water, typically supported by well-spaced piles or pillars. Bridges, buildings, and walkways may all be supported by piers, Piers can range in size and complexity from a simple lightweight wooden structure to major structures extended over 1600 metres. In American English, pier may be synonymous with dock, thus in North America and Australia, where many ports were, until recently, built on the multiple pier model, the term tends to imply a current or former cargo-handling facility. In Europe in contrast, where more often use basins and river-side quays than piers. However, the earliest piers pre-date the Victorian age, Piers can be categorized into different groupings according to the principal purpose. However, there is overlap between these categories. Many piers are floating piers, to ensure that the piers raise and this prevents a situation where lines become overly taut or loose by rising or lowering tides. An overly taut or loose tie-line can damage boats by pulling out of the water or allowing them so much leeway that they bang forcefully against the sides of the pier. Working piers were built for the handling of passengers and cargo onto, working piers themselves fall into two different groups. Longer individual piers are found at ports with large tidal ranges. Such piers provided an alternative to impounded docks where cargo volumes were low, or where specialist bulk cargo was handled. The other form of working pier, often called the pier, was built at ports with smaller tidal ranges. Here the principal advantage was to give a greater available quay length for ships to berth against compared to a linear littoral quayside, typically each pier would carry a single transit shed the length of the pier, with ships berthing bow or stern in to the shore. Some major ports consisted of numbers of such piers lining the foreshore, classic examples being the Hudson River frontage of New York. One example, is in use in Progreso, Yucatán, where a pier extends more than 4 miles into the Gulf of Mexico, making it the longest pier in the world. The Progreso Pier supplies much of the peninsula with transportation for the fishing, many other working piers have been demolished, or remain derelict, but some have been recycled as pleasure piers. The best known example of this is Pier 39 in San Francisco, at Southport and the Tweed River on the Gold Coast in Australia, there are piers that support equipment for a sand bypassing system that maintains the health of sandy beaches and navigation channels. Pleasure piers were first built in Britain during the early 19th century, the earliest structures were Ryde Pier, built in 1813/4, Trinity Chain Pier near Leith, built in 1821, and Brighton Chain Pier, built in 1823
16.
Scotland
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Scotland is a country that is part of the United Kingdom and covers the northern third of the island of Great Britain. It shares a border with England to the south, and is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, with the North Sea to the east. In addition to the mainland, the country is made up of more than 790 islands, including the Northern Isles, the Kingdom of Scotland emerged as an independent sovereign state in the Early Middle Ages and continued to exist until 1707. By inheritance in 1603, James VI, King of Scots, became King of England and King of Ireland, Scotland subsequently entered into a political union with the Kingdom of England on 1 May 1707 to create the new Kingdom of Great Britain. The union also created a new Parliament of Great Britain, which succeeded both the Parliament of Scotland and the Parliament of England. Within Scotland, the monarchy of the United Kingdom has continued to use a variety of styles, titles, the legal system within Scotland has also remained separate from those of England and Wales and Northern Ireland, Scotland constitutes a distinct jurisdiction in both public and private law. Glasgow, Scotlands largest city, was one of the worlds leading industrial cities. Other major urban areas are Aberdeen and Dundee, Scottish waters consist of a large sector of the North Atlantic and the North Sea, containing the largest oil reserves in the European Union. This has given Aberdeen, the third-largest city in Scotland, the title of Europes oil capital, following a referendum in 1997, a Scottish Parliament was re-established, in the form of a devolved unicameral legislature comprising 129 members, having authority over many areas of domestic policy. Scotland is represented in the UK Parliament by 59 MPs and in the European Parliament by 6 MEPs, Scotland is also a member nation of the British–Irish Council, and the British–Irish Parliamentary Assembly. Scotland comes from Scoti, the Latin name for the Gaels, the Late Latin word Scotia was initially used to refer to Ireland. By the 11th century at the latest, Scotia was being used to refer to Scotland north of the River Forth, alongside Albania or Albany, the use of the words Scots and Scotland to encompass all of what is now Scotland became common in the Late Middle Ages. Repeated glaciations, which covered the land mass of modern Scotland. It is believed the first post-glacial groups of hunter-gatherers arrived in Scotland around 12,800 years ago, the groups of settlers began building the first known permanent houses on Scottish soil around 9,500 years ago, and the first villages around 6,000 years ago. The well-preserved village of Skara Brae on the mainland of Orkney dates from this period and it contains the remains of an early Bronze Age ruler laid out on white quartz pebbles and birch bark. It was also discovered for the first time that early Bronze Age people placed flowers in their graves, in the winter of 1850, a severe storm hit Scotland, causing widespread damage and over 200 deaths. In the Bay of Skaill, the storm stripped the earth from a large irregular knoll, when the storm cleared, local villagers found the outline of a village, consisting of a number of small houses without roofs. William Watt of Skaill, the laird, began an amateur excavation of the site, but after uncovering four houses
17.
Queen Victoria
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Victoria was Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland from 20 June 1837 until her death. From 1 May 1876, she adopted the title of Empress of India. Victoria was the daughter of Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn, both the Duke of Kent and King George III died in 1820, and Victoria was raised under close supervision by her German-born mother Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld. She inherited the throne aged 18, after her fathers three brothers had all died, leaving no surviving legitimate children. The United Kingdom was already a constitutional monarchy, in which the sovereign held relatively little direct political power. Privately, Victoria attempted to influence government policy and ministerial appointments, publicly, Victoria married her first cousin, Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, in 1840. Their nine children married into royal and noble families across the continent, tying them together, after Alberts death in 1861, Victoria plunged into deep mourning and avoided public appearances. As a result of her seclusion, republicanism temporarily gained strength and her Golden and Diamond Jubilees were times of public celebration. Her reign of 63 years and seven months is known as the Victorian era and it was a period of industrial, cultural, political, scientific, and military change within the United Kingdom, and was marked by a great expansion of the British Empire. She was the last British monarch of the House of Hanover and her son and successor, Edward VII, belonged to the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, the line of his father. Victorias father was Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn, until 1817, Edwards niece, Princess Charlotte of Wales, was the only legitimate grandchild of George III. Her death in 1817 precipitated a crisis that brought pressure on the Duke of Kent. In 1818 he married Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, a widowed German princess with two children—Carl and Feodora —by her first marriage to the Prince of Leiningen and her brother Leopold was Princess Charlottes widower. The Duke and Duchess of Kents only child, Victoria, was born at 4.15 a. m. on 24 May 1819 at Kensington Palace in London. Victoria was christened privately by the Archbishop of Canterbury, Charles Manners-Sutton, on 24 June 1819 in the Cupola Room at Kensington Palace and she was baptised Alexandrina, after one of her godparents, Emperor Alexander I of Russia, and Victoria, after her mother. Additional names proposed by her parents—Georgina, Charlotte, and Augusta—were dropped on the instructions of the Dukes eldest brother, George, the Duke of Clarence and the Duke of Kent married on the same day in 1818, but both of Clarences daughters died as infants. Victorias father died in January 1820, when Victoria was less than a year old, a week later her grandfather died and was succeeded by his eldest son, George IV. The Duke of York died in 1827, when George IV died in 1830, he was succeeded by his next surviving brother, William IV, and Victoria became heir presumptive
18.
