Rancid is an American punk rock band formed in Berkeley, California in 1991. Founded by former members of the band Operation Ivy, Rancid is credited as being among the wave of bands which revived mainstream interest in punk rock in the United States during the mid-1990s. Over their 29-year career, Rancid remained signed to an independent record label and retained much of its original fan-base, most of, connected to its underground musical roots. Rancid has had two lineup changes since its inception, with Tim Armstrong and Matt Freeman being the only continuous members, their current lineup consists of Armstrong on guitar and vocals, Freeman on bass and vocals, Lars Frederiksen on guitar and vocals, Branden Steineckert on drums. The band was formed by Armstrong and former drummer Brett Reed, who left the band in 2006 and was replaced by Steineckert; this lineup recorded their first album, with Frederiksen joining the band on their subsequent tour. To date, Rancid has released nine studio albums, one split album, one compilation, two extended plays, a series of live online-only albums, has been featured on a number of compilation albums.

The band has independently sold over four million records worldwide, making it one of the most successful independent punk rock groups of all time. The band rose to fame in 1994 with its second studio album, Let's Go, featuring the single "Salvation". In the following year, Rancid released its successful album... And Out Come the Wolves, which produced its best-known songs "Roots Radicals", "Ruby Soho" and "Time Bomb", was certified gold and platinum by the RIAA, selling over one million copies in the United States alone, its next five albums – Life Won't Wait, Indestructible, Let the Dominoes Fall and... Honor Is All We Know – were critically acclaimed, though not as successful as... And Out Come the Wolves, their most recent studio album, Trouble Maker, was released on June 9, 2017, they are working on a follow-up album for a tentative 2020 or 2021 release. Childhood friends Tim Armstrong and Matt Freeman grew up together in the small, working-class town of Albany, near Berkeley; the two had been playing together in the influential ska punk band Operation Ivy from 1987 to 1989.

The band became popular in the punk scene at 924 Gilman Street, a club and concert venue featuring Bay Area punk bands. When Operation Ivy broke up, Armstrong and Freeman decided to form a new band, formed a ska punk band called Downfall, which disbanded after a few months, they started a hardcore punk band called Generator, which disbanded shortly after. They started the ska influenced Dance Hall Crashers, though left the band shortly after it was formed. During this time, Armstrong was struggling with alcoholism, to keep him focused on other interests, Freeman suggested they form a new band. In 1991, they formed Rancid. A few months after the band's inception, Rancid began performing around the Berkeley area, developed a fan following. Rancid's first recorded release was a 1992 EP for Operation Ivy's old label Lookout! Records. Shortly after releasing the extended play, the band left Lookout! and was signed to Bad Religion guitarist Brett Gurewitz's record label, Epitaph Records. Rancid released its self-titled debut album through Epitaph in 1993.

While Rancid was writing for a follow-up album, Billie Joe Armstrong joined them to co-write the song "Radio", which resulted in Armstrong playing a live performance with Rancid. Tim had asked Lars Frederiksen to be Rancid's second guitarist, but he turned down the request as he was playing with the UK Subs at the time. After Billie Joe turned down the request, Frederiksen joined Rancid. Frederiksen played with the band on its second studio album Let's Go; that year, The Offspring, experienced huge success with its album Smash. Rancid supported the Offspring's 1994 tour, which helped Let's Go reach number 97 on Billboard's Heatseekers and the Billboard 200 charts, respectively; the album provided its first widespread exposure when MTV broadcast the video for the single "Salvation." Let's Go was certified gold on July 7, 2000, with the success of the album, the band was pursued by a number of major record labels, including Madonna's label Maverick Records. Many rumors circulated during this time period.

