1.
Star Trek: The Next Generation
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Star Trek, The Next Generation is an American science fiction television series in the Star Trek franchise created by Gene Roddenberry that ran between 1987 and 1994. Roddenberry, Maurice Hurley, Rick Berman, Michael Piller and Jeri Taylor served as producers at different times throughout its production. The series involves a starship named Enterprise and is set in the regions of the Milky Way galaxy. The first episode takes place in the year 2364,100 years after the start of the mission described in the original series. It features a new cast and a new starship Enterprise, the fifth to bear the name within the franchises storyline and these are the voyages of the starship Enterprise. Its continuing mission, to strange new worlds, to seek out new life and new civilizations. TNG premiered the week of September 28,1987, drawing 27 million viewers, in total,176 episodes were made, ending with the two-hour finale All Good Things. The week of May 23,1994, the series was broadcast in first-run syndication with dates and times varying among individual television stations. Three additional Star Trek spin-offs followed The Next Generation, Star Trek, Deep Space Nine, Star Trek, Voyager, and Star Trek, Enterprise. The series formed the basis for the seventh through to the tenth of the Star Trek films, and is also the setting of novels, comic books. In its seventh season, Star Trek, The Next Generation became the first, the series received a number of accolades including 19 Emmy Awards, two Hugo Awards, five Saturn Awards, and a Peabody Award. The series follows the adventures of a crew on board the starship USS Enterprise, the fifth Federation vessel to bear the name and registry. The series is set about 70 years after the mission of the original Enterprise crew under the command of James T. Kirk. Beverly Crusher, conn officer Lieutenant Geordi La Forge, and junior officer Lieutenant Worf, the death of Lieutenant Yar in the series first season prompts an internal shuffle of personnel, making Worf official chief of security. Geordi La Forge is promoted to engineer at the beginning of season 2. The series begins with the crew of the Enterprise-D put on trial by a nefarious, the god-like entity threatens the extinction of mankind for being a race of savages, forcing them to solve a mystery at nearby Farpoint Station to prove their worthiness to be spared. After successfully solving the mystery and avoiding disaster, the crew departs on its mission to explore strange new worlds. Subsequent stories focus on the discovery of new life and sociological and political relationships with alien cultures, several new species are introduced as recurring antagonists, including the Ferengi, the Cardassian, and the Borg
2.
Laurel, Mississippi
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Laurel is a city in and the second county seat of Jones County, Mississippi, United States. As of the 2010 census, the city had a population of 18,548. It is located northeast of Ellisville, the first county seat, Laurel is the principal city of a Micropolitan Statistical Area named for it. Its major employers include Howard Industries, Sanderson Farms, Masonite International, Family Health Center, Howse Implement, Thermo-Kool, Laurel is home to the Lauren Rogers Museum of Art, Mississippis oldest art museum, which was established by the family of Laurel Eastman Rogers. It is the headquarters of the Jones County Sheriffs Department, which administers in the county, Laurel was founded in 1882 as a lumber town, as the industry harvested yellow pine forests in the region. The city was named for laurel thickets near the town site. By the turn of the century, the city became a site of mills, to process. The city population grew markedly during the early 20th century, as people were attracted to manufacturing jobs. Mechanization of agriculture reduced the number of farming jobs, the city reached its peak of population in 1960, and has declined about one third since then. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 15.8 square miles, of which 15.4 square miles is land and 0.3 square miles. The climate in this area is characterized by hot, humid summers, according to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Laurel has a humid subtropical climate, abbreviated Cfa on climate maps. As of the census of 2000, there were 18,393 people,6,925 households, the population density was 1,192.3 people per square mile. There were 7,804 housing units at a density of 505.9 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 40. 64% White,55. 08% African American,0. 11% Native American,0. 33% Asian,0. 01% Pacific Islander,3. 17% from other races, and 0. 67% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3. 87% of the population,30. 1% of all households were made up of individuals and 14. 4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.61 and the family size was 3.21. In the city, the population was out with 27. 9% under the age of 18,10. 1% from 18 to 24,25. 4% from 25 to 44,19. 4% from 45 to 64. The median age was 35 years, for every 100 females there were 85.8 males
3.
Beverly Hills, California
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Beverly Hills is a city in Los Angeles County, California, United States, surrounded by the cities of Los Angeles and West Hollywood. By 2013, its population had grown to 34,658, sometimes referred to as 90210, one of its primary ZIP codes, it was home to many actors and celebrities throughout the 20th century. The city includes the Rodeo Drive shopping district and the Beverly Hills Oil Field, gaspar de Portolá arrived in the area that would later become Beverly Hills on August 3,1769, travelling along native trails which followed the present-day route of Wilshire Boulevard. The area was settled by Maria Rita Quinteros de Valdez and her husband in 1828 and they called their 4,500 acres of property the Rancho Rodeo de las Aguas. in 1854, she sold the ranch to Benjamin Davis Wilson and Henry Hancock. By the 1880s, the ranch had been subdivided into parcels of 75 acres and was being bought up by anglos from Los Angeles. Henry Hammel and Andrew H. Denker acquired most of it, at this point, the area was known as the Hammel and Denker Ranch. By 1888, Denker and Hammel were planning to build a town called Morocco on their holdings and they did not find enough to exploit commercially by the standards of the time, though. In 1906, therefore, they reorganized as the Rodeo Land and Water Company, renamed the property Beverly Hills, subdivided it, the development was named Beverly Hills after Beverly Farms in Beverly, Massachusetts and because of the hills in the area. The first house in the subdivision was built in 1907, although sales remained slow, Beverly Hills was one of many all-white planned communities started in the Los Angeles area around this time. Restrictive covenants prohibited non-whites from owning or renting property unless they were employed as servants by white residents and it was also forbidden to sell or rent property to Jews in Beverly Hills. Burton Green began construction on The Beverly Hills Hotel in 1911, the hotel was finished in 1912. The visitors drawn by the hotel were inclined to purchase land in Beverly Hills and that same year, the Rodeo Land and Water Company decided to separate its water business from its real estate business. The Beverly Hills Utility Commission was split off from the company and incorporated in September 1914, buying all of the utilities-related assets from the Rodeo Land. In 1919, Douglas Fairbanks and Mary Pickford bought land on Summit Drive and built a mansion, finished in 1921, the glamor associated with Fairbanks and Pickford as well as other movie stars who built mansions in the city contributed to its growing appeal. By the early 1920s the population of Beverly Hills had grown enough to make the water supply a political issue, in 1923 the usual solution, annexation to the city of Los Angeles, was proposed. There was considerable opposition to annexation among such famous residents as Pickford, Fairbanks, Will Rogers, the Beverly Hills Utility Commission, opposed to annexation as well, managed to force the city into a special election and the plan was defeated 337 to 507. In 1925, Beverly Hills approved an issue to buy 385 acres for a new campus for UCLA. The cities of Los Angeles, Santa Monica and Venice also issued bonds to pay for the new campus
4.
