1.
Youngstown, Ohio
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Youngstown is a city in and the county seat of Mahoning County in the U. S. state of Ohio, with small portions extending into Trumbull County. Youngstown is located on the Mahoning River, approximately 65 miles southeast of Cleveland and 61 miles northwest of Pittsburgh. Despite having its own market, Youngstown is often included in commercial and cultural depictions of both Northeast Ohio as well as the Pittsburgh Tri-State Area due to these proximities. Youngstown lies 10 miles west of the Pennsylvania state line, midway between New York City and Chicago via Interstate 80, the city was named for John Young, an early settler from Whitestown, New York, who established the communitys first sawmill and gristmill. Youngstown is in a region of the United States that is referred to as the Rust Belt. The city has experienced a decline of over 60% of its population since 1959, Youngstown also falls within the Appalachian Ohio region, among the foothills of the Appalachian Mountains. Youngstown was named for New York native John Young, who surveyed the area in 1796, on February 9,1797, Young purchased the township of 15,560 acres from the Western Reserve Land Company for $16,085. The 1797 establishment of Youngstown was officially recorded on August 19,1802, the area including present-day Youngstown was part of the Connecticut Western Reserve, a section of the Northwest Territory that Connecticut initially did not cede to the Federal government. Upon cession, Connecticut retained the title to the land in the Western Reserve, while many of the areas early settlers came from Connecticut, Youngstown attracted a significant number of Scots-Irish settlers from neighboring Pennsylvania. The first European Americans to settle permanently in the area were Pittsburgh native James Hillman, by 1798, Youngstown was the home of several families who were concentrated near the point where Mill Creek meets the Mahoning River. Boardman Township was founded in 1798 by Elijah Boardman, a member of the Connecticut Land Company, also founded in 1798 was Austintown by John McCollum who was a settler from New Jersey. As the Western Reserves population grew, the need for administrative districts became apparent, in 1800, territorial governor Arthur St. Clair established Trumbull County, and designated the smaller settlement of Warren as its administrative center, or county seat. In 1813, Trumbull County was divided into townships, with Youngstown Township comprising much of what became Mahoning County, the village of Youngstown was incorporated in 1848, and in 1867 Youngstown was chartered as a city. It became the county seat in 1876, when the center of Mahoning County was moved from neighboring Canfield. Youngstown has been Mahoning Countys county seat to this day, the discovery of coal by the community in the early 19th century paved the way for the Youngstown areas inclusion on the network of the famed Erie Canal. The Pennsylvania and Ohio Canal Company was organized in 1835, the arrival of the railroad in 1856 smoothed the path for further economic growth. Youngstowns industrial development changed the face of the Mahoning Valley, the communitys burgeoning coal industry drew hundreds of immigrants from Wales, Germany, and Ireland. With the establishment of mills in the late 19th century, Youngstown became a popular destination for immigrants from Eastern Europe, Italy
2.
Professional boxing
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Professional boxing, or prizefighting, emerged in the early twentieth century as boxing gradually attained legitimacy and became a regulated, sanctioned sport. Professional boxing bouts are fought for a purse which is divided between the boxers as determined by contract, most professional bouts are supervised by a regulatory authority to guarantee the fighters safety. Most high-profile bouts obtain the endorsement of a body, which awards championship belts, establishes rules. In contrast with boxing, professional bouts are typically much longer and can last up to twelve rounds. Protective headgear is not permitted, and boxers are generally allowed to take substantial punishment before a fight is halted, Professional boxing has enjoyed a much higher profile than amateur boxing throughout the 20th century and beyond. In Cuba professional boxing is banned, so was also the case in Sweden between 1970 and 2007, and Norway between 1981 and 2014. In 1891, the National Sporting Club, a club in London, began to promote professional glove fights at its own premises. These rules specified more accurately the role of the officials, the British Boxing Board of Control was first formed in 1919 with close links to the N. S. C. and was re-formed in 1929 after the N. S. C. In 1909, the first of twenty-two belts were presented by the fifth Earl of Lonsdale to the winner of a British title fight held at the N. S. C. Continued to award Lonsdale Belts to any British boxer who won three fights in the same weight division. The title fight has always been the point in professional boxing. In the 19th and early 20th centuries, however, there were title fights at each weight, promoters who could stage profitable title fights became influential in the sport, as did boxers managers. The best promoters and managers have been instrumental in bringing boxing to new audiences and provoking media, the most famous of all three-way partnership was that of Jack Dempsey, his manager Jack Kearns, and the promoter Tex Rickard. Together they grossed US$8.4 million in five fights between 1921 and 1927 and ushered in a golden age of popularity for professional boxing in the 1920s. They were also responsible for the first live radio broadcast of a title fight, in the first part of the 20th century, the United States became the centre for professional boxing. It was generally accepted that the champions were those listed by the Police Gazette. After 1920, the National Boxing Association began to sanction title fights, also during that time, The Ring was founded, and it listed champions and awarded championship belts. The N. B. A. was renamed in 1962, the following year, a rival body, the World Boxing Council, was formed
3.