Some of the rumors were Epitaph employees were not allowed to discuss matters with the press, Rancid convinced an A&R man from Epic to shave a blue mohawk, Madonna sent the band nude pictures of herself. The band decided to remain signed to Epitaph, the next year released its third album... And Out Come the Wolves on August 22, 1995; the album surpassed Let's Go in terms of success, reached number 45 on the Billboard 200 album chart. On January 22, 1996, the album was certified gold; the album received positive reviews, Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic described the album as having "classic moments of revivalist punk". Erlewine praised the music and claims the album "doesn't mark an isolationist retreat into didactic, defiantly underground punk rock". Three of the album's singles, "Roots Radicals", "Time Bomb", "Ruby Soho" all charted on the Billboard Modern Rock Tracks, earned Rancid its heaviest airplay on MTV and radio stations to date; the band performed "Roots Radicals" and "Ruby Soho" on Saturday Night Live.

After two years of touring for... And Out Come the Wolves, Rancid returned to the studio in 1997 to begin recording its fourth studio album, Life Won't Wait, released on June 30, 1998; the album branched out from Rancid's previous musical styles, combined punk rock with elemen

The littoral rock thrush, is a species of bird in the family Muscicapidae. It is endemic to Madagascar; when Gustav Hartlaub first described the littoral rock thrush in 1860, he assigned it to the genus Cossypha, believing it to be a robin-chat. It is monotypic, with no distinctive subspecies in its small range; as with the other rock thrushes, the littoral rock thrush is sexually dimorphic. He is pale gray on the head, breast and wing coverts, with dull orange underparts, gray-brown wings and a dark brown tail. Endemic to Madagascar, the littoral rock thrush is found only in the country's southern coastal region, from the Onilahy River to Lake Anony, just to the west of Tôlanaro, it prefers euphorbia bushes and low shrubs on sandy substrate or coral rag, is found at elevations ranging from sea level to 200 m. Although the littoral rock thrush has a restricted range, its population appears to be stable, the IUCN lists it as a species of Least Concern. However, the scrub habitat which it prefers is among the most degraded in Madagascar, its population centers are outside of protected areas.

Threats included clearing of scrub for agriculture, logging for firewood, the presence of roaming livestock

Flesh for Lulu was an English rock band formed in Brixton, England, active between 1982 and 1992. They reformed from 2013 to 2015 with a new lineup, their music was a mix of the New York Dolls and the Rolling Stones, with gothic rock's gloomy atmosphere and aesthetics, while encompassing shades of punk, pop and western, Marc Bolan, David Bowie and garage. Nick Marsh and James Mitchell formed the band and soon recruited Rocco Barker, Glen Bishop, taking their name from an American cult movie. After a well received John Peel session, they signed to Polydor Records in 1983, soon thereafter, bassist Glen Bishop left to join Under Two Flags, was replaced by Kevin Mills, their first EP, "Roman Candle" did well, but the label dropped them a year after their eponymous first album failed to find any commercial success. In 1985, the band signed to Hybrid Records and released a mini LP, Blue Sisters Swing, produced with Craig Leon; the cover image of two nuns kissing resulted in the album being banned in the United States and Europe.

Flesh for Lulu joined Statik Records, who released Big Fun City that year. The following year, the band signed to Beggars Banquet Records, their song "I Go Crazy" was featured in Some Kind of Wonderful and received some airplay on American college rock radio stations; this allowed Flesh for Lulu to sustain a successful tour of the US. In 1989, "Decline and Fall" became a top 15 hit on the new Modern Rock Tracks chart; the next year, "Time and Space" written by newest member Del Strangefish became their biggest US hit, reaching the top 10 of the Modern Rock chart, but the song failed to chart on any other US chart. After Capitol Records dropped the band, a record deal with Hollywood Records fell through; the band disbanded soon after with singer Nick Marsh stating, "The reason Flesh split up is because there wasn't a definite...to coin the oldest cliché of them all, there were musical differences. That's true, there were two separate trains of thought." The song "Postcards from Paradise" was covered by Paul Westerberg as a secret bonus track on his 2002 album Stereo.