My Favorite Martian
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My Favorite Martian is an American television sitcom that aired on CBS from September 29,1963, to May 1,1966, for 107 episodes. The show starred Ray Walston as Uncle Martin and Bill Bixby as Tim OHara, john L. Green created the central characters and developed the core format of this series, which was produced by Jack Chertok. A human-looking extraterrestrial in a one-man spaceship crash-lands near Los Angeles, the ships pilot is, in fact, an anthropologist from Mars and is now stranded on Earth. Tim OHara, a newspaper reporter for The Los Angeles Sun, is on his way home from Edwards Air Force Base back to Los Angeles when he spots the spaceship coming down. The rocket-powered aircraft had hit the spaceship and caused it to crash. Tim takes the Martian in as his roommate and passes him off as his Uncle Martin. Uncle Martin refuses to reveal any of his Martian traits to people other than Tim, to avoid publicity, louis in 1849 and the early days of Hollywood, and brings Leonardo da Vinci and Jesse James into the present. Another device he builds is a separator that can take apart the molecules of a physical object. Another device can take memories and store them in form to relearn them later. Other devices create temporary duplicates, or levitate Martin and others without the need of his finger, Tim and Uncle Martin live in a garage apartment owned by a congenial but scatterbrained landlady, Mrs. Lorelei Brown, who often shows up when not wanted. She and Martin have a romance from time to time. She later dates a vain, cold-hearted, plain-clothes police officer, Detective Bill Brennan, the first two seasons were filmed in black-and-white, but the final season was shot in color, resulting in minor changes in the set and the format of the show. Brennans boss, the chief, was involved in many episodes in the third season. In its first season, My Favorite Martian did extremely well in the Nielsen ratings, however, by the end of the second season the show had dipped to #24. Still, the series was doing enough to be renewed for a third season. Ratings dipped even further in the season due to redundant stories, usually involving Martins time machine. Martin OHaras real name is Exigius 12½, revealed in We Love You, Mrs. Pringle, it was heard again when his real nephew, Andromeda, crash-landed on Earth in the shows third season. Andromeda, originally devised to bring viewers to the aging show
5.
South Pacific (1958 film)
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South Pacific is a 1958 American romantic musical film adaptation of the Rodgers and Hammerstein musical South Pacific, and based on James A. Micheners Tales of the South Pacific. The film was nominated for three Academy Awards, winning the Academy Award for Best Sound for Fred Hynes. Cutting as Admiral Kester Joe Bailey as U. S. commander Buck Class and Richard Kiser as Fighter pilots Note, the producers decided to tackle a big-screen adaptation of South Pacific as their next project. 20th Century Fox partially invested in the production in exchange for distribution rights. Additionally, all the departments and department heads were Foxs, the producers original plan was to have Ezio Pinza and Mary Martin, the two leads of the original Broadway cast, reprise their roles for the film, but Pinza died. Had he survived long enough to perform in the film, the producers would have cast Martin. Instead, Doris Day was offered the part of Nellie, but passed, Elizabeth Taylor tested for the same role, logan later heard her sing but was unable to persuade Rodgers to change his mind. Ultimately, Mitzi Gaynor, who had work in musical films. Rossano Brazzi was cast as Emile, a role that was first offered to established stars as Charles Boyer, Vittorio De Sica. Walston, a noted Broadway musical actor, played the part of Seabee Luther Billis, the film includes the use of colored filters during many of the song sequences, which has been a source of criticism for the film. All of the songs from the production were retained for the film. A song entitled My Girl Back Home, sung by Lt. Cable and Nellie, Emile is not shown in the film until about thirty minutes into it, in the film, Nellie first appears during the scene with the Seabees. Juanita Hall sang in the production and took part in the recording of the stage production cast album. However, she had her singing dubbed for the version by Muriel Smith. Metropolitan Opera star Giorgio Tozzi provided the voice for the role of Emile de Becque in the film. John Kerr starred as 2nd Lt. Joseph Cable, USMC, ken Clark, who played Stewpot, was dubbed by Thurl Ravenscroft. Gaynor and Walston were the principal cast members whose own singing voices were used. Criticism of the color filters did not prevent the film topping the box office of 1958
6.
Damn Yankees
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Damn Yankees is a musical comedy with a book by George Abbott and Douglass Wallop, music and lyrics by Richard Adler and Jerry Ross. The story is a retelling of the Faust legend set during the 1950s in Washington. It is based on Wallops novel The Year the Yankees Lost the Pennant, the show ran for 1,019 performances in its original 1955 Broadway production. Adler and Rosss success with it and The Pajama Game seemed to point to a future for them. The producers Frederick Brisson, Robert E. Griffith and Harold S, prince had decided that the lead actress for the part of Lola had to be a dancer. They offered the role to both the movie actress Mitzi Gaynor and ballet dancer Zizi Jeanmaire, each of whom turned down the role, although Gwen Verdon had sung just one song in her previous show, the producers were willing to take a chance on her. She initially refused, preferring to assist another choreographer, but finally agreed, choreographer Bob Fosse insisted on meeting her before working with her, and after meeting and working for a brief time, they each agreed to the arrangement. The show opened on Broadway at the 46th Street Theatre on May 5,1955, transferred to the Adelphi Theatre on May 17,1957, a West End production played at the London Coliseum beginning on March 28,1957, where it played for 258 performances. It starred Olympic skater Belita as Lola, but the Fosse choreography was alien to her style and it also starred Bill Kerr as Applegate, and Ivor Emmanuel as Joe Hardy. In the mid-1970s, Vincent Price starred as Applegate in summer stock productions of the show, in the late 1970s and early 1980s film actor Van Johnson did so in productions throughout the U. S. A. In July,1981, a production was performed at the Jones Beach Marine Theater in Wantagh and it was notable due to former New York Jets quarterback Joe Namath being cast in the role of Joe Boyd. A Broadway revival opened at the Marquis Theatre on March 3,1994, featured were Bebe Neuwirth as Lola and Victor Garber as Applegate. Garber was succeeded by Jerry Lewis, making his Broadway debut, on March 12,1995, jack OBrien directed, with choreography by Rob Marshall, assisted by his sister, Kathleen. OBrien is also credited with revisions to the book, the 1994 revival production opened in the West End at the Adelphi Theatre on June 4,1997 and closed on August 9,1997. Jerry Lewis reprised his role as Applegate, a revival was produced by the City Center Encores. Summer Stars series from July 5 to July 27,2008 and it starred Jane Krakowski as Lola, Sean Hayes as Applegate, Randy Graff as Meg, Megan Lawrence as Gloria Thorpe, PJ Benjamin as Joe Boyd, and Cheyenne Jackson as Joe Hardy. John Rando directed and the original Fosse choreography was reproduced by Mary MacLeod, given the substantial changes in the 1994 revival, this is considered by some the first authentic revival of the original production. Note, This is the plot of the 1994 Broadway revival of the show, for the film version, see Damn Yankees
7.