Italian Americans
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Italian Americans are an ethnic group comprising Americans who have full or partial ancestry from Italy, especially those who identify with that ancestry, along with their cultural characteristics. Italian Americans are the fourth largest European ethnic group in the United States, about 5.5 million Italians immigrated to the United States from 1820 to 2004. Immigration began in earnest during the 1870s, when more than twice as many Italians immigrated than during the five previous decades altogether. The 1870s were followed by the greatest surge of immigration, which occurred in the period between 1880 and 1914 and brought more than 4 million Italians to America. This period of large scale immigration ended abruptly with the onset of the First World War in 1914 and, except for one year, further immigration would be greatly limited by a number of restrictive laws passed by Congress in the 1920s. Approximately 84% of the Italian immigrants came from Southern Italy and Sicily, after unification, the Italian government initially encouraged emigration to relieve economic pressures in the South. After the American Civil War, which resulted in over a million killed or wounded, immigrant workers were recruited from Italy. In the United States, most Italians began their new lives as manual laborers in Eastern cities, mining camps, Italian Americans gradually moved from the lower rungs of the economic scale in the first generation to a level comparable to the national average by 1970. By 1990, more than 65% of Italian Americans were managerial, professional, the Italian-American communities have often been characterized by strong ties with family, the Catholic Church, fraternal organizations and political parties. Today, over 17 million Americans claim Italian ancestry, third only to Brazil with 31 million, and Argentina, Italians and their descendants in America have helped to shape the country and, in turn, have adapted to it. They have gained prominence in politics, sports, the media, the arts, the culinary arts. Italian navigators and explorers played a key role in the discovery, exploration, christopher Columbus, the explorer who first reached the Americas in 1492–1504, was Italian. Another notable Italian explorer, Amerigo Vespucci, who explored the east coast of South America between 1499 and 1502, is the source of the name America. Englands claims in North America were based on the voyages of the Italian explorer John Cabot, in 1524 the Italian explorer Giovanni da Verrazzano was the first European to map the Atlantic coast of todays United States, and to enter New York Bay. In 1539, Marco da Nizza, explored the territory later became the states of Arizona. In the 17th century, Henri de Tonti, together with the French explorer LaSalle, De Tonti founded the first European settlement in Illinois in 1679, and in Arkansas in 1683. With LaSalle, he co-founded New Orleans, and was governor of the Louisiana Territory for the next 20 years and his brother Alphonse de Tonty, with French explorer Antoine Cadillac, was the co-founder of Detroit in 1701, and was its acting colonial governor for 12 years. Spain and France were Catholic countries and sent many missionaries to convert the native population, included among these missionaries were numerous Italians
4.
