1.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
2.
India
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India, officially the Republic of India, is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country, and it is bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the southwest, and the Bay of Bengal on the southeast. It shares land borders with Pakistan to the west, China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the northeast, in the Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives. Indias Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a border with Thailand. The Indian subcontinent was home to the urban Indus Valley Civilisation of the 3rd millennium BCE, in the following millennium, the oldest scriptures associated with Hinduism began to be composed. Social stratification, based on caste, emerged in the first millennium BCE, early political consolidations took place under the Maurya and Gupta empires, the later peninsular Middle Kingdoms influenced cultures as far as southeast Asia. In the medieval era, Judaism, Zoroastrianism, Christianity, and Islam arrived, much of the north fell to the Delhi sultanate, the south was united under the Vijayanagara Empire. The economy expanded in the 17th century in the Mughal empire, in the mid-18th century, the subcontinent came under British East India Company rule, and in the mid-19th under British crown rule. A nationalist movement emerged in the late 19th century, which later, under Mahatma Gandhi, was noted for nonviolent resistance, in 2015, the Indian economy was the worlds seventh largest by nominal GDP and third largest by purchasing power parity. Following market-based economic reforms in 1991, India became one of the major economies and is considered a newly industrialised country. However, it continues to face the challenges of poverty, corruption, malnutrition, a nuclear weapons state and regional power, it has the third largest standing army in the world and ranks sixth in military expenditure among nations. India is a constitutional republic governed under a parliamentary system. It is a pluralistic, multilingual and multi-ethnic society and is home to a diversity of wildlife in a variety of protected habitats. The name India is derived from Indus, which originates from the Old Persian word Hindu, the latter term stems from the Sanskrit word Sindhu, which was the historical local appellation for the Indus River. The ancient Greeks referred to the Indians as Indoi, which translates as The people of the Indus, the geographical term Bharat, which is recognised by the Constitution of India as an official name for the country, is used by many Indian languages in its variations. Scholars believe it to be named after the Vedic tribe of Bharatas in the second millennium B. C. E and it is also traditionally associated with the rule of the legendary emperor Bharata. Gaṇarājya is the Sanskrit/Hindi term for republic dating back to the ancient times, hindustan is a Persian name for India dating back to the 3rd century B. C. E. It was introduced into India by the Mughals and widely used since then and its meaning varied, referring to a region that encompassed northern India and Pakistan or India in its entirety
3.
States and union territories of India
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India is a federal union comprising twenty-nine states and seven union territories. The states and union territories are further subdivided into districts and further into smaller administrative divisions, the Constitution of India distributes the sovereign executive and legislative powers exercisable with respect to the territory of any State between the Union and that State. The Indian subcontinent has been ruled by different ethnic groups throughout its history. Between 1947 and 1950, the territories of the states were politically integrated into the Indian Union. The new Constitution of India, which came into force on 26 January 1950, the new republic was also declared to be a Union of States. The nine Part A states were Assam, Bihar, Bombay, Madhya Pradesh, Madras, Orissa, Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, and West Bengal. The eight Part B states were former princely states or groups of states, governed by a rajpramukh, who was usually the ruler of a constituent state. The rajpramukh was appointed by the President of India, the Part B states were Hyderabad, Jammu and Kashmir, Madhya Bharat, Mysore, Patiala and East Punjab States Union, Rajasthan, Saurashtra, and Travancore-Cochin. The ten Part C states included both the former chief commissioners provinces and some states, and each was governed by a chief commissioner appointed by the President of India. The Part C states were Ajmer, Bhopal, Bilaspur, Coorg, Delhi, Himachal Pradesh, Cutch, Manipur, Tripura, the only Part D state was the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, which were administered by a lieutenant governor appointed by the central government. The Union Territory of Puducherry was created in 1954 comprising the previous French enclaves of Pondichéry, Karaikal, Yanam, Andhra State was created on 1 October 1953 from the Telugu-speaking northern districts of Madras State. The States Reorganisation Act of 1956 reorganised the states based on linguistic lines resulting in the creation of the new states, as a result of this act, Madras State retained its name with Kanyakumari district added to from Travancore-Cochin. Andhra Pradesh was created with the merger of Andhra State with the Telugu-speaking districts of Hyderabad State in 1956, kerala was created with the merger of Malabar district and the Kasaragod taluk of South Canara districts of Madras State with Travancore-Cochin. The Laccadive Islands which were divided between South Canara and Malabar districts of Madras State were united and organised into the territory of Lakshadweep. Bombay State was enlarged by the addition of Saurashtra State and Kutch State, Rajasthan and Punjab gained territories from Ajmer and Patiala and East Punjab States Union respectively and certain territories of Bihar was transferred to West Bengal. Bombay State was split into the states of Gujarat and Maharashtra on 1 May 1960 by the Bombay Reorganisation Act. Nagaland was formed on 1 December 1963, the Punjab Reorganisation Act of 1966 resulted in the creation of Haryana on 1 November and the transfer of the northern districts of Punjab to Himachal Pradesh. The act also designated Chandigarh as a territory and the shared capital of Punjab
4.
West Bengal
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West Bengal is an Indian state, located in East India on the Bay of Bengal. It is Indias fourth-most populous state, with over 91 million inhabitants and it has a total area of 34,267 sq mi, making it similar in size to Serbia. A part of the ethno-linguistic Bengal region, it borders Bangladesh in the east and Nepal and it also has borders five Indian states, Odisha, Jharkhand, Bihar, Sikkim and Assam. The state capital is Kolkata, the seventh-largest city in India, the geography of West Bengal includes the Darjeeling Himalayan hill region in its extreme north, the Ganges delta, the Rarh region and the coastal Sundarbans. The main ethnic group are the Bengali people, with Bengali Hindus forming the demographic majority, Ancient Bengal was the site of several major janapadas, including Vanga, Radha, Pundra and Suhma. In the 2nd century BC, the region was conquered by the emperor Ashoka, in the 4th century AD, it was absorbed into the Gupta Empire. From the 13th century onward, the region was ruled by sultans, powerful Hindu states and Baro-Bhuyan landlords. The British East India Company cemented their hold on the following the Battle of Plassey in 1757. Between 1977 and 2011, the state was administered by the worlds longest elected Communist government, a major agricultural producer, West Bengal is the sixth-largest contributor to Indias net domestic product. It is noted for its activities and the presence of cultural and educational institutions. The states cultural heritage, besides varied folk traditions, ranges from stalwarts in literature including Nobel-laureate Rabindranath Tagore to scores of musicians, film-makers and artists. West Bengal is also distinct from most other Indian states in its appreciation and practice of playing football besides cricket. The origin of the name Bengal is unknown, one theory suggests that the word derives from Bang, a Dravidian tribe that settled the region around 1000 BC. The word might have derived from the ancient kingdom of Vanga. Although some early Sanskrit literature mentions the name, the early history is obscure. At the end of British Rule over the Indian subcontinent, the Bengal region was partitioned in 1947 along religious lines into east and west, the east came to be known as East Bengal and the west came to known as West Bengal, which continued as an Indian state. In 2011, the Government of West Bengal proposed a change in the name of the state to Poschimbongo. This is the name of the state, literally meaning western Bengal in the native Bengali language
5.
Nadia district
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Nadia district is a district of the state of West Bengal, in eastern India. It borders Bangladesh to the east, North 24 Parganas and Hooghly districts to the south, Bardhaman to the west, Nabadwip, a town in Nadia district, is often referred to as “Oxford of Bengal”. Chaitanya Mahaprabhu was born in Nabadwip, one of the Indian schools of logic called Navya Nyaya system was developed in Nabadwip, which produced great logicians in the 15th century. Nabadwip was an important seat of power in Bengal under Ballal Sen and later Lakshman Sen, kings of the Sena Empire. In 1202, Nabadwip was captured by Bakhtiyar Khilji and this victory paved the way for Muslim rule in Bengal. Nabadwip and some places in Nadia were centres of learning. It was the place where Lord Chaitanya Mahaprabhu, a major Hindu saint, reformer was born, the religious atmosphere of Nabadwip is a combination of Vaishnava, Shakta, Buddhist, Shaiva. The main festival of Nabadwip is Rash Utsab and it is also known as Pat Purnima or Rash Kali Puja or Shakta Rash. The varieties of Baishnaba, Shakta, Saiba Pratima attracts every one, Krishnanagar is the district headquarters of Nadia. It is located on the bank of Jalangi River, Krishnanagar is named after Raja Krishnachandra Roy. This was also a heritage town of ancient Bengal. Nabadwip was the capital of Bengal under Ballal Sen and later Lakshman Sen, the rulers of the Sena Empire. Kalyani is another important city and only city of this district. It was identified by Bidhan Chandra Roy to act as an alternative to the city of Kolkata, Kalyani also known of education, industrial hub & medical hub in this district. Ranaghat, situated 74 kilometres north of Kolkata on the bank of Churni River, is famous for its railway communication, before the Indo -Bangladesh partition it was the most important junction station of Sealdah–Ranaghat line. Santipur is a old and popular city in Nadia district. This small town has been declared a city recently, the fort area of this city, also known as Daak-Gharh is thought to have been built by Raja Krishnachandra of Nadia. Chakdaha is also an important and old town of this district, Birnagar is also an important town and oldest municipality of this district
6.