The Sting
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The Sting is a 1973 American caper film set in September 1936, involving a complicated plot by two professional grifters to con a mob boss. The film was directed by George Roy Hill, who had directed Newman and Redford in the western Butch Cassidy, the title phrase refers to the moment when a con artist finishes the play and takes the marks money. If a con is successful, the mark does not realize he has been taken, the film is played out in distinct sections with old-fashioned title cards, the lettering and illustrations rendered in a style reminiscent of the Saturday Evening Post. The film is noted for its use of ragtime, particularly the melody The Entertainer by Scott Joplin. The films success created a resurgence of interest in Joplins work, the Sting was hugely successful at the 46th Academy Awards, being nominated for 10 Oscars and winning seven, including Best Picture, Best Director and Best Original Screenplay. The film takes place in 1936, at the height of the Great Depression, johnny Hooker, a grifter in Joliet, Illinois, cons $11,000 in cash in a pigeon drop from an unsuspecting victim with the aid of his partners Luther Coleman and Joe Erie. Buoyed by the windfall, Luther announces his retirement and advises Hooker to seek out an old friend, Henry Gondorff, unfortunately, their victim was a numbers racket courier for vicious crime boss Doyle Lonnegan. Corrupt Joliet police Lieutenant William Snyder confronts Hooker, revealing Lonnegans involvement, having already spent his share, Hooker pays Snyder in counterfeit bills. Lonnegans men murder both the courier and Luther, and Hooker flees for his life to Chicago, Hooker finds Henry Gondorff, a once-great con-man now hiding from the FBI, and asks for his help in taking on the dangerous Lonnegan. Gondorff is initially reluctant, but he relents and recruits a team of experienced con men to con Lonnegan. They decide to resurrect an elaborate obsolete scam known as the wire, aboard the opulent 20th Century Limited, Gondorff, posing as boorish Chicago bookie Shaw, buys into Lonnegans private, high-stakes poker game. Shaw infuriates Lonnegan with his obnoxious behavior, then out-cheats him to win $15,000, Hooker, posing as Shaws disgruntled employee, Kelly, is sent to collect the winnings and instead convinces Lonnegan that he wants to take over Shaws operation. Kelly reveals that he has a partner named Les Harmon in the Chicago Western Union office, at the same time, Lonnegan has grown frustrated with the inability of his men to find and kill Hooker. Unaware that Kelly is Hooker, he demands that Salino, his best assassin, a mysterious figure with black leather gloves is then seen following and observing Hooker. Kellys connection appears effective, as Harmon provides Lonnegan with the winner of one horse race, Lonnegan agrees to finance a $500,000 bet at Shaws parlor to break Shaw and gain revenge. Shortly thereafter, Snyder captures Hooker and brings him before FBI Agent Polk, Polk forces Hooker to betray Gondorff by threatening to incarcerate Luther Colemans widow. The night before the sting, Hooker sleeps with Loretta, a waitress from a local restaurant, as Hooker leaves the building the next morning, he sees Loretta walking toward him. The black-gloved man appears behind Hooker and shoots her dead – she was Lonnegans hired killer, Loretta Salino, armed with Harmon’s tip to place it on Lucky Dan, Lonnegan makes the $500,000 bet at Shaw’s parlor on Lucky Dan to win
8.
Fast Times at Ridgemont High
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Fast Times at Ridgemont High is a 1982 American coming-of-age comedy film written by Cameron Crowe, adapted from his 1981 book of the same name. Crowe went undercover at Clairemont High School in San Diego and wrote about his experiences. In addition to Penn, Reinhold, Cates and Leigh, the film marks early appearances by actors who later became stars, including Nicolas Cage, Forest Whitaker, Eric Stoltz. Among these actors, Penn, Cage, and Whitaker would later win the Academy Award for Best Actor, in 2005, the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant. Brad Hamilton is a senior who is looking forward to his last year of school. He has a job at All-American Burger, where his girlfriend, Lisa. Brad is subsequently fired for losing his temper at an obnoxious customer, when Brad tries to tell Lisa how much he needs her, she says she is breaking up with him to see other guys. Brad quits his job at Captain Hook Fish & Chips because of the humiliation of having to wear a pirate costume when delivering food, Brads sister Stacy is a 15-year-old sophomore and also a virgin. Stacy works at a pizza parlor at the mall alongside her friend, popular. One night at work, Stacy takes an order from Ron Johnson and she then sneaks out to meet him and have sex in a dugout at a softball field. Stacy never hears from Ron again, revealing the loss of her virginity to Linda, Mike Damone, a dilettante who earns money taking bets and scalping tickets, fancies himself a sagacious and worldly ladies man. After Mikes friend Mark Ratner proclaims his love for Stacy to him, Mike later coaxes Mark into taking Stacy on a date to a German restaurant. Afterwards, at her home, Stacy invites Mark into her bedroom and they eventually kiss, but he soon shies away and leaves after Stacy attempts to become intimate with him. Stacy invites Damone over after school for a swim in the pool, Stacy later informs Damone that she is pregnant, and tells him shes scheduled an abortion. But on the day of her appointment, embarrassed at being unable to raise the money for his half of the bill, Stacy asks Brad to drive her to a bowling alley, but she goes to the abortion clinic across the street. When Brad returns, Stacy makes him not to tell their parents. When Stacy tells Linda, Linda becomes angry at Damone, leading to an almost physical confrontation between Damone and Mark in the locker room until it is broken up by the gym teacher. Jeff Spicoli is a surfer and marijuana user who runs afoul of a history teacher Mr. Hand
9.
Of Mice and Men (1992 film)
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Of Mice and Men is a 1992 drama film based on John Steinbecks novella of the same name. Horton Foote adapted the story for film, based on Steinbecks 1937 novelette, the plot centers on George and the mentally disabled Lennie. The two farm workers travel together and dream of one day owning their own land, with their work passes, the two end up on Tyler Ranch. George finds a property for sale, and calculates that they can buy the land at the end of the month with Candys help, the film explores themes of discrimination, loneliness, and the American Dream. Of Mice and Men took part in the 1992 Cannes Film Festival, after the film debuted in the United States on October 2,1992, it received positive acclaim from critics. During the Great Depression, the quick-witted George Milton looks after his physically strong yet mentally disabled companion, the two are fleeing from their previous employment as workmen in Weed, California. Other farmers chase them after Lennie was accused of attempted rape when he touched and held onto a woman and her pretty red dress. George and Lennie escape, hop on board a train and obtain work passes from a new town and they board a Greyhound that brings them to Soledad, which is about two miles away from the ranch where they have work. While walking down the road to the ranch, George gets aggravated by Lennies incessant questioning about where they are going and then catches Lennie petting a dead mouse. Despite Lennies pleas to keep the mouse and his claims that he did not kill it, George takes it off him and throws it. George, showing sympathy, tries to explain to Lennie why he took the mouse away, George tells him he will get him a puppy. Close to evening, George decides they should camp in the brush by the river, finding out that they will have beans for the night, Lennie asks for ketchup, but George says they dont have any. Lennie, not understanding, again asks for beans with ketchup, George gets agitated, launching into a speech about Lennies ungratefulness. Lennie, puzzled and scared, decides to leave him and find a cave on his own, but George stops him by saying that Aunt Clara would not like Lennie walking by himself, and indeed wants him to stay. Now nighttime, Lennie requests George to tell him again about their American dream, as he has numerous times, George describes how the two will one day have their own piece of land, and how Lennie will tend their rabbits. George adds, if Lennie should ever get in trouble, he is to return to the brush, the two go to work at Tyler Ranch. When they meet the ranch Boss, he becomes suspicious of Lennies mental condition when Lennie talks, forgetting to keep silent as George had instructs him. In order not to be sacked, George lies to the Boss, telling him Lennie is his cousin, at the bunkhouse, George and Lennie befriend an aged, one-handed ranch-hand, Candy
10.