Planet Hollywood Las Vegas
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Planet Hollywood Resort & Casino is a hotel and casino located on the Las Vegas Strip in Paradise, Nevada. It is owned and operated by Caesars Entertainment Corporation, Hilton Grand Vacations operates the timeshare portion of the property, known as Elara. In April 2010, Total Rewards replaced the A-List Player rewards card at Planet Hollywood, the Tally-Ho was originally opened in 1963. In 1964, it was renamed Kings Crown and failed after six months, in 1966, it was purchased by Milton Prell, and the hotel got a $3 million renovation, including a new 500-seat Baghdad Theater showroom. Prell turned the English-themed hotel into an Arabian Nights theme, a serrated canopy and a $750,000 15-foot Aladdins Lamp sign were added. The Aladdin opened on March 31,1966, with flower petals pouring from the ceiling, the opening entertainment included comedian Jackie Mason, the Jet Set Revue, a musical review that showcased The Three Cheers and the Petite Rockette Dancers in the Baghdad Theatre. Prell introduced an innovative main showroom policy by offering three different shows twice nightly with no cover or minimum charges. The Aladdin contained a 9-hole golf course, a little more than a year after it was opened, the Aladdin was host to Elvis and Priscilla Presleys wedding. In August 1969, the Aladdin completed a $750,000 makeover including renovations to the Sinbad Lounge, a $250,000 porte-cochere continued the towers arabesques. The Aladdin added a new $300,000 140-foot blockbuster sign with little neon, huge attraction panels and none of the arabesque of the Aladdins original sign. The Aladdin celebrated the Grand Opening of their new Aladdin Theatre for the Performing Arts with singer Neil Diamond being paid $650,000 for four shows, the resort was sold to Wayne Newton and Ed Torres in 1980 for $85 million, snubbing an offer from comedian Johnny Carson. Newton sold his share to Torres 21 months later, Newton sued NBC, who had alleged in broadcasts, that his purchase of the Aladdin was tied to the mafia. He won a $22.8 million judgement, which was overturned on appeal, in February 1984, the Aladdin went into Chapter 11 bankruptcy. In 1981, heavy metal band Iron Maiden played at the Aladdin – it was their first ever concert in America, in 1986, Japanese businessman Ginji Yasuda purchased the Aladdin out of bankruptcy for $54 million. Yasuda spent an additional $35 million to refurbish the resort, Yasuda was removed as the casinos operator by state regulators in September 1988. Yasuda placed the resort in Chapter 11 bankruptcy in October 1989, the property was publicly put up for sale in 1990, after months of unsuccessful private attempts to locate a buyer. The New Jersey-based Bell Atlantic-Tricon Leasing Corporation acquired the resort out of bankruptcy from Ginji Corporation in 1991 and that year, Bell Atlantic-Tricon put the property up for sale at a minimum price of $44 million. In January 1994, businessman Donald Trump considered purchasing the Aladdin for $51 million, Trump decided not to purchase the Aladdin as he felt the price was too high
5.
Las Vegas Valley
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The Las Vegas Valley is a major metropolitan area located in the southern part of the U. S. state of Nevada. The largest urban agglomeration in the state, it is the heart of the Las Vegas–Paradise-Henderson, the Valley is largely defined by the Las Vegas Valley landform, a 600 sq mi basin area surrounded by mountains to the north, south, east and west of the metropolitan area. The Valley is home to the three largest incorporated cities in Nevada, Las Vegas, Henderson and North Las Vegas, six unincorporated towns governed by the Clark County government are part of the Las Vegas Township and constitute the largest community in the state of Nevada. Since the 1990s the Las Vegas Valley has seen exponential growth, in 2014, a record breaking 41 million visited the Las Vegas area, producing a gross metropolitan product of more than $100 billion. The first reported non-Native American visitor to the Las Vegas Valley was the Mexican scout Rafael Rivera in 1829. Las Vegas was named by Mexicans in the Antonio Armijo party, including Rivera, in the 19th century, areas of the valley contained artesian wells that supported extensive green areas, or meadows, hence the name Las Vegas. The area was settled by Mormon farmers in 1854 and later became the site of a United States Army fort in 1864. Since the 1930s, Las Vegas has generally been identified as a center as well as a resort destination. Nellis Air Force Base is located in the northeast corner of the valley, the ranges that the Nellis pilots use and various other land