Bengali language
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Bengali, also known by its endonym Bangla, is an Indo-Aryan language spoken in South Asia. With over 210 million speakers, Bengali is the seventh most spoken language in the world. Dominant in the last group was Persian, which was also the source of some grammatical forms, more recent studies suggest that the use of native and foreign words has been increasing, mainly because of the preference of Bengali speakers for the colloquial style. Today, Bengali is the language spoken in Bangladesh and the second most spoken language in India. Both the national anthems of Bangladesh and India were composed in Bengali, in 1952, the Bengali Language Movement successfully pushed for the languages official status in the Dominion of Pakistan. In 1999, UNESCO recognized 21 February as International Mother Language Day in recognition of the movement in East Pakistan. Language is an important element of Bengali identity and binds together a diverse region. Sanskrit was spoken in Bengal since the first millennium BCE, during the Gupta Empire, Bengal was a hub of Sanskrit literature. The Middle Indo-Aryan dialects were spoken in Bengal in the first millennium when the region was a part of the Magadha Realm and these dialects were called Magadhi Prakrit. They eventually evolved into Ardha Magadhi, Ardha Magadhi began to give way to what are called Apabhraṃśa languages at the end of the first millennium. Along with other Eastern Indo-Aryan languages, Bengali evolved circa 1000–1200 AD from Sanskrit, for example, Ardhamagadhi is believed to have evolved into Abahatta around the 6th century, which competed with the ancestor of Bengali for some time. Proto-Bengali was the language of the Pala Empire and the Sena dynasty, during the medieval period, Middle Bengali was characterized by the elision of word-final অ ô, the spread of compound verbs and Arabic and Persian influences. Bengali was a court language of the Sultanate of Bengal. Muslim rulers promoted the development of Bengali as part of efforts to Islamize. Bengali became the most spoken language in the Sultanate. This period saw borrowing of Perso-Arabic terms into Bengali vocabulary, major texts of Middle Bengali include Chandidas Shreekrishna Kirtana. The modern literary form of Bengali was developed during the 19th and early 20th centuries based on the dialect spoken in the Nadia region, a west-central Bengali dialect. Bengali presents a case of diglossia, with the literary
7.
Postal Index Number
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A Postal Index Number or PIN or Pincode is a code in the post office numbering or post code system used by India Post, the Indian postal administration. The code is six digits long, the PIN Code system was introduced on 15 August 1972 by Shriram Bhikaji Velankar, an additional secretary in the Union Ministry of Communications. The system was introduced to simplify the manual sorting and delivery of mail by eliminating confusion over incorrect addresses, similar place names, there are nine PIN zones in India, including eight regional zones and one functional zone. The first digit of the PIN code indicates the region, the second digit indicates the sub-region, and the third digit indicates the sorting district within the region. The final three digits are assigned to individual post offices, a state may have one or more sorting districts depending on the volumes of mail handled. The fourth digit represents the route on which a Delivery office is located in the sorting district and this is 0 for offices in the core area of the sorting district. The last two represent the delivery office within the sorting district starting from 01 which would be the GPO or HO. The numbering of the office is done chronologically with higher numbers assigned to newer delivery offices. If the volume of mails handled at an office is too large, a new delivery office is created. Thus two delivery offices situated next to each other only have the first four digits in common. Each PIN code is mapped to exactly one delivery post office which receives all the mail to be delivered to one or more lower offices within its jurisdiction, all of which share the same code. The delivery office can either be a General Post Office, a Head Office or Sub Office which are located in urban areas. The post from the office is sorted and routed to other delivery offices for a different PIN or to one of the relevant sub offices or branch offices for the same PIN. Branch offices are located in areas and have limited postal services
8.
Vehicle registration plate
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A vehicle registration plate, also known as a number plate or a license plate, is metal or plastic plate attached to a motor vehicle or trailer for official identification purposes. The registration identifier is a numeric or alphanumeric ID that uniquely identifies the owner within the issuing regions database. The first two letters indicate the state to which the vehicle is registered, the next two digit numbers are the sequential number of a district. Due to heavy volume of vehicle registration, the numbers were given to the RTO offices of registration as well, the third part indicates the year of registration of the vehicle and is a 4 digit number unique to each plate. In some countries, the identifier is unique within the entire country, whether the identifier is associated with a vehicle or a person also varies by issuing agency. In the vast majority of jurisdictions, the government holds a monopoly on the manufacturing of vehicle registration plates for that jurisdiction. Thus, it is illegal for private citizens to make and affix their own plates. Alternately, the government will merely assign plate numbers, and it is the owners responsibility to find an approved private supplier to make a plate with that number. In some jurisdictions, plates will be assigned to that particular vehicle for its lifetime. If the vehicle is destroyed or exported to a different country. Other jurisdictions follow a policy, meaning that when a vehicle is sold the seller removes the current plate from the vehicle. Buyers must either obtain new plates or attach plates they already hold, as well as register their vehicles under the buyers name, a person who sells a car and then purchases a new one can apply to have the old plates put onto the new car. One who sells a car and does not buy a new one may, depending on the laws involved, have to turn the old plates in or destroy them. Some jurisdictions permit the registration of the vehicle with personal plates, in some jurisdictions, plates require periodic replacement, often associated with a design change of the plate itself. Vehicle owners may or may not have the option to keep their original plate number, alternately, or additionally, vehicle owners have to replace a small decal on the plate or use a decal on the windshield to indicate the expiration date of the vehicle registration. Plates are usually fixed directly to a vehicle or to a frame that is fixed to the vehicle. Sometimes, the plate frames contain advertisements inserted by the service centre or the dealership from which the vehicle was purchased. Vehicle owners can also purchase customized frames to replace the original frames, in some jurisdictions licence plate frames are illegal
9.
Lok Sabha
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The Lok Sabha is the Lower house of Indias bicameral Parliament, with the Upper house being the Rajya Sabha. The house meets in the Lok Sabha Chambers of the Sansad Bhavan in New Delhi, under the current laws, the strength of Lok Sabha is 545, including the two seats reserved for members of the Anglo-Indian community. The total elective membership is distributed among the states in proportion to their population, a total of 131 seats are reserved for representatives of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes. The quorum for the House is 10% of the total membership, term of the House The Lok Sabha, unless sooner dissolved, continues to operate for five years from the date appointed for its first meeting and the expiration of the period of five years. An exercise to redraw Lok Sabha constituencies boundaries has been carried out by the Delimitation Commission based on the Indian census of 2001, the 16th Lok Sabha was elected in May 2014 and is the latest to date. The Lok Sabha has its own channel, Lok Sabha TV. A major portion of the Indian subcontinent was under British rule from 1858 to 1947, the Indian Councils Act 1861 provided for a Legislative Council consisting of the members of the Executive Council and non-official members. The Indian Councils Act 1892 established legislatures in each of the provinces of British India, although these Acts increased the representation of Indians in the government, their power still remained limited, and the electorate very small. The Indian Councils Act 1909 and the Government of India Act 1919 further expanded the participation of Indians in the administration, the Constituent Assembly was divided into two for the separate nations, with each new Assembly having sovereign powers transferred to it for the respective dominion. The Constitution of India was adopted on 26 November 1949 and came into effect on 26 January 1950, proclaiming India to be a sovereign, democratic republic. This contained the principles of the law of the land which would govern India in its new form. The Lok Sabha was duly constituted for the first time on 17 April 1952 after the first General Elections held from 25 October 1951 to 21 February 1952 and he / She should not be less than 25 years of age. He / She possesses such other qualifications as may be prescribed in that behalf by or under any law made by Parliament, a seat in the Lok Sabha will become vacant in the following circumstances, When the holder of the seat, by writing to the speaker, resigns. When the holder of the seat is absent from 60 consecutive days of proceedings of the House, when the holder of the seat is subject to any disqualifications mentioned in the Constitution or any law enacted by Parliament. A seat may also be vacated when the holder stands disqualified under the Anti-Defection Law, a member both of Parliament and of a House of the Legislature of a State. System of elections in Lok Sabha Members of the Lok Sabha are directly elected by the people of India, for the purpose of holding direct elections to Lok Sabha, each state is divided into territorial constituencies. This provision does not apply for states having a population of less than 6 million, note, The expression population here refers to the population ascertained at the preceding census of which relevant figure have been published. Lok Sabha has certain powers that make it more powerful than the Rajya Sabha, motions of no confidence against the government can be introduced and passed in the Lok Sabha
10.
