1.
Privately held company
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More ambiguous terms for a privately held company are unquoted company and unlisted company. Though less visible than their publicly traded counterparts, private companies have major importance in the worlds economy. In 2008, the 441 largest private companies in the United States accounted for US$1,800,000,000,000 in revenues and employed 6.2 million people, according to Forbes. In 2004, the Forbes count of privately held U. S. businesses with at least $1 billion in revenue was 305, cargill, Koch Industries, Bechtel, Publix, Pilot Corp. Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu, Hearst Corporation, Cox Enterprises, S. C, johnson, McWane, Carlson Companies, and Mars are among the largest privately held companies in the United States. In the broadest sense, the private corporation refers to any business not owned by the state. This usage is found in former communist countries to differentiate from former state-owned enterprises. In the United States, the privately held company is more often used to describe for-profit enterprises whose shares are not traded on the stock market. In countries with public trading markets, a privately held business is taken to mean one whose ownership shares or interests are not publicly traded. Often, privately held companies are owned by the company founders and/or their families, sometimes employees also hold shares of private companies. Most small businesses are privately held, Private companies may be called corporations, limited companies, limited liability companies, unlimited companies, or other names, depending on where and how they are organized and structured. In the United States, but not generally in the United Kingdom, privately held companies generally have fewer or less comprehensive reporting requirements and obligations for transparency, via annual reports, etc. than publicly traded companies do. For example, in the United States, unlike in Europe, in addition, private company executives may steer their ships without shareholder approval, allowing them to take significant action without delays. There is a requirement for large proprietary companies, which are required to lodge Form 388H to the ASIC containing their financial report. In the United States, private companies are held to different accounting auditing standards than are public companies, other companies, like Sageworks, provide aggregated data on privately held companies, segmented by industry code. Privately held companies also sometimes have restrictions on how many shareholders they may have, for example, the U. S. Securities Exchange Act of 1934, section 12, limits a privately held company, generally, to fewer than 2000 shareholders, and the U. S. Investment Company Act of 1940, requires registration of investment companies that have more than 100 holders, in Australia, section 113 of the Corporations Act 2001 limits a privately held company to fifty non-employee shareholders. Private enterprises comprise the sector of an economy
2.
Chicago
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Chicago, officially the City of Chicago, is the third-most populous city in the United States. With over 2.7 million residents, it is the most populous city in the state of Illinois, and it is the county seat of Cook County. In 2012, Chicago was listed as a global city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network. Chicago has the third-largest gross metropolitan product in the United States—about $640 billion according to 2015 estimates, the city has one of the worlds largest and most diversified economies with no single industry employing more than 14% of the workforce. In 2016, Chicago hosted over 54 million domestic and international visitors, landmarks in the city include Millennium Park, Navy Pier, the Magnificent Mile, Art Institute of Chicago, Museum Campus, the Willis Tower, Museum of Science and Industry, and Lincoln Park Zoo. Chicagos culture includes the arts, novels, film, theater, especially improvisational comedy. Chicago also has sports teams in each of the major professional leagues. The city has many nicknames, the best-known being the Windy City, the name Chicago is derived from a French rendering of the Native American word shikaakwa, known to botanists as Allium tricoccum, from the Miami-Illinois language. The first known reference to the site of the current city of Chicago as Checagou was by Robert de LaSalle around 1679 in a memoir, henri Joutel, in his journal of 1688, noted that the wild garlic, called chicagoua, grew abundantly in the area. In the mid-18th century, the area was inhabited by a Native American tribe known as the Potawatomi, the first known non-indigenous permanent settler in Chicago was Jean Baptiste Point du Sable. Du Sable was of African and French descent and arrived in the 1780s and he is commonly known as the Founder of Chicago. In 1803, the United States Army built Fort Dearborn, which was destroyed in 1812 in the Battle of Fort Dearborn, the Ottawa, Ojibwe, and Potawatomi tribes had ceded additional land to the United States in the 1816 Treaty of St. Louis. The Potawatomi were forcibly removed from their land after the Treaty of Chicago in 1833, on August 12,1833, the Town of Chicago was organized with a population of about 200. Within seven years it grew to more than 4,000 people, on June 15,1835, the first public land sales began with Edmund Dick Taylor as U. S. The City of Chicago was incorporated on Saturday, March 4,1837, as the site of the Chicago Portage, the city became an important transportation hub between the eastern and western United States. Chicagos first railway, Galena and Chicago Union Railroad, and the Illinois, the canal allowed steamboats and sailing ships on the Great Lakes to connect to the Mississippi River. A flourishing economy brought residents from rural communities and immigrants from abroad, manufacturing and retail and finance sectors became dominant, influencing the American economy. The Chicago Board of Trade listed the first ever standardized exchange traded forward contracts and these issues also helped propel another Illinoisan, Abraham Lincoln, to the national stage
3.
Illinois
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Illinois is a state in the midwestern region of the United States, achieving statehood in 1818. It is the 6th most populous state and 25th largest state in terms of land area, the word Illinois comes from a French rendering of a native Algonquin word. For decades, OHare International Airport has been ranked as one of the worlds busiest airports, Illinois has long had a reputation as a bellwether both in social and cultural terms and politics. With the War of 1812 Illinois growth slowed as both Native Americans and Canadian forces often raided the American Frontier, mineral finds and timber stands also had spurred immigration—by the 1810s, the Eastern U. S. Railroads arose and matured in the 1840s, and soon carried immigrants to new homes in Illinois, as well as being a resource to ship their commodity crops out to markets. Railroads freed most of the land of Illinois and other states from the tyranny of water transport. By 1900, the growth of jobs in the northern cities and coal mining in the central and southern areas attracted a new group of immigrants. Illinois was an important manufacturing center during both world wars, the Great Migration from the South established a large community of African Americans in Chicago, who created the citys famous jazz and blues cultures. Three U. S. presidents have been elected while living in Illinois, Abraham Lincoln, Ulysses S. Grant, additionally, Ronald Reagan, whose political career was based in California, was the only U. S. president born and raised in Illinois. Today, Illinois honors Lincoln with its official slogan, Land of Lincoln. The Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum is located in the capital of Springfield. Illinois is the spelling for the early French Catholic missionaries and explorers name for the Illinois Native Americans. American scholars previously thought the name Illinois meant man or men in the Miami-Illinois language and this etymology is not supported by the Illinois language, as the word for man is ireniwa and plural men is ireniwaki. The name Illiniwek has also said to mean tribe of superior men. The name Illinois derives from the Miami-Illinois verb irenwe·wa he speaks the regular way and this was taken into the Ojibwe language, perhaps in the Ottawa dialect, and modified into ilinwe·. The French borrowed these forms, changing the ending to spell it as -ois. The current spelling form, Illinois, began to appear in the early 1670s, the Illinois name for themselves, as attested in all three of the French missionary-period dictionaries of Illinois, was Inoka, of unknown meaning and unrelated to the other terms. American Indians of successive cultures lived along the waterways of the Illinois area for thousands of years before the arrival of Europeans, the Koster Site has been excavated and demonstrates 7,000 years of continuous habitation
4.
Skokie, Illinois
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Skokie is a village in Cook County, Illinois, United States. Its name comes from a Potawatomi word for marsh, a Chicago suburb, for many years Skokie promoted itself as The Worlds Largest Village. Its population, according to the 2010 census, was 64,784, Skokie was originally a German-Luxembourger farming community, but was later settled by a sizeable Jewish population, especially after World War II. At its peak in the mid-1960s, 58% of the population was Jewish, in recent years, several synagogues and Jewish schools have closed. However, Skokie still has a very large Jewish population and it is home to the Illinois Holocaust Museum and Education Center, which opened in northwest Skokie in 2009. Skokie has received national attention twice for court cases decided by the United States Supreme Court, in the mid-1970s, it was at the center of a case concerning the First Amendment right to assemble and the National Socialist Party of America, a neo-Nazi group. In 2001, although Skokie was not a party to the case. According to the 2010 census, Skokie has an area of 10.06 square miles. The east-west streets continue Evanstons street names, but with Chicago grid values, such that, Evanstons Dempster Street is 8800 north, in 1888, the community was incorporated as Niles Centre. About 1910, the spelling was Americanized to Niles Center, however, the name caused postal confusion with the neighboring village of Niles. A village-renaming campaign began in the 1930s, in a referendum on November 15,1940, residents chose the Indian name Skokie over the name Devonshire. During the real boom of the 1920s, large parcels were subdivided, many two- and three-flat apartment buildings were built. Large-scale development ended as a result of the Great Crash of 1929 and it was not until the 1940s and the 1950s, when parents of the baby boom generation moved their families out of Chicago, that Skokies housing development began again. Consequently, the village developed commercially, an example being the Old Orchard Shopping Center, peter Catholic Cemetery, a block north of Oakton Avenue in the town. The first African-American family to move to Skokie arrived in 1961, the name of the town was changed from Niles Center to Skokie by referendum in 1940. Maps long named the Skokie marsh as Chewab Skokie, a derivation from Kitchi-wap choku. Virgil Vogels Indian Place Names in Illinois records the name Skokie as deriving directly from skoutay or scoti, the reference is to the fact that marshy grasslands, such as occurred in the Skokie region, were burned by the Indians to flush out the game. Porter supported the name Skokie in the referendum when he returned to America, twice in its history, Skokie has been the focal point of cases before the United States Supreme Court
5.
Map
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A map is a symbolic depiction emphasizing relationships between elements of some space, such as objects, regions, or themes. Many maps are static, fixed to paper or some other durable medium, although the earliest maps known are of the heavens, geographic maps of territory have a very long tradition and exist from ancient times. The word map comes from the medieval Latin Mappa mundi, wherein mappa meant napkin or cloth, thus, map became the shortened term referring to a two-dimensional representation of the surface of the world. Cartography or map-making is the study and practice of crafting representations of the Earth upon a flat surface, in addition to location information maps may also be used to portray contour lines indicating constant values of elevation, temperature, rainfall, etc. The orientation of a map is the relationship between the directions on the map and the compass directions in reality. The word orient is derived from Latin oriens, meaning East, in the Middle Ages many maps, including the T and O maps, were drawn with East at the top. Today, the most common – but far from universal – cartographic convention is that North is at the top of a map, several kinds of maps are often traditionally not oriented with North at the top, Maps from non-Western traditions are oriented a variety of ways. Old maps of Edo show the Japanese imperial palace as the top, labels on the map are oriented in such a way that you cannot read them properly unless you put the imperial palace above your head. Medieval European T and O maps such as the Hereford Mappa Mundi were centred on Jerusalem with East at the top, indeed, prior to the reintroduction of Ptolemys Geography to Europe around 1400, there was no single convention in the West. Portolan charts, for example, are oriented to the shores they describe, Maps of cities bordering a sea are often conventionally oriented with the sea at the top. Route and channel maps have traditionally been oriented to the road or waterway they describe, polar maps of the Arctic or Antarctic regions are conventionally centred on the pole, the direction North would be towards or away from the centre of the map, respectively. Typical maps of the Arctic have 0° meridian towards the bottom of the page, reversed maps, also known as Upside-Down maps or South-Up maps, reverse the North is up convention and have south at the top. Buckminster Fullers Dymaxion maps are based on a projection of the Earths sphere onto an icosahedron, the resulting triangular pieces may be arranged in any order or orientation. Modern digital GIS maps such as ArcMap typically project north at the top of the map, compass decimal degrees can be converted to math degrees by subtracting them from 450, if the answer is greater than 360, subtract 360. The scale statement may be taken as exact when the region mapped is small enough for the curvature of the Earth to be neglected, over larger regions where the curvature cannot be ignored we must use map projections from the curved surface of the Earth to the plane. Thus for map projections we must introduce the concept of point scale, which is a function of position, although the scale statement is nominal it is usually accurate enough for all but the most precise of measurements. Large scale maps, say 1,10,000, cover relatively small regions in detail and small scale maps, say 1,10,000,000, cover large regions such as nations, continents. The large/small terminology arose from the practice of writing scales as numerical fractions, there is no exact dividing line between large and small but 1/100,000 might well be considered as a medium scale
6.