Albert, Prince Consort
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Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha was the husband of Queen Victoria. He was born in the Saxon duchy of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld to a family connected to many of Europes ruling monarchs, at the age of 20, he married his first cousin, Queen Victoria, they had nine children. He was heavily involved with the organisation of the Great Exhibition of 1851, the Queen came to depend more and more on his support and guidance. Albert died at the young age of 42, plunging the Queen into deep mourning for the rest of her life. Upon Queen Victorias death in 1901, their eldest son succeeded as Edward VII, Albert was born at Schloss Rosenau, near Coburg, Germany, the second son of Ernest III, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, and his first wife, Louise of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg. Alberts future wife, Victoria, was earlier in the same year with the assistance of the same midwife. Albert was baptised into the Lutheran Evangelical Church on 19 September 1819 in the Marble Hall at Schloss Rosenau with water taken from the local river, in 1825, Alberts great-uncle, Frederick IV, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg, died. His death led to a realignment of Saxon duchies the following year and Alberts father became the first reigning duke of Saxe-Coburg, Albert and his elder brother, Ernest, spent their youth in a close companionship marred by their parents turbulent marriage and eventual separation and divorce. After their mother was exiled from court in 1824, she married her lover, Alexander von Hanstein, Count of Polzig and she presumably never saw her children again, and died of cancer at the age of 30 in 1831. The brothers were educated privately at home by Christoph Florschütz and later studied in Brussels, like many other German princes, Albert attended the University of Bonn, where he studied law, political economics, philosophy and the history of art. He played music and excelled at sport, especially fencing and riding and his tutors at Bonn included the philosopher Fichte and the poet Schlegel. By 1836, the idea of marriage between Albert and his cousin, Victoria, had arisen in the mind of their ambitious uncle Leopold, at this time, Victoria was the heiress presumptive to the British throne. Her father, Edward Augustus, Duke of Kent, the son of King George III, had died when she was a baby. Her mother the Duchess of Kent, was the sister of both Alberts father—the Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha—and King Leopold. Leopold arranged for his sister, Victorias mother, to invite the Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, William IV, however, disapproved of any match with the Coburgs, and instead favoured the suit of Prince Alexander, second son of the Prince of Orange. Victoria was well aware of the matrimonial plans and critically appraised a parade of eligible princes. Alexander, on the hand, she described as very plain. Victoria wrote to her uncle Leopold to thank him for the prospect of great happiness you have contributed to give me and he possesses every quality that could be desired to render me perfectly happy
19.
Edward VII
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Edward VII was King of the United Kingdom and the British Dominions and Emperor of India from 22 January 1901 until his death in 1910. The eldest son of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, before his accession to the throne, he served as heir apparent and held the title of Prince of Wales for longer than any of his predecessors. During the long reign of his mother, he was excluded from political power. He travelled throughout Britain performing ceremonial duties, and represented Britain on visits abroad. His tours of North America in 1860 and the Indian subcontinent in 1875 were popular successes, as king, Edward played a role in the modernisation of the British Home Fleet and the reorganisation of the British Army after the Second Boer War. He reinstituted traditional ceremonies as public displays and broadened the range of people with whom royalty socialised and he died in 1910 in the midst of a constitutional crisis that was resolved the following year by the Parliament Act 1911, which restricted the power of the unelected House of Lords. Edward was born at 10,48 in the morning on 9 November 1841 in Buckingham Palace and he was the eldest son and second child of Queen Victoria and her husband Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. He was christened Albert Edward at St Georges Chapel, Windsor Castle and he was named Albert after his father and Edward after his maternal grandfather Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn. He was known as Bertie to the family throughout his life. As the eldest son of the British sovereign, he was automatically Duke of Cornwall, as a son of Prince Albert, he also held the titles of Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha and Duke of Saxony. He was created Prince of Wales and Earl of Chester on 8 December 1841, Earl of Dublin on 17 January 1850, a Knight of the Garter on 9 November 1858, and a Knight of the Thistle on 24 May 1867. In 1863, he renounced his rights to the Duchy of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha in favour of his younger brother. Queen Victoria and Prince Albert were determined that their eldest son should have an education that would prepare him to be a constitutional monarch. At age seven, Edward embarked on an educational programme devised by Prince Albert. Unlike his elder sister Victoria, Edward did not excel in his studies and he tried to meet the expectations of his parents, but to no avail. Although Edward was not a diligent student—his true talents were those of charm, sociability and tact—Benjamin Disraeli described him as informed, intelligent, after the completion of his secondary-level studies, his tutor was replaced by a personal governor, Robert Bruce. After an educational trip to Rome, undertaken in the first few months of 1859, he spent the summer of that year studying at the University of Edinburgh under, among others, in October, he matriculated as an undergraduate at Christ Church, Oxford. Now released from the strictures imposed by his parents, he enjoyed studying for the first time
20.
Alexandra of Denmark
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Alexandra of Denmark was Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and Empress of India as the wife of King-Emperor Edward VII. At the age of sixteen, she was chosen as the wife of Albert Edward, Prince of Wales. They married eighteen months later in 1863, the year her father became king of Denmark as Christian IX. She was Princess of Wales from 1863 to 1901, the longest anyone has held that title. Largely excluded from wielding any political power, she attempted to sway the opinion of British ministers and her husbands family to favour Greek. Her public duties were restricted to uncontroversial involvement in charitable work, on the death of Queen Victoria in 1901, Albert Edward became king-emperor as Edward VII, with Alexandra as queen-empress. She held the status until Edwards death in 1910 and she greatly distrusted her nephew, German Emperor Wilhelm II, and supported her son during World War I, in which Britain and its allies fought Germany. Her father was Prince Christian of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg and her mother was Princess Louise of Hesse-Kassel, although she was of royal blood, her family lived a comparatively normal life. They did not possess great wealth, her fathers income from a commission was about £800 per year and their house was a rent-free grace. Occasionally, Hans Christian Andersen was invited to call and tell the stories before bedtime. In 1848, King Christian VIII of Denmark died and his only son, Frederick was childless, had been through two unsuccessful marriages, and was assumed to be infertile. A succession crisis arose as Frederick ruled in both Denmark and Schleswig-Holstein, and the rules of each territory differed. In Holstein, the Salic law prevented inheritance through the female line, Holstein, being predominantly German, proclaimed independence and called in the aid of Prussia. In 1852, the great powers called a conference in London to discuss the Danish succession, Prince Christian was given the title Prince of Denmark and his family moved into a new official residence, Bernstorff Palace. Alexandra shared a draughty attic bedroom with her sister, Dagmar, made her own clothes, Alexandra and Dagmar were given swimming lessons by the Swedish pioneer of womens swimming, Nancy Edberg. At Bernstorff, Alexandra grew into a woman, she was taught English by the English chaplain at Copenhagen and was confirmed in Christiansborg Palace. She was devout throughout her life, and followed High Church practice, Queen Victoria and her husband, Prince Albert, were already concerned with finding a bride for their son and heir, Albert Edward, the Prince of Wales. They enlisted the aid of their daughter, Crown Princess Victoria of Prussia, Alexandra was not their first choice, since the Danes were at loggerheads with the Prussians over the Schleswig-Holstein Question and most of the British royal familys relations were German
21.