areas used by various federal agencies, limit growth of the valley in terms of geographic area. Businessman Howard Hughes arrived in the late 1960s and purchased many casino hotels, as well as television, legitimate corporations began to purchase casino hotels as well, and the mob was run out by the federal government over the next several years. The constant stream of tourist dollars from the hotels and casinos was augmented by a new source of money from the establishment of what is now Nellis Air Force Base. The influx of personnel and casino job-hunters helped start a land building boom which is now leveling off. The Las Vegas area remains one of the top entertainment destinations. The valley is contained in the Las Vegas Valley landform and this includes the cities of Las Vegas, North Las Vegas, and Henderson, and the unincorporated towns of Paradise, Spring Valley, Sunrise Manor, Enterprise, Winchester, and Whitney. The valley is located within the larger metropolitan area, as the metropolitan area covers all of Clark County -including parts that do not fall within the valley. The government of Clark County has an Urban Planning Area of Las Vegas and this definition is a roughly rectangular area, about 20 mi from east to west and 30 miles from north to south. Notable exclusions from the Urban Planning Area include Red Rock, Blue Diamond, the Las Vegas Metropolitan Police Department is the largest police department in the valley and the state and exercises jurisdiction in the entire county. The department does not exercise jurisdiction in areas with separate police forces such as North Las Vegas, Henderson, Boulder City, Nellis Air Force Base
6.
South Korea
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South Korea, officially the Republic of Korea, is a sovereign state in East Asia, constituting the southern part of the Korean Peninsula. The earliest Korean pottery dates to 8000 BC, with three kingdoms flourishing in the 1st century BC and its rich and vibrant culture left 19 UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritages of Humanity, the third largest in the world, along with 12 World Heritage Sites. Annexed into Imperial Japan in 1910, Korea was divided after its surrender in 1945, peace has since mostly continued with the two agreeing to work peacefully for reunification and the South solidifying peace as a regional power with the worlds 10th largest defence budget. South Koreas tiger economy soared at an average of 10% for over 30 years in a period of rapid transformation called the Miracle on the Han River. A long legacy of openness and focus on innovation made it successful, today, it is the worlds fifth largest exporter with the G20s largest budget surplus and highest credit rating of any country in East Asia. It has free trade agreements with 75% of the economy and is the only G20 nation trading freely with China, the US. Since 1988, its constitution guarantees a liberal democracy with high government transparency, high personal freedoms led to the rise of a globally influential pop culture such as K-pop and K-drama, a phenomenon called the Korean Wave, known for its distinctive fashionable and trendy style. Home of the UN Green Climate Fund and GGGI, South Korea is a leader in low carbon growth, committed to helping developing countries as a major DAC. It is the third least ignorant country in the Index of Ignorance, ranking eighth highest for peaceful tolerance. It is the worlds largest spender on R&D per GDP, leading the OECD in graduates in science, the name Korea derives from the name Goryeo. The name Goryeo itself was first used by the ancient kingdom of Goguryeo in the 5th century as a form of its name. The 10th-century kingdom of Goryeo succeeded Goguryeo, and thus inherited its name, the modern spelling of Korea first appeared in the late 17th century in the travel writings of the Dutch East India Companys Hendrick Hamel. After Goryeo was replaced by Joseon in 1392, Joseon became the name for the entire territory. The new official name has its origin in the ancient country of Gojoseon, in 1897, the Joseon dynasty changed the official name of the country from Joseon to Daehan Jeguk. The name Daehan, which means great Han literally, derives from Samhan, however, the name Joseon was still widely used by Koreans to refer to their country, though it was no longer the official name. Under Japanese rule, the two names Han and Joseon coexisted, there were several groups who fought for independence, the most notable being the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea. Following the surrender of Japan, in 1945, the Republic of Korea was adopted as the name for the new country. Since the government only controlled the part of the Korean Peninsula
7.