Atlas
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An atlas is a collection of maps, it is typically a map of Earth or a region of Earth, but there are atlases of the other planets in the Solar System. Furthermore, atlases of anatomy exist, mapping out the body or other organisms. Atlases have traditionally been bound into book form, but today many atlases are in multimedia formats, in addition to presenting geographic features and political boundaries, many atlases often feature geopolitical, social, religious and economic statistics. They also have information about the map and places in it, the use of the word atlas in a geographical context dates from 1595 when the geographer Gerardus Mercator published Atlas Sive Cosmographicae Meditationes de Fabrica Mundi et Fabricati Figura. This title provides Mercators definition of the word as a description of the creation and form of the whole universe, nonetheless, this distinction is conventionally awarded to the Flemish cartographer Abraham Ortelius who in 1570 published the collection of maps Theatrum Orbis Terrarum. A travel atlas is made for use during travel. It has maps at a large zoom so the maps can be reviewed easily, a travel atlas may also be referred to as a road map. A desk atlas is made similar to a reference book and it may be in hardback or paperback form. With the coming of the market, publishers in different countries can reprint maps from places made elsewhere. This means that the names on the maps often use the designations or abbreviations of the language of the country in which the feature is located. For example, islands near Russia have the abbreviation O. for ostrov and this practice differs from what is standard for any given language, and it reaches its extremity concerning transliterations from other languages. In particular, German mapmakers use the transliterations from Cyrillic developed by the Czechs, national Geographic MapMachine History of atlases Atlases, at the US Library of Congress site - a discussion of many significant atlases, with some illustrations. Part of Geography and Maps, an Illustrated Guide, Historical atlases online Centennia Historical Atlas required reading at the US Naval Academy for over a decade. Manuscript Atlases held by the University of Pennsylvania Libraries - fully digitized with descriptions, Historical Altas in Persuasive Cartography, The PJ Mode Collection, Cornell University Library Other links Google Earth, a visual 3D interactive atlas. Wikimapia a wikiproject designed to describe the entire world
7.
Software
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Computer software, or simply software, is that part of a computer system that consists of data or computer instructions, in contrast to the physical hardware from which the system is built. In computer science and software engineering, computer software is all information processed by computer systems, programs, computer software includes computer programs, libraries and related non-executable data, such as online documentation or digital media. Computer hardware and software require each other and neither can be used on its own. At the lowest level, executable code consists of machine language instructions specific to an individual processor—typically a central processing unit, a machine language consists of groups of binary values signifying processor instructions that change the state of the computer from its preceding state. For example, an instruction may change the value stored in a storage location in the computer—an effect that is not directly observable to the user. An instruction may also cause something to appear on a display of the computer system—a state change which should be visible to the user. The processor carries out the instructions in the order they are provided, unless it is instructed to jump to a different instruction, the majority of software is written in high-level programming languages that are easier and more efficient for programmers, meaning closer to a natural language. High-level languages are translated into machine language using a compiler or an interpreter or a combination of the two, an outline for what would have been the first piece of software was written by Ada Lovelace in the 19th century, for the planned Analytical Engine. However, neither the Analytical Engine nor any software for it were ever created, the first theory about software—prior to creation of computers as we know them today—was proposed by Alan Turing in his 1935 essay Computable numbers with an application to the Entscheidungsproblem. This eventually led to the creation of the academic fields of computer science and software engineering. Computer science is more theoretical, whereas software engineering focuses on practical concerns. However, prior to 1946, software as we now understand it—programs stored in the memory of stored-program digital computers—did not yet exist, the first electronic computing devices were instead rewired in order to reprogram them. On virtually all platforms, software can be grouped into a few broad categories. There are many different types of software, because the range of tasks that can be performed with a modern computer is so large—see list of software. System software includes, Operating systems, which are collections of software that manage resources and provides common services for other software that runs on top of them. Supervisory programs, boot loaders, shells and window systems are parts of operating systems. In practice, an operating system bundled with additional software so that a user can potentially do some work with a computer that only has an operating system. Device drivers, which operate or control a particular type of device that is attached to a computer, utilities, which are computer programs designed to assist users in the maintenance and care of their computers
8.
Lynn Tilton
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Lynn G. Tilton is an American businesswoman and collateralized loan obligation creator, owner and manager. She is the executive officer and sole principal of Patriarch Partners, LLC and its affiliated entities. She worked for Goldman, Sachs and Merrill Lynch as an investment banker, Tilton was born in The Bronx, raised in Teaneck, New Jersey and attended Teaneck High School, where she played on the tennis team. Her father, Jerry Garfinkle, was a New York City schoolteacher and he died of a brain tumor during her junior year in college. She obtained a BA degree in American Studies from Yale University in 1981, Tilton began her career at Morgan Stanley in 1981. She also worked for Goldman, Sachs & Co. and Merrill Lynch as an investment banker until 1989, since 2000, through Patriarch Partners affiliated funds, Tilton has had ownership in and restructured more than 240 companies with combined revenues of $100 billion. She is also Chairman and CEO of MD Helicopters, Inc, in October 2011, Tilton was interviewed by Barbara Walters for a 20/20 special. She appears periodically on CNBC and is a contributor to The Huffington Post. On January 21,2011 Lynn Tilton was honored as “Aviation Entrepreneur of the Year” at the 8th Annual Living Legends of Aviation Awards ceremony at the Beverly Hilton in Beverly Hills, the award was presented at the National Diversity Woman Business Leadership Conference. On November 19,2014 Lynn Tilton was presented with the Business Womens Entrepreneurship Day Pioneer Award at the United Nations. On September 5,2014 Lynn Tilton was awarded the Intercollegiate Tennis Association Achievement Award at the ITHF Board of Directors Meeting at the Grand Hyatt Hotel in New York. The ITA Achievement Award pays tribute each year to past participants in the world of varsity tennis who have achieved excellence in their chosen careers. The spirit of the honors both professional success and contributions to society, made either as a direct result of a career or through humanitarian efforts. In March 2015, the U. S. Securities and Exchange Commission charged Tilton with defrauding her collateralized loan obligation investors and she filed a lawsuit against the SEC on April 1,2015 to stop the SEC from pursuing the charges against her. She lives in Rumson, New Jersey and Highland Beach, Florida, Patriarch Partners Lynn Tilton on Twitter CNBC TV Profiles - Lynn Tilton Lynn Tilton on an NPR podcast,2010 Lynn Tilton on Bloomberg News Jan 2017
9.
Technology
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Technology is the collection of techniques, skills, methods and processes used in the production of goods or services or in the accomplishment of objectives, such as scientific investigation. Technology can be the knowledge of techniques, processes, and the like, the human species use of technology began with the conversion of natural resources into simple tools. The steady progress of technology has brought weapons of ever-increasing destructive power. It has helped develop more advanced economies and has allowed the rise of a leisure class, many technological processes produce unwanted by-products known as pollution and deplete natural resources to the detriment of Earths environment. Various implementations of technology influence the values of a society and raise new questions of the ethics of technology, examples include the rise of the notion of efficiency in terms of human productivity, and the challenges of bioethics. Philosophical debates have arisen over the use of technology, with disagreements over whether technology improves the condition or worsens it. The use of the technology has changed significantly over the last 200 years. Before the 20th century, the term was uncommon in English, the term was often connected to technical education, as in the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. The term technology rose to prominence in the 20th century in connection with the Second Industrial Revolution, the terms meanings changed in the early 20th century when American social scientists, beginning with Thorstein Veblen, translated ideas from the German concept of Technik into technology. In German and other European languages, a distinction exists between technik and technologie that is absent in English, which translates both terms as technology. By the 1930s, technology referred not only to the study of the industrial arts, dictionaries and scholars have offered a variety of definitions. Ursula Franklin, in her 1989 Real World of Technology lecture, gave another definition of the concept, it is practice, the way we do things around here. The term is used to imply a specific field of technology, or to refer to high technology or just consumer electronics. Bernard Stiegler, in Technics and Time,1, defines technology in two ways, as the pursuit of life by other than life, and as organized inorganic matter. Technology can be most broadly defined as the entities, both material and immaterial, created by the application of mental and physical effort in order to some value. In this usage, technology refers to tools and machines that may be used to solve real-world problems and it is a far-reaching term that may include simple tools, such as a crowbar or wooden spoon, or more complex machines, such as a space station or particle accelerator. Tools and machines need not be material, virtual technology, such as software and business methods. W. Brian Arthur defines technology in a broad way as a means to fulfill a human purpose
10.
Publishing
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Publishing is the dissemination of literature, music, or information—the activity of making information available to the general public. In some cases, authors may be their own publishers, meaning originators and developers of content also provide media to deliver, also, the word publisher can refer to the individual who leads a publishing company or an imprint or to a person who owns/heads a magazine. Traditionally, the term refers to the distribution of printed works such as books, Publishing includes the following stages of development, acquisition, copy editing, production, printing, and marketing and distribution. There are two categories of book publisher, Non-paid publishers, A non-paid publisher is a house that does not charge authors at all to publish their books. Paid publishers, The author has to meet with the expense to get the book published. This is also known as vanity publishing, at a small press, it is possible to survive by relying entirely on commissioned material. But as activity increases, the need for works may outstrip the publishers established circle of writers, for works written independently of the publisher, writers often first submit a query letter or proposal directly to a literary agent or to a publisher. Submissions sent directly to a publisher are referred to as unsolicited submissions, the acquisitions editors send their choices to the editorial staff. Unsolicited submissions have a low rate of acceptance, with some sources estimating that publishers ultimately choose about three out of every ten thousand unsolicited manuscripts they receive. Many book publishers around the world maintain a strict no unsolicited submissions policy and this policy shifts the burden of assessing and developing writers out of the publisher and onto the literary agents. At these publishers, unsolicited manuscripts are thrown out, or sometimes returned, established authors may be represented by a literary agent to market their work to publishers and negotiate contracts. Literary agents take a percentage of earnings to pay for their services. Some writers follow a route to publication. Such books often employ the services of a ghostwriter, for a submission to reach publication, it must be championed by an editor or publisher who must work to convince other staff of the need to publish a particular title. An editor who discovers or champions a book that becomes a best-seller may find their reputation enhanced as a result of their success. Once a work is accepted, commissioning editors negotiate the purchase of property rights. The authors of traditional printed materials typically sell exclusive territorial intellectual property rights that match the list of countries in which distribution is proposed. In the case of books, the publisher and writer must also agree on the formats of publication —mass-market paperback
11.
Richmond, Kentucky
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Richmond is a home rule-class city in and the county seat of Madison County, Kentucky, United States. It is named after Richmond, Virginia, and is the home of Eastern Kentucky University, the population was 33,533 in 2015. Richmond is the third-largest city in the Bluegrass region and the states sixth-largest city, Richmond serves as the center for work and shopping for south-central Kentucky. Richmond is the city of the Richmond–Berea Micropolitan Statistical Area. The City of Richmond was founded in 1798 by Colonel John Miller from Virginia, according to tradition, Miller was attracted to the area by the good spring water and friendly Native Americans. That year, the Kentucky legislature approved moving the county seat from Milford to land owned by Colonel Miller, the residents of Milford adamantly opposed the move, which led to a fist fight between Dave Kennedy and William Kearly. The county approved the move in March 1798, on July 4,1798, the new town was named Richmond in honor of Millers Virginia birthplace. Kentucky was a state during the Civil War and stayed in the Union. On August 30,1862, during the Civil War, the Union, troops under Confederate General Edmund Kirby Smith routed the soldiers of Union General William Nelson. Out of Nelsons 6,500 men, only 1,200 escaped, one historian called this battle the nearest thing to a Cannae ever scored by any general, North or South, in the course of the whole war. In 1906, Eastern Kentucky State Normal School was founded in Richmond to train teachers, there were eleven members of the first graduating class in 1909. By 1922 it had expanded its curriculum to a program and was established as a college. It added graduate-degree programs in 1935, in recognition of its academic departments and research, in 1965 the institution was renamed as Eastern Kentucky University. In the late 1990s and through the first decade of the 21st century, as of 2009, Richmond was Kentuckys seventh-largest city, moving up four places from ranking in the 2000 census as Kentuckys eleventh-largest city. Richmond is located at 37°44′41″N 84°17′37″W, Richmond is situated among the foothills of the Appalachian Mountains. The Kentucky River comprises the northern border of Madison County, according to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 19.2 square miles, of which 19.1 square miles is land and 0.1 square miles is water. The climate in this area is characterized by hot, humid summers, according to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Richmond has a humid subtropical climate, abbreviated Cfa on climate maps. Average Annual Rainfall is 45, which is fairly evenly throughout the year
12.