Old Norse
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Old Norse was a North Germanic language that was spoken by inhabitants of Scandinavia and inhabitants of their overseas settlements during about the 9th to 13th centuries. These dates, however, are not absolute, since written Old Norse is found well into the 15th century, Old Norse was divided into three dialects, Old West Norse, Old East Norse and Old Gutnish. Old West and East Norse formed a continuum, with no clear geographical boundary between them. For example, Old East Norse traits were found in eastern Norway, although Old Norwegian is classified as Old West Norse, most speakers spoke Old East Norse in what is present day Denmark and Sweden. Old Gutnish, the more obscure dialectal branch, is included in the Old East Norse dialect due to geographical associations. It developed its own features and shared in changes to both other branches. The 12th century Icelandic Gray Goose Laws state that Swedes, Norwegians, Icelanders and Danes spoke the same language, another term used, used especially commonly with reference to West Norse, was norrœnt mál. In some instances the term Old Norse refers specifically to Old West Norse, the Old East Norse dialect was spoken in Denmark, Sweden, settlements in Kievan Rus, eastern England, and Danish settlements in Normandy. The Old Gutnish dialect was spoken in Gotland and in settlements in the East. In the 11th century, Old Norse was the most widely spoken European language, in Kievan Rus, it survived the longest in Veliky Novgorod, probably lasting into the 13th century there. Norwegian is descended from Old West Norse, but over the centuries it has heavily influenced by East Norse. Old Norse also had an influence on English dialects and Lowland Scots and it also influenced the development of the Norman language, and through it and to a smaller extent, that of modern French. Various other languages, which are not closely related, have heavily influenced by Norse, particularly the Norman dialects, Scottish Gaelic. The current Finnish and Estonian words for Sweden are Ruotsi and Rootsi, of the modern languages, Icelandic is the closest to Old Norse. Written modern Icelandic derives from the Old Norse phonemic writing system, contemporary Icelandic-speakers can read Old Norse, which varies slightly in spelling as well as semantics and word order. However, pronunciation, particularly of the phonemes, has changed at least as much as in the other North Germanic languages. Faroese retains many similarities but is influenced by Danish, Norwegian, although Swedish, Danish and the Norwegian languages have diverged the most, they still retain asymmetric mutual intelligibility. Speakers of modern Swedish, Norwegian and Danish can mostly understand each other without studying their neighboring languages, the languages are also sufficiently similar in writing that they can mostly be understood across borders
22.
Garlic
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Garlic is a species in the onion genus, Allium. Its close relatives include the onion, shallot, leek, chive, with a history of several thousand years of human consumption and use, garlic is native to the region between the Mediterranean and China, and has long been a common seasoning worldwide. It was known to Ancient Egyptians, and has used both as a food flavoring and as a traditional medicine. Allium sativum is a bulbous plant and it grows up to 1.2 m in height. Its hardiness is USDA Zone 8 and it is pollinated by bees and other insects. Allium sativum grows in the wild in areas where it has become naturalized, the wild garlic, crow garlic, and field garlic of Britain are members of the species Allium ursinum, Allium vineale, and Allium oleraceum, respectively. In North America, Allium vineale and Allium canadense, known as garlic or wild garlic. So-called elephant garlic is actually a wild leek, and not a true garlic, single clove garlic originated in the Yunnan province of China. A. sativum var. ophioscorodon Döll, called Ophioscorodon, or hard-necked garlic, includes porcelain garlics, rocambole garlic and it is sometimes considered to be a separate species, Allium ophioscorodon G. Don. A. sativum var. sativum, or soft-necked garlic, includes artichoke garlic, silverskin garlic, Garlic is easy to grow and can be grown year-round in mild climates. While sexual propagation of garlic is possible, nearly all of the garlic in cultivation is propagated asexually, in colder climates, cloves are planted in the autumn, about six weeks before the soil freezes, and harvested in late spring or early summer. The cloves must be planted deep enough to prevent freeze/thaw, which causes mold or white rot, Garlic plants can be grown closely together, leaving enough space for the bulbs to mature, and are easily grown in containers of sufficient depth. Garlic does well in loose, dry, well-drained soils in sunny locations, when selecting garlic for planting, it is important to pick large bulbs from which to separate cloves. Large cloves, along with proper spacing in the planting bed, Garlic plants prefer to grow in a soil with a high organic material content, but are capable of growing in a wide range of soil conditions and pH levels. There are different varieties or subspecies of garlic, most notably hardneck garlic, the latitude where the garlic is grown affects the choice of type, as garlic can be day-length sensitive. Hardneck garlic is grown in cooler climates and produces relatively large cloves, whereas softneck garlic is generally grown closer to the equator and produces small. Garlic scapes are removed to all the garlics energy into bulb growth. The scapes can be eaten raw or cooked, Garlic plants are usually hardy and not affected by many pests or diseases
23.
Allium ursinum
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Allium ursinum – known as ramsons, buckrams, wild garlic, broad-leaved garlic, wood garlic, bear leek, or bears garlic – is a wild relative of chives native to Europe and Asia. The Latin name is due to the brown bears taste for the bulbs and its habit of digging up the ground to get at them, they are also a favourite of wild boar. In Europe, where ramsons are popularly harvested from the wild, Allium ursinum is a bulbous, perennial herbaceous monocot, that reproduces primarily by seed. The narrow bulbs are formed from a single base and produce bright green entire. The inflorescence is an umbel of six to 20 white flowers only, lacking the bulbils produced by some other Allium species such as Allium vineale, the flowers are star-like with six white tepals, about 16–20 mm in diameter, with stamens shorter than the perianth. It flowers in the British Isles from April to June, starting before deciduous trees leaf in the spring, the flower stem is triangular in cross-section and the leaves are broadly lanceolate similar to those of the lily of the valley. It is native to regions of Europe, from Britain east to the Caucasus. It is common in much of the lowland British Isles with the exception of the far north of Scotland, Orkney, Shetland, a. ursinum is widespread across most of Europe. It grows in woodlands with moist soils, preferring slightly acidic conditions. In the British Isles, colonies are frequently associated with bluebells and it is considered to be an ancient woodland indicator species. The leaves of A. ursinum are edible, they can be used as salad, herb, boiled as a vegetable, in soup, the stems are preserved by salting and eaten as a salad in Russia. A variety of Cornish Yarg cheese has a rind coated in wild garlic leaves, the bulbs and flowers are also edible. It is used for preparing herbed cheese, a Van speciality in Turkey, the leaves are also used as fodder. Cows that have fed on ramsons give milk that tastes slightly of garlic, the first evidence of the human use of A. ursinum comes from the Mesolithic settlement of Barkær, where an impression of a leaf has been found. The leaves of A. ursinum are easily mistaken for lily of the valley, sometimes also those of Colchicum autumnale and Arum maculatum. The leaves of lily of the valley are paired, dull green and come from a single reddish-purple stem, while the leaves of A. ursinum emerge individually and are bright green
24.