Caesars Palace
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Caesars Palace is a AAA Four Diamond luxury hotel and casino in Paradise, Nevada, United States, situated on the west side of the Las Vegas Strip, between Bellagio and The Mirage. It is one of the most prestigious hotels in the world. Caesars Palace was established in 1966 by Jay Sarno, who sought to create an opulent facility that gave guests a sense of life during the Roman Empire. It contains many statues, columns and iconography typical of Hollywood Roman period productions, Caesars Palace is now owned and operated by Caesars Entertainment. As of July 2016, the hotel has 3,976 rooms and suites in six towers, the hotel has a large range of restaurants, including several serving authentic Chinese cuisine to cater to wealthy East Asian gamblers. From the outset, Caesars Palace has been oriented towards attracting high rollers, the hotel is closely associated with the entertainment industry and has served as a venue for boxing since the late 1970s, and hosted the Caesars Palace Grand Prix from 1981 to 1982. Notable entertainers who have performed at Caesars Palace include Frank Sinatra, the main performance venue is The Colosseum, a 4, 296-seat stadium with a 22, 450-square-foot stage, which was originally built at a cost of $95 million for Celine Dions show, A New Day. After departing in 2007, Dion returned to the Colosseum with her new show entitled Celine in March 2011, in 1962, cabana motel owners Jay Sarno and Stanley Mallin applied for a $10.6 million loan from the Teamsters Central States Pension Fund. He began plans to build a hotel on land owned by Kirk Kerkorian, Sarno would later act as designer of the hotel he planned to construct. He wanted to emulate life under the Roman Empire, to come up with a palace in which everybody staying at the hotel would feel like a Caesar. Caesars Palace was instrumental in beginning a new era of lavish casinos from the late 1960s onward, Architectural writer Alan Hess stated, Caesars Palace needed only a sumptuous array of Classical statuary and a host of marble-white columns to establish its theme. The visitors imagination, in league with well-placed publicity, filled in the opulence, jefferson Graham wrote that the result was the gaudiest, weirdest, most elaborate, and most talked about resort Vegas had ever seen. Emblem was a chesty female dipping grapes into the mouth of a recumbent Roman, fitted out in toga, laurel wreath. Cocktail waitresses in Greco-Roman wigs would greet guests and say Welcome to Caesars Palace, among the performers at the opening were Andy Williams and Phil Richards. According to author Ovid Demaris, Caesars Palace was a casino from the day it opened its doors. By the time it opened, the significant publicity of the new hotel had generated $42 million in advanced bookings. On December 31,1967, stunt performer Evel Knievel arrived at the hotel to watch a boxing match and convinced Sarno that he could jump over the distance of 140 feet over the fountains. ABC came in to film the jump, in which Knievel hit the top of the safety ramp after the jump, fracturing his pelvis, several bones and suffering a concussion, he lay in a hospital unconscious for 29 days in a coma before recovering
8.
Madison Square Garden
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Madison Square Garden, often called MSG or simply The Garden, is a multi-purpose indoor arena in the New York City borough of Manhattan. Located in Midtown Manhattan between 7th and 8th Avenues from 31st to 33rd Streets, it is situated atop Pennsylvania Station. The Garden is used for basketball and ice hockey, as well as boxing, concerts, ice shows, circuses, professional wrestling and other forms of sports. It is close to other midtown Manhattan landmarks, including the Empire State Building, Koreatown and it is home to the New York Rangers of the National Hockey League, the New York Knicks of the National Basketball Association, and residency to singer-songwriter Billy Joel. The Garden opened on February 11,1968, and is the oldest major sporting facility in the New York metropolitan area and it is the oldest arena in the National Hockey League and the second-oldest arena in the National Basketball Association. MSG is the fourth-busiest music arena in the world in terms of sales, behind The O2 Arena. At a total construction cost of approximately $1.1 billion and it is part of the Pennsylvania Plaza office and retail complex. Several other operating entities related to the Garden share its name, Madison Square is formed by the intersection of 5th Avenue and Broadway at 23rd Street in Manhattan. It was named after James Madison, fourth President of the United States, two venues called Madison Square Garden were located just northeast of the