Chicago Tribune
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The Chicago Tribune is a daily newspaper based in Chicago, Illinois, United States, owned by tronc, Inc. formerly Tribune Publishing. The Tribune was founded by James Kelly, John E. Wheeler, forrest, publishing its first edition on June 10,1847. The paper saw numerous changes in ownership and editorship over the eight years. Initially, the Tribune was not politically affiliated but tended to either the Whig or Free Soil parties against the Democrats in elections. By late 1853, it was frequently running xenophobic editorials that criticized foreigners, about this time it also became a strong proponent of temperance. Ray became editor-in-chief, Medill became the editor, and Alfred Cowles, Sr. brother of Edwin Cowles. Each purchased one third of the Tribune, under their leadership the Tribune distanced itself from the Know Nothings and became the main Chicago organ of the Republican Party. However, the continued to print anti-Catholic and anti-Irish editorials. Between 1858 and 1860, the paper was known as the Chicago Press & Tribune, on October 25,1860, it became the Chicago Daily Tribune. Before and during the American Civil War, the new editors pushed an abolitionist agenda and strongly supported Abraham Lincoln, the paper remained a force in Republican politics for years afterwards. In 1861, the Tribune published new lyrics for the song John Browns Body by William W. Patton, Medill served as mayor of Chicago for one term after the Great Chicago Fire of 1871. Under the 20th-century editorship of Colonel Robert R. Joseph McCarthy, when McCormick assumed the position of co-editor in 1910, the Tribune was the third-best-selling paper among Chicagos eight dailies, with a circulation of only 188,000. At the same time, the Tribune competed with the Hearst paper, by 1914, the cousins succeeded in forcing out Managing Editor William Keeley. By 1918, the Examiner was forced to merge with the Chicago Herald, in 1919, Patterson left the Tribune and moved to New York to launch his own newspaper, the New York Daily News. In a renewed war with Hearsts Herald-Examiner, McCormick and Hearst ran rival lotteries in 1922. The Tribune won the battle, adding 250,000 readers to its ranks, also in 1922, the Chicago Tribune hosted an international design competition for its new headquarters, the Tribune Tower. The competition worked brilliantly as a publicity stunt, and more than 260 entries were received, the winner was a neo-Gothic design by New York architects John Mead Howells and Raymond Hood. The newspaper sponsored an attempt at Arctic aviation in 1929
13.
Great Chicago Fire
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The Great Chicago Fire was a conflagration that burned from Sunday, October 8, to early Tuesday, October 10,1871. The fire killed up to 300 people, destroyed roughly 3.3 square miles of Chicago, Illinois, and left more than 100,000 residents homeless. The fire started at about 9,00 p. m. on October 8, the shed next to the barn was the first building to be consumed by the fire, but city officials never determined the exact cause of the blaze. There has, however, been much speculation over the years, the most popular tale blames Mrs. OLearys cow, who allegedly knocked over a lantern, others state that a group of men were gambling inside the barn and knocked over a lantern. Still other speculation suggests that the blaze was related to fires in the Midwest that day. The fires spread was aided by the use of wood as the predominant building material in a style called balloon frame. More than two thirds of the structures in Chicago at the time of the fire were made entirely of wood, with most of the houses, all of the citys sidewalks and many roads were also made of wood. In 1871, the Chicago Fire Department had 185 firefighters with just 17 horse-drawn steam engines to protect the entire city. The initial response by the department was quick, but due to an error by the watchman, Matthias Schaffer. These factors combined to turn a small barn fire into a conflagration, when firefighters finally arrived at DeKoven Street, the fire had grown and spread to neighboring buildings and was progressing towards the central business district. Firefighters had hoped that the South Branch of the Chicago River, all along the river, however, were lumber yards, warehouses, and coal yards, and barges and numerous bridges across the river. As the fire grew, the southwest wind intensified and became superheated, causing structures to catch fire from the heat, around 11,30 p. m. flaming debris blew across the river and landed on roofs and the South Side Gas Works. With the fire across the river and moving rapidly towards the heart of the city, about this time, Mayor Roswell B. Mason sent messages to nearby towns asking for help. When the courthouse caught fire, he ordered the building to be evacuated, at 2,30 a. m. on the 9th, the cupola of the courthouse collapsed, sending the great bell crashing down. Some witnesses reported hearing the sound from a mile away, as more buildings succumbed to the flames, a major contributing factor to the fire’s spread was a meteorological phenomenon known as a fire whirl. As overheated air rises, it comes into contact with cooler air and these fire whirls are likely what drove flaming debris so high and so far. Such debris was blown across the branch of the Chicago River to a railroad car carrying kerosene. The fire had jumped the river a second time and was now raging across the north side
14.
Lake Michigan
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Lake Michigan is one of the five Great Lakes of North America and the only one located entirely within the United States. The other four Great Lakes are shared by the U. S. and it is the second-largest of the Great Lakes by volume and the third-largest by surface area, after Lake Superior and Lake Huron. Lake Michigan is shared, from west to east, by the U. S. states of Wisconsin, Illinois, Indiana, ports along its shores include Chicago, Milwaukee, Green Bay, Wisconsin, Gary, Indiana, and Benton Harbor, Michigan. The word Michigan originally referred to the lake itself, and is believed to come from the Ojibwa word mishigami meaning great water, some of the earliest human inhabitants of the Lake Michigan region were the Hopewell Indians. Their culture declined after 800 AD, and for the few hundred years. The French explorer Jean Nicolet is believed to have been the first European to reach Lake Michigan, in the earliest European maps of the region, the name of Lake Illinois has been found in addition to that of Michigan, named for the Illinois Confederation of tribes. Lake Michigan is joined via the narrow, open-water Straits of Mackinac with Lake Huron, the Straits of Mackinac were an important Native American and fur trade route. The eastern end of the Straits was controlled by Fort Mackinac on Mackinac Island, French coureurs des bois and voyageurs established small ports and trading communities, such as Green Bay, on the lake during the late 17th and early 18th centuries. In the 19th century, Lake Michigan played a role in the development of Chicago. The first person to reach the bottom of Lake Michigan was J. Val Klump. Klump reached the bottom via submersible as part of a 1985 research expedition, in 2007, a row of stones paralleling an ancient shoreline was discovered by Mark Holley, professor of underwater archeology at Northwestern Michigan College. This formation lies 40 feet below the surface of the lake, One of the stones is said to have a carving resembling a mastodon. So far the formation has not been authenticated, Lake Michigan is the only one of the Great Lakes wholly within the borders of the United States, the others are shared with Canada. It lies in the known as the American Midwest. Lake Michigan has an area of 22,404 sq. mi, making it the largest lake entirely within one country by surface area. It is the half of Lake Michigan–Huron, which is the largest body of fresh water in the world. It is 307 miles long by 118 miles wide with a shoreline 1,640 miles long, the lakes average depth is 46 fathoms 3 feet, while its greatest depth is 153 fathoms 5 feet. It contains a volume of 1,180 cubic miles of water, Green Bay in the northwest is its largest bay
15.
Road map
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A road map or route map is a map that primarily displays roads and transport links rather than natural geographical information. It is a type of map that commonly includes political boundaries and labels. A road map may also document non-automotive transit routes, although often these are only on transit maps. The Turin Papyrus Map is sometimes characterized as the earliest known road map, drawn around 1160 BC, it depicts routes along dry river beds through a mining region east of Thebes in Ancient Egypt. The Dura-Europos Route map is the oldest known map of Europe preserved in its original form and it is a fragment of a map drawn onto a leather portion of a shield by a Roman soldier in c.235 AD. It depicts several towns along the northwest coast of the Black Sea, the Tabula Peutingeriana, a copy of a scroll originally dating to about 350 AD, plots the extent of the Cursus publicus, the Roman road network that ran from Europe and North Africa to West Asia. It is highly schematic, compressing the Mediterranean Sea to a sliver, the Gough Map, dating to about 1360, is the oldest known road map of Great Britain. In 1500, Erhard Etzlaub produced the Rom-Weg Map, the first known map of medieval Central Europe. It was produced to help religious pilgrims reach Rome for the occasion of the Holy Year 1500, Rand McNallys first road map, the New Automobile Road Map of New York City & Vicinity, was published in 1904. Gousha was founded in 1926 by former Rand McNally employees, general Drafting was founded in 1909. These three companies produced most of the eight billion free maps handed out at American filling stations over a period of about 1920 to 1980. The practice of offering free maps diminished considerably in the 1970s, the first Michelin map was produced in 1910. With the rise of GPS navigation and other maps in the 21st century. An alternative to, and in ways the precursor of the road map, was the itinerarium. The Tabula Peutingeriana, mentioned above, is in effect an itinerarium in visual form, Road maps come in many shapes, sizes and scales. Small, single-page maps may be used to give an overview of a regions major routes and features, folded maps can offer greater detail covering a large region. Electronic maps typically present a dynamically generated display of a region, with its scale, features, highway maps generally give an overview of major routes within a medium to large region ranging from a few dozen to a few thousand miles or kilometers. Street maps usually cover an area of a few miles or kilometers within a city or extended metropolitan area
16.
Mother Goose
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The figure of Mother Goose is the imaginary author of a collection of fairy tales and nursery rhymes often published as Mother Gooses Rhymes. As a character, she appears in one nursery rhyme, a Christmas pantomime called Mother Goose is often performed in the United Kingdom. The so-called Mother Goose rhymes and stories have formed the basis for many classic British pantomimes, Mother Goose is the name given to an archetypal country woman. She is credited with the Mother Goose stories and rhymes popularized in the 17th century in English-language literature, an early mention appears in an aside in a versified French chronicle of weekly events, Jean Lorets La Muse Historique, collected in 1650. His remark, comme un conte de la Mère Oye shows that the term was readily understood, additional 17th-century Mother Goose/Mere lOye references appear in French literature in the 1620s and 1630s. According to Eleanor Early, a Boston travel and history writer of the 1930s, and 1940s and she was reportedly the second wife of Isaac Goose, who brought to the marriage six children of her own to add to Isaacs ten. After Isaac died, Elizabeth went to live with her eldest daughter, who had married Thomas Fleet, according to Early, Mother Goose used to sing songs and ditties to her grandchildren all day, and other children swarmed to hear them. Finally, her son-in-law gathered her jingles together and printed them, another authority on the Mother Goose tradition, Iona Opie, does not give any credence to either the Elwes-Thomas or the Boston suppositions. Perraults publication marks the first authenticated starting-point for Mother Goose stories, the first public appearance of the Mother Goose stories in the New World was in Worcester, Massachusetts, where printer Isaiah Thomas reprinted Sambers volume under the same title in 1786. This edition was registered with the Stationers Company in 1780, however, no copy has been traced, and the earliest surviving edition is dated 1784. The name Mother Goose has been associated in the English-speaking world with childrens poetry ever since, in 1837, John Bellenden Ker Gawler published a book deriving the origin of the Mother Goose rhymes from Flemish puns. In music, Maurice Ravel wrote Ma mère loye, a suite for the piano, there is also a song called Mother Goose by progressive rock band Jethro Tull from their 1971 Aqualung album. The song seems to be unrelated to the figure of Mother Goose, since she is only the first of many images that the narrator encounters. The pantomime was first performed at the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane on 29 December, in the first scene, the stage directions show her raising a storm and, for the very first time, flying a gander. The magical Mother Goose transformed the old miser into Pantaloon of the commedia dellarte and the British pantomime tradition, and she was played en travesti by Samuel Simmons – a pantomime tradition that survives today – and she also raises a ghost in a macabre churchyard scene. Some families in Utah give their gifts from Mother Goose on New Years Eve. Books by L. Frank Baum and illustrator W. W, denslow in the late 1890s featured Mother Goose and Father Goose. The Complete Mother Goose, nursery rhymes old and new, fully annotated edition by Daryl Leyland, with decorations and illustrations by Max Van Doren
17.