Godred Crovan
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Godred Crovan, known in Gaelic as Gofraid Crobán, Gofraid Meránach, and Gofraid Méránach, was a Norse-Gaelic ruler of the kingdoms of Dublin and the Isles. Although his precise parentage is uncertain, he was likely an Uí Ímair dynast. Godred first appears on record in the context of supporting the Norwegian invasion of England in 1066. Following the collapse of this campaign, Godred is recorded to have arrived on Mann, at the court of Gofraid mac Sitriuc, King of the Isles, during the 1070s, the latter died and was succeeded by his son, Fingal. Within the decade, Godred violently seized the kingship for himself, by 1091, Godred attained the kingship of Dublin, and thereby secured complete control of the valuable trade routes through the Irish Sea region. The earliest known Bishops of the Isles date from about the time of Godreds reign, although it is almost certain that earlier ecclesiastes held this position. Godreds rule in Dublin came to an end in 1094 with his expulsion at the hands of Muirchertach Ua Briain, King of Munster. Documentary evidence reveals that the last decade of the century saw an upsurge in plague. According to Irish sources, one quarter of Ireland perished from pestilence in 1095 alone, one of the fatalities was Godred himself, who died on Islay, an apparent power centre in the Isles. Godreds greatest impact on history may have been his founding of the Crovan dynasty, Godred was an important maternal ancestor of Clann Somairle, a family that held power in the Isles centuries after the final extinction of the Crovan dynasty. As such, he may be identical to Gofraid mac Fergusa, Godred may well be identical to the celebrated King Orry of Manx legend, a figure traditionally credited with instituting the Manx legal system. Godred and King Orry are associated with historic and prehistoric sites on Mann. The familial origins of Godred Crovan are uncertain, although the thirteenth–fourteenth-century Chronicle of Mann calls him in Latin. Filius Haraldi nigri de Ysland, implying that his father was named Aralt, Mac Maic Arailt, contrarily implying that it was Godreds grandfather who was named Aralt. Godred, therefore, may have either a son, nephew, or brother of Ímar mac Arailt. As such, Godred was likely a descendant of Amlaíb Cuarán, King of Northumbria and Dublin, the chronicles passage may further cast light on Godreds familial origins. Although Ysland may represent Iceland, there is no evidence linking Godred to this island. Alternately, the word may instead represent the Hebridean island of Islay, another possibility is that Ysland represents Ireland, which, if correct, would evidence Godreds close familial links with that particular island
25.
Robert the Bruce
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Robert I, popularly known as Robert the Bruce, was King of Scots from 1306 until his death in 1329. Robert was one of the most famous warriors of his generation and he fought successfully during his reign to regain Scotlands place as an independent country and is today revered in Scotland as a national hero. As Earl of Carrick, Robert the Bruce supported his familys claim to the Scottish throne, after submitting to Edward I in 1302 and returning to the kings peace, Robert inherited his familys claim to the Scottish throne upon his fathers death. In February 1306, Robert the Bruce killed Comyn following an argument, Bruce moved quickly to seize the throne and was crowned king of Scots on 25 March 1306. Bruce defeated his other Scots enemies, destroying their strongholds and devastating their lands, despite Bannockburn and the capture of the final English stronghold at Berwick in 1318, Edward II refused to renounce his claim to the overlordship of Scotland. In 1320, the Scottish nobility submitted the Declaration of Arbroath to Pope John XXII, declaring Robert as their rightful monarch and asserting Scotlands status as an independent kingdom. In 1324, the Pope recognised Robert I as king of an independent Scotland, and in 1326, Robert I died in June 1329. His body is buried in Dunfermline Abbey, while his heart was interred in Melrose Abbey. Robert de Brus, 1st Lord of Annandale, the first of the Bruce, or de Brus, line arrived in Scotland with David I in 1124 and was given the lands of Annandale in Dumfries and Galloway. His mother was by all accounts a formidable woman who, legend would have it, from his mother, he inherited the Earldom of Carrick, and through his father, a royal lineage that would give him a claim to the Scottish throne. The Bruces also held estates in Aberdeenshire, County Antrim, County Durham, Essex, Middlesex. Although Robert the Bruces date of birth is known, his place of birth is less certain, although it is most likely to have been Turnberry Castle in Ayrshire, very little is known of his youth. Annandale was thoroughly feudalised and the form of Northern Middle English that would develop into the Scots language was spoken throughout the region. Robert the Bruce would most probably have become trilingual at an early age and he would have been schooled to speak, read and possibly write in the Anglo-Norman language of his Scots-Norman peers and his fathers family. He would also have both the Gaelic language of his Carrick birthplace and his mothers family, and the early Scots language. As the heir to an estate and a pious layman, Robert would also have been given working knowledge of Latin. This would have afforded Robert and his brothers access to education in the law, politics, scripture, saints Lives, philosophy, history and chivalric instruction. That Robert took personal pleasure in such learning and leisure is suggested in a number of ways, as king, Robert certainly commissioned verse to commemorate Bannockburn and his subjects military deeds
26.
Castle Rushen
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Castle Rushen is a medieval castle located in the Isle of Mans historic capital, Castletown, in the south of the island. It towers over the Market Square to the south-east and the harbour to the north-east, the castle is amongst the best examples of medieval castles on the British Isles, and is still in use as a court house, museum and educational centre. The last such king, Magnús Óláfsson, is recorded in the Chronicle of Mann to have died at the castle in 1265, the original Castle Rushen consisted of a central square stone tower, or keep. The site was fortified to guard the entrance to the Silver Burn. From its early beginnings, the castle was developed by successive rulers of Mann between the 13th and 16th century. The limestone walls dominated much of the landscape, serving as a point of dominance for the various rulers of the Isle of Man. By 1313, the keep had been reinforced with towers to the west. In the 14th century, an east tower, gatehouses, although parts of the castle were destroyed by Robert the Bruce in 1313, the damage was rebuilt by William Montacute, King of Mann by the year 1344. The keep of Castle Rushens first line of defence is a wall,25 feet high and 7 feet thick. Attached to the wall are five towers, which in the era of Castle Rushen were used for civilian administrative functions. The keep itself has walls 12 feet thick at the base and 7 feet thick at the top, four towers sit atop the keep, the main one in the north rising to a height of 80 feet and other three to around 70 feet. On either side of the gatehouse are located guard houses, which were converted into cells in the later history of the castle. When on duty, the garrison would spend most of its time in the gatehouses, inside the gatehouse is a lower level with a tide mill for grinding corn. The castle also included a chapel, housing Castle Rushens clock mechanism. The still functioning Castle Rushen clock is a landmark in Castletown, having been presented by Queen Elizabeth I of England in 1597. The outer parts of the castle is protected by a moat, after its initial construction and use by the Norse-Gaelic rulers of the Isle of Man, the castle changed hands repeatedly between the Scots and the English. The Isle of Man was transferred to Scotland the year after Magnús Óláfssons death as part of the Treaty of Perth, on 18 May 1313, the Scottish king Robert the Bruce invaded the Isle of Man at Ramsey. The island was captured in five days, the only resistance occurring at Castle Rushen, after a short siege Robert captured the castle, gaining the Isle of Man as an outpost securing the approaches to western Scotland and the Hebrides
27.