Picket Fences
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Picket Fences is an American television drama about the residents of the town of Rome, Wisconsin, created and produced by David E. Kelley. The show initially ran from September 18,1992, to June 26,1996 and it sometimes struggled to maintain a stable prime-time audience and had fluctuating ratings, due in part to its Friday night time slot. In its first season on the air it placed 80th in the prime-time Nielsen ratings, the shows exteriors were shot in the L. A. suburb of Monrovia, California, with many of the townspeople appearing in the background of episodes. The series follows the lives of the residents of the town of Rome, Wisconsin, where weird things happen, including cows udders exploding. Struggling to maintain order in the community is Sheriff Jimmy Brock, Sheriff Brock is married to the town doctor, Jill, his second wife. They attempt to raise their three children, Kimberly, Matthew and Zachary, max and Kenny are impulsive and somewhat immature sheriffs deputies. Bombastic lawyer Douglas Wambaugh usually irritated Judge Henry Bone, after several prosecutors came and went, Don Cheadle joined the cast as John Littleton. Kelly Connell played medical examiner Carter Pike and Zelda Rubenstein portrayed police dispatcher Ginny Weedon, other actors who were in the cast included Marlee Matlin, Richard Masur, and Dabbs Greer. Illustrative of the matter is that the regular cast included a judge. Religious issues were discussed, and the towns Roman Catholic. She was offered the job as part of her 3,000 hours community service sentencing Acting Mayor Maxine Stewart, shot, Mayor Laurie Bey, returns as mayor at series end. Tom Skerritt as Sheriff James Jimmy Brock Kathy Baker as Dr. A, John Littleton Marlee Matlin as Mayor Laurie Bey Ray Walston as Judge Henry Bone Picket Fences had a total of 88 episodes and four seasons. The series had two episodes with another David E. Kelley series, Chicago Hope, one occurring in each series. In the first, on Picket Fences, Dr. Jill Brock accompanies Douglas Wambaugh to Chicago Hope Hospital over concerns of his heart, in the second, Wambaugh is back at Chicago Hope Hospital causing trouble for the doctors. Lauren Holly later joined the cast of Chicago Hope as Dr. Jeremy Hanlon, originally, the two shows would be shot with different viewpoints– one from the X-Files perspective and the other from Picket Fences. On June 19,2007, 20th Century Fox released the first season of Picket Fences on DVD in Region 1, until 2014, this was the only DVD release in the world. On August 20,2014, Season 1 was released in Australia, Season 2, for the first time ever, was released in Australia in December 2014. Season 3 was released in Australia in March 2016, the complete series was released through ViaVision in 2016
11.
Lumberjack
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Lumberjacks are workers in the logging industry who perform the initial harvesting and transport of trees for ultimate processing into forest products. The term usually refers to an era when hand tools were used in harvesting trees. Because of its ties, the term lumberjack has become ingrained in popular culture through folklore, mass media. The actual work was difficult, dangerous, intermittent, low-paying, however, the men built a traditional culture that celebrated strength, masculinity, confrontation with danger, and resistance to modernization. The term lumberjack is of Canadian derivation, the term lumberjack is primarily historical, logger is used by workers in the 21st century. When lumberjack is used, it refers to a logger from an earlier time before the advent of chainsaws, feller-bunchers. Other terms for the occupation include woodcutter, shanty boy and the colloquial term woodhick, a logger employed in driving logs down a river was known locally in northern North America as a river pig, catty-man, river hog, or river rat. The term lumberjill has been known for a woman who does this work, for example, in Australia, the occupation is referred to as timber cutter or cool cutters. Lumberjacks worked in camps and often lived a migratory life. Being a lumberjack was seasonal work and they usually lived in bunkhouses or tents. Common equipment included the axe and cross-cut saw, Lumberjacks could be found wherever there were vast forests to be harvested and a demand for wood, most likely in Scandinavia, Canada, and parts of the United States. In the U. S. many lumberjacks were of Scandinavian ancestry, American lumberjacks were first centred in north-eastern states such as Maine. They then followed the westward migration on the continent to the Upper Midwest. Stewart Holbrook documented the emergence and westward migration of the classic American lumberjack in his first book, Holy Old Mackinaw and he often wrote colourfully about lumberjacks in his subsequent books, romanticizing them as hard-drinking, hard-working men. Logging camps were slowly phased out between World War II and the early 1960s as crews could by then be transported to remote logging sites in motor vehicles. The division of labor in lumber camps led to several specialized jobs on logging crews, such as punk, chaser. The whistle punks job was to sound a whistle as a signal to the operator controlling the movement of logs. He also had to act as a safety lookout, a good whistle punk had to be alert and think fast as the safety of the others depended on him
12.
New Orleans
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New Orleans is a major United States port and the largest city and metropolitan area in the state of Louisiana. The population of the city was 343,829 as of the 2010 U. S. Census, the New Orleans metropolitan area had a population of 1,167,764 in 2010 and was the 46th largest in the United States. The New Orleans–Metairie–Bogalusa Combined Statistical Area, a trading area, had a 2010 population of 1,452,502. The city is named after the Duke of Orleans, who reigned as Regent for Louis XV from 1715 to 1723, as it was established by French colonists and it is well known for its distinct French and Spanish Creole architecture, as well as its cross-cultural and multilingual heritage. New Orleans is also famous for its cuisine, music, and its celebrations and festivals, most notably Mardi Gras. The city is referred to as the most unique in the United States. New Orleans is located in southeastern Louisiana, straddling the Mississippi River, the city and Orleans Parish are coterminous. The city and parish are bounded by the parishes of St. Tammany to the north, St. Bernard to the east, Plaquemines to the south, and Jefferson to the south and west. Lake Pontchartrain, part of which is included in the city limits, lies to the north, before Hurricane Katrina, Orleans Parish was the most populous parish in Louisiana. As of 2015, it ranks third in population, trailing neighboring Jefferson Parish, La Nouvelle-Orléans was founded May 7,1718, by the French Mississippi Company, under the direction of Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne de Bienville, on land inhabited by the Chitimacha. It was named for Philippe II, Duke of Orléans, who was Regent of the Kingdom of France at the time and his title came from the French city of Orléans. The French colony was ceded to the Spanish Empire in the Treaty of Paris, during the American Revolutionary War, New Orleans was an important port for smuggling aid to the rebels, transporting military equipment and supplies up the Mississippi River. Bernardo de Gálvez y Madrid, Count of Gálvez successfully launched a campaign against the British from the city in 1779. New Orleans remained under Spanish control until 1803, when it reverted briefly to French oversight, nearly all of the surviving 18th-century architecture of the Vieux Carré dates from the Spanish period, the most notable exception being the Old Ursuline Convent. Napoleon sold Louisiana to the United States in the Louisiana Purchase in 1803, thereafter, the city grew rapidly with influxes of Americans, French, Creoles, and Africans. Later immigrants were Irish, Germans, and Italians, Major commodity crops of sugar and cotton were cultivated with slave labor on large plantations outside the city. The Haitian Revolution ended in 1804 and established the republic in the Western Hemisphere. It had occurred several years in what was then the French colony of Saint-Domingue
13.