Kon-Tiki expedition
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The Kon-Tiki expedition was a 1947 journey by raft across the Pacific Ocean from South America to the Polynesian islands, led by Norwegian explorer and writer Thor Heyerdahl. The raft was named Kon-Tiki after the Inca sun god, Viracocha, Heyerdahl believed that people from South America could have settled Polynesia in pre-Columbian times. The Kon-Tiki expedition was funded by loans, along with donations of equipment from the United States Army. The trip began on April 28,1947, Heyerdahl and five companions sailed the raft for 101 days over 6900 km across the Pacific Ocean before smashing into a reef at Raroia in the Tuamotu Islands on August 7,1947. The crew made landfall and all returned safely. Thor Heyerdahls book about his experience became a bestseller and it was published in Norwegian in 1948 as The Kon-Tiki Expedition, By Raft Across the South Seas, later reprinted as Kon-Tiki, Across the Pacific in a Raft. It appeared with success in English in 1950, also in many other languages. A documentary motion picture about the expedition, also called Kon-Tiki, was produced from a write-up and expansion of the crews filmstrip notes and it was directed by Thor Heyerdahl and edited by Olle Nordemar. The voyage was chronicled in the documentary TV-series The Kon-Tiki Man, The Life and Adventures of Thor Heyerdahl. The original Kon-Tiki raft is now on display in the Kon-Tiki Museum at Bygdøy in Oslo, Kon-Tiki had a six-man crew, all of whom were Norwegian except for Bengt Danielsson, a Swede. Thor Heyerdahl was the expedition leader and he was also the author of the book of the expedition and the narrator of the story. Heyerdahl had studied the ancient people of South America and Polynesia, erik Hesselberg was the navigator and artist. He painted the large Kon-Tiki figure on the rafts sail and his childrens book Kon-Tiki and I appeared in Norwegian in 1949 and has since been published in more than 15 languages. Bengt Danielsson took on the role of steward, in charge of supplies, Danielsson was a Swedish sociologist interested in human migration theory. He also served as translator, as he was the member of the crew who spoke Spanish. He was also a reader, his box aboard the raft contained many books. Haugland was the last surviving member, he died on Christmas Day,2009 at the age of 92. Torstein Raaby was also in charge of radio transmissions and he gained radio experience while hiding behind German lines during WWII, spying on the German battleship Tirpitz
18.
Cartography
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Cartography is the study and practice of making maps. Combining science, aesthetics, and technique, cartography builds on the premise that reality can be modeled in ways that communicate spatial information effectively, the fundamental problems of traditional cartography are to, Set the maps agenda and select traits of the object to be mapped. This is the concern of map editing, traits may be physical, such as roads or land masses, or may be abstract, such as toponyms or political boundaries. Represent the terrain of the object on flat media. This is the concern of map projections, eliminate characteristics of the mapped object that are not relevant to the maps purpose. This is the concern of generalization, reduce the complexity of the characteristics that will be mapped. This is also the concern of generalization, orchestrate the elements of the map to best convey its message to its audience. This is the concern of map design, modern cartography constitutes many theoretical and practical foundations of geographic information systems. The earliest known map is a matter of debate, both because the term map isnt well-defined and because some artifacts that might be maps might actually be something else. A wall painting that might depict the ancient Anatolian city of Çatalhöyük has been dated to the late 7th millennium BCE, the oldest surviving world maps are from 9th century BCE Babylonia. One shows Babylon on the Euphrates, surrounded by Assyria, Urartu and several cities, all, in turn, another depicts Babylon as being north of the world center. The ancient Greeks and Romans created maps since Anaximander in the 6th century BCE, in the 2nd century AD, Ptolemy wrote his treatise on cartography, Geographia. This contained Ptolemys world map – the world known to Western society. As early as the 8th century, Arab scholars were translating the works of the Greek geographers into Arabic, in ancient China, geographical literature dates to the 5th century BCE. The oldest extant Chinese maps come from the State of Qin, dated back to the 4th century BCE, in the book of the Xin Yi Xiang Fa Yao, published in 1092 by the Chinese scientist Su Song, a star map on the equidistant cylindrical projection. Early forms of cartography of India included depictions of the pole star and these charts may have been used for navigation. Mappa mundi are the Medieval European maps of the world, approximately 1,100 mappae mundi are known to have survived from the Middle Ages. Of these, some 900 are found illustrating manuscripts and the remainder exist as stand-alone documents, the Arab geographer Muhammad al-Idrisi produced his medieval atlas Tabula Rogeriana in 1154
19.
Peoria, Illinois
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Peoria is a city in and the county seat of Peoria County, Illinois, United States, and the largest city on the Illinois River. Established in 1691 by the French explorer Henri de Tonti, Peoria is the oldest European settlement in Illinois, as of the 2010 census, the city was the seventh-most populated in Illinois, with a population of 115,007. The Peoria Metropolitan Statistical Area had a population of 373,590 in 2011, Peoria had a population of 118,943 in 2010, when far northern Peoria was also included. Around 12,000 jobs will still remain in the Peoria area, Peoria is one of the oldest settlements in Illinois, as explorers first ventured up the Illinois River from the Mississippi. The lands that eventually would become Peoria were first settled in 1680 and this fort would later burn to the ground, and in 1813 Fort Clark, Illinois was built. When the County of Peoria was organized in 1825, Fort Clark was officially named Peoria, Peoria was named after the Peoria tribe, a member of the Illinois Confederation. The original meaning of the word is uncertain, a 21st-century proposal suggests a derivation from a Proto-Algonquian word meaning to dream with the help of a manitou. Peoria was incorporated as a village on March 11,1835, the city did not have a mayor, though they had a village president, Rudolphus Rouse, who served from 1835 to 1836. The first Chief of Police, John B Lishk, was appointed in 1837, the city was incorporated on April 21,1845. This was the end of a president and the start of the mayoral system. Peoria, Arizona, a suburb of Phoenix, was named after Peoria, greenhut and Deloss S. Brown − wished to name it after their hometown. Peoria is located at 40°43′15″N 89°36′34″W, according to the 2010 census, Peoria has a total area of 50.23 square miles, of which 48.01 square miles is land and 2.22 square miles is water. Peoria is bounded on the east by the Illinois River except for the enclave of Peoria Heights, four bridges run directly between the city and neighboring East Peoria. On the south end of Peorias western border are Bartonville and the established city of West Peoria. Local municipal plans indicate that the city intends to continue its expansion northwest, into an area considered part of Dunlap. Peoria has a continental climate, with cold, snowy winters. Monthly daily mean temperatures range from 22.5 °F to 75.2 °F, snowfall is common in the winter, averaging 26.3 inches, but this figure varies considerably from year to year. Precipitation, averaging 36 inches, peaks in the spring and summer, extremes have ranged from −27 °F in January 1884 to 113 °F in July 1936
20.
Gulf Oil
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Gulf Oil was a major global oil company from the 1900s to the 1980s. The eighth-largest American manufacturing company in 1941 and the ninth-largest in 1979, prior to its merger with Standard Oil of California, Gulf was one of the chief instruments of the Mellon family fortune, both Gulf and Mellon Financial had their headquarters in Pittsburgh. Gulfs former headquarters, originally referred to as the Gulf Building, is an art-deco skyscraper, the tallest building in Pittsburgh until 1970, when it was eclipsed by the U. S. Steel Tower, it is capped by a step pyramid structure several stories high. Until the late 1970s, the top was illuminated, changing color with changes in barometric pressure to provide a weather indicator that could be seen for many miles. Gulf Oil Corporation ceased to exist as an independent company in 1985, Gulf Canada, Gulfs main Canadian subsidiary, was sold the same year with retail outlets to Ultramar and Petro Canada and what became Gulf Canada Resources to Olympia & York. However, the Gulf brand name and a number of the constituent business divisions of GOC survived, Gulf has experienced a significant revival since 1990, emerging as a flexible network of allied business interests based on partnerships, franchises and agencies. Gulf, in its present incarnation, is a new economy business and it employs very few people directly and its assets are mainly in the form of intellectual property, brands, product specifications and scientific expertise. The corporate vehicle at the center of the Gulf network outside the United States, Spain and Portugal is Gulf Oil International, a company owned by the Hinduja Group. The companys focus is primarily in the provision of products and services to a mass market through joint ventures, strategic alliances, licensing agreements. Gulf Oil International has its office in the City of Westminster. The business that became Gulf Oil started in 1901 with the discovery of oil at Spindletop near Beaumont, a group of investors came together to promote the development of a modern refinery at nearby Port Arthur to process the oil. The largest investor was William Larimer Mellon of the Pittsburgh Mellon banking family, other investors included many of Mellons Pennsylvania clients as well as some Texas wildcatters. Mellon Bank and Gulf Oil remained closely associated thereafter, the Gulf Oil Corporation itself was formed in 1907 through the amalgamation of a number of oil businesses, principally the J. M. Guffey Petroleum and Gulf Refining companies of Texas. The name of the company refers to the Gulf of Mexico where Beaumont lies, output from Spindletop peaked at around 100,000 barrels per day just after it was discovered and then started to decline. This was achieved by constructing the 400-mile Glenn Pool pipeline connecting oilfields in Oklahoma with Gulfs refinery at Port Arthur, the pipeline opened in September 1907. Gulf later built a network of pipelines and refineries in the eastern and southern United States, thus, Gulf Oil provided Mellon Bank with a secure vehicle for investing in the oil sector. Gulf promoted the concept of branded product sales by selling gasoline in containers, a customer buying Gulf-branded gasoline could be assured of its quality and consistent standard. Gulf Oil grew steadily in the years, with its activities mainly confined to the United States
21.
Versailles, Kentucky
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Versailles is a home rule-class city in Woodford County, Kentucky, United States and is located near Lexington. It is part of the Lexington-Fayette Metropolitan Statistical Area, the population was 8,568 at the 2010 census. It is the county seat of Woodford County, the citys name is pronounced /vərˈseɪlz/ vər-SAYLZ, not like the French city of the same name. Versailles was founded on June 23,1792, on 80 acres of land owned by Hezekiah Briscoe and his guardian, Major Marquis Calmes, named the town after Versailles, France, in honor of General Lafayette, a family friend. In the Bluegrass Region of Kentucky, which known for its thoroughbred horses and other livestock. It was briefly occupied during the American Civil War by both Confederate and Union forces, in the Inner Bluegrass Region, the area is a center for horse breeding and training, for thoroughbred and standardbred racehorses, and saddlebred pleasure horses. Lenore Farms is for Saddlebred horses, the Woodford Reserve Distillery, a station on the Bourbon Trail, is located here. Most of the scenes in the movie Elizabethtown locations were filmed here. Versailles was also the setting of the movie Dreamer, Inspired by a True Story, the cemetery scene in the film, Secretariat about one of Kentuckys major horses, was filmed at Pisgah Pike Church. The Flim-Flam Man was filmed at locations near Versailles, of them. As of the census of 2000, there were 7,511 people,3,160 households, the population density was 2,668.7 per square mile. There were 3,330 housing units at a density of 1,183.2 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 96. 18% White,0. 67% African American,0. 15% Native American,0. 35% Asian,0. 01% Pacific Islander,1. 34% from other races, and 1. 30% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4. 29% of the population,28. 4% of all households were made up of individuals and 11. 8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.37 and the family size was 2.89. 23. 2% of the population was under the age of 18,10. 1% from 18 to 24,29. 4% from 25 to 44,23. 7% from 45 to 64, the median age was 37 years. For every 100 females there were 88.6 males, for every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 86.8 males. The median income for a household in the city was US $35,052, males had a median income of $31,056 versus $24,488 for females
22.