Radio Caroline
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The Radio Caroline name was used to broadcast from international waters, using five different ships of three different owners, from 1964 to 1990, and via satellite from 1998 to 2013. Radio Caroline currently broadcasts 24 hours a day via the internet and by occasional restricted service licence, Radio Caroline broadcasts music from the 1960s to contemporary, with an emphasis on album-oriented rock. The company also licenses other stations around the world to use the Radio Caroline name, Radio Caroline was begun by Irish musician manager and businessman Ronan ORahilly. ORahilly failed to obtain airplay on Radio Luxembourg for Georgie Fames records because it was committed to sponsored programmes promoting major record labels, EMI, Decca, Pye and Philips. At the same time, Allan Crawfords Project Atlanta was equipping the MV Mi Amigo at Greenore, ORahilly named the station after Caroline Kennedy, daughter of U. S. President John F. Kennedy. On a fund-raising trip to the US, ORahilly reportedly saw a Life Magazine photograph of Kennedy, the Fredericia was renamed MV Caroline and anchored off Felixstowe, where it began test transmissions on Friday,27 March 1964. On Saturday,28 March, it began broadcasting at noon on 197.3 metres with the opening conducted by Simon Dee. The first programme, which was pre-recorded, was hosted by Chris Moore, Radio Carolines first musical theme was Jimmy McGriffs Round Midnight, a jazz standard co-composed by Thelonious Monk. In March 1964, The Fortunes recorded Caroline, which became the stations theme, Round Midnight was confined to close down on Radio Caroline North after The World Tomorrow. The stations slogan was Your all-day music station, and it initially broadcast from 6am-6pm, Radio Caroline announced a wavelength of 199 metres, rhyming with the name, but was actually broadcasting on 197.3 metres. Stations in the UK announced the wavelength in metres, and radios at that time were tuned using an analogue dial, the absence of precise digital readouts allowed for some leeway between the precise transmission frequency and the channel announced on the air. The Dutch offshore station Radio Veronica was on 192 metres and Radio Atlanta broadcast on 201, Radio Carolines transmission output was almost 20 kW, achieved by linking two 10 kW Continental Electronics transmitters. Broadcasting hours were 6am to 6pm to avoid competition from Radio Luxembourg, after its close-down, the station returned at 8pm and continued until after midnight. This was to avoid competition with television programmes. Most of Radio Carolines pop music programmes were targeted at housewives, without serious competition, Radio Caroline gained a regular daytime audience of some 10 million. On 2 July 1964, Radio Atlanta and Radio Carolines companies, Project Atlanta, announced the stations were to merge, with Crawford and ORahilly as joint managing directors. Radio Atlanta closed at 8pm that day and it was renamed Radio Caroline South and MV Mi Amigo remained off Frinton-on-Sea while MV Caroline broadcast as Radio Caroline North. MV Caroline sailed from Felixstowe to the Isle of Man, broadcasting as she went, the only broadcast staff on board were Tom Lodge and Jerry Leighton
28.
Mooragh Internment Camp
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Mooragh Camp was a World War II internment camp in Ramsey, Isle of Man, in operation from May 1940 until September 1945. It was the first such camp on the island since World War I, the residents had to be out of their houses by 18 May and they were to leave behind all furniture, bedding, linen cutlery, crockery and utensils. Some thirty boarding houses and hotels along the Mooragh Promenade were requisitioned, the camp also included the Mooragh golf links which were to be used as a recreation ground for the internees. The road leading from the bridge to the Mooragh Park was to remain open to the public. A double row of barbed wire fencing was erected as the perimeter of the camp, on the seaward side the fence extended to within a few feet of the sea wall allowing a narrow alleyway for the use of the patrolling guards. On the following day, Monday 27 May, the military force took up position guarding the length of Queen’s Pier. 823 men arrived on the Belgian cross-Channel steamer Princess Josephine Charlotte and they were despatched in batches to the base of the pier, a large body of police from Douglas also assisted in the marshalling arrangement as large crowds of local people stood by to watch. The guards then accompanied the prisoners, some of them whistling, as they walked along the South Promenade, the Isle of Man Courier later reported that. it was seen that the aliens were mostly youthful or middle-aged. There were practically no elderly men among them, as they came ashore they carried with them their belongings in suitcases, attaché cases and bundles on their backs. They were a lot, some well dressed and bearing signs of affluence, others were of lowlier mien. One alien had his dog with him, another – somewhat optimistically – was carrying a fishing rod, another carried a typewriter in his hand. The camp changed over time with the advent of new countries joining the war, in around April 1941 Mooragh Camp received an influx of internees from Peel as Peveril Camp was cleared to make ready for British fascists. In November 1942180 Finns moved to the camp when the Palace Camp in Douglas closed, the Finns were mainly sailors who had been captured, serving aboard Swedish cargo ships that had undergone inspections by the Royal Navy. Although many were pro-British, the majority were pro-Nazi, an imbalance which only increased with time as more pro-British internees were released, by April 1943 the Finns made up a quarter of the camp’s total population, the rest being made up of Germans and Italians. The different nationalities were allocated houses in different sections of the promenade separated off by barbed wire, the sections were known as F Camp for the Finns, L Camp for the Germans and N Camp for the Italians. It stayed in this format until the closure on 2 August 1945. Each boarding house constituted an independent unit with its own internees taking up such as of leader, kitchen staff, cleaners, orderlies. There was one room, a dining room, toilet, bathroom
29.
Millennium Way
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The Millennium Way is a long distance footpath on the Isle of Man. The path is approximately 28 miles in length, stretching between Castletown and Ramsey, the footpath was opened in 1979 to mark the thousandth year of the parliament of the Island, Tynwald. From the southern end, the path northwards from Castletown along the Silver Burn, passing through Ballasalla with its Abbey. The route then follows a number of roads as far as Crosby where it crosses the main road from Douglas to Peel, leaves the road. Skirting the eastern side of Slieau Ruy, it drops down slightly to the hamlet of West Baldwin, after crossing two roads, the path then skirts the western side of Snaefell and continues along a ridge to reach the road at Sky Hill, just short of Ramsey. Raad ny Foillan is a 95 miles circular walk which starts, the Bayr ny Skeddan - a 14 miles walk between Castletown and Peel based on the route once used by Manx fishermen. The IOM Heritage Trail - a 10.5 miles mile walk along disused Isle of Man Railway lines from Douglas to Peel
30.
Ramsey railway station (MER)
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Ramsey Station serves the town of Ramsey in the Isle of Man, it is the northern terminus of the Manx Electric Railway. It was formerly known as Ramsey Station after the nearby Plaza cinema, today it is often also known as Ramsey Tram Station and signage to this effect adorns the station, despite the line being described as a railway. It should not be confused with Ramseys former station on the Isle of Man Railway, the site was mostly cleared and the station facilities were located within the Plaza Building for some time. Also on the site was a construction which located the towns Citizens Advice Bureau for a number of years. Todays terminus building was erected in 1964 and houses the station masters office, prior to this the station staff occupied various locations, most notably an office within the now-demolished cinema from which the station gains its name. Directly opposite the area lies the former goods shed which has served a number of purposes in recent years. Used to house goods stock for years, it was changed into a small museum housing the Royal Trailer No.59 for some years, before being converted to its current use as The Shed. Stations, the poles are painted maroon to match the colour scheme of the station. At the end of the lies the large car shed used to house service cars overnight. Upon closure the exhibits were relocated and the returned to its original use. The track layout within the station does not allow for the method of running the motor car round the trailer ready for the return journey. Instead the trailer car is detached from the car. The trailer is allowed to roll down under gravity to the end of the line. 100 Years Of Manx Electric Railway
31.