Vidhan Sabha
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The Vidhan Sabha or the Legislative Assembly is the lower house or the sole house of the state legislature in the different States of India. The same name is used for the lower house of the legislatures for two of the Union Territories, Delhi and Puducherry. The upper house in the seven states with a legislature is called the Legislative Council. Members of a Vidhan Sabha are direct representatives of the people of the state as they are directly elected by an electorate consisting of all citizens above the age of 18 of that state. Its maximum size as outlined in the Constitution of India is not more than 500 members and not less than 60 members. However, the size of the Vidhan Sabha can be less than 59 members through an Act of Parliament, such is the case in the states of Goa, Sikkim, Mizoram and the Union Territory of Puducherry. In some states Governor may appoint 1 member to represent minorities, e. g. the Anglo-Indian community, if he finds that minority inadequately represented in the House. Those elected or nominated to Vidhan Sabha are referred to as Members of Legislative Assembly or MLAsEach Vidhan Sabha assembles for a five-year term, during a State of Emergency, its term may be extended past five years or it may be dissolved. The term of the Legislative Assembly is five years, but it may be dissolved even earlier than five years by the Governor on the request of the Chief Minister. The term of a Legislative Assembly may be extended during an Emergency, a Vidhan Sabha can also be dissolved if a motion of no confidence is passed within it against the majority party or coalition. To become a member of a Vidhan Sabha, a person must be a citizen of India and he or she should be mentally sound and should not be bankrupt. He or she should also state an affidavit that there are no criminal procedures against him or her, Speaker of Vidhan Sabha who is responsible for the conduct of business of the body, and also a Deputy Speaker to preside during the Speakers absence. The Speaker acts as a judge and manages all debates. A motion of no confidence against the government in the state can only be introduced in the Vidhan Sabha, if it is passed by a majority vote, then the Chief Minister and his Council of Ministers must collectively resign. A money bill can only be introduced in Vidhan Sabha, in bicameral jurisdictions, after it is passed in the Vidhan Sabha, it is sent to the Vidhan Parishad, where it can be kept for a maximum time of 14 days. Unless by the Finance Minister of the state in the name of the Governor of that state, in matters related to ordinary bills, the will of Legislative Assembly prevails and there is no provision of joint sitting. In such cases, Legislative council can delay the legislation by maximum 4 months
11.
Kolkata
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Kolkata /koʊlˈkɑːtɑː/ is the capital of the Indian state of West Bengal. In 2011, the city had a population of 4.5 million, while the population of the city and its suburbs was 14.1 million, making it the third-most populous metropolitan area in India. Recent estimates of Kolkata Metropolitan Areas economy have ranged from $60 to $150 billion making it third most-productive metropolitan area in India, after Mumbai, in the late 17th century, the three villages that predated Calcutta were ruled by the Nawab of Bengal under Mughal suzerainty. After the Nawab granted the East India Company a trading licence in 1690, Nawab Siraj ud-Daulah occupied Calcutta in 1756, and the East India Company retook it the following year. In 1793 the East India company was enough to abolish Nizamat. Calcutta was the centre for the Indian independence movement, it remains a hotbed of contemporary state politics, following Indian independence in 1947, Kolkata, which was once the centre of modern Indian education, science, culture, and politics, suffered several decades of economic stagnation. Many people from Kolkata—among them several Nobel laureates—have contributed to the arts, the sciences, Kolkata culture features idiosyncrasies that include distinctively close-knit neighbourhoods and freestyle intellectual exchanges. Though home to major cricketing venues and franchises, Kolkata differs from other Indian cities by giving importance to association football, there are several explanations about the etymology of this name, The term Kolikata is thought to be a variation of Kalikkhetrô, meaning Field of Kali. Similarly, it can be a variation of Kalikshetra, alternatively, the name may have been derived from the Bengali term kilkila, or flat area. The name may have its origin in the words khal meaning canal, followed by kaṭa, according to another theory, the area specialised in the production of quicklime or koli chun and coir or kata, hence, it was called Kolikata. The discovery and archaeological study of Chandraketugarh,35 kilometres north of Kolkata, Kolkatas recorded history began in 1690 with the arrival of the English East India Company, which was consolidating its trade business in Bengal. The area occupied by the city encompassed three villages, Kalikata, Gobindapur, and Sutanuti. Kalikata was a village, Sutanuti was a riverside weavers village. They were part of an estate belonging to the Mughal emperor and these rights were transferred to the East India Company in 1698. In 1712, the British completed the construction of Fort William, facing frequent skirmishes with French forces, the British began to upgrade their fortifications in 1756. The Nawab of Bengal, Siraj ud-Daulah, condemned the militarisation and his warning went unheeded, and the Nawab attacked, he captured Fort William which led to the killings of several East India company officials in the Black Hole of Calcutta. A force of Company soldiers and British troops led by Robert Clive recaptured the city the following year, declared a presidency city, Calcutta became the headquarters of the East India Company by 1772. In 1793, ruling power of the Nawabs were abolished and East India company took control of the city
12.
Churni River
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River Churni is a stream in the Nadia district of the Indian state of West Bengal. It is a distributary of the Mathabhanga River, itself a distributary of the Padma River at Munshiganj in the Kushtia District of Bangladesh, the Mathabanga divides into two rivers, the Ichamati and the Churni near Majhdia in Nadia district. The Churni flows through Shibnivas, Hanskhali, Birnagar, Aranghata, and Ranaghat and its length is almost 56 kilometres. The rivers origin is at 23.40 North,88.70 East, according to an article in the International Journal of Current Research, the river is in part the remnants of an artificial canal ordered dug by a 17th-century maharajah. Changes to a distributary of the Jalangi River resulted partly from water diversion down the canal. Sedimentation eventually dried up the part of the distributary, called the Anjana, while the canal. Another name for the Churni is Kata Kal or dug river, as recently as the 1930s, the river was an important route for water travel and trade. However, in the 21st century it has filled with silt, including many small islands, visible or submerged
13.