Kodak
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Eastman Kodak Company, commonly referred to as Kodak, is an American technology company that produces imaging products with its historic basis on photography. The company is headquartered in Rochester, New York and is incorporated in New Jersey, Kodak provides packaging, functional printing, graphic communications and professional services for businesses around the world. Its main business segments are Print Systems, Enterprise Inkjet Systems, Micro 3D Printing and Packaging, Software and Solutions and it is best known for photographic film products. Kodak was founded by George Eastman and Henry A, during most of the 20th century, Kodak held a dominant position in photographic film. The companys ubiquity was such that its Kodak moment tagline entered the lexicon to describe a personal event that was demanded to be recorded for posterity. Kodak began to struggle financially in the late 1990s, as a result of the decline in sales of photographic film, as a part of a turnaround strategy, Kodak began to focus on digital photography and digital printing, and attempted to generate revenues through aggressive patent litigation. In January 2012, Kodak filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York. In February 2012, Kodak announced that it would stop making digital cameras, pocket video cameras and digital picture frames, in January 2013, the Court approved financing for Kodak to emerge from bankruptcy by mid 2013. Kodak sold many of its patents for approximately $525,000,000 to a group of companies under the names Intellectual Ventures, on September 3,2013, the company emerged from bankruptcy having shed its large legacy liabilities and exited several businesses. Personalized Imaging and Document Imaging are now part of Kodak Alaris, on March 12,2014, it announced that the board of directors elected Jeffrey J. Clarke as chief executive officer and a member of its board of directors. As late as 1976, Kodak commanded 90% of film sales, Japanese competitor Fujifilm entered the U. S. market with lower-priced film and supplies, but Kodak did not believe that American consumers would ever desert its brand. Kodak passed on the opportunity to become the film of the 1984 Los Angeles Olympics, Fuji won these sponsorship rights. Fuji opened a plant in the U. S. and its aggressive marketing. Fuji went from a 10% share in the early 1990s to 17% in 1997, fujis films soon also found a competitive edge in higher-speed negative films, with a tighter grain structure. The complaint was lodged by the United States with the World Trade Organization, on January 30,1998, the WTO announced a sweeping rejection of Kodaks complaints about the film market in Japan. Although Kodak developed a camera in 1975, the first of its kind. In the 1990s, Kodak planned a journey to move to digital technology. CEO George M. C. Fisher reached out to Microsoft, Apples pioneering QuickTake consumer digital cameras, introduced in 1994, had the Apple label but were produced by Kodak
23.
Arthur H. Robinson
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Arthur H. Robinson was an American geographer and cartographer, who was professor in the Geography Department at the University of Wisconsin–Madison from 1947 until he retired in 1980. He was a writer and influential philosopher on cartography. Arthur H. Robinson was born in Montreal, Quebec, Canada to American parents, James Howard Robinson and he lived in Great Britain while he was young, and received his post-secondary education in the United States. His undergraduate work was done at Miami University in Oxford, Ohio, degree from Ohio State University in 1947. While at Ohio State, Robinson worked to solve problems in the Map communication model, during World War II, Robinson served as director of the map division of the Office of Strategic Services. In 1941, when Robinson joined OSS, there were no cartographers as we know them today, Robinson engaged geographers with some interest in mapping and the group developed their techniques on the job. Robinson oversaw the creation of 5,000 hand-drawn maps and attended the Allied conferences at Quebec, for his efforts Robinson received the Legion of Merit from the United States Army in 1946. In 1947 Robinson subsequently joined the department at the University of Wisconsin–Madison. Robinson sought to establish cartography as a discipline and ultimately the university granted both undergraduate and masters degrees in cartography. The Wisconsin cartography program has conferred more than 100 masters and 20 doctoral degrees, today the map library at the University of Wisconsin–Madison is named in his honor. Robinson served as president of the International Cartographic Association, and as president and president of the Association of American Geographers. He was awarded the Carl Mannerfelt Gold Medal by the International Cartographic Association in 1980, Robinson married Mary Elizabeth Coffin, daughter of John R. Coffin and Bessie Morris Coffin, on December 23,1938 in Franklin County, Ohio. They had two children, a son and a daughter, after the death of his first wife, Robinson remarried in 1993. His second wife was Martha Elizabeth Rodabaugh Phillips, a widow, with whom he had attended school in Oxford, Robinson also co-authored a widely used textbook, Elements of Cartography, the sixth and last edition of which was published in 1995. One of Robinsons most notable accomplishments is the Robinson projection, Robinson could not find a projection that satisfied the criteria, so Rand McNally commissioned him to design one. The projection has been used since its introduction. In 1988, National Geographic adopted it for their world maps, Chicago, The University of Chicago Press. Early Thematic Mapping in the History of Cartography, with A. Robinson, J. Morrison, P. Muehrke, A. Kimmerling & S. Guptill
24.
Robinson projection
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The Robinson projection is a map projection of a world map which shows the entire world at once. It was specifically created in an attempt to find a compromise to the problem of readily showing the whole globe as a flat image. The Robinson projection was devised by Arthur H. Robinson in 1963 in response to an appeal from the Rand McNally company, Robinson published details of the projections construction in 1974. The National Geographic Society began using the Robinson projection for general world maps in 1988. In 1998 NGS abandoned the Robinson projection for that use in favor of the Winkel tripel projection, the Robinson projection is neither equal-area nor conformal, abandoning both for a compromise. The creator felt this produced an overall view than could be achieved by adhering to either. The meridians curve gently, avoiding extremes, but thereby stretch the poles into long lines instead of leaving them as points, hence, distortion close to the poles is severe, but quickly declines to moderate levels moving away from them. The straight parallels imply severe angular distortion at the high latitudes toward the edges of the map. However, at the time it was developed, the projection effectively met Rand McNallys goal to produce appealing depictions of the entire world, I decided to go about it backwards. … I started with a kind of artistic approach, I visualized the best-looking shapes and sizes. I worked with the variables until it got to the point where, if I changed one of them, then I figured out the mathematical formula to produce that effect. Most mapmakers start with the mathematics, the projection is defined by the table, The table is indexed by latitude at 5 degree intervals, intermediate values are calculated using interpolation. Robinson did not specify any particular method, but it is reported that he used Aitken interpolation himself. The PLEN column is the length of the parallel of latitude, meridians of longitude are equally spaced on each parallel of latitude. List of map projections Winkel Tripel — projection currently used by the National Geographic, a New Map Projection, Its Development and Characteristics. In, National Geographic, December 1988, pp. 911–913, flattening The Earth—2000 Years of Map Projections, The University of Chicago Press. Table of examples and properties of all projections, from radicalcartography. net An interactive Java Applet to study the metric deformations of the Robinson Projection. Numerical evaluation of the Robinson projection, from Cartography and Geographic Information Science, April,2004 by Cengizhan Ipbuker
25.
Newberry Library
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The Newberry Library is an independent research library, specializing in the humanities and located in Chicago, Illinois, that has been free and open to the public since 1887. Its collections encompass a variety of related to the history and cultural production of Western Europe. Additional public services are offered through exhibitions, meet-the-author lectures, adult education seminars, Newberry died at sea in 1868, while on a trip to France. He included in his will a provision of funds for the creation of a public library should his daughters die without heirs. Without much direction and without its founders personal collection as a foundation, the Newberrys first librarian, William Frederick Poole, was a major figure in the library world when he came to the Newberry. Poole saw the Newberry as a canvas on which he could project his ideas. In 1887-88 it was located at 90 La Salle Street, in 1889-90 at 338 Ontario Street, the present building, designed by Poole and architect Henry Ives Cobb, opened in 1893. It is located at 60 West Walton Street, across from Washington Square and it is a structure in the Spanish Romanesque architectural style, built of Connecticut granite. Poole and Cobb feuded bitterly over their different visions for the library building, pooles influence with the librarys trustees coerced Cobb to temper the grand staircase he had envisioned and to accommodate open shelving. Over time, however, the open shelving would put too much strain on the Newberrys staff and the security of its collections, Poole served as Newberry librarian until his death in 1894. Under his leadership, the library built broad reference collections that would be useful to many different Chicagoans, especially professionals, the Newberrys medical department, created in 1890, is an example of this emphasis. Poole also steered the Newberry toward the acquisition of materials for use by professional scholars. As a consequence, the Newberry came to specialize in the humanities, the Newberry immediately transferred its holdings in this area, including its copy of Audubons Birds of America. The Newberrys medical department was transferred to the Crerar in 1906, under Pargellis, a fellowship program was inaugurated and academic conferences were held at the Newberry, out of which emerged new scholarship using the librarys collections. Pargellis also expanded the scope of the collection, since this acquisition, in 1943, the Newberry would continue to add to its CB&Q archives, while collecting the records of other major corporations of the Midwest. Between 1962 and 1986, the library was expanded under the leadership of president Lawrence William Bill Towner. During this time, the Newberry acquired many important collections, a building dedicated to the storage of collection items was constructed. The research centers continue to support and produce important scholarship in their fields, david Spadafora has been the president of the Newberry since 2005
26.
OTC Markets Group
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OTC Markets Group, is an American financial market providing price and liquidity information for almost 10,000 over-the-counter securities. The group has its headquarters in New York City, oTC-traded securities are organized into three markets to inform investors of opportunities and risks, OTCQX, OTCQB and Pink. The company was first established in 1913 as the National Quotation Bureau, for decades, the NQB reported quotations for both stocks and bonds, publishing the quotations in the paper-based Pink Sheets and Yellow Sheets respectively. The publications were named for the color of paper on which they were printed, in September 1999, the NQB introduced the real-time Electronic Quotation Service. The National Quotation Bureau changed its name to Pink Sheets LLC in 2000, the company eventually changed to its current name, OTC Markets Group, in 2010. Today, a network of over 100 broker-dealers price and trade a wide spectrum of securities on the OTC Markets platform, to be quoted on the platform, companies are not required to file with the SEC, although many choose to do so. A wide range of companies are quoted on OTC Markets, including firmly established foreign firms, in addition, many closely held, extremely small and thinly traded U. S. companies have their primary trading on the OTC Markets platform. Many foreign issuers adhere to the requirements of qualified foreign stock exchanges. Many of these issuers do not file periodic reports or make available audited financial statements, making it difficult for investors to find reliable. OTC Markets Group designates securities in one of three markets to indicate the level of financial and corporate disclosure provided by the companies using its quotation system. Apart from the OTCQX market, which has rules that include financial requirements, investors are encouraged to use caution when considering many of these companies for investment. The OTCQX market includes both multinational companies seeking access to U. S. investors and domestic growth companies, to be traded on this tier, companies must undergo a qualitative review by OTC Markets Group. Companies are not required to be registered with or reporting to the SEC, in addition, U. S. companies must be ongoing operations and may not be in bankruptcy, while foreign issuers must meet the requirements of qualified foreign exchanges. Additional oversight of OTCQX securities is provided by requiring every issuer to be sponsored by approved third-party investment banks or law firms, issuers and Designated Advisors For Disclosure for U. S. issuers. The OTCQB market contains a one penny bid price requirement intended to remove companies that are most likely to be the subject of stock fraud schemes. Investor confidence improves when there is information about a company’s ownership structure, professional advisors. International Reporting companies are allowed to upgrade from Pink to OTCQB if they publish their 12g3-2 compliant disclosure online. There is a fee for the OTCQB market of $10,000 per year
27.