Movie theater
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A movie theater or movie theatre is a venue, usually a building, that contains an auditorium for viewing films, for entertainment. Most, but not all, movie theaters are commercial operations catering to the general public, Some movie theaters, however, are operated by non-profit organizations or societies which charge members a membership fee to view films. The film is projected with a projector onto a large projection screen at the front of the auditorium while the dialogue, sounds. Since the 1970s, subwoofers have used for low-pitched sounds. In the 2010s, most movie theaters are equipped for digital cinema projection, removing the need to create, a great variety of films are shown at cinemas, ranging from animated films for children, blockbusters for general audiences and documentaries for patrons who are interested in non-fiction topics. The smallest movie theaters have a viewing room with a single screen. In the 2010s, most movie theaters have multiple screens, the largest theater complexes, which are called multiplexes—a design developed in the U. S. in the 1960s—have up to 25 screens. The audience members sit on padded seats which in most theaters are set up on a sloped floor. Movie theaters typically sell soft drinks, popcorn and candy and some theaters also sell hot fast food, in some jurisdictions, movie theaters are licensed to sell alcoholic drinks. A movie theater may also be referred to as a theatre, movie house, film house. In the US, theater has long been the preferred spelling, while in the UK, Canada, the latter terms, as well as their derivative adjectives cinematic and kinematic, ultimately derive from Greek κινῆμα, κινήματος —movement, motion. In the countries where those terms are used, the theatre is usually reserved for live performance venues. Colloquial expressions, mostly applied to motion pictures and motion picture theaters collectively, include the silver screen, specific to North American term is the movies, while specific terms in the UK are the pictures, the flicks and for the facility itself the flea pit. A screening room is a theater, often a private one. Open air place in ancient times for viewing spectacles and plays, the term theater comes from the Old French word theatre, from the 12th century and. The use of the theatre to mean a building where plays are shown dates from the 1570s in the English language. The earliest precursors to movies were magic lantern shows, magic lanterns used a glass lens, a shutter and a powerful lamp to project images from glass slides onto a white wall or screen. The invention of the Argand lamp in the 1790s, limelight in the 1820s, the magic lantern could project rudimentary moving images, which was achieved by the use of various types of mechanical slides
14.
Dallas
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Dallas is a major city in the U. S. state of Texas. It is the most populous city in the Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex, the citys population ranks ninth in the U. S. and third in Texas after Houston and San Antonio. The citys prominence arose from its importance as a center for the oil and cotton industries. The bulk of the city is in Dallas County, of which it is the county seat, however, sections of the city are located in Collin, Denton, Kaufman, and Rockwall counties. According to the 2010 United States Census, the city had a population of 1,197,816, the United States Census Bureaus estimate for the citys population increased to 1,300,092 as of July 1,2015. In 2016 DFW ascended to the one spot in the nation in year-over-year population growth. In 2014, the metropolitan economy surpassed Washington, D. C. to become the fifth largest in the U. S. with a 2014 real GDP over $504 billion, as such, the metropolitan areas economy is the 10th largest in the world. As of January 2017, the job count has increased to 3,558,200 jobs. The citys economy is based on banking, commerce, telecommunications, technology, energy, healthcare and medical research. The city is home to the third-largest concentration of Fortune 500 companies in the nation. Located in North Texas, Dallas is the core of the largest metropolitan area in the South. Dallas and nearby Fort Worth were developed due to the construction of railroad lines through the area allowing access to cotton, cattle. Later, France also claimed the area but never established much settlement, the area remained under Spanish rule until 1821, when Mexico declared independence from Spain, and the area was considered part of the Mexican state of Coahuila y Tejas. In 1836, the Republic of Texas, with majority Anglo-American settlers, in 1839, Warren Angus Ferris surveyed the area around present-day Dallas. John Neely Bryan established a permanent settlement near the Trinity River named Dallas in 1841, the origin of the name is uncertain. The Republic of Texas was annexed by the United States in 1845, Dallas was formally incorporated as a city on February 2,1856. With construction of railroads, Dallas became a business and trading center and it became an industrial city, attracting workers from Texas, the South and the Midwest. The Praetorian Building of 15 stories, built in 1909, was the first skyscraper west of the Mississippi and it marked the prominence of Dallas as a city
15.
Margo Jones
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Margo Jones was an American stage director and producer best known for launching the American regional theater movement and for introducing the theater-in-the-round concept in Dallas, Texas. In 1947, she established the first regional professional company when she opened Theatre ’47 in Dallas, of the 85 plays Jones staged during her Dallas career,57 were new, and one-third of those new plays had a continued life on stage, television and radio. Born Margaret Virginia Jones in Livingston, Texas, Jones worked in community and professional theaters in California, Houston and she had recently joined the faculty of the University of Texass drama department in Austin. She traveled the world, experiencing theater everywhere, eventually gaining commercial success on Broadway as co-director of the production of The Glass Menagerie by Tennessee Williams. She directed Williams Summer and Smoke, a flop in its first production, after she directed Maxwell Andersons successful Joan of Lorraine, starring Ingrid Bergman as Joan of Arc, she was fired during the Washington, D. C. tryout. However, her name remained on the marquee and playbills, Bergman repeated her Joan of Lorraine role in Joan of Arc, for which she was Oscar-nominated. Geraldine Page was Oscar-nominated for her performance in Summer and Smoke, since 1950, there have been at least five different film/TV productions of The Glass Menagerie. The success of The Glass Menagerie allowed her to take the next step toward her dream of running a theatre outside of New York. She moved back to Dallas and opened Theatre ’47 and her theater was in the sleek Magnolia Lounge building, designed by Swiss-born architect William Lescaze, in 1936 for the Texas Centennial and situated on the grounds of Fair Park in Dallas. The theater was Americas first modern nonprofit professional resident theater and also the first professional theater in the country. Jones was inspired by Franklin Roosevelt’s Depression era National Theater Project, the resident company was dedicated to staging new plays and classics of world theater rather than revivals of past Broadway hits. The initial season introduced William Inges first play, Farther Off from Heaven, though touring shows did exist at this time, there were no quality professional American theatre companies outside of New York. Jones believed in the decentralization of theater and she wanted her art to exist all across America, beyond the realm of commercialized Broadway. She reasoned that if she and her collaborators succeeded “in inspiring the operation of 30 theatres like ours, playwrights Inge, Jerome Lawrence and Robert E. Lee championed this sentiment when they received their first big breaks from Jones Dallas theater. Jones envisioned it as a place where actors, writers and technicians could have steady jobs, when the Ford Foundation began giving grants outside of New York during the 1950s, the movement gathered momentum and Theatre ’47 became the model of how to build a new company. Her theater-in-the-round concept requires no stage curtain, little scenery and allows the audience to sit on three sides of the stage, on July 17,1955, Jones invited friends over to a party. However, during the party an artist spilled red paint on the carpet and they used carbon tetrachloride, a strong solvent commonly used in dry-cleaning processes at the time. Jones, satisfied with the cleaning, fell asleep into the night, unfortunately, some carbon tetrachloride had been absorbed into the carpet and later evaporated, filling her home with toxic fumes
16.