Sealdah railway station
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Sealdah railway station is one of the major railway stations serving Kolkata in India, the others being Howrah Station, Shalimar Station, Santragachi Junction and Kolkata Railway Station. Sealdah is one of the busiest railway stations in India and an important suburban rail terminal, after completion, Kolkata Metro Line 2 will pass through Sealdah. Sealdah Railway station was started in 1869, before 1978, there was a tram terminus at Sealdah station. Trams departed from here towards Rajabazar, Howrah Station, High Court, Dalhousie Square, Park Circus, the first horse tram service of Kolkata was also started from Sealdah to Armenian Ghat, following the currently route 13,14 &16 between Lebutala & Dalhousie Square. The Sealdah-Lebutala & Dalhousie Square-Armenian Ghat stretch is now closed and that terminus was demolished in 1978 also with the Sealdah-Lebutala tram track stretched through Boubazar Street for construction of the Sealdah flyover. Now tram services between Rajabazar-Esplanade, Parkcircus-Burrabazar and other services pass through Sealdah, currently, a car parking exists in place of the old tram terminus. There are three terminals at Sealdah, Sealdah North, Sealdah Main and Sealdah South. The North section consists of Sealdah North and Sealdah Main buildings and it has 13 platforms numbering 1 to 4, 4A, and 5 to 9C, 9A & 9B. The South section consists of Sealdah South terminal, with 7 platforms, the north and south sections have separate set of emerging tracks. The north and south section is connected by two links, one is Dumdum-Majherhat link, and other is Bidhannagar-Parkcircus link and these two links were constructed to quickly travel between the two sections avoiding Sealdah. For the financial department, There are DRMs, Sr. DFMs and ADFMs to look over. Sealdah North acts as the train terminal for 2 divisions, the main division. The main division of Sealdah north operates trains plying between Kolkata and Bandel, Gede, Ranaghat, Shantipur, Krishnanagar, Baharampur, Lalgola, Dankuni, Kalyani, Kalyani Simanta and others. A narrow gauge line earlier used to connect Shantipur and Krishnanagar and this line continues to Nabadwip Ghat. These narrow gauge lines are served by DMU trains, There is a plan to extend the suburban train service from Krishnanagar to Plassey, which is currently served by electric loco hauled trains. Dankuni line connects Eastern Railways Howrah line at Bali and Dankuni, Bandel line connects Eastern Railways Howrah line at Bandel. The Bongaon division handles trains for Kolkata Airport, Bangaon, Hasnabad, Bangaon and Ranaghat are also connected. Sealdah Main is the terminal for long distance trains to northern, north-western, north-eastern & eastern India, through Dankuni line. Krishnanagar line is also serving long distance intrastate trains, the South section, consisting of Sealdah South terminal, acts as the terminal for local trains plying between Kolkata and Diamond Harbour-Budgebudge, Canning, and Namkhana
14.
Murshidabad
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Murshidabad is a city in Murshidabad district of West Bengal state in India. The city of Murshidabad is located on the bank of the Bhagirathi. The District Of Murshidabad has an area of 2143 sq. m and it is divided into two nearly equal portions by the Bhagirathi, the ancient channel of the Ganges. The tract to the west, known as the Rarh, consists of hard clay, the general level is high, but interspersed with marshes and seamed by hill torrents. The Bagri or eastern half belongs to alluvial plains of eastern Bengal, there are few permanent swamps, but the whole country is low-lying, and liable to annual inundation. In the north-west are a few small detached hillocks, said to be of basaltic formation, Murshidabad was a town and district of British India, in the Bengal Presidency. In the Mughal period it was the capital of Bengal, the town of Murshidabad is on the left bank of the Hooghly River or main channel of the Ganges. In 1704, Murshid Quli Khan, the Diwan of Bengal under Aurangzeb transferred the capital from Dacca, in 1716, he attained the title of Nawab of the Subah of Bengal, and Murshidabad became his capital. The family of Jagat Seth maintained their position as state bankers at Murshidabad from generation to generation, even after the conquest of Bengal by the British, Murshidabad remained for some time the seat of administration. Warren Hastings removed the civil and criminal courts to Calcutta in 1772. In 1790, under Lord Cornwallis, the revenue and judicial staffs were moved to Calcutta. The town was still the residence of the nawab, who ranked as the first nobleman of the province with the style of Nawab Bahadur of Murshidabad, instead of Nawab Nazim of Bengal, the Hazarduari Palace, dating back to 1837, is a magnificent building. The city still bears memories of Nawabs with other palaces, mosques, tombs, and gardens, and retains such industries as carving in ivory, gold and silver embroidery, a college was maintained for the education of the nawabs family. Rao Jogendra Narayan Roy king of Lalgola is remembered for his philanthropic work and it was constituted as a municipality in 1869, which remains to the present day. The population in 1901 was 15,168, the major industry within the district at that time was that of silk, formerly of much importance, was revived with government assistance. The city is famous for producing exotic mango and litchi. Baharampur, the capital of Murshidabad, has grown in importance, population & size, while it features extensively in history books, the large potential for heritage tourism has been somewhat neglected. Hazarduari Palace is located in the campus of Kila Nizamat of Murshidabad and it was built in the nineteenth century by architect Duncan Macleod, under the reign of Nawab Nazim Humayun Jah of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa
15.
Maitree Express
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It is the only passenger rail service between the two nations and was revived in 2008 after being closed for 43 years. The name Maitree Express means the Friendship Express, denoting the significance of the service to the foreign relations between India and Bangladesh. The inauguration of the service was held on the occasion of the Bengali New Year April 14,2008. The Partition of India in 1947 disrupted rail links in the province of Bengal, which was divided into the Indian state of West Bengal, during British rule over the undivided land, regular over-night trains connected Kolkata, Goalanda, Dhaka and Narayanganj. In addition pre-partition, Darjeeling Mail connecting Kolkata with Siliguri ran through what became East Pakistan via Gede-Darshana, the Bangladesh war of Independence in 1971 resulted in the independence of East Pakistan as the nation-state of Bangladesh. The Maitree Express follows the route as the first two trains above via Gede-Darshana. In 2001, the two governments agreed upon the railway train scheme during bilateral talks. The train service concept got a major boost during the visit of the current President of India, on July 8,2007 the first train ran from Kolkata to Dhaka in a test run, carrying Indian government officials who were to meet their Bangladeshi counterparts to finalise train schedules. In response to Indian security demands, a system was to be erected on either side on the no-mans land between the two countries. The Indian Foreign Minister Pranab Mukherjee officially flagged-off the inaugural train from Kolkata, another train departed at the same time carrying passengers from Dhaka to Kolkata. But the 360-seater Calcutta-Dhaka Friendship Express on its run was carrying barely 65 passengers, including journalists. Indian Railways officials state that the service was launched hurriedly. An official statement from the Indian Ministry of External Affairs said, The agreement will strengthen bilateral relations, the inauguration of the train service evoked mixed public responses. Thousands of people gathered along the route from Kolkata up to the border crossing point in Gede to cheer the inaugural train. Police reports stated that 87 people had been arrested for blocking the train by squatting on the tracks, police blamed the group for planting three bombs, which were defused, on the route on April 13, a day before the launch. The Maitree Express is the train which runs between Kolkata and Dhaka. It runs six days a week from each side, the train travels around 375 kilometers to reach Dhaka from Kolkata. There are two stops for immigration checking, one is Gede and the other is Dorshona and it takes around 10–11 hours to cover the entire stretch
16.
Dhaka
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Dhaka is the capital and largest city of Bangladesh. It is one of the worlds most populated cities, with a population of 17 million people in the Greater Dhaka Area and it is also the 3rd most densely populated city in the world. Located in a district and division, it lies along the east bank of the Buriganga River in the heart of the Bengal delta. The city is a microcosm of the country, with diverse religious. Dhaka is the economic, cultural and political center of Bangladesh and its name was romanized as Dacca until the current spelling was adopted in 1983. It is the largest city in the Bengal region and it is also a major city of South Asia and among the OIC states. The old city of Dhaka was the Mughal capital of Bengal, the citys name was Jahangir Nagar in the 17th century. It was a commercial center and the hub of the worldwide muslin. The city hosted two important caravansaries of the subcontinent, the Bara Katra and Choto Katra, located on the riverfront of the Buriganga, the Mughals decorated the city with well-laid out gardens, tombs, mosques, palaces and forts. Dhaka became known as the City of Mosques in Bengal and it was also described as the Venice of the East. The old city was home to various Eurasian merchant groups, at the height of its medieval glory, Dhaka was regarded as one of the wealthiest and most prosperous cities in the world. It was central to the economy of Mughal Bengal, which generated 50% of Mughal GDP, modern Dhaka developed from the late 20th century under the administration of East Pakistan. Between 1905 and 1912, it was the capital of British Eastern Bengal, in 1947, after the region became known as Pakistan, it became the administrative capital of the eastern wing of Pakistan. It was declared as the capital of Pakistan in 1962. In 1971, it became the capital of an independent Bangladesh, the city has endured periods of famine, war and natural calamities. It continues to confront challenges faced by growing metropolises in developing countries, including poverty, Dhaka is home to thousands of Bangladeshi businesses and the offices of many international corporations. The Dhaka Stock Exchange is one of the largest in South Asia in terms of trading volume and it hosts several major arts festivals, including the annual Ekushey Book Fair, the Dhaka Literature Festival and the biannual Dhaka Art Summit. The city has the largest number of cycle rickshaws and is known as the Rickshaw Capital of the World, Dhakas highly popular cuisine features distinctive biryanis, kebabs and bakarkhanis as a legacy of its rule by the Mughals and the Nawabs of Dhaka
17.