Manx Electric Railway
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The Manx Electric Railway is an electric interurban tramway connecting Douglas, Laxey and Ramsey in the Isle of Man. It connects with the Douglas Bay Horse Tramway at its terminus at Derby Castle at the northern end of the promenade in Douglas. The line is undulating and passes areas of scenic beauty. Many visitors take an excursion on the trams, the line runs on roadside reservation for the first few miles from Douglas and then on segregated track through the countryside for most of the route to Ramsey. The line is 3 ft narrow gauge and is 17 miles long and it is largely segregated from road traffic, running on double track on roadside reservation or private right-of-way, and is electrified using overhead line at 550 volts direct current. Initially the trams used pairs of Hopkinson bow collectors but by the turn of the 20th century they were fitted with trolley poles, originally the electricity was generated by the railways own power stations, now via the islands grid by the Manx Electricity Authority. Originally the service was provided by about 24 trams and the number of trailers. Two of the three cars that opened the line in 1893 are still in use, and are the oldest electric trams at work on their line in the world. The design pre-dates any consensus on design, and they have distinctive boxy bodies, most services are operated by a motor car towing a single trailer, although later cars can haul two trailers. This has never been common practice although it was not uncommon for cars to haul a box-van for freight and, until 1975, a mail van. In September 1975 the line was closed between Laxey and Ramsey and the contract with the Post Office was lost, but in 1977 the Ramsey section was reopened, since then a limited winter service has operated on weekdays, suspended in 1998 as an economy measure. The possibility of an evening service to Ramsey has been considered in recent times. The first section, from the end of the promenade at Douglas to Groudle Glen, opened in 1893, to Laxey in 1894. The first section was built by Douglas Bay Estates Ltd. Ltd, which changed its name to the Isle of Man Tramways & Electric Power Co. The I. o. M. T. &. E. P. went into liquidation in 1900 as a consequence of a banking collapse, the line was sold by the liquidator to the newly formed Manx Electric Railway Co. Ltd, which took over in 1902, by the late 1950s the company was in financial difficulties, and in 1957 it was acquired by the Isle of Man Government. A nationalisation livery of green and white was applied to some trams and trailers for a time, though this was unpopular. This is a division of the Department of Community, Culture & Leisure of the Isle of Man Government, there are several intermediate railway stations, with Groudle Glen, Laxey, Dhoon Glen, Cornaa and Ballaglass Glen shown in timetables
32.
Snaefell Mountain Course
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Snaefell Mountain Course or Mountain Course is a road-racing street circuit used for the Isle of Man TT since 1911 and Manx Grand Prix races from 1923 in the Isle of Man. The motorcycle racing is held on roads closed for racing by an Act of Tynwald under the Road Racing Act 1982. It is the oldest motor-cycle racing circuit still in use and it is also one of the deadliest, with 6 deaths in 2011,5 in 2014 and 248 cumulatively by 2015, of racers in competition. There have been 14 deaths of officials, spectators, and others, the clockwise course is 37.73 miles in length from the start-line at the TT Grandstand situated on the A2 Glencrutchery Road in the town of Douglas. The descent starts through countryside before entering the outskirts of Douglas back to the finish line. Motor racing began on the Isle of Man in 1904 with the Gordon Bennett Trial, tynwalds The Highways Act 1904 gave permission in the Isle of Man for the 52. 15-mile Highroads Course for the 1904 Gordon Bennett Trial. For the 1905 Gordon Bennett Car event it was decided to run a trial for motor-cycles the day after for a team to represent Great Britain in the International Motor-Cycle Cup Races. For this reason, the 1907 Isle of Man TT Race used the 15 miles,1,470 yards St. Johns Short Course. The 1906 Isle of Man Tourist Trophy Race for automobiles the Highroad Course was reduced from 52.12 miles to 40 miles,2 furlongs and 60 yards. For the 1908 Tourist Trophy race for automobiles, the course was reduced to 37.5 miles with the removal of the Peel. The Four-Inch Course was adopted by the Auto-Cycle Club for the 1911 Isle of Man TT Races, the Four-Inch Course subsequently became known as the Snaefell Mountain Course or Mountain Course when used for motor-cycle racing.50 miles to 37.75 miles. Further changes to the course followed in 1922 with the adoption of a road part of the Ballastowle Estate between Parliament Square and May Hill in Ramsey. The course had previously had negotiated the A2 Albert Road and Tower Road in Ramsey, the official course distance for the Snaefell Mountain Course was amended in 1938 to 37.733 miles which is the current course length. For the 1934 Isle of Man TT Races major alterations to the Mountain Course were carried out included the removal of the East Snaefell Mountain sheep-gate. This was followed by the removal of the bridge at Ballig. Road widening occurred on the Mountain Course at the Highlander, Laurel Bank, Glen Helen, Road Improvements occurred at the 26th Milestone, Greeba Bridge and on the Sulby Straight for the 1938 Isle of Man TT Races. Further road widening and landscaping occurred at the Water Works Corner, a memorial to Jimmie Guthrie was built in 1939 at The Cutting at a cost of £1,500. Other major course alterations for the 1954 Isle of Man TT Races included road widening at Appledene, Handleys Corner, Barregarrow, Rhencullen, Ballaugh Bridge, Ginger Hall, during the winter of 1957/58 the hotel at the Bungalow tram-crossing was removed on the Mountain Section of the course
33.
Isle of Man TT
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The International Isle of Man TT Race is a motorcycle sport event held annually on the Isle of Man in May or June of each year since the inaugural race in 1907. The Isle of Man TT for many years has been the most prestigious race in the world and also seen as the ultimate test for competitors. In 2016, the Vision Nine Group was appointed by the Isle of Man Department of Economic Development in a deal as a race promoter for the 2017 Isle of Man TT onwards. The Isle of Man TT has been run in a time-trial format on public roads closed for racing by the provisions of an Act of Tynwald. The event consists of one week of practice sessions followed by one week of racing, the first Isle of Man TT race was held on Tuesday 28 May 1907 and was called the International Auto-Cycle Tourist Trophy. From 1911 the Isle of Man TT transferred to the much longer Snaefell Mountain Course of 37.40 miles, the race did not take place from 1915 to 1919 due to the First World War. A 250cc Lightweight TT race was added to the Isle of Man TT programme in 1922 followed by a Sidecar TT race in 1923, there was no racing on the Isle of Man between 1940 and 1945 due to the Second World War. It recommenced with the Manx Grand Prix in 1946 then the Isle of Man TT in 1947 with an expanded format that included the new Clubmans TT races. The Isle of Man TT became part of the FIM Motor-cycle Grand Prix World Championship as the British round of the World Motor-Cycling Championship during the period 1949–1976. It is still billed in popular culture as the most dangerous motorsport event in the world, with over 250 fatalities in its history. In 1976, the Isle of Man TT lost its world championship status and was transferred to the United Kingdom by the FIM, the event was redeveloped by the Isle of Man Department of Tourism as the Isle of Man TT Festival from 1989 onwards. Motor racing began on the Isle of Man in 1904 with the Gordon Bennett Eliminating Trial, restricted to touring automobiles. The 1905 Gordon Bennett Trial was held on 30 May 1905 and was won by Clifford Earl driving a Napier automobile in 6 hours and 6 minutes for six laps of the Highroads Course.90 mph. The 1905 International Motor-Cycle Cup Race for five laps was won by J. S, campbell despite a fire during a pit stop in 4 hours,9 minutes and 36 seconds at an average race speed of 30.04 mph. The TT Races since the first race in 1907 have been in the format of time-trial, the current format is a clutch start and race competitors will be started singly at 10-second intervals. Start Preliminaries First Signal –45 minutes before the start with a warm-up of engines in the Race Paddock, Second Signal –30 minutes before start. Third Signal –15 minutes before start, race competitors move to the start-line, fourth Signal –5 minutes before start, signal to clear the grid and race competitors move towards the exit-gate. Entrants must be in possession of a valid National Entrants or FIM Sponsors Licence for Road Racing. 5-mile Snaefell Mountain Course
34.