Cleveland
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Cleveland is a city in the U. S. state of Ohio and the county seat of Cuyahoga County, the states second most populous county. The city proper has a population of 388,072, making Cleveland the 51st largest city in the United States, Greater Cleveland ranked as the 32nd largest metropolitan area in the United States, with 2,055,612 people in 2016. The city is the center of the Cleveland–Akron–Canton Combined Statistical Area, the city is located on the southern shore of Lake Erie, approximately 60 miles west of the Pennsylvania border. Clevelands economy has diversified sectors that include manufacturing, financial services, healthcare, Cleveland is also home to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Residents of Cleveland are called Clevelanders, Cleveland has many nicknames, the oldest of which in contemporary use being The Forest City. Cleaveland oversaw the plan for what would become the downtown area, centered on Public Square, before returning home. The first settler in Cleaveland was Lorenzo Carter, who built a cabin on the banks of the Cuyahoga River, the Village of Cleaveland was incorporated on December 23,1814. In spite of the swampy lowlands and harsh winters, its waterfront location proved to be an advantage. The area began rapid growth after the 1832 completion of the Ohio, growth continued with added railroad links. Cleveland incorporated as a city in 1836, in 1836, the city, then located only on the eastern banks of the Cuyahoga River, nearly erupted into open warfare with neighboring Ohio City over a bridge connecting the two. Ohio City remained an independent municipality until its annexation by Cleveland in 1854, the citys prime geographic location as a transportation hub on the Great Lakes has played an important role in its development as a commercial center. Cleveland serves as a point for iron ore shipped from Minnesota. In 1870, John D. Rockefeller founded Standard Oil in Cleveland, other manufacturers located in Cleveland produced steam-powered cars, which included White and Gaeth, as well as the electric car company Baker. Because of the significant growth, Cleveland was known as the Sixth City during this period, by 1920, due in large part to the citys economic prosperity, Cleveland became the nations fifth largest city. The city counted Progressive Era politicians such as the populist Mayor Tom L. Johnson among its leaders, many prominent Clevelanders from this era are buried in the historic Lake View Cemetery, including President James A. Garfield, and John D. Rockefeller. In commemoration of the centennial of Clevelands incorporation as a city, conceived as a way to energize a city after the Great Depression, it drew four million visitors in its first season, and seven million by the end of its second and final season in September 1937. The exposition was housed on grounds that are now used by the Great Lakes Science Center, following World War II, the city experienced a prosperous economy. In sports, the Indians won the 1948 World Series, the hockey Barons became champions of the American Hockey League, as a result, along with track and boxing champions produced, Cleveland was dubbed City of Champions in sports at this time
17.
Ohio
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Ohio /oʊˈhaɪ. oʊ/ is a Midwestern state in the Great Lakes region of the United States. Ohio is the 34th largest by area, the 7th most populous, the states capital and largest city is Columbus. The state takes its name from the Ohio River, the name originated from the Iroquois word ohi-yo’, meaning great river or large creek. Partitioned from the Northwest Territory, the state was admitted to the Union as the 17th state on March 1,1803, Ohio is historically known as the Buckeye State after its Ohio buckeye trees, and Ohioans are also known as Buckeyes. Ohio occupies 16 seats in the United States House of Representatives, Ohio is known for its status as both a swing state and a bellwether in national elections. Six Presidents of the United States have been elected who had Ohio as their home state, Ohios geographic location has proven to be an asset for economic growth and expansion. Because Ohio links the Northeast to the Midwest, much cargo, Ohio has the nations 10th largest highway network, and is within a one-day drive of 50% of North Americas population and 70% of North Americas manufacturing capacity. To the north, Lake Erie gives Ohio 312 miles of coastline, Ohios southern border is defined by the Ohio River, and much of the northern border is defined by Lake Erie. Ohios neighbors are Pennsylvania to the east, Michigan to the northwest, Ontario Canada, to the north, Indiana to the west, Kentucky on the south, Ohio is bounded by the Ohio River, but nearly all of the river itself belongs to Kentucky and West Virginia. Ohio has only that portion of the river between the rivers 1792 low-water mark and the present high-water mark, the border with Michigan has also changed, as a result of the Toledo War, to angle slightly northeast to the north shore of the mouth of the Maumee River. Much of Ohio features glaciated plains, with a flat area in the northwest being known as the Great Black Swamp. Most of Ohio is of low relief, but the unglaciated Allegheny Plateau features rugged hills, in 1965 the United States Congress passed the Appalachian Regional Development Act, at attempt to address the persistent poverty and growing economic despair of the Appalachian Region. This act defines 29 Ohio counties as part of Appalachia, the worst weather disaster in Ohio history occurred along the Great Miami River in 1913. Known as the Great Dayton Flood, the entire Miami River watershed flooded, as a result, the Miami Conservancy District was created as the first major flood plain engineering project in Ohio and the United States. Grand Lake St. Marys in the west central part of the state was constructed as a supply of water for canals in the era of 1820–1850. For many years this body of water, over 20 square miles, was the largest artificial lake in the world and it should be noted that Ohios canal-building projects were not the economic fiasco that similar efforts were in other states. Some cities, such as Dayton, owe their emergence to location on canals. Summers are typically hot and humid throughout the state, while winters generally range from cool to cold, precipitation in Ohio is moderate year-round
18.