United Kingdom
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The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom or Britain, is a sovereign country in western Europe. Lying off the north-western coast of the European mainland, the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain, Northern Ireland is the only part of the United Kingdom that shares a land border with another sovereign state—the Republic of Ireland. The Irish Sea lies between Great Britain and Ireland, with an area of 242,500 square kilometres, the United Kingdom is the 78th-largest sovereign state in the world and the 11th-largest in Europe. It is also the 21st-most populous country, with an estimated 65.1 million inhabitants, together, this makes it the fourth-most densely populated country in the European Union. The United Kingdom is a monarchy with a parliamentary system of governance. The monarch is Queen Elizabeth II, who has reigned since 6 February 1952, other major urban areas in the United Kingdom include the regions of Birmingham, Leeds, Glasgow, Liverpool and Manchester. The United Kingdom consists of four countries—England, Scotland, Wales, the last three have devolved administrations, each with varying powers, based in their capitals, Edinburgh, Cardiff and Belfast, respectively. The relationships among the countries of the UK have changed over time, Wales was annexed by the Kingdom of England under the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542. A treaty between England and Scotland resulted in 1707 in a unified Kingdom of Great Britain, which merged in 1801 with the Kingdom of Ireland to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Five-sixths of Ireland seceded from the UK in 1922, leaving the present formulation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain, there are fourteen British Overseas Territories. These are the remnants of the British Empire which, at its height in the 1920s, British influence can be observed in the language, culture and legal systems of many of its former colonies. The United Kingdom is a country and has the worlds fifth-largest economy by nominal GDP. The UK is considered to have an economy and is categorised as very high in the Human Development Index. It was the worlds first industrialised country and the worlds foremost power during the 19th, the UK remains a great power with considerable economic, cultural, military, scientific and political influence internationally. It is a nuclear weapons state and its military expenditure ranks fourth or fifth in the world. The UK has been a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council since its first session in 1946 and it has been a leading member state of the EU and its predecessor, the European Economic Community, since 1973. However, on 23 June 2016, a referendum on the UKs membership of the EU resulted in a decision to leave. The Acts of Union 1800 united the Kingdom of Great Britain, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland have devolved self-government
18.
Bangladesh Liberation War
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It resulted in the independence of the Peoples Republic of Bangladesh. The war began after the Pakistani military junta based in West Pakistan launched Operation Searchlight against the people of East Pakistan on the night of 25 March 1971 and it pursued the systematic elimination of nationalist Bengali civilians, students, intelligentsia, religious minorities and armed personnel. The junta annulled the results of the 1970 elections and arrested Prime Minister-elect Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, rural and urban areas across East Pakistan saw extensive military operations and air strikes to suppress the tide of civil disobedience that formed following the 1970 election stalemate. The Pakistan Army, which had the backing of Islamists, created radical religious militias – the Razakars, Al-Badr, members of the Pakistani military and supporting militias engaged in mass murder, deportation and genocidal rape. The capital Dhaka was the scene of massacres, including the Dhaka University killings. An estimated 10 million Bengali refugees fled to neighbouring India, while 30 million were internally displaced, sectarian violence broke out between Bengalis and Urdu-speaking immigrants. An academic consensus prevails that the committed by the Pakistani military were a genocide. The Bangladeshi Declaration of Independence was proclaimed from Chittagong by members of the Mukti Bahini – the national liberation army formed by Bengali military, paramilitary, the East Bengal Regiment and the East Pakistan Rifles played a crucial role in the resistance. Led by General M. A. G. Osmani and eleven sector commanders and they liberated numerous towns and cities in the initial months of the conflict. The Pakistan Army regained momentum in the monsoon, Bengali guerrillas carried out widespread sabotage, including Operation Jackpot against the Pakistan Navy. The nascent Bangladesh Air Force flew sorties against Pakistani military bases, by November, the Bangladesh forces restricted the Pakistani military to its barracks during the night. They secured control of most parts of the countryside, the Provisional Government of Bangladesh was formed on 17 April 1971 in Mujibnagar and moved to Calcutta as a government in exile. Bengali members of the Pakistani civil, military and diplomatic corps defected to the Bangladeshi provisional government, thousands of Bengali families were interned in West Pakistan, from where many escaped to Afghanistan. Bengali cultural activists operated the clandestine Free Bengal Radio Station, the plight of millions of war-ravaged Bengali civilians caused worldwide outrage and alarm. The Indian state led by Indira Gandhi provided substantial diplomatic, economic, British, Indian and American musicians organised the worlds first benefit concert in New York City to support the Bangladeshi people. India joined the war on 3 December 1971, after Pakistan launched preemptive air strikes on North India, the subsequent Indo-Pakistani War witnessed engagements on two war fronts. With air supremacy achieved in the theatre and the rapid advance of the Allied Forces of Bangladesh and India. The war changed the landscape of South Asia, with the emergence of Bangladesh as the seventh-most populous country in the world
19.
Chittagong armoury raid
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The raiders were members of revolutionary groups who favoured armed uprisings as a means to achieve Indias independence from British colonial rule. Imperial banks at Chittagong were to be looted to gather money for further uprisings, the plan was put into action at 10 p. m. on 18 April 1930. The police armoury was captured by a group of revolutionaries led by Ganesh Ghosh, some 65 people took part in the raid, undertaken in the name of the Hindustan Republican Army, Chittagong Branch. They failed to locate ammunition but did succeed in cutting telephone and telegraph wires, about 16 of the group captured the European clubs headquarters but there were few club members present because of it being Good Friday. Upon learning of the situation, the Europeans were able to get the out to troops. After the raids, the revolutionaries gathered outside the police armoury, where Sen took a military salute, hoisted a national flag, the revolutionaries left Chittagong town before dawn and marched towards the Chittagong hill ranges, looking for a safe place to hide. A few of the members including Ganesh Ghosh, Ananta Singh and the teenagers Ananda Gupta and Jeebon Ghoshal were elsewhere, later they stayed in hiding in a house in Chandannagar. After a few days, the police traced some of the revolutionaries and they were surrounded by several thousand troops while they took shelter in Jalalabad hills near Chittagong Cantonment on the afternoon of 22 April 1930. Over 80 troops and 12 revolutionaries were killed in the ensuing gunfight, Sen dispersed his men to neighbouring villages in small groups and thus some escaped. A few fled to Calcutta while some were arrested, an intense crackdown on the resistance ensued. Ananta Singh gave himself up in Calcutta coming away from his place in Chandannagar, to be close to the young teenagers captured. A few months later, Charles Teggart surrounded their hideout and in the exchange of fire. Some of the managed to reorganise. On 24 September 1932, Debi Prasad Gupta, Manoranjan Sen, Rajat Sen, Swadesh Roy, Phanindra Nandi and Subodh Chaudhary led by Pritilata Waddedar, attacked the European Club, killing one woman. But the plan backfired and Debi Prasad Gupta, Manoranjan Sen, Rajat Sen, during 1930-32,22 officials and 220 others were killed by revolutionaries in separate incidents. Debi Prasad Guptas brother, Ananda Prasad Gupta, was sentenced to transportation for life, the mass trial of those arrested during and after the raids concluded in January 1932 and the judgement was delivered on 1 March 1932. Twelve of the defendants were sentenced to deportation for life, two received prison sentences and the remaining 32 individuals were acquitted. The twelve deported to Andaman included Ganesh Ghosh, Lokenath Bal, sixteen year old Ananda Gupta, the Chittagong revolutionary group suffered a fatal blow when Masterda Surya Sen was arrested on 16 February 1933 from Gairala village after a tip-off from an insider of the group
20.