square, the first from 1879 to 1890, and the second from 1890 to 1925. The first Garden, leased to P. T. Barnum, had no roof and was inconvenient to use during inclement weather, Madison Square Garden II was designed by noted architect Stanford White. The new building was built by a syndicate which included J. P. Morgan, Andrew Carnegie, P. T. Barnum, Darius Mills, James Stillman and W. W. Astor. It was 200 feet by 485 feet, and the main hall and it had a 1, 200-seat theatre, a concert hall with a capacity of 1,500, the largest restaurant in the city and a roof garden cabaret. A third Madison Square Garden opened in a new location, on 8th Avenue between 49th and 50th Streets, from 1925 to 1968, groundbreaking on the third Madison Square Garden took place on January 9,1925. Designed by the theater architect Thomas W. Lamb, it was built at the cost of $4.75 million in 249 days by boxing promoter Tex Rickard. The arena was 200 feet by 375 feet, with seating on three levels, and a capacity of 18,496 spectators for boxing. Demolition commenced in 1968 after the opening of the current Garden and it finished up in early 1969, and the site is now where One Worldwide Plaza is located. The new structure was one of the first of its kind to be built above the platforms of a railroad station. It was an engineering feat constructed by Robert E. McKee of El Paso, public outcry over the demolition of the Pennsylvania Station structure—an outstanding example of Beaux-Arts architecture—led to the creation of the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission
9.
Buffalo, New York
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Buffalo is a city in western New York state and the county seat of Erie County, on the eastern shores of Lake Erie at the head of the Niagara River. As of 2014, Buffalo is New York states 2nd-most populous city after New York City, the metropolitan area has a population of 1.13 million. After an economic downturn in the half of the 20th century, Buffalos economy has transitioned to sectors that include financial services, technology, biomedical engineering. Residents of Buffalo are called Buffalonians, the citys nicknames include The Queen City, The Nickel City and The City of Good Neighbors. The city of Buffalo received its name from a creek called Buffalo Creek. British military engineer Captain John Montresor made reference to Buffalo Creek in his journal of 1764, there are several theories regarding how Buffalo Creek received its name. In 1804, as principal agent opening the area for the Holland Land Company, Joseph Ellicott, designed a radial street and grid system that branches out from downtown like bicycle spokes similar to the street system he used in the nations capital. Although Ellicott named the settlement New Amsterdam, the name did not catch on, during the War of 1812, on December 30,1813, Buffalo was burned by British forces. The George Coit House 1818 and Samuel Schenck House 1823 are currently the oldest houses within the limits of the City of Buffalo, on October 26,1825, the Erie Canal was completed with Buffalo a port-of-call for settlers heading westward. At the time, the population was about 2,400, the Erie Canal brought about a surge in population and commerce, which led Buffalo to incorporate as a city in 1832. In 1845, construction began on the Macedonia Baptist Church, an important meeting place for the abolitionist movement, Buffalo was a terminus point of the Underground Railroad with many fugitive slaves crossing the Niagara River to Fort Erie, Ontario in search of freedom. During the 1840s, Buffalos port continued to develop, both passenger and commercial traffic expanded with some 93,000 passengers heading west from the port of Buffalo. Grain and commercial goods shipments led to repeated expansion of the harbor, in 1843, the worlds first steam-powered grain elevator was constructed by local merchant Joseph Dart and engineer Robert Dunbar. Darts Elevator enabled faster unloading of lake freighters along with the transshipment of grain in bulk from barges, canal boats, by 1850, the citys population was 81,000. At the dawn of the 20th century, local mills were among the first to benefit from hydroelectric power generated by the Niagara River, the city got the nickname City of Light at this time due to the widespread electric lighting. It was also part of the revolution, hosting the brass era car builders Pierce Arrow. President William McKinley was shot and mortally wounded by an anarchist at the Pan-American Exposition in Buffalo on September 6,1901, McKinley died in the city eight days later and Theodore Roosevelt was sworn in at the Wilcox Mansion as the 26th President of the United States. The Great Depression of 1929–39 saw severe unemployment, especially working class men
10.