Cleveland Play House
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Cleveland Play House is a professional regional theater company located in Cleveland, Ohio. It was founded in 1915 and built its own noted theater complex in 1927, currently the company performs at the Allen Theatre in Playhouse Square where it has been based since 2011. Cleveland Play House is organized like most American theater companies, with a board of directors, the Board of Directors is chaired by Alec Pendleton. The Artistic Director is Laura Kepley and the Managing Director is Kevin Moore, the theaters national directors are Alan Alda, Austin Pendleton, and Joel Grey. The theatre received the 2015 Regional Theatre Tony Award on June 7,2015 at Radio City Music Hall in New York City, in the early 1900s Cleveland theatre featured mostly vaudeville, melodrama, burlesque and light entertainment. In 1915 a select group of ten Clevelanders met in the home of Charles S. and Minerva Brooks to discuss the formation of an Art Theatre. Those present in addition to the Brooks were Walter and Julia McCune Flory, Raymond ONeil, Ernest and Katherine Angell, Henry and Anna Hohnhorst, George Clisbee, Grace Treat, together, they formed Cleveland Play House and named Raymond ONeil as the Director. Their initial productions were performed in a home donated by Cleveland industrialist Francis Drury located at East 85th, ONeil was a devotee of the artistic ideals of Edward Gordon Craig, and the Play Houses earliest productions reflect this. The founders of the Play House were bohemians and suffragists, and were thus outsiders in conservative Cleveland society, as a result, the Play House in its early years performed for a select group of individuals interested in avant-garde art, rather than the larger community of Cleveland. The Play House was founded midway through a decade of cultural renaissance in Cleveland, the new facility seated 160 and marked a turn toward professionalism. Soon after this, the Play House began to struggle financially, the resulting arguments led to ONeils resignation in 1921. The Board subsequently hired Frederic McConnell as the next Director, along with his associates K. Elmo Lowe, the three transformed CPH into a popular regional theatre, ushering in a long era of growth and prosperity. A new Cleveland Play House facility, built in 1927, housed the Brooks Theatre, with the 1927 buildings, the Sears building and the Johnson buildings taken together, the complex for CPH became the largest regional theatre complex in the country. In 2009, through a collaboration called “The Power of Three, ” CPH partnered with Playhouse Square, in July 2009, CPH sold its building at 86th Street and Euclid Avenue to Cleveland Clinic. In September 2011, CPH kicked off its 96th consecutive season in the transformed Allen Theatre at Playhouse Square, two new venues adjacent to the Allen Theatre came on board in January 2012, the Second Stage and the Helen Rosenfeld Lewis Bialosky Lab Theatre. A new production center is now located along the lakeshore in Cleveland, the list of plays and playwrights that have had premiers at Cleveland Play House is impressive, the most notable being Tennessee Williams’ You Touched Me, and Bertolt Brecht’s Mother Courage. Cleveland Play House continues to have a commitment to new works. The current policy for submission of new plays only permits unsolicited works to be submitted by playwrights who currently reside in the state of Ohio, at least one mainstage production in each season is a new play
19.
New York City
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The City of New York, often called New York City or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2015 population of 8,550,405 distributed over an area of about 302.6 square miles. Located at the tip of the state of New York. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has described as the cultural and financial capital of the world. Situated on one of the worlds largest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, the five boroughs – Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, The Bronx, and Staten Island – were consolidated into a single city in 1898. In 2013, the MSA produced a gross metropolitan product of nearly US$1.39 trillion, in 2012, the CSA generated a GMP of over US$1.55 trillion. NYCs MSA and CSA GDP are higher than all but 11 and 12 countries, New York City traces its origin to its 1624 founding in Lower Manhattan as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic and was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790. It has been the countrys largest city since 1790, the Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a symbol of the United States and its democracy. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. Several sources have ranked New York the most photographed city in the world, the names of many of the citys bridges, tapered skyscrapers, and parks are known around the world. Manhattans real estate market is among the most expensive in the world, Manhattans Chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere, with multiple signature Chinatowns developing across the city. Providing continuous 24/7 service, the New York City Subway is one of the most extensive metro systems worldwide, with 472 stations in operation. Over 120 colleges and universities are located in New York City, including Columbia University, New York University, and Rockefeller University, during the Wisconsinan glaciation, the New York City region was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet over 1,000 feet in depth. The ice sheet scraped away large amounts of soil, leaving the bedrock that serves as the foundation for much of New York City today. Later on, movement of the ice sheet would contribute to the separation of what are now Long Island and Staten Island. The first documented visit by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown and he claimed the area for France and named it Nouvelle Angoulême. Heavy ice kept him from further exploration, and he returned to Spain in August and he proceeded to sail up what the Dutch would name the North River, named first by Hudson as the Mauritius after Maurice, Prince of Orange
20.
Broadway theatre
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Along with Londons West End theatres, Broadway theatres are widely considered to represent the highest level of commercial theatre in the English-speaking world. The Theater District is a popular tourist attraction in New York City, the great majority of Broadway shows are musicals. They presented Shakespeare plays and ballad operas such as The Beggars Opera, in 1752, William Hallam sent a company of twelve actors from Britain to the colonies with his brother Lewis as their manager. They established a theatre in Williamsburg, Virginia and opened with The Merchant of Venice, the company moved to New York in the summer of 1753, performing ballad operas and ballad-farces like Damon and Phillida. The Revolutionary War suspended theatre in New York, but thereafter theatre resumed in 1798, the Bowery Theatre opened in 1826, followed by others. Blackface minstrel shows, a distinctly American form of entertainment, became popular in the 1830s, by the 1840s, P. T. Barnum was operating an entertainment complex in lower Manhattan. In 1829, at Broadway and Prince Street, Niblos Garden opened, the 3, 000-seat theatre presented all sorts of musical and non-musical entertainments. In 1844, Palmos Opera House opened and presented opera for four seasons before bankruptcy led to its rebranding as a venue for plays under the name Burtons Theatre. The Astor Opera House opened in 1847, booth played the role for a famous 100 consecutive performances at the Winter Garden Theatre in 1865, and would later revive the role at his own Booths Theatre. Other renowned Shakespeareans who appeared in New York in this era were Henry Irving, Tommaso Salvini, Fanny Davenport, lydia Thompson came to America in 1868 heading a small theatrical troupe, adapting popular English burlesques for middle-class New York audiences. Thompsons troupe called the British Blondes, was the most popular entertainment in New York during the 1868–1869 theatrical season, the six-month tour ran for almost six extremely profitable years. Theatre in New York moved from downtown gradually to midtown beginning around 1850, in 1870, the heart of Broadway was in Union Square, and by the end of the century, many theatres were near Madison Square. Broadways first long-run musical was a 50-performance hit called The Elves in 1857, New York runs continued to lag far behind those in London, but Laura Keenes musical burletta The Seven Sisters shattered previous New York records with a run of 253 performances. It was at a performance by Keenes troupe of Our American Cousin in Washington, the production was a staggering five-and-a-half hours long, but despite its length, it ran for a record-breaking 474 performances. The same year, The Black Domino/Between You, Me and the Post was the first show to call itself a musical comedy, Tony Pastor opened the first vaudeville theatre one block east of Union Square in 1881, where Lillian Russell performed. Comedians Edward Harrigan and Tony Hart produced and starred in musicals on Broadway between 1878 and 1890, with book and lyrics by Harrigan and music by his father-in-law David Braham. They starred high quality singers, instead of the women of repute who had starred in earlier musical forms. Plays could run longer and still draw in the audiences, leading to better profits, as in England, during the latter half of the century, the theatre began to be cleaned up, with less prostitution hindering the attendance of the theatre by women
21.