Rakhee Gulzar
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Raakhee Majumdar is an Indian film actress, who has primarily appeared in Hindi films, as well as several Bengali films. She is popularly known as Raakhee Gulzar after her marriage to lyricist-director Gulzar, in four decades of acting, Raakhee won three Filmfare Awards and a National Film Award, among others. At the Filmfare, Raakhee has been nominated 16 times, making her the overall most-nominated performer in the acting categories alongside actress Madhuri Dixit. Rakhee was born in a Bengali family at Ranaghat in the Nadia district, West Bengal, in the hours of 15 August 1947. She received her education in a local girls school. Her father had a shoe business in his native village in East Bengal, modern-day Bangladesh, before the partition of India. While still a teenager, Raakhee had a marriage to Bengali journalist/film director Ajay Biswas. Her films over the decade included Shehzada, Heera Panna, Daag, A Poem of Love, Hamare Tumhare, Aanchal. She regards her performances in Blackmail and Tapasya to be her best performances and she acted with Dev Anand in Heera Panna, Banarasi Babu, Lootmaar, and Joshila. She also acted opposite Kapoor in the film Ek Do Teen Chaar and her films with Amitabh Bachchan include Kabhie Kabhie, Muqaddar Ka Sikander, Kasme Vaade, Trishul, Kaala Patthar, Jurmana, Barsaat Ki Ek Raat, and Bemisal. She acted in other Bengali films Paroma and was awarded the BFJA Award for Best Actress and she has since retired from the film industry. There was magic in his face and mannerisms and he was shy and conservative but misunderstood. Why wouldnt he come three hours late for a shot when his co-actors including me took three hours to dress up and he did not use any make up ever. Todays hit films have a life of seven days, the lyrics are incomprehensible. I havent liked a single SRK film after DDLJ, in her second marriage, Raakhee married film director, poet and lyricist Gulzar. The couple have a daughter, Meghna Gulzar, when their daughter was only one year old, they separated. After completing her graduation in films from New York University, Meghna went on to become a director of films including Filhaal, just Married and Dus Kahaniyaan, and authored a biography of her father in 2004. At one point, Raakhee stayed in her bungalow, Muktangan, on Sarojini Road in Khar, later she sold the property and moved to an apartment two buildings away, though the new high rise is still called by the same name, as she had wished
21.
Joy Goswami
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Joy Goswami is an Indian poet. Goswami writes in Bengali and is considered as one of the most important Bengali poets of his generation. Joy was born on November 10,1954 in Kolkata and his family moved to Ranaghat, Nadia West Bengal shortly after and he has lived there ever since. Goswami was introduced to and encouraged with respect to poetry by his father and he lost his father at the age of six, after which the family was sustained by his mother, a teacher. Goswamis formal education stopped early, in grade eleven, by this time he was already writing poetry. After a long period of writing in magazines and periodicals. This brought his critical acclaim and so long after his first poetry collection was published, named Christmas o Sheeter Sonnetguchchho. Christmas o Sheeter Sonnetguchchho Protnojeeb Aleya Hrod Unmader Pathokromo Bhutumbhogoban Ghumiyechho Jhaupata, kalakātā, Ānanda Pābalisārsa, <1997-2001> Mā nishāda. ISBN 81-7215-672-3 Pretapurusha o anupama kathā, ISBN 81-7215-316-3 Shanjhbatis dreams = Shanjhbatir rupkathara. New Delhi, Srishti Publishers & Distributors,2004, ISBN 81-7215-566-2 Some MP3 recordings of him reading his poetry, along with a photograph, can be found at the South Asian Literary Recordings Project page. বাত্সরিক নাম লিখেছি একটি তৄণে আমার মায়ের মৄত্যুদিনে Yearly On a grass I have written the name On the day my mother died Anita-Sunil Basu Award from Bangla Akademi, ananda Purashkar, Sahitya Akademi Award Bharatiya Bhasa Parisad Rachana Samagra Purashkar Banga bhibusan by W. B. Govt. Translation of six poems Interview in Bengali Review by Bhaloti Basibo on Joy Goswami Poetry International page
22.
Krishnanagar, Nadia
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Krishnanagar /ˌkrɪʃnəˈnʌɡər/ is a city and administrative/district headquarters of Nadia district in the Indian state of West Bengal. Krishnanagar is situated on the banks of the Jalangi river. She is claimed to be named after Krishna Chandra Ray, another claim is, the city is named after Lord Krishna worshiped by Raja Krishna Chandra Ray. Previously, the city was called ‘Reui’, Krishnanagar is located at 23. 4°N88. 5°E /23.4,88.5. It has an elevation of 14 metres. Krishnanagar is beside the Jalangi River, the Tropic of Cancer passes through outskirts of Krishnanagar, Coordinates of Tropic of Cancer, 23°265N 88°282E. Krishnanagar municipality was established in the year 1864 and this place got its name after Raja Krishnachandra Rai who ruled in this region. Krishnanagar is an important centre for culture and literature, the second place of interest in Krishnanagar is the famous area called Ghurni which is the neighbourhood of the clay artists. Raja Krishnachandra invited a few of the families of these artists in this region. Open studios. It is said that initially it was Raja Krishnachandra who had settled a few families of talented artists in the area. Jagaddhatri Puja is celebrated with grandeur in Krishnanagar, when lightings from the town of Chandannagar are brought. In summer, i. e. from April to June, monsoon season prevails during beginning-June to mid-September. Also retrieving monsoon from mid-October till mid-November The weather is quite pleasant, the level of moisture increases during summers. Dwijendralal Roy poet, playwright and lyricist, was born on 19 July 1863 at Krishnanagar in Nadia district and his mother, Prasannamayee Devi, was a descendant of Adwaita Prabhu. Dwijendralal graduated in arts from Hughli College in 1883 and obtained his MA degree in English from Presidency College a year later, in 1905 Dwijendralal established a literary society, Purnima Milon, in Kolkata. He became the editor of the monthly bharatvarsa in 1913, Dwijendralal had a literary bent of mind and started writing poems while still in his teens. While still a student he wrote Aryagatha, during his stay in England he wrote The Lyrics of Ind in 1886. Among his other books are collections of poems and songs, Aryagatha, Hasir Gan, Mandra, Alekhya and his sketches and satires include Ekghare, Samaj Bibhrat O Kalki Avatar, Tryahasparsha, Prayashchitta, and Punarjanma
23.
Census
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A census is the procedure of systematically acquiring and recording information about the members of a given population. It is a regularly occurring and official count of a particular population, the term is used mostly in connection with national population and housing censuses, other common censuses include agriculture, business, and traffic censuses. United Nations recommendations also cover census topics to be collected, official definitions, classifications, the word is of Latin origin, during the Roman Republic, the census was a list that kept track of all adult males fit for military service. Current administrative data systems allow for other approaches to enumeration with the level of detail but raise concerns about privacy. A census can be contrasted with sampling in which information is obtained only from a subset of a population, typically main population estimates are updated by such intercensal estimates. Modern census data are used for research, business marketing, and planning. Census counts are necessary to adjust samples to be representative of a population by weighting them as is common in opinion polling, similarly, stratification requires knowledge of the relative sizes of different population strata which can be derived from census enumerations. In some countries, the census provides the official used to apportion the number of elected representatives to regions. In many cases, a carefully chosen random sample can provide accurate information than attempts to get a population census. A census is often construed as the opposite of a sample as its intent is to count everyone in a rather than a fraction. However, population censuses rely on a frame to count the population. This is the way to be sure that everyone has been included as otherwise those not responding would not be followed up on. The fundamental premise of a census is that the population is not known, the use of a sampling frame is counterintuitive as it suggests that the population size is already known. However, a census is also used to collect data on the individuals in the nation. This process of sampling marks the difference between historical census, which was a house to house process or the product of a decree. The sampling frame used by census is almost always an address register, thus it is not known if there is anyone resident or how many people there are in each household. Depending on the mode of enumeration, a form is sent to the householder, as a preliminary to the dispatch of forms, census workers will check any address problems on the ground. While it may seem straightforward to use the postal service file for this purpose, a particular problem is what are termed communal establishments which category includes student residences, religious orders, homes for the elderly, people in prisons etc
24.