Taunton, Massachusetts
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It is the seat of Bristol County. Taunton is situated on the Taunton River which winds its way through the city on its way to Mount Hope Bay,10 miles to the south, at the 2010 census, the city had a population of 55,874. The current mayor is Thomas Hoye, Jr, founded in 1637 by members of the Plymouth Colony, Taunton is one of the oldest towns in the United States. The Native Americans called the region Cohannet, Tetiquet and Titicut before the arrival of the Europeans. Taunton is also known as the Silver City, as it was a center of the silver industry beginning in the 19th century when companies such as Reed & Barton. Rogers, Poole Silver, and others produced fine-quality silver goods in the city, since December 1914, the city of Taunton has provided a large annual light display each December on Taunton Green, giving it the additional nickname of Christmas City. The original boundaries of Taunton included the now occupied by many surrounding towns, including Norton, Easton, Mansfield, Dighton, Raynham, Berkley. Possession of the latter is noted by the naming of Taunton Hill in Assonet. Taunton was founded by settlers from England and officially incorporated as a town on September 3,1639, most of the towns settlers were originally from Taunton in Somerset, England, which led early settlers to name the settlement after that town. At the time of Tauntons incorporation, they explained their choice of name as being, in honour, prior to 1640, the Taunton area was called Cohannet, Tetiquet or Titiquet. Plymouth Colony was formally divided into counties on June 2,1685, the counties of Plymouth Colony were transferred to the Province of Massachusetts Bay on the arrival of its charter and governor on May 14,1692. The Taunton area has been the site of skirmishes and battles during various conflicts, including King Philips War, Taunton was re-incorporated as a city on May 11,1864. In 1656, the first successful iron works in Plymouth Colony was established on the Two Mile River, the Taunton Iron Works operated for over 200 years until 1876. It was the first of many industries in Taunton. During the 19th century, Taunton became known as the Silver City, as it was home to many silversmithing operations, including Reed & Barton, F. B. In the 19th century, Taunton was also the center of an important iron-making industry, the iron industry in Taunton produced a variety of goods including stoves, tacks and machinery. One of the more successful companies during this period was the Mason Machine Works, founded by William Mason, the Taunton Locomotive Works also operated in the city during this time. Taunton was also home to textile mills and other industries, such as felt
28.
Quebecor World
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Quebecor World Inc. was a printing subsidiary of Quebecor Inc. based in Montreal, Quebec. It comprised a number of small and large print shops throughout the world, in 2010, Quebecor World was acquired by Wisconsin-based Quad/Graphics. Quebecor Printing started in 1954 with a printing press. It began its expansion outside of Canada in 1985, when it bought Pendell Printing, in 1988, it purchased the printing plants of Bell Canada Enterprises. This was followed by the 1990 purchase of Maxwell Graphics shops, in 1999, Quebecor Printing merged with World Color Press in a US $2.7 billion deal to create Quebecor World. Quebecor entered a period in the early 2000s as the market has gradually shifted focus to digital media. At the time of bankruptcy the companys clients included printing publications for Time, Parade, in May 2009, Chicago-based printer RR Donnelley tendered an unsolicited bid to purchase Quebecor World, which was rejected as the company emerged from creditor protection in July. On July 2,2010, Sussex, Wisconsin-based Quad/Graphics printer purchased Worldcolor. Quebecor had facilities in the United States, Canada, Brazil, France, the United Kingdom, Belgium, Spain, Austria, Sweden, Switzerland, Finland, Chile, Argentina, Peru, Colombia, Mexico, and India. Former QW plant in Richmond Hill, Ontario was shuttered in early 2009, but the Aurora, Ontario location was acquired by Quad/Graphics and since sold to TC Transcontinental in 2013
29.
Nashville, Tennessee
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Nashville is the capital of the U. S. state of Tennessee and the county seat of Davidson County. It is located on the Cumberland River in the central part of the state. The city is a center for the music, healthcare, publishing, banking and transportation industries and it is known as a center of the country music industry, earning it the nickname Music City, U. S. A. Since 1963, Nashville has had a consolidated city-county government which includes six municipalities in a two-tier system. Nashville is governed by a mayor, vice-mayor, and 40-member Metropolitan Council, thirty-five of the members are elected from single-member districts, five are elected at-large. Reflecting the citys position in government, Nashville is home to the Tennessee Supreme Courts courthouse for Middle Tennessee. According to 2015 estimates from the U. S. Census Bureau, the balance population, which excludes semi-independent municipalities within Nashville, was 654,610. The 2015 population of the entire 13-county Nashville metropolitan area was 1,830,345, the 2015 population of the Nashville-Davidson–Murfreesboro–Columbia combined statistical area, a larger trade area, was 1,951,644. The town of Nashville was founded by James Robertson, John Donelson, and it was named for Francis Nash, the American Revolutionary War hero. Nashville quickly grew because of its location, accessibility as a port on the Cumberland River, a tributary of the Ohio River. By 1800, the city had 345 residents, including 136 African American slaves and 14 free blacks, in 1806, Nashville was incorporated as a city and became the county seat of Davidson County, Tennessee. In 1843, the city was named the permanent capital of the state of Tennessee, by 1860, when the first rumblings of secession began to be heard across the South, antebellum Nashville was a prosperous city. The citys significance as a port made it a desirable prize as a means of controlling important river. In February 1862, Nashville became the first state capital to fall to Union troops, the state was occupied by Union troops for the duration of the war. Within a few years after the Civil War, the Nashville chapter of the Ku Klux Klan was founded by Confederate veteran John W. Morton, meanwhile, the city had reclaimed its important shipping and trading position and developed a solid manufacturing base. The post–Civil War years of the late 19th century brought new prosperity to Nashville and these healthy economic times left the city with a legacy of grand classical-style buildings, which can still be seen around the downtown area. Circa 1950 the state approved a new city charter that provided for the election of city council members from single-member districts. This change was supported because at-large voting diluted the minority populations political power in the city and they could seldom gain a majority of the population to support a candidate of their choice
30.
Fremont, California
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Fremont is a city in Alameda County, California, United States. It was incorporated on January 23,1956, from the merger of five communities, Centerville, Niles, Irvington, Mission San Jose. The city is named after American explorer John Charles Frémont, located in the southeast section of the San Francisco Bay Area in the East Bay region primarily, Fremont has a population of around 230,000. It is the fourth most populous city in the San Francisco Bay Area, and it is the closest East Bay city to Silicon Valley, and is thus sometimes associated with it. The area consisting of Fremont, Newark, and Union City, is now known as the Tri-City Area, Fremont is home to the largest population of Afghan Americans in the United States. The recorded history of the Fremont area began on June 6,1795, the Mission was established at the site of the Ohlone village of Oroysom. On their second day in the area, the Mission party killed a bear in Niles Canyon. The first English-speaking visitor to Fremont was the renowned trapper and explorer Jedediah Smith in 1827, the Mission prospered, eventually reaching a population of 1,887 inhabitants in 1831. The influence of the missionaries declined after 1834, when the Mexican government enacted secularization, José de Jesus Vallejo, brother of Mariano Vallejo, was the grantee of the Rancho Arroyo de la Alameda Mexican land grant. His family was influential in the Fremont area in the colonial era. In 1846 they were visited by the towns namesake John C, Frémont, who mapped a trail through Mission Pass to provide access for American settlers into the southeastern San Francisco Bay Area. The Fremont area grew rapidly at the time of the California Gold Rush, a town called Mission San Jose grew up around the old mission, with its own post office from 1850. Agriculture dominated the economy with grapes, nursery plants and olives as leading crops, in 1868 the 6. 8-magnitude Hayward earthquake on the Hayward Fault collapsed buildings throughout the Fremont area, ruining Mission San José and its outbuildings. Until the 1906 San Francisco earthquake caused its destruction, the Fremont areas Palmdale Winery was the largest in California, the ruins of the Palmdale Winery are still visible near the Five Corners in Irvington. From 1912 to 1915 the Niles section of the Fremont area was the earliest home of Californias motion picture industry, Charlie Chaplin filmed several movies in the Fremont area, most notably The Tramp. Fremont was incorporated under the leadership of Wally Pond in 1956, when the Glenmoor Gardens Homeowners Association was incorporated, in March 1953, there were no more than 75 houses in the subdivision. It was probably the first such organization in the Fremont area, in its scope, the five-member board of directors was set up to oversee a full range of services, from police and fire protection to street maintenance. Fremont became more industrialized between 1953 and 1962, a boom in high-tech employment in the 1980s to the late 1990s, especially in the Warm Springs District, caused rapid development in the city and linked the city with the Silicon Valley
31.
Shannon, County Clare
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Shannon or Shannon Town, named after the river near which it stands, is a town in County Clare, Ireland. It was given town status on 1 January 1982, the town is located just off the N19 road, a spur of the N18/M18 road between Limerick and Ennis. It is the location of Shannon Airport, an airport serving the Clare/Limeric k region in the west of Ireland. Spearheaded by Brendan ORegan, it was built in the 1960s on reclaimed marshland alongside Shannon Airport, the residential areas were intended as a home for the thousands of workers at the airport, surrounding industries and support services. Population growth was never as fast as planned throughout the first few decades of the towns existence and this was partly due to the proximity of friendly places to live, such as Ennis town and Limerick city, or even the nearby village of Newmarket-on-Fergus. The planned nature of town did not necessarily result in a successful town. It was lacking in facilities, and the shopping centre was also of poor design. Shops fronted onto pedestrian malls that were uncovered, allowing estuary winds. The early low-cost housing was poor-quality terraced housing, Shannon was located in the parish of Newmarket-on-Fergus in the Roman Catholic Diocese of Killaloe, and at first a priest in residence of the airport served the population. In 1966 St. Senan’s School was opened and Mary Immaculate Church was built on Corrib Drive, on 24 December 1967 the parish of Shannon was created. For a short period a group of Dominican Sisters of England had a community in the parish, in 1974 they were replaced by the Sisters of Mercy. The church of Saints John and Paul was opened in Tullyvarraga in 1980, other churches are the Adoration Chapel in and the Shannon Airport Oratory. The population grew significantly in the 1990s, and new housing developments continued to be built. Facilities in the town are slowly improving, for example, a major supermarket opened. The main road through Shannon was remodelled following the opening of the bypass of Newmarket-on-Fergus, new units continue to open in the industrial estates. Shannon town currently has six schools, including a Gaelscoil. There is two second level education institutes in the town, St. Patricks Comprehensive School and St. Caimins Community School, St. Patricks Comprehensive School opened in 1966 as Irelands first comprehensive school. It has been serving the town since and is due an extension to increase its capacity to over 900 pupils, there is one third level institution in Shannon
32.
AEA Investors
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AEA Investors is one of the oldest private equity firms in the United States. The firm makes investments primarily in the US and Europe although AEA will periodically invest in Asia as well, AEA was founded in 1968 to make investments on behalf of S. G. Warburg & Co. as well as the Rockefeller, Mellon, and Harriman families. AEA was formally founded as American European Associates, AEA is headquartered in New York City with offices in Stamford, Connecticut, London, Munich, and Shanghai. From 1998 until 2011, the firm was chaired by Vincent Mai, john Garcia is current CEO and Chairman. Since 1983, the firm has raised more than $13 billion of capital from high-net-worth individuals and institutional investors across its private equity, hospitalists Management Group, LLC NCGA holdings Behavioral Interventions Inc. Suncoast Roofing Supply Houghton International Unifrax Corporation Pregis CPG International Henry Corporation Convenience Food Systems Singer Equities Burts Bees Brand Networks Pro Mach Group, list of private equity firms AEA Investors
33.