Hamlet
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The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark, often shortened to Hamlet, is a tragedy written by William Shakespeare at an uncertain date between 1599 and 1602. Set in the Kingdom of Denmark, the play dramatises the revenge Prince Hamlet is called to wreak upon his uncle, Claudius, by the ghost of Hamlets father, Claudius had murdered his own brother and seized the throne, also marrying his deceased brothers widow. It has inspired many other writers—from Johann Wolfgang von Goethe and Charles Dickens to James Joyce and he almost certainly wrote his version of the title role for his fellow actor, Richard Burbage, the leading tragedian of Shakespeares time. In the 400 years since its inception, the role has been performed by highly acclaimed actors in each successive century. Three different early versions of the play are extant, the First Quarto, the Second Quarto, each version includes lines and entire scenes missing from the others. The plays structure and depth of characterisation have inspired much critical scrutiny, the protagonist of Hamlet is Prince Hamlet of Denmark, son of the recently deceased King Hamlet, and nephew of King Claudius, his fathers brother and successor. Claudius hastily married King Hamlets widow, Gertrude, Hamlets mother, Denmark has a long-standing feud with neighboring Norway, which culminated when King Hamlet slew King Fortinbras of Norway in a battle years ago. Although Denmark defeated Norway, and the Norwegian throne fell to King Fortinbrass infirm brother, Denmark fears that an invasion led by the dead Norwegian kings son, Prince Fortinbras, is imminent. On a cold night on the ramparts of Elsinore, the Danish royal castle and they vow to tell Prince Hamlet what they have witnessed. As the court gathers the next day, while King Claudius and Queen Gertrude discuss affairs of state with their elderly adviser Polonius, after the court exits, Hamlet despairs of his fathers death and his mothers hasty remarriage. Learning of the ghost from Horatio, Hamlet resolves to see it himself, as Poloniuss son Laertes prepares to depart for a visit to France, Polonius gives him contradictory advice that culminates in the ironic maxim to thine own self be true. Poloniuss daughter, Ophelia, admits her interest in Hamlet, and that night on the rampart, the ghost appears to Hamlet, telling the prince that he was murdered by Claudius and demanding that Hamlet avenge him. Hamlet agrees and the ghost vanishes, the prince confides to Horatio and the sentries that from now on he plans to put an antic disposition on and forces them to swear to keep his plans for revenge secret. Privately, however, he remains uncertain of the ghosts reliability, soon thereafter, Ophelia rushes to her father, telling him that Hamlet arrived at her door the prior night half-undressed and behaving crazily. Polonius blames love for Hamlets madness and resolves to inform Claudius, as he enters to do so, the king and queen finish welcoming Rosencrantz and Guildenstern, two student acquaintances of Hamlet, to Elsinore. The royal couple has requested that the students investigate the cause of Hamlets mood, additional news requires that Polonius wait to be heard, messengers from Norway inform Claudius that the King of Norway has rebuked Prince Fortinbras for attempting to re-fight his fathers battles. The forces that Fortinbras conscripted to march against Denmark will instead be sent against Poland, Polonius tells Claudius and Gertrude his theory regarding Hamlets behavior, and speaks to Hamlet in a hall of the castle to try to uncover more information. Hamlet feigns madness but subtly insults Polonius all the while, when Rosencrantz and Guildenstern arrive, Hamlet greets his friends warmly, but quickly discerns that they are spies
22.
Actors Studio
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The Actors Studio is a membership organization for professional actors, theatre directors and playwrights at 432 West 44th Street in the Hells Kitchen neighborhood of Manhattan in New York City. It was founded October 5,1947, by Elia Kazan, [[Cheryl Crawford, lee Strasberg joined later and took the helm in 1951 until his death on February 17,1982. It is currently run by Al Pacino, Ellen Burstyn, the Studio is best known for its work refining and teaching method acting. The approach was developed by the Group Theatre in the 1930s based on the innovations of Konstantin Stanislavski. While at the Studio, actors work together to develop their skills in an environment where they can take risks as performers without the pressure of commercial roles. After an initial meeting held on October 5,1947, at the Labor Stage, before settling in its current location in 1955, the Studio moved regularly over an eight-year period, In January 1948, it was a dance studio on East 59th Street. In April of that year, a move to the CBS Building at 1697 Broadway, near 53rd Street, established some semblance of stability and this it did at the Malin Studios at 1545 Broadway, room 610. This arrangement would persist throughout the 1954-1955 theatrical season, even as the Studio was acquiring and renovating its current venue, in 1955 it moved to its current location in the former Seventh Associate Presbyterian Church, built in 1859. From September 1994 through May 2005, the Studio collaborated with The New School in the education of masters-level theatre students at the Actors Studio Drama School, after ending its contact with the New School, the Actors Studio established The Actors Studio Drama School at Pace University in 2006. ISBN 0-02-542650-8 Foster Hirsch, A Method to their Madness, The History of the Actors Studio, New York, WW Norton & Co Inc,1984. ISBN 0-393-01783-4 Shelly Frome, The Actors Studio, a History, david Garfield research files on the Actors Studio, 1947-2003, held by the Billy Rose Theatre Division, New York Public Library for the Performing Arts
23.
George Abbott
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George Francis Abbott was an American theater producer and director, playwright, screenwriter, and film director and producer whose career spanned nine decades. Abbott was born in Forestville, New York to George Burwell Abbott and he later moved to the town of Salamanca, which twice elected his father mayor. In 1898, his family moved to Cheyenne, Wyoming, where he attended Kearney Military Academy, within a few years, his family returned to New York, and he graduated from Hamburg High School in 1907. Four years later, he obtained a Bachelor of Arts degree from the University of Rochester, Abbott then went to Harvard University, to take a course in playwriting from George Pierce Baker. Under Bakers tutelage, he wrote The Head of the Family and he then worked for a year as assistant stage manager at the Bijou Theatre in Boston, where his play The Man in the Manhole won a contest. Abbott started acting on Broadway in 1913, debuting in The Misleading Lady, while acting in several plays in New York City, he began to write, his first successful play was The Fall Guy. Abbott acquired a reputation as a show doctor. He frequently was called upon to supervise changes when a show was having difficulties in tryouts or previews prior to its Broadway opening and his first great hit was Broadway, written and directed in partnership with Philip Dunning, whose play Abbott rejiggered. It opened on September 16,1926, at the Broadhurst Theatre, other successes followed, and it was a rare year that did not have an Abbott production on Broadway. He also worked in Hollywood as a writer and director while continuing with his theater work, in 1963, he published his autobiography, Mister Abbott. Abbott was married to Edna Lewis from 1914 to her death in 1930, actress Mary Sinclair was his second wife. Their marriage lasted from 1946 until their 1951 divorce and he had a long romance with actress Maureen Stapleton from 1968 to 1978. She was 43 and he was 81 when they began their affair and his third wife was Joy Valderrama. They were married from 1983 until his death in 1995, Abbott was a vigorous man who remained active past his 100th birthday by golfing and dancing. He died of a stroke on January 31,1995, in Miami Beach, Florida, at the age of 106, he walked down the aisle on opening night of the Damn Yankees revival and received a standing ovation. He was heard saying to his companion, There must be somebody important here.1 In 1965, the building was demolished in 1970. New York Citys George Abbott Way, the section of West 45th Street northwest of Times Square, is named after him. He received New York Citys Handel Medallion in 1976, honorary doctorates from the Universities of Rochester and Miami, and he was also inducted into the Western New York Entertainment Hall of Fame and the American Theatre Hall of Fame