Manx Grand Prix
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The Manx Grand Prix motorcycle races are held on the Isle of Man TT Course every year for a two-week period, usually spanning the end of August and early September. The MGP or Manx is considered to be the amateur riders alternative to the Isle of Man TT Races held in May, the event also differs from the TT in that it does not cater for sidecars. The event consists of six races of the 60.70 km circuit which begins at the TT Grandstand in Douglas. The separate classes are the Newcomers Class, Lightweight/Ultra Lightweight Class, Junior Class, Senior Class, the MGP began in 1923 as the Manx Amateur Road Races or MARC. The MARC was held until 1930 when it was renamed the Manx Grand Prix, problems were encountered initially over the definition of an Amateur and indeed the first rules were extensive and open to various interpretations. Nowadays, many riders who have achieved success in the MGP move on to race in the TT, chris Palmer and the late Richard Britton both followed this route in 2005 aboard Manx Nortons. In 1989 Gloria Clark became the first woman to race in the MGP, in 1991 she went on to gain an entry into the Guinness Book Of Records for being the fastest lady on the TT Circuit. In 2009,20 years after Gloria Clark became the first woman to race in the MGP, Carolynn also gained entry into the Guinness World Records in honour of this achievement. The MGP is organised by the Manx Motor Cycle Club based on the rules, the Newcomers class caters for riders who have no previous experience of the Mountain Circuit. Such a class does not feature in the programme of the TT and is thus the opportunity for newcomers to race the circuit in competition. Classes are usually over-subscribed as a result, riders are limited to machinery with a capacity not exceeding 750cc and must wear coloured bibs over their leathers during Practice. Newcomers are also permitted to submit an application for any of the other classes, the Lightweight/Ultra Lightweight class is represented by machinery of 125cc, 250cc and 400cc capacity. This class featured at the TT until 2004 but is now defunct and so, Lightweight refers to the 250cc 2-stroke machines whilst Ultra-Lightweight is the 125 2-strokes and 400cc 4-stroke bikes. 109.86. mph Still held by Keith Taylor and this was before tuned mini twins were made eligible. The Junior Class features machines whose capacity must not exceed 750cc, machines of any engine capacity between 200 and 750cc are permitted but the vast majority of entrants opt to race four-stroke 4-cylinder 600cc bikes. Again 600cc bikes are more popular than any other but a number of 750s are sprinkled in the start list, the Senior Classic race features the most diverse range of marques and is very popular, with a full quota of 105 entrants accepted in 2005. Entrants must field a machine with a capacity between 350 and 500cc. Most riders choose machines with a capacity of between 450 and 500cc and common marques include Norton, Honda, Seeley and Matchless with the odd BSA, the Junior/Lightweight Classic is open to machines of 350cc capacity or lower
35.
Motorcycle
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A motorcycle is a two- or three-wheeled motor vehicle. Motorcycle design varies greatly to suit a range of different purposes, long travel, commuting, cruising, sport including racing. Motorcycling is riding a motorcycle and related social activity such as joining a motorcycle club, in 1894, Hildebrand & Wolfmüller became the first series production motorcycle, and the first to be called a motorcycle. In 2014, the three top motorcycle producers globally by volume were Honda, Yamaha, and Hero MotoCorp, in developing countries, motorcycles are overwhelmingly utilitarian due to lower prices and greater fuel economy. Of all the motorcycles in the world, 58% are in the Asia-Pacific and Southern and Eastern Asia regions, according to the United States Department of Transportation the number of fatalities per vehicle mile traveled was 37 times higher for motorcycles than for cars. The term motorcycle has different legal definitions depending on jurisdiction, there are three major types of motorcycle, street, off-road, and dual purpose. Within these types, there are many sub-types of motorcycles for different purposes, there is often a racing counterpart to each type, such as road racing and street bikes, or motocross and dirt bikes. Street bikes include cruisers, sportbikes, scooters and mopeds, off-road motorcycles include many types designed for dirt-oriented racing classes such as motocross and are not street legal in most areas. Dual purpose machines like the style are made to go off-road but include features to make them legal. Each configuration offers either specialised advantage or broad capability, and each design creates a different riding posture, the first internal combustion, petroleum fueled motorcycle was the Daimler Reitwagen. It was designed and built by the German inventors Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach in Bad Cannstatt, instead, it relied on two outrigger wheels to remain upright while turning. The inventors called their invention the Reitwagen and it was designed as an expedient testbed for their new engine, rather than a true prototype vehicle. The first commercial design for a cycle was a three-wheel design called the Butler Petrol Cycle. He exhibited his plans for the vehicle at the Stanley Cycle Show in London in 1884, the vehicle was built by the Merryweather Fire Engine company in Greenwich, in 1888. The engine was liquid-cooled, with a radiator over the driving wheel. Speed was controlled by means of a valve lever. No braking system was fitted, the vehicle was stopped by raising and lowering the rear driving wheel using a foot-operated lever, the driver was seated between the front wheels. It wasnt, however, a success, as Butler failed to find sufficient financial backing, many authorities have excluded steam powered, electric motorcycles or diesel-powered two-wheelers from the definition of a motorcycle, and credit the Daimler Reitwagen as the worlds first motorcycle
36.
Ten-pin bowling
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Ten-pin bowling is a game in which a player rolls a bowling ball down a wood-structure or synthetic lane and towards ten pins positioned at the end of the lane. The objective is to score points by knocking down as many pins as possible, three finger holes are drilled into a traditional bowling ball, and weights vary considerably to make the sport playable for all ages. The pins are arranged in a position by an automated machine. While professional ten-pin bowling tournaments are held in countries, the sport is commonly played as a hobby by millions of people around the world. In Canada, the United States, United Kingdom, Ireland and Australia, the 41. 5-inch-wide, 60-foot-long lane is bordered along its length by semicylindrical channels called gutters, which are designed to collect errant balls. The overall width of the lane including the channels is 60 1⁄8 inches, the narrow lane prevents bowling a straight line at the angle required to consistently carry all ten pins for a strike. Most skillful bowlers will roll a side spinning ball to overcome this, a foul line is marked at the seam of the start of the lane and end of the approach. If any part of a bowlers body touches the line itself or beyond after the ball is delivered, the bowl is a foul and any pins knocked over by that delivery are scored as zero. The bowler is allowed one shot at a new rack of ten pins if s/he fouled on the first roll of a frame, behind the foul line is an approach approximately 15 feet long used to gain speed and leverage on the ball before delivering it. The bowler is allowed 10 frames in which to knock down pins, the tenth frame is composed of up to three rolls, the bonus roll following a strike or spare in the tenth are fill ball used only to calculate the score of the mark rolled in the tenth. If neither a strike nor a spare is achieved in the tenth frame, Bowling has a unique scoring system which keeps track not only of the current pinfall in a frame, but also strikes and spares which allow for the value of subsequent pinfall. Effectively, there are three kinds of marks given in a score, a strike, a spare, and an open, a strike earns ten points plus the points for the next two balls thrown. A spare earns ten points plus the points for the ball thrown. Open frames count the value of the pinfall in that frame only, the maximum score in ten-pin bowling is 300. This consists of getting 12 strikes in a row in one game, very shortly before the reign of Narmer, one of the very first Egyptian pharaohs. Their discovery represents the earliest known trace of bowling. Others claim that originated in Germany around 300 A. D. as part of a religious ritual in which people would roll stones at clubs to absolve themselves of sins. A site in Southampton, England claims to be the oldest lawn bowling site still in operation, the first written reference to bowling dates to 1366, when King Edward III of England banned his troops from playing it so that they could focus more on their archery practice
37.