Zamindar
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A zamindar in the Indian subcontinent was an aristocrat. The term means land owner in Persian, typically hereditary, zamindars held enormous tracts of land and control over their peasants, from whom they reserved the right to collect tax on behalf of imperial courts or for military purposes. Their families carried surnames of lordship, such as Rao, Chowdhury, Khan, Sardar, Malik, Thakur, Wadero, Reddy, Thevar and Naidu. In the 19th and 20th centuries, many wealthy and influential zamindars were bestowed with princely and royal titles such as Maharaja, Raja, during the Mughal Empire, zamindars belonged to the nobility and formed the ruling class. Emperor Akbar granted them mansabs and their domains were treated as jagirs. Under British colonial rule in India, the permanent settlement consolidated what became known as the zamindari system, the British rewarded supportive zamindars by recognizing them as princes. Many of the princely states were pre-colonial zamindar holdings elevated to a greater protocol. However, the British also reduced the holdings of many pre-colonial aristocrats. The system was abolished during land reforms in East Bengal in 1950, India in 1951, the zamindars often played an important role in the regional histories of the subcontinent. The confederation was led by a zamindar-king, Isa Khan, the zamindars were also patrons of the arts. The Tagore family produced Indias first Nobel laureate in literature in 1913, Rabindranath Tagore, the zamindars also promoted neoclassical and Indo-Saracenic architecture. Before Mughal rule in India, the collected and retained revenue from land. The Mughals appointed people to act as tax officers, sending them around the country to oversee collection of revenue, the zamindari system ensured proper collection of taxes in a period when the power and influence of the Mughal emperors were in decline. All categories of zamindars under the Mughals were required to perform certain police, judicial, Zamindars under the Mughals were, in fact, more the public functionaries than revenue collecting agents. Although zamindaris were allowed to be held hereditarily, the holders were not considered to be the proprietors of their estates, the territorial zamindars had judicial powers also. This conferred status with attendant power, which made them the lords of their domains. They held regular courts, called zamindari adalat, the courts gave them not only power and status but some income as well by way of fines, presents and perquisites. The petty zamindars had some share in the dispensation of civil, the Chowdhurys, who were zamindars in most cases, had authority to deal with the complaints of debts, thefts and petty quarrels and to impose paltry fines
25.
Pantua
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Pantua is a local confection of eastern India and Bangladesh. It is a traditional Bengali sweet made of deep-fried balls of semolina, chhana, milk, ghee, pantuas range in colour from pale brown to nearly black depending on how long they are fried. Rose water, cardamom or other flavourings are added to the sweet. Pantua is very similar to the cheese-based fried sweet ledikeni, the distinctive feature of ledikeni is its molten sugar syrup of lightly flavored cardamom powder. Pantua is similar to gulab jamun, and could be called a Bengali variant of that dish
26.
Handicraft
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One of the worlds oldest handicraft is Dhokra, this is a sort of metal casting has been used in India for over 4,000 years and is still used. Collective terms for handicrafts include artisanry, handicrafting, crafting, many handicrafters use natural, even entirely indigenous, materials while others may prefer modern, non-traditional materials, and even upcycle industrial materials. The individual artisanship of an item is the paramount criterion. Most crafts require the development of skill and the application of patience, like folk art, handicraft output often has cultural and/or religious significance, and increasingly may have a political message as well, as in craftivism. The Arts and Crafts movement originated as a late 19th-century design reform and social movement principally in Europe, North America and Australia and this was held up in contrast to what was perceived to be the alienating effects of industrial labor. These activities were called crafts because originally many of them were professions under the guild system, adolescents were apprenticed to a master craftsman, and refined their skills over a period of years in exchange for low wages. Simple arts and crafts projects are an elementary and middle school activity in both mainstream and alternative education systems around the world. e. The use of traditional handicrafting techniques by professional fine artists, many community centers and schools run evening or day classes and workshops, for adults and children, offering to teach basic craft skills in a short period of time. If sold, they are sold in Direct sales, Gift shops, Public markets, in developing countries, handicrafts are sold to locals and as Souvenirs to tourists. Sellers tend to speak at least a few words of common tourist languages
27.
Boutique
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A boutique is a small store that sells stylish clothing, jewelry, or other usually luxury goods. The word is French for shop, which derives ultimately from the Greek ἀποθήκη or storehouse, the term boutique entered into everyday English since the late 1960s. In Europe, Avenue Montaigne and Bond Street were the focus of media attention for having the most fashionable stores of the era. This term can refer to a specialized firm in other industries. The word is used to describe a property in the independent sector of the hotel market in order to distinguish itself from larger chains. In such cases, the establishment aims to convey the idea that its operation is small, elite, some multi-outlet businesses can be referred to as boutiques if they target small, upscale market niches. Recently, the term boutique has begun to be applied to items that are either niche or produced in intentionally small numbers to be sold at very high prices. This can be referred to as boutique manufacturing, one of the first concept stores was 10 Corso Como in Milan, Italy, founded in 1990, followed by Colette in Paris and Quartier 206 in Berlin. Several well-known American chains such as Urban Outfitters, Dash, and The Gap, Australian chain Billabong and, though common, Lord & Taylor. Types of retail outlets Types of advertising agencies
28.
Convent of Jesus and Mary
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The Convent of Jesus and Mary is a network of Roman Catholic schools originating in east-central France in the 19th century. Since its inception, it has expanded to, In Europe, Ireland, Spain, Italy, England, in the Americas, United States, Canada, Mexico, Colombia, and Bolivia. In the Middle East, Lebanon and Syria, in Africa, Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, and Nigeria. In Asia, Pakistan, India, and The Philippines, then 44-year-old Claudine Thévenet founded the Religious institute of the Religious of Jesus and Mary in Lyon on 5 October 1818
29.
Pal Choudhury High School
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Ranaghat Pal Choudhury High School is a school in West Bengal, India, in Ranaghat, Nadia District. It was established in 1853 by the Pal Choudhury family of Gatak Para and it is located on the bank of the river Churni, two km from the Railway Station along the Netaji Subhash Avenue. This school has education provision from class V to class XII, the medium of instruction is Bengali. The syllabus of the West Bengal Board is followed in secondary and high-secondary system, before the final board exam, two internal exams are conducted by the school authority to see the status of the outgoing students
30.
Brajabala Girls' High School
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Brajabala Girls High School is a well-known girls school in Ranaghat, West Bengal. It is situated in Siddeshwari-tola on Rabindra Sarani, the school is named after Brajabala Devi. It is more than 75 years old, the school follows a syllabus prescribed by the West Bengal board. It conducts Pre-test and Test exams a couple of months before the board exam
31.
Ranaghat College
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Ranaghat College, established in 1950, is a college in Ranaghat, in Nadia district, West Bengal, India. It offers undergraduate courses in arts, commerce and sciences and it is affiliated to University of Kalyani. Ranaghat College was awarded B+ grade by the National Assessment and Accreditation Council, the college is recognized by the University Grants Commission
32.