Kaleida Health
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Kaleida Health is the largest non-profit health care provider in Western New York, United States. Founded in 1998, the supplies the areas eight counties with health services throughout five different hospitals. It is also a teaching associate of the University at Buffalos schools of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences. Buffalo General Medical Center -The largest Kaleida hospital, founded in 1855, with 511 beds, this acute care medical center offers specialized programs such as urology, psychiatry, cardiac rehabilitation, organ transplantation and neurology, amongst many others. Women & Childrens Hospital of Buffalo-Buffalos main center for pediatric and womens services since 1892, holding 190 beds, it offers services such as maternity care, pediatric intensive care, physical medicine and rehabilitation and neonatal care. The hospital will close in 2016, moving its services over to Buffalo General in a building called The John R. Oishei Childrens Hospital, millard Fillmore Gates Circle Hospital -A 189-bed acute care hospital founded in 1872. Services include neurosurgery, orthopedic surgery, cardiology, dentistry, dermatology, urology, respiratory therapy, skilled nursing, the ranking was based on hospital-reported data provided to federal Centers for Disease Control and Prevention between October 2013 and September 2014. Kaleida Health was also cited by Medicare for having high rates of infections, as a result of this program Kaleida Health has been penalized more than $1 million in 2016 through reduced Medicare payments
11.
Brazilian jiu-jitsu
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Brazilian jiu-jitsu is a martial art, combat sport system that focuses on grappling and especially ground fighting. Brazilian jiu-jitsu was formed from Kodokan judo ground fighting fundamentals that were taught by a number of individuals including Takeo Yano, Mitsuyo Maeda, BJJ training can be used for sport grappling tournaments and in self-defense situations. Sparring and live drilling play a role in training. Geo Omori opened the first jiu-jitsu / judo school in Brazil in 1909 and he would go on to teach a number of individuals including Luiz França. Later, Mitsuyo Maeda was one of five of the Kodokans top groundwork experts that judos founder Kano Jigoro sent overseas to demonstrate, Gastão Gracie was a business partner of the American Circus in Belém. In 1916, Italian Argentine circus Queirolo Brothers staged shows there, in 1917 Carlos Gracie, the eldest son of Gastão Gracie, watched a demonstration by Maeda at the Da Paz Theatre and decided to learn judo. Maeda accepted Carlos as a student and Carlos learned for a few years, although the Gracie family is typically synonymous with BJJ, another prominent lineage started from Maeda via another Brazilian disciple, Luiz França. This lineage had been represented particularly by Oswaldo Fadda, Fadda and his students were famous for influential use of footlocks and the lineage still survives through Faddas links with todays teams such as Nova União and Grappling Fight Team. Jiu-Jitsu is an older romanization that was the spelling of the art in the West. When Maeda left Japan, judo was still referred to as Kano jiu-jitsu, or. Higashi, the co-author of Kano Jiu-Jitsu wrote in the foreword, to make the matter clear I will state that jiudo is the term selected by Professor Kano as describing his system more accurately than jiu-jitsu does. Professor Kano is one of the educators of Japan. But the Japanese people generally still cling to the popular nomenclature. Outside Japan, however, this distinction was noted even less, thus, when Maeda and Satake arrived in Brazil in 1914, every newspaper announced their art as being jiu-jitsu despite both men being Kodokan judoka. It was not until 1925 that the Japanese government itself officially mandated that the name for the martial art taught in the Japanese public schools should be judo rather than jujutsu. In Brazil, the art is still called jiu-jitsu, the art is sometimes referred to as Gracie Jiu-Jitsu, this name was trademarked by Rorion Gracie, but after a legal dispute with his cousin Carley Gracie, his trademark to the name was voided. While each style and its instructors have their own unique aspects, today there are four major branches of BJJ from Brazil, Gracie Humaita, Gracie Barra, Carlson Gracie Jiu-Jitsu and Alliance Jiu Jitsu. Each branch can trace its roots back to Mitsuyo Maeda via the Gracie family or Oswaldo Fadda, since judo was introduced to Brazil there have been changes in the rules of sport judo – some to enhance it as a spectator sport, and some for improved safety
12.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
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