HMY Victoria and Albert
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HMY Victoria and Albert was a twin-paddle steamer launched 25 April 1843. It functioned as a yacht of the sovereign of the United Kingdom. She was laid down in 1842 at Pembroke Dock and was designed by William Symonds and she measured 1,034 tons burthen, carried two guns, and was the first royal yacht to be steam powered, being fitted with a 430 horsepower engine. After the launch on 16 January 1855 of HMY Victoria and Albert II, she was renamed Osborne
38.
Granite
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Granite is a common type of felsic intrusive igneous rock that is granular and phaneritic in texture. Granites can be white, pink, or gray in color. The word granite comes from the Latin granum, a grain, in reference to the structure of such a holocrystalline rock. By definition, granite is a rock with at least 20% quartz. The term granitic means granite-like and is applied to granite and a group of igneous rocks with similar textures and slight variations in composition. Occasionally some individual crystals are larger than the groundmass, in case the texture is known as porphyritic. A granitic rock with a texture is known as a granite porphyry. Granitoid is a general, descriptive field term for lighter-colored, coarse-grained igneous rocks, petrographic examination is required for identification of specific types of granitoids. The extrusive igneous rock equivalent of granite is rhyolite, Granite is nearly always massive, hard and tough, and therefore it has gained widespread use throughout human history, and more recently as a construction stone. The average density of granite is between 2.65 and 2.75 g/cm3, its compressive strength usually lies above 200 MPa, and its viscosity near STP is 3–6 •1019 Pa·s. The melting temperature of dry granite at ambient pressure is 1215–1260 °C, it is reduced in the presence of water. Granite has poor primary permeability, but strong secondary permeability, true granite according to modern petrologic convention contains both plagioclase and alkali feldspars. When a granitoid is devoid or nearly devoid of plagioclase, the rock is referred to as alkali feldspar granite, when a granitoid contains less than 10% orthoclase, it is called tonalite, pyroxene and amphibole are common in tonalite. A granite containing both muscovite and biotite micas is called a binary or two-mica granite, two-mica granites are typically high in potassium and low in plagioclase, and are usually S-type granites or A-type granites. A worldwide average of the composition of granite, by weight percent, based on 2485 analyses. Much of it was intruded during the Precambrian age, it is the most abundant basement rock that underlies the relatively thin veneer of the continents. Outcrops of granite tend to form tors and rounded massifs, granites sometimes occur in circular depressions surrounded by a range of hills, formed by the metamorphic aureole or hornfels. Granite often occurs as small, less than 100 km² stock masses
39.
Ramsey R.U.F.C.
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Ramsey Rugby Club is a rugby union team based in Ramsey, Isle of Man. It competes in Cheshire Ramsey RUFC was formed in the late 1970s by a group of old boys from the comprehensive school. The club was admitted to the Rugby Football Union in December 1981, the clubs first success was winning the Shimmin Wilson Manx Shield in the 1988/89 season. It regained the Shield in 1994/95, 1995/96, 1996/97, 1998/99, in the 2000/01 season, Ramsey completed their biggest achievement winning the domestic double of the Shimmin Wilson Manx Shield and the Dorchester Maritime Manx Cup. The club also won the Shield in 2001/02, 2002/03, 2004/05, 2006/07, in 2006/07, Ramsey completed another double winning the inaugural Shimmin Wilson Manx Trophy. The club also won the Shimmin Wilson Manx Bowl in 2005/06, following the consistent domestic success the club was admitted into the English Clubs Championship in 2008/09. Ramsey played its first ever game in South Lancashire/Cheshire Division 4 of the English league system on 13 September 2008 away to Linley & Kidsgrove RUFC, tries from Shaun Wyllie and Fintan Cummins ensured Ramsey a 14-5 victory. In 2003, Ramsey completed the construction of its Club House at The Mooragh Park in Ramsey, in 2013 the club enhanced its facilities with the installation of match standard floodlights and is the only club in the Isle of Man with such facilities. Ramsey finished 2nd in the League and was promoted to the South Lancs/Cheshire Division 3. Ramsey topped the table for much of the season but successive losses to Holmes Chapel, win them they did and promotion was secured with a 43-3 win away at Ellesmere Port. Ramsey struggled a little in the new league but settled for a lower position in South Lancashire/Cheshire Division 2. Vagabonds relegation the season saw all three Manx Clubs competing in the same Division. Ramsey settled again for a safe lower mid table position, for the first time in the clubs history Ramsey beat Vagabonds in a competitive match - not just once but three times. An Andy Cleator conversion sealed the deal at Ballafletcher while in the return leg Ramsey won more comfortably, Ramsey also beat Vagabonds in the semi final of the Manx Cup. Results-wise however things werent so good, Ramsey lost the cup final to Douglas and narrowly avoided relegation from the league. In the Manx Cup they were beaten 48-0 by Douglas in the semi final, the second team won the Shimmin Wilson Manx Bowl, beating Emerging Nomads 43-5 in the final. South Lancs/Cheshire Division 3 wasnt quite enough and Ramsey were cruising to promotion until the ides of March. A shock away defeat at Knutsford took the season to a nailbiting conclusion, an RFU league restructure beckoned however and Ramsey moved into a new league badged Cheshire South
40.
Ramsey A.F.C.
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Ramsey A. F. C. is a football club from Ramsey on the Isle of Man. They compete in the Isle of Man Football League and they wear a blue and white kit, and they play their home games at the Ballacloan Stadium in Ramsey. Formed in 1885, they are the oldest and one of the most successful clubs in the Isle of Man Football League, much of that success though came in the last part of the 19th century and early part of the 20th century. They have been crowned Isle of Man champions eleven times and won the Manx FA Cup 18 times, the clubs first trophy came in 1891–92 when they shared the Manx FA Cup with Peel. They won the cup again the two seasons. They were Isle of Man champions for four years between 1898–99 and 1901–02, winning the league six more times before World War II. Their last championship came in the 1951–52 season, Ramsey were relegated to Division Two in the 1985–86 season finishing bottom of the league. They were promoted back to the top flight though before being relegated again in 1990–91, the following season they finished as runners-up in Division Two and were promoted back to the First Division. However, they were relegated back down in the 1992–93 season. In 2000–01 they were promoted again, finishing as runners-up to Ayre United only to be relegated again the following season. They continued their roller coaster ride between the leagues with promotion again the season as Division Two champions. They currently play in the Premier League and they also have a big junior setup, which consists of an Under 11s A+B, Under 13s, Under 15s and Under 17s. The club has a team that play in the Isle of Man Football Combination. Ramsey play at the Ballacloan Stadium, North Shore Road in Ramsey, the stadium has a modern covered stand with about 332 seats, with the letters RAFC on the seating, also around the stadium they have an old styled stone seating area. com