The Goo Goo Dolls covered the same song, part of a "deluxe edition" release of their 2010 album Something for the Rest of Us available on the band's website. In 1996, Nick Marsh and Rocco formed a new band they called Gigantic, recruiting Dave Blair on bass and Al Fletcher on drums. Columbia Records signed them, put them on tour with the Goo Goo Dolls and Bush, their first album was a commercial flop, the group disbanded in 1998. After the breakup of Gigantic, Nick Marsh released a solo album and performed with the bourbon-soaked gypsy bop and stroll band Urban Voodoo Machine. Rocco joined a band called The Space Police with reggae/jungle artist General Levy and Italian keyboardist and producer Dr. Cat. In 2007, Gigantic's one and only album, Disenchanted released in 1996 on Columbia Records, was repackaged and reissued on Corporate Risk as Gigantic under the Flesh for Lulu name. A single titled'Phenomenal' was released in 1997, the track did not appear on the 1996 album. Rocco was featured on the Channel 4 series A Place in Spain: Costa Chaos.

In 2013, Nick Marsh reformed Flesh for Lulu with a new line-up consisting of Marsh, Mark Bishop, Keith McAndrew and Will Crewdson. Marsh died on 5 June 2015 from cancer. Roman Candle EP Flesh for Lulu Blue Sisters Swing EP Big Fun City Idol EP Long Live the New Flesh Plastic Fantastic Gigantic The Best of Flesh For Lulu "Roman Candle" "Subterraneans" "Restless" "Baby Hurricane" "Idol" "I Go Crazy" "Siamese Twist" "Postcards from Paradise" "Decline and Fall" "Time and Space" "Every Little Word" "She Was" "Cold Flame/Big Love" Nintendo: White Knuckle Scorin' "She Was" Some Kind of Wonderful "I Go Crazy" Uncle Buck "Slide", "Slowdown" Flashback "Next Time" The Next Karate Kid "Mystic Trader" Official band website FFL fan site Nick Marsh's site

Braden v. United States, 365 U. S. 431, was a case in which the Supreme Court of the United States held that the conviction of the petitioner, Carl Braden, based on his refusal to answer questions posed to him by the House Un-American Activities Committee, did not violate his First Amendment rights and was constitutional. The House Un-American Activities Committee was a committee within the United States House of Representatives dedicated to identifying agents of Fascism or Communism, ideologies deemed "un-American". With the end of World War II and the rise of the Cold War, HUAC, now a standing committee, became more narrowly focused on Communist activities. While HUAC was a political asset to some of its members, its activities were controversial, to the point where former President Harry S. Truman called it the "most un-American thing in the country today" in 1959. By 1975 it would be disbanded. Despite the controversy, the HUAC was still active in 1961, when it was investigating allegations of "Communist infiltration into basic industries in the South and Communist Party propaganda activities in the South".

Among the witnesses called in this investigation was Carl Braden. However, when Braden was questioned by the committee, he refused to answer, based on his assertion that the questions were not relevant to the committee, that the questions violated his First Amendment rights, he was convicted under 2 U. S. C. § 192, which makes it a misdemeanor offence to refuse to answer "pertinent" questions posed by the committee. Braden's conviction was sustained and held that the conviction was based on his refusal to answer questions posed to him by the HUAC and did not violate his First Amendment rights and was therefore constitutional. Wilkinson v. United States, 365 U. S. 399 Text of Braden v. United States, 365 U. S. 431 is available from: Justia Library of Congress Oyez

Summer Britcher is an American luger who earned a place on the Olympic team to compete at the 2014 Winter Olympics. Britcher is the daughter of Carrie Britcher and Baltimore City Fire Department Battalion Chief William Britcher, she first became involved in luge at age 11, when she spoke to Gordy Sheer of USA Luge at a promotional/scouting event called the Luge Challenge at the Ski Liberty in Pennsylvania. Sheer suggested. Britcher moved to Lake Placid to train. Britcher attended Susquehannock High School in Glen Rock, where she played on the soccer and tennis teams. Britcher won a gold medal in the team relay at the 2012 Youth Winter Olympics, she placed fifth place in the girls' individual event at those Games. Britcher placed first in the 2013 U. S. Junior National Championship. Summer Britcher at International Olympic Committee Summer Britcher at United States Olympic & Paralympic Committee Summer Britcher at Olympics at Sports-Reference.com Summer Britcher at FIL USA Luge.org profile