Dot-com bubble
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The period was marked by the founding of several new Internet-based companies commonly referred to as dot-coms. Companies could cause their stock prices to increase by adding an e- prefix to their name or a. com suffix. By the end of the 1990s, the NASDAQ hit a P/E ratio of 200, the collapse of the bubble took place during 1999–2001. Some companies, such as pets. com and Webvan, failed completely, others – such as Cisco, whose stock declined by 86% – lost a large portion of their market capitalization but remained stable and profitable. Some, such as eBay. com, later recovered and even surpassed their dot-com-bubble peaks, the stock of Amazon. com came to exceed $700 per share, for example, after having gone from $107 to $7 in the crash. The low interest rates of 1998–99 helped increase the start-up capital amounts, a canonical dot-com companys business model relied on harnessing network effects by operating at a sustained net loss and building market share. These companies offered their services or end product for free with the expectation that they could build enough brand awareness to charge profitable rates for their services later, the motto get big fast reflected this strategy. This occurred in industrialized nations due to the digital divide in the late 1990s. The absence of infrastructure and a lack of understanding were two obstacles that previously obstructed mass connectivity. For these reasons, individuals had limited capabilities in what they could do, increased means of connectivity to the Internet than previously available allowed the use of ICT to progress from a luxury good to a necessity good. As connectivity grew, so did the potential for venture capitalists to take advantage of the growing field, the functionalism, or impacts of technologies driven from the cost effectiveness of new Internet websites ultimately influenced the demand growth during this time. A bubble occurs when speculators note the fast increase in value and decide to buy in anticipation of further rises, typically, during a bubble, many companies thus become grossly overvalued. When the bubble bursts, the prices fall dramatically. The prices of many non-technology stocks increased in tandem and were pushed up to valuations uncorrelated to fundamentals. Andrew Smith argued that the financial industrys handling of initial public offerings tended to benefit the banks, in contrast, the financiers and other initial investors were typically entitled to sell at the peak price, and so could immediately profit from short-term price rises. Smith argues that the profitability of the IPOs to Wall Street was a significant factor in the course of events of the bubble. He writes, But did the kids dupe the establishment by drawing them into companies, or did the establishment dupe the kids by introducing them to Mammon. In spite of this, however, a few company founders made vast fortunes when their companies were out at an early stage in the dot-com stock market bubble
34.
MapQuest
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MapQuest is an American free online web mapping service owned by AOL. The company was founded in 1967 as Cartographic Services, a division of R. R. Donnelley & Sons in Chicago, Illinois and it moved to Lancaster, Pennsylvania in 1969. When it became an independent company in 1994, it was renamed GeoSystems Global Corporation, MapQuest was acquired in 2000 by America Online, Inc. Company headquarters are in Denver, Colorado, as of May 2015, it had the second-highest share of the online mapping market in the United States, second only to Google Maps. In the mid-1980s, Donnelley began generating maps and routes for customers, with cooperation of Barry Glick, much of that code was adapted for use on the Internet to create the MapQuest web service in 1996. In 1999 the company was renamed to MapQuest to leverage the popularity of its online brand, MapQuest was acquired in 2000 by America Online, Inc. For a while, MapQuest included satellite images through a deal with GlobeXplorer. In September 2006, the once again began serving satellite imagery in a new beta program. In 2004, MapQuest, uLocate, Research in Motion, and Nextel launched MapQuest Find Me, MapQuest Find Me lets users automatically find their location, access maps and directions, and locate nearby points of interest including airports, hotels, restaurants, banks, and ATMs. Users also have the ability to set up alerts to be notified when network members arrive or depart from a designated area, in 2005 the service became available on Sprint and in 2006, Boost Mobile. In July 2006, MapQuest created a version of a new feature in which users could now Build Your Route by adding additional stops, reorder ones route. Users could also write out the starting address, the OnStar Web Destination Entry pilot program began in the summer of 2007 with a select group of OnStar subscribers. Around 2008, the public made a significant shift away from MapQuest to the much younger Google Maps service. On July 14,2010, MapQuest launched a user interface. MapQuest also introduced My Maps personalization, which enables the user to personalize the interface, in July 2012, Brian McMahon became the CEO and GM of MapQuest. On 11 July 2016, MapQuest discontinued the open tile API and users such as GNOME Maps were switched to a free tier of the Mapbox tileserver. Currently, MapQuest uses some of TomToms services for its mapping system, MapQuest provides some extent of street-level detail and/or driving directions for a variety of countries. Users can check if their country is available via a pull down menu on the MapQuest home page and it offers a free mobile app on Android and iOS, which features POI search, voice-guided navigation, real-time traffic, among other features
35.
Leonard Green & Partners
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Leonard Green & Partners, L. P. is a private equity firm based in Los Angeles, United States, with over $15 billion of private equity capital raised since inception. The firm specializes in leveraged buyout transactions, particularly of middle market companies. On May 30,2012, Leonard Green & Partners, L. P. announced the closing of the sixth private equity investment fund, Green Equity Investors VI. The company has its headquarters in West Los Angeles, Los Angeles, the firm, founded in 1989, has approximately 45 employees based in its Los Angeles, California office. Leonard Green is currently investing its sixth fund, Green Equity Investors VI, prior to that it had invested its fifth fund, Green Equity Investors V, LP, which it completed fundraising in March 2007 with over $5.3 billion of investor commitments. The firms fifth fund was nearly three times the size of its previous fund, the $1.85 billion Green Equity Investors IV, LP. Leonard Green had previously raised $1.24 billion for its third fund in 1998, $311 million for its second fund in 1994, at the end of 2007, Leonard Green was ranked #32 among the 50 largest private equity firms globally. Founded in 1989, Leonard Green & Partners has invested in 62 companies with aggregate value of $54.6 billion, within two years they sold most of it in a public offering that valued the company at $1 billion. Petco’s market value more than doubled by the end of 2004, then, in 2006, the private equity firms took Petco private again for $1.68 billion. Leslies Poolmart, June 1997 Sports Authority, February 2003 Varsity Brands, Leonard Green announced a $445.4 million going private acquisition of FTD in which the firm invested $179.0 million. The firms eponymous founder, Leonard I. Green died in 2002, leaving the firm to be run by John G. Danhakl, Peter J. Nolan and Jonathan D. Sokoloff. Among its most notable transactions were the purchase of Budget Rent a Car from Transamerica in 1986 as well as the acquisition of Kash n Karry Food Stores. The firm completed the 1982 buyout of Purex Industries but had to withdraw from the 1987 buyout of insurer Argonaut due to the market crash in that year. The dissolution of Gibbons Green and the formation of Leonard Green & Partners is primarily attributed to the failure of two buyouts, Ohio Mattress Company and Sheller-Globe Corporation. In August 1989, the bond market collapsed, leaving First Boston unable to redeem hundreds of millions it had lent for the leveraged buyout of Ohio Mattress. The incident became known as The Burning Bed and ultimately Gibbons Green was forced to offer a significant equity stake in the company in order to secure financing, Sheller-Globe Corporation – Gibbons, Green bought Sheller-Globe jointly with United Technologies from Knoll International. When the company faced a cash squeeze, United Technologies stepped in to buy out the shares owned by Gibbons Green. With no other options, Gibbons Green realized a $30 million loss on its investment, Gibbons Green accused Knoll of providing misleading or incomplete information, however observers believed the firm had not conducted proper due diligence
36.
Chapter 11
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Chapter 11 is a chapter of Title 11 of the United States Bankruptcy Code, which permits reorganization under the bankruptcy laws of the United States. In contrast, Chapter 7 governs the process of a liquidation bankruptcy, when a business is unable to service its debt or pay its creditors, the business or its creditors can file with a federal bankruptcy court for protection under either Chapter 7 or Chapter 11. In Chapter 7, the business operations, a trustee sells all of its assets. Any residual amount is returned to the owners of the company, in Chapter 11, in most instances the debtor remains in control of its business operations as a debtor in possession, and is subject to the oversight and jurisdiction of the court. Chapter 11 retains many of the present in all, or most. It provides additional tools for debtors as well, most importantly,11 U. S. C. §1108 empowers the trustee to operate the debtors business. In Chapter 11, unless a separate trustee is appointed for cause, Chapter 11 affords the debtor in possession a number of mechanisms to restructure its business. A debtor in possession can acquire financing and loans on favorable terms by giving new lenders first priority on the businesss earnings, the court may also permit the debtor in possession to reject and cancel contracts. Debtors are also protected from other litigation against the business through the imposition of an automatic stay, an example of proceedings that are not necessarily stayed automatically are family law proceedings against a spouse or parent. Further, creditors may file with the court seeking relief from the automatic stay, all creditors are entitled to be heard by the court. The court is responsible for determining whether the proposed plan of reorganization complies with the bankruptcy law. Chapter 11 usually results in reorganization of the business or personal assets and debts. Debtors may emerge from a chapter 11 bankruptcy within a few months or within several years, depending on the size, the Bankruptcy Code accomplishes this objective through the use of a bankruptcy plan. The debtor in possession typically has the first opportunity to propose a plan during the period of exclusivity and this period allows the debtor 120 days from the date of filing for chapter 11, to propose a plan of reorganization before any other party in interest may propose a plan. With some exceptions, the plan may be proposed by any party in interest, interested creditors then vote for a plan. If the judge approves the plan and if the creditors all agree the plan can be confirmed. If at least one class of creditors votes against the plan and thus objects, in order to be confirmed over their objection the plan must not discriminate against that class of creditors, and the plan must be found fair and equitable to that class. Upon its confirmation, the plan becomes binding and identifies the treatment of debts, if the case is dismissed, creditors will look to non-bankruptcy law in order to satisfy their claims
37.
Ida Crown Jewish Academy
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Ida Crown Jewish Academy is a Modern Orthodox Jewish high school in Skokie, Illinois, overseen by the Associated Talmud Torahs. Its current Dean is Rabbi Dr. Leonard Matanky, Ida Crown places emphasis on both Judaic and Secular studies and holds its students to high academic standards. The Academy prides itself on its environment, yet still encourages its students to pursue a year in yeshiva or seminary in Israel before attending college. Ida Crown serves students from all over the northern Chicago area, including Chicago, Lincolnwood, Skokie, Northbrook, Highland Park, Glencoe, Deerfield, Buffalo Grove, Des Plaines, and Evanston. Leaders from the Associated Talmud Torahs and Hebrew Theological College met in 1942 to address growing educational concerns, the primary problem centered around the fact that many Jewish children began to drop their studies around Bar Mitzvah time, setting the scene for rampant assimilation and a loss of tradition. They eventually established a plan, to create a school which taught Judaic studies. With a day from 8,05 a. m. to 5,45 p. m. students would be the most receptive, ideally, these students would move on to pursue Jewish higher education. The school began as Chicago Jewish Academy and was first located on the West side on the corner of Douglas Blvd. and it was a coeducational junior high school with grades 6-10, subsequent grades were added with each upcoming year. The school became a complete secondary school in September,1945. The first Commencement ceremony took place in June 1946, by that time, the school outgrew its previous facilities. The ATT purchased the building of the Metropolitan Masonic Temple in the Garfield Park area, the three-story building was remodeled during the two-year waiting period to accommodate the needs of a academy. Despite ample room and much progress, the West side of Chicago began to deteriorate as a whole by the early 1960s, the Academy was forced by virtue of circumstances to relocate in 1961 to the Torah Center. The move helped catalyze the institution of a new branch, a Yeshiva, a section of the school for boys. To satisfy the needs of parents and help hinder overcrowding, a third branch, the Chicago Jewish Academy made another move in 1968 due to overcrowding. To fund the move, the ATT proposed a campaign to raise funds for a building to house up to 400 students. This building, in the West Ridge area, a center of Jewish community regionally, was named the Ida Crown Jewish Academy, later, the Academy would drop its junior high school, and both branches became their own separate Jewish high schools. The Yeshiva became Fasman Yeshiva High School, in Skokie, still, the atmosphere and philosophy has generally remained the same over more than fifty years of progress. Ida Crown Jewish Academy made another move, this time to Skokie, to satisfy a student body that is primarily from the North Shore area, a festive ground-breaking ceremony was held at the new site in Skokie on November 2,2014
38.