NIIT
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NIIT Limited is an Indian Multinational company that offers learning management and training delivery solutions to corporations, institutions and individuals. It has three lines of business worldwide, Corporate Learning Group, Skills and Careers Group. In 2006, the IT services business of NIIT was demerged into a listed company NIIT Technologies. NIIT Limited now focuses on Corporate Training, Vocational Training for Services Sectors and Education, NIIT Limited owns 23. 98% of NIIT Technologies. NIIT was established in 1985 by Rajendra S. Pawar and Vijay K. Thadani, graduates from IIT Delhi, NIIT conceived a franchising model in IT education for the very first time, setting up nine centers by 1987. In 1986, NIIT began its foray into the software domain, the company also began offering advice and consultancy to large corporations on how to leverage technology and make optimum use of their IT investments. In 1988, NIIT introduced many marketing and advertising strategies for the Indian market including the ‘Computerdrome’ in 1990, in 1992, NIIT launched its flagship program GNIIT, an industry-endorsed course with a 12-month Professional Practice for students seeking careers in the IT and non-IT sectors. By 1993, NIIT began trading NIIT stocks on the Indian stock exchanges, in 1996, NIIT began its globalization journey, setting up an education center in Hong Kong. In the same year, the company launched its virtual university ‘Net Varsity’, in 1998, NIIT joined a handful of Indian tech companies to enter the Chinese market. The company earned the epithet, the ‘McDonald’s of the software business’ by Far Eastern Economic Review in September,2001, the same year, NIIT launched an experiment that was christened ‘Hole-in-the-Wall’ by media and drew international attention. The experiment was based on the ‘minimally invasive education’ methodology developed by NIIT R&D and it suggested that children, irrespective of their social, ethnic or educational identity could learn to use computers by themselves, without adult intervention. In 2003, NIIT launched its MindChampions Academy with Viswanathan Anand, five-time former World Chess champion, in 2004, NIIT hived off its software business into an independent organization called NIIT Technologies Ltd. In the area of training, NIIT launched its program in 2005. In the same year, it diversified into various sectors such as banking, finance and insurance, Executive Management education, Professional Life Skills, BPM, in 2008, NIIT set up NIIT University, in Neemrana, Rajasthan. NU, offers B-Tech and M-Tech programs in science and education technology. Acquisitions In 2001, NIIT acquired Osprey, DEI and Click2learn in the US, to establish its e-learning, in 2006, acquired Element K, a leading provider of learning solutions in North America. The company was sold off in 2012, Skills and Careers Group - This focuses on providing employability skills to learners. School Learning Group - It provides tools and products for technology based learning to government and it offers NIIT nGuru learning solutions for schools, which include Interactive classrooms with digital content, Math Lab, IT Wizard programs and Quick School ERP software
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Cricket
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Cricket is a bat-and-ball game played between two teams of eleven players on a cricket field, at the centre of which is a rectangular 22-yard-long pitch with a wicket at each end. One team bats, attempting to score as many runs as possible, each phase of play is called an innings. After either ten batsmen have been dismissed or a number of overs have been completed, the innings ends. The winning team is the one that scores the most runs, including any extras gained, at the start of each game, two batsmen and eleven fielders enter the field of play. The striker takes guard on a crease drawn on the four feet in front of the wicket. His role is to prevent the ball hitting the stumps by use of his bat. The other batsman, known as the non-striker, waits at the end of the pitch near the bowler. A dismissed batsman must leave the field, and a teammate replaces him, the bowlers objectives are to prevent the scoring of runs and to dismiss the batsman. An over is a set of six deliveries bowled by the same bowler, the next over is bowled from the other end of the pitch by a different bowler. If a fielder retrieves the ball enough to put down the wicket with a batsman not having reached the crease at that end of the pitch. Adjudication is performed on the field by two umpires, the laws of cricket are maintained by the International Cricket Council and the Marylebone Cricket Club. Traditionally cricketers play in all-white kit, but in limited overs cricket they wear club or team colours. In addition to the kit, some players wear protective gear to prevent injury caused by the ball. Although crickets origins are uncertain, it is first recorded in south-east England in the 16th century and it spread globally with the expansion of the British Empire, leading to the first international matches in the mid-19th century. ICC, the governing body, has over 100 members. The sport is followed primarily in Australasia, Britain, the Indian subcontinent, southern Africa, womens cricket, which is organised and played separately, has also achieved international standard. A number of words have been suggested as sources for the term cricket, in the earliest definite reference to the sport in 1598 it is called creckett. One possible source for the name is the Old English cricc or cryce meaning a crutch or staff, in Samuel Johnsons Dictionary, he derived cricket from cryce, Saxon, a stick
34.
Association football
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Association football, more commonly known as football or soccer, is a team sport played between two teams of eleven players with a spherical ball. It is played by 250 million players in over 200 countries and dependencies making it the worlds most popular sport, the game is played on a rectangular field with a goal at each end. The object of the game is to score by getting the ball into the opposing goal, players are not allowed to touch the ball with their hands or arms while it is in play, unless they are goalkeepers. Other players mainly use their feet to strike or pass the ball, the team that scores the most goals by the end of the match wins. If the score is level at the end of the game, the Laws of the Game were originally codified in England by The Football Association in 1863. Association football is governed internationally by the International Federation of Association Football, the first written reference to the inflated ball used in the game was in the mid-14th century, Þe heued fro þe body went, Als it were a foteballe. The Online Etymology Dictionary states that the word soccer was split off in 1863, according to Partha Mazumdar, the term soccer originated in England, first appearing in the 1880s as an Oxford -er abbreviation of the word association. Within the English-speaking world, association football is now usually called football in the United Kingdom and mainly soccer in Canada and the United States. People in Australia, Ireland, South Africa and New Zealand use either or both terms, although national associations in Australia and New Zealand now primarily use football for the formal name. According to FIFA, the Chinese competitive game cuju is the earliest form of football for which there is scientific evidence, cuju players could use any part of the body apart from hands and the intent was kicking a ball through an opening into a net. It was remarkably similar to football, though similarities to rugby occurred. During the Han Dynasty, cuju games were standardised and rules were established, phaininda and episkyros were Greek ball games. An image of an episkyros player depicted in low relief on a vase at the National Archaeological Museum of Athens appears on the UEFA European Championship Cup, athenaeus, writing in 228 AD, referenced the Roman ball game harpastum. Phaininda, episkyros and harpastum were played involving hands and violence and they all appear to have resembled rugby football, wrestling and volleyball more than what is recognizable as modern football. As with pre-codified mob football, the antecedent of all football codes. Non-competitive games included kemari in Japan, chuk-guk in Korea and woggabaliri in Australia, Association football in itself does not have a classical history. Notwithstanding any similarities to other games played around the world FIFA have recognised that no historical connection exists with any game played in antiquity outside Europe. The modern rules of football are based on the mid-19th century efforts to standardise the widely varying forms of football played in the public schools of England
35.
Ranaghat Junction railway station
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Ranaghat is a Kolkata Suburban Railway Junction Station on the Sealdah-Ranaghat line, the Lalgola branch line, the Gede branch line and the Ranaghat-Bangaon link line. It is located in Nadia district in the Indian state of West Bengal and it serves Ranaghat and the surrounding areas. The Calcutta -Kusthia line of Eastern Bengal Railway was opened to traffic in 1862. Eastern Bengal Railway worked on the side of the Hooghly River. The Ranaghat-Bangaon link was constructed in 1882–84 by the Bengal Central Railway Company The Ranaghat-Lalgola branch line was opened in 1905, the Sealdah-Ranaghat sector was electrified in 1963-64. The Ranaghat-Shantipur sector was electrified in 1963-64, the Kalinarayanpur-Krishnanagar City sector was electrified in 1964-65. The Ranaghat-Gede line was electrified in 1999-2000. The Ranaghat-Lalgola Section has been electrified on the 2010s and it can handle the turn around maintenance of three trains. Trains from Sealdah to Ranaghat Trains from Ranaghat to Sealdah Trains from Ranaghat to Lalgola Trains from Ranaghat to Gede Trains from Ranaghat to Bangaon
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Shantipur
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Shantipur is a city and a municipality in Nadia district in the Indian state of West Bengal. This small town has been declared a city recently, the fort area of this city, also known as Daak-Gharh is thought to have been built by Raja Krishnachandra of Nadia. Babla is one of famous place for pilgrims, Shantipur is located at 23. 25°N88. 43°E /23.25,88.43. It has an elevation of 15 metres. Santipur is famous for handloom sarees from ancient times, after the partition of India, many weavers came from Dhaka of Bangladesh and started to reside here in Phulia region, which is a Panchayat area of Santipur. In the 2011 census, Shantipur Urban Agglomeration had a population of 288,718, the 0–6 years population was 24,006. Effective literacy rate for the 7+ population was 82.67 per cent, as of 2001 India census, Shantipur had a population of 138,195. Males constitute 51% of the population and females 49%, Shantipur has an average literacy rate of 64%, higher than the national average of 59. 5%, male literacy is 69%, and female literacy is 58%. In Shantipur, 12% of the population is under 6 years of age, hinduism is majority religion in Santipur city with 79.15 % followers. Islam is second most popular religion in city of Santipur with approximately 20.25 % following it. In Santipur city, Christinity is followed by 0.04 %, Jainism by 0.01 %, Sikhism by 0.02 %, around 0.42 % stated Other Religion, approximately 0.11 % stated No Particular Religion. Since ancient times, Shantipur and the region has been famous for handloom saris. The handloom weaving style unique to this region are known as Santipuri Sari. After the partition of India, Bengal was split into two major regions, West Bengal became a part of India and East Bengal became East Pakistan. Many skilled weavers from Dhaka, in current day Bangladesh, migrated into West Bengal and settled around the cities of Shantipur, both are traditionally renowned centers for producing hand-woven fabrics sold throughout the country. Through government support for Indian handicrafts and arts, the community slowly grew. Saris and finely woven textiles are still being produced in the same traditional method today. One can find the patterns and colors found in ancient times still reflected in the garments produced in the vast textile belt of Shantipur, Phulia, Samudragarh, Dhatrigram, each center produces superb fabrics in its own variation of the Shantipuri style of weaving
India
Ranaghat travel guide from Wikivoyage