The Austrian Green Party is a green political party in Austria. The party was founded in 1986 under the name "Green Alternative", following the merger of the more conservative Green party Vereinte Grüne Österreichs and the more progressive party Alternative Liste Österreichs. Since 1993, the party has carried the official name Die Grünen – Die Grüne Alternative, but refers to itself in English as "Austrian Greens". There are still differences between the former members of the old Alternative and VGÖ factions within the party, reflected in the differing approaches of the national and state parties. Apart from ecological issues such as environmental protection, the Greens campaign for the rights of minorities and advocate a socio-ecological tax reform, their basic values according to their charter in 2001 are: "direct democracy, ecology, solidarity and self-determination". The party is a member of the European Green Global Greens. While the Austrian Green movement began in 1978 with the successful campaign to prevent the opening of the nuclear power plant in Zwentendorf, the Green Party was born in 1984 during the sit-in protests which prevented the Danube power plant at Hainburg from being built.

In the 1986 parliamentary elections the Green Party started off with 4.82% of all votes cast and entered parliament with eight National Council mandates. In the early elections to National Council in 2002, the Green Party nationwide received 9.47% of votes, won 17 mandates to the National Council. At that time, it was the highest number of votes garnered by any European Green party; when the Greens took their seats in parliament for the first time, they chose to appear somewhat unconventional. They refused to adapt their behaviour to that of the other parties. Delegates would appear in parliament dressed in casual wear such as trainers. Worldwide attention was drawn when the Green delegate Andreas Wabl hoisted a swastika flag on the speakers podium in the Austrian parliament, protesting against Federal President Kurt Waldheim. After the national election in 2002, the Greens entered into preliminary negotiations about a possible coalition government with the conservative ÖVP. During negotiations, party leadership was accused of internally black-mailing skeptical members.

Negotiations between the two parties were subsequently called off, after the results with the ÖVP were not sufficient. The Green youth organisation Grünalternative Jugend occupied the rooms of the Green parliamentary club in the Austrian parliament building in protest. In 2003 three Green federal counsellors formed their own club in the Upper House Federal Council of Parliament. After the 2006 elections the Greens gained four seats and ended up with 21 seats and became the third largest party in Parliament, however did not have enough mandates to form a coalition government with either the Austrian People's Party or Social Democratic Party and became the largest opposition party, while the SPÖ and ÖVP formed a grand coalition government; the party suffered from internal struggles in 2017, losing its Youth wing and experiencing a split of Peter Pilz faction, forming the JETZ movement. The 2017 legislative election saw a collapse for the party, scoring only 3.8% and losing its representation in the Nationalrat for the first time since 1986.

Following the results, party spokesman Ingrid Felipe resigned from her post and was replaced by Werner Kogler. The party saw a revival in the 2019 European election, in which they scored 14.1% and elected 2 MEPs. These election saw the collapse of JETZ, whose voters have returned to The Greens; the party later this year, experienced a strong recovery and performed better well leading up to the 2019 snap legislative election, the Greens returned to the National Council with their best result in a legislative election, scoring 13.9% and electing 26 MPs, an upswing of 10.2% from 2017. The chart below shows the Chancellors of Austria; the left green bar shows all the chairpersons of the Green party, the right bar shows the corresponding make-up of the Austrian government at that time. The red, dark gray, black colours correspond to which party led the federal government; the last names of the respective chancellors are shown, the Roman numeral stands for the cabinets. The Green party entered the parliaments or assemblies of Austrian federal states and communal governments.

Following is an analysis of the party on the federal state level: The Burgenland Greens were able to take their seats in the federal state parliament for the first time in 2000. The party received 5.49 % of the tally. In the federal state elections in 2005 these two seats were reaffirmed with 5.21% received of all votes cast. In the southernmost federal state Carinthia, different Green parties ran state elections: the KEL/AL in 1984, Anderes Kärnten in 1989 and 1994, Demokratie 99 in 1999; these parties were, never able to enter the federal state assembly, since the Carinthian voting system requires a party to win a direct manda