Rand McNally Building
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The Rand McNally Building, in Chicago, was designed by Burnham and Root and was the worlds first all-steel framed skyscraper. The building was located at 160-174 Adams Street and also fronted #105-#119 on the backside and it was erected in 1889 at a cost of $1 million. It had 10 stories,16 stores, and 300 offices, the general offices of the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway were located here on the 2nd and 3rd floors, as were the headquarters of the Worlds Columbian Exposition, on the 4th and 5th. The Long Distance Telephone Company allowed patrons the ability to telephone New York City and it was demolished in 1911 and a larger building of that era still stands on the site. For many years, it housed the headquarters of the City National Bank & Trust Company
39.
Westfield Old Orchard
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Westfield Old Orchard, formerly Old Orchard Shopping Center, is a shopping center in the Chicago metropolitan area. It is located in Skokie, Illinois, in 1991 Nordstrom announced plans to open its second Chicago area location at Old Orchard. In addition to the 200,000 square foot Nordstrom, Old Orchard also expanded the mall by 100,000 square feet as part of a $200 million expansion and this allowed for an additional 62 stores to open. Following the Nordstrom announcement Old Orchard also announced plans to bring in a fifth tenant, a number of other tenants also underwent renovations, including Crate & Barrel and The Limited. Lord & Taylor relocated and expanded its store in 1993, the shopping center was completely redesigned in the 1990s, with the addition of a Nordstrom department store in 1994 and Bloomingdales in September 1995. In 1995, a parking ramp and a movie theatre were added. It underwent a $50 million expansion and renovation and reopened in late 2007, Old Orchard is referenced by name in Mean Girls, which takes place in the North Shore neighborhoods north of the city of Chicago. However, in the film the mall is shown as being an enclosed center and this is because the scenes were actually filmed at Sherway Gardens in Toronto. Bloomingdales Lord and Taylor Macys Nordstrom Westfield Corporation Official Westfield Old Orchard website
40.
Irvine, California
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Irvine is an affluent city in Orange County, California, United States. It is a city, the Irvine Company started developing the area in the 1960s. Formally incorporated on December 28,1971, the 66-square-mile city had a population of 212,375 as of the 2010 census, a number of corporations, particularly in the technology and semiconductor sectors, have their national or international headquarters in Irvine. The Gabrieleño indigenous group inhabited Irvine about 2,000 years ago, gaspar de Portolà, a Spanish explorer, came to the area in 1769, which led to the establishment of forts, missions and cattle herds. The King of Spain parceled out land for missions and private use, after Mexicos independence from Spain in 1821, the Mexican government secularized the missions and assumed control of the lands. It began distributing the land to Mexican citizens who applied for grants, three large Spanish/Mexican grants made up the land that later became the Irvine Ranch, Rancho Santiago de Santa Ana, Rancho San Joaquin and Rancho Lomas de Santiago. In 1864, Jose Andres Sepulveda, owner of Rancho San Joaquin sold 50,000 acres to Benjamin and Thomas Flint, Llewellyn Bixby, in 1866, Irvine, Flint and Bixby acquired 47, 000-acre Rancho Lomas de Santiago for $7,000. After the Mexican-American war the land of Rancho Santiago de Santa Ana fell prey to tangled titles, in 1868, the ranch was divided among four claimants as part of a lawsuit, Flint, Bixby and Irvine. The ranches were devoted to sheep grazing, however, in 1870, tenant farming was permitted. In 1878, James Irvine acquired his partners interests for $150,000 and his 110,000 acres stretched 23 miles from the Pacific Ocean to the Santa Ana River. The ranch was inherited by his son, James Irvine, Jr. who incorporated it into The Irvine Company, James, Jr. shifted the ranch operations to field crops, olive and citrus crops. In 1888, the Santa Fe Railroad extended its line to Fallbrook Junction, north of San Diego, the town that formed around this station was named Myford, after Irvines son, because a post office in Calaveras County already bore the family name. The town was renamed Irvine in 1914, by 1918,60,000 acres of lima beans were grown on the Irvine Ranch. Two Marine Corps facilities, MCAS El Toro and MCAS Tustin, were built during World War II on ranch land sold to the government, James Irvine, Jr. died in 1947 at the age of 80. His son, Myford, assumed the presidency of The Irvine Company and he began opening small sections of the Irvine Ranch to urban development. The Irvine Ranch played host to the Boy Scouts of Americas 1953 National Scout Jamboree, Jamboree Road, a major street which now stretches from Newport Beach to the city of Orange, was named in honor of this event. David Sills, then a young Boy Scout from Peoria, Illinois, was among the attendees at the 1953 Jamboree, Sills came back to Irvine as an adult and went on to serve four terms as the citys mayor. The same year, the University of California asked The Irvine Company for 1,000 acres for a new university campus, the Irvine Company sold the requested land for $1 and later the state purchased an additional 500 acres
41.
Thomas Guide
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The map books are usually arranged by county, for example, separate Thomas Guides have been published for Los Angeles County and San Diego County. There are also guides that will have two or three counties combined, or guides that cover a metropolitan area, each guide has a detailed index of streets and points of interest, as well as arterial maps for easy page location. Early publications were detailed block maps, bird eye view of communities, road & highway maps, the company relocated its headquarters to Los Angeles in 1940. The company had grown to publish maps of cities in several Western states. By the late 1940s, the company had added pocket-sized guidebooks of California, the first street guides, which were initially pocket sized paperback booklets also began to appear at about this time, and were introduced for several counties in California, and one in Washington. From the early days until the late 1970s, draftsmen, not cartographers, maps were drawn in various scales and sizes. As communities infilled and expanded during the period, this presented problems because the early base maps did not account for the earths curvature. Large wall maps were mosaics of smaller units making street alignment interesting, easter-egg, or deliberate errors, were included on maps to help protect copyrights. These bugs usually were lakes, parks, or other landmarks, fictitious streets. After George Coupland Thomas died in 1955, the ownership was bought by Coupland Thomass family lawyer Warren B, Wilson, brother of Lionel Wilson, the past mayor of Oakland, California. For 40 years Wilson served as CEO and owner of Thomas Bros, maps and was responsible for leading the company into the digital age. Starting in the 1990s Wilson hired many CEOs to run the company to him more time traveling and studying his love of art. In this new period of the early 1990s the company led the way. They were the first map company to start a map education foundation that trained teachers on geography and interesting map lessons and they also solved many software digital mapping problems that other companies still use today. And they were the first map company to set up a digital map page, many old-time TBM map book users can still tell you what page and grid they live on, even though they stopped using the map books years ago. After conversion and completion of all of their pen and ink map atlases to digital format in the mid-1990s, the company had large data contracts in the 1990s with the California CHP, large utilities, and many area cities and counties. The Thomas Brothers map database had a monopoly in the 1990s, since they had the best street address indexes in them, because sales of its last produced guidebooks for Washington, D. C. The company took a new direction in November 2003 and let go many of Thomas Brothers most skilled cartographers
42.
Markham, Ontario
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Markham is a city in the Regional Municipality of York within the Greater Toronto Area of Southern Ontario, Canada. Markhams population in 2015 was estimated at 342,000 through The Region of York population census data monitoring, the city is the fourth-most populous community within the Greater Toronto Area after Toronto, Mississauga and Brampton and is the York regions most populous municipality. Markham is also Canadas 16th largest city, Markham changed its status from town to city on July 1,2012. The city gained its name from the first Lieutenant-Governor of Upper Canada, John Graves Simcoe, who named the area after his friend, William Markham, the Archbishop of York from 1776 to 1807. The first European settlement in Markham occurred when William Berczy, a German artist and developer, while they planned to settle in New York, disputes over finances and land tenure led Berczy to negotiate with Simcoe for 64,000 acres in Markham Township in 1794. Through much of Markhams history the community has been described as an agricultural community, a turn towards a more urbanized community within the township began after World War II when the township began to feel the effects of urban encroachment from Toronto. The completion of Highway 404 during the mid-1970s accelerated urban development in Markham, as of 2013 tertiary industry mainly drives Markham. As of 2010 business services employed the largest proportion of workers in Markham – nearly 22% of its labour force, the city also has over 1,100 technology and life-sciences companies, with IBM as the citys largest employer. Each family was granted 200 acres of land, however the lack of roads in the region led many to settle in York, German Mills later became a ghost town. Between 1803 and 1812, another attempt at settling the region was made, the largest group of settlers were Pennsylvania Dutch, most of whom were Mennonites. These highly skilled craftsmen and knowledgeable farmers settled the region and founded Reesorville, in 1825, Reesorville was renamed to Markham having taken the name of the unincorporated village. By 1830, a number of Irish, Scottish and English families began immigrating to Upper Canada. Markhams early years blended the rigours of the frontier with the development of agriculture-based industries, the many rivers and streams in the township soon supported water-powered saw and gristmills and later wooden mills. With improved transportation routes, such as the construction of Yonge Street in the 1800s, in 1842 the township population was 5,698,29,005 acres were under cultivation, and the township had eleven gristmills and twenty-four sawmills. By 1850, the first form of structured municipal government formed in Markham, by 1857, most of the township had been cleared of timber and was under cultivation. Villages like Thornhill, Unionville, and Markham greatly expanded, in 1851 Markham Village was a considerable village, containing between eight and nine hundred inhabitants, pleasantly situated on the Rouge River. A woollen factory, oatmeal mill, barley mill, and distillery, foundry, a temperance hall and four churches. In 1972, Markham was incorporated as a town, as its population skyrocketed due to urban sprawl from Toronto, in 1976, Markhams population was approximately 56,000
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RR Donnelley
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RR Donnelley is a Fortune 500 integrated communications company that provides marketing and business communications, commercial printing, and related services. Its corporate headquarters are located in Chicago, Illinois, USA, the company, legally known as R. R. Donnelley & Sons Company, was founded in 1864 by Richard Robert Donnelley. His son, Reuben H. Donnelley, founded the otherwise unrelated company R. H. Donnelley, RR Donnelleys cartographic production facility in Lancaster, Pennsylvania grew to be one of the largest custom mapmaking companies in the United States. In the early 1990s, the division successfully integrated routing technology with its digital map databases and launched a company, Geosystems. Throughout its history, particularly in the 1990s and 2000s, RR Donnelley purchased a number of other companies outright, in February 2004, RR Donnelley merged with Moore Wallace Inc. keeping the name RR Donnelley as the name of the combined companies. Donnelley went on to purchase OfficeTiger, a publishing and financial outsourcing company. In May 2007, RR Donnelley also acquired book and educational materials printer Von Hoffmann from Visant Corporation, an additional purchase at the beginning of 2007 was Perry Judds Holdings Inc. a private catalog and magazine printer. At the beginning of 2008, RRD also announced the acquisition of Pro Line Printing, as of 2007, RR Donnelley is the worlds largest commercial printer. In 2006 it acquired Canadian Bank Note Companys financial printing business, in 2007, RR Donnelley was also named as an interested party in an attempt to purchase Quebecor World. In May 2009, the company tendered a bid to purchase Quebecor World. In July 2008, the established a multi-year contract with F+W Publications Inc. which will allow Donnelley to print a large amount of F + Ws book. The contract is valued at about $80 million, in 2010 and 2011, RR Donnelley acquired Bowne & Co. San Francisco-based Nimblefish Technologies, Helium. com, and Austin-based LibreDigital, on August 15,2012, RR Donnelley acquired EDGAR Online. In 2013, RR Donnelly acquired Consolidated Graphics, in August 2015, the company announced it would spin into three different companies. One would keep the name RR Donnelley & Sons whereas the two would be titled LSC Communications and Donnelley Financial Solutions. The spin was completed in October 2016, the Lakeside Classics is a series of books that was printed annually, at Christmas time, by RR Donnelley. This tradition began in 1903 by Thomas E. Donnelley, who was then the company president, the basic format of these books remained essentially the same since inception, as a hardcover, cloth wrapped and gold embossed. Subject matter tended to cover elements of American history, many early volumes contained speeches and writings of noted Americans, including Benjamin Franklin, whose autobiography was published as the first Lakeside